第一篇:考博成功经验--热心学姐的总结
(1)选择。
当我开始考虑读博士这条路的时候,我跟大多数女生一样踌躇了,要继续读吗?当时的自己只是隐隐约约的觉得自己很喜欢学校的这种氛围,也很满足于这种简单的生活。虽然中间也经历过发论文的压力,也有过对论文的厌恶,但是回头才发现在自己过去的两年中,我更记得的是做研究时这种简单又专注的生活。因此,我明确了自己对校园生活的喜爱,也就有了读博的愿望和目标,争取以后成为一名高校老师。
把计划跟家人和男朋友沟通之后,家里人和男朋友都表示支持。男朋友跟我是研究生同学,他一直就很支持我考博士,他觉得女生考博士挺好的,以后做个大学老师,时间灵活,没有太大的社会压力,也就有更多时间照顾家庭。于是,姐毫不犹豫地开始了考博之路。
(2)联系导师。确定了要考博之后,我就开始跟现在的研究生导师沟通考博的事情。导师也很支持并且提出了很多建议,包括如何准备跟未来导师沟通的材料(一份个人简历、一份自我陈述、一份未来研究计划,总之就是要做到规范,跟申请国外大学一个样,从形式上就要让导师觉得你很有准备)以及怎么样选择导师(大家经常讨论的是选有行政地位老师好,还是选有学术潜质的老师好,但是俺老师给了一个最easy的答案:有学术地位的老师最好,意思是行政和学术两不误的导师。。当时我就石化了)。于是照着现在老师的建议,我选定的老师是一位过去有很多行政职位,但是现在很专心做学术也比较有影响力的导师。然后给选定的导师写了封邮件,附上了我的材料,再加上我很想成为您的学生之类的话若干。结果,郁闷的事情就发生了,导师直接回覆,某某同学,谢谢你的来信,我现在已经不管招生的事情了,请与某某老师联系,他负责处理我的招生事宜。对于这样一个结果,我当时就郁闷了,连个欢迎报考都没有,让我情何以堪啊,心想导师估计不是很欢迎我,有点想放弃了。
但是一想,反正邮件发出去了,再发一遍也不费事。于是按照他给的地址给负责招生的老师转了邮件。第二天就收到了负责招生老师的回覆:某某同学,由于硕博连读的人数较多,Y老师今年可能只有一个外招名额,Y老师现在主要从事%%%方面的研究,如有兴趣欢迎报考。
看到这个回覆,姐当时又纠结了。这是啥米意思呢?真心欢迎吗?为什么没有传说中的师兄联系方式,导师联系方式呢,连见面要求都没有!无语问苍天呀。在瞎逛了几天网上信息之后,综合大家对导师回覆的总结,我把我这个回覆认定为了,伪欢迎,意思是公平竞争,成绩说话。于是我只回了一封表示好好复习的邮件之后,就基本上再也没就实质问题跟这位负责老师联系了。
插曲:由于联系的第一位导师不是很可靠,我又联系了另一位老师,另一位老师更麻烦,给我的回覆如下:某某同学,已收到你的简历,谢谢!我现在从事%%方向的研究,请你谈谈你对这个方向的理解。于是我又郁闷地把这位老师放弃了,原因是他的方向我确实不是很了解,而且根据他的回覆,他需要的是有一定基础的学生,所以我默默地。默默地。再也没跟这位老师联系了。
在这里重点会分享我联系导师的经历和复试的经历,主要都是为了鼓励大家。有时候收到老师不可靠的回覆真不代表你没有机会,只要老师愿意给你公平竞争的机会,你就应该感谢并且全力以赴。特别是那些比较牛的导师,他真的没有必要来关心你一个学生的考博,对于他来说需要考虑的事情太多。对咱们这样的小虾米而言,要做的只有一件事,那就是好好复习。(但是!但是!考博并不只是埋头复习就可以的事,到考试的前一天,姐幡然悔悟,肠子都要悔青了。。)(3)复习
跟导师联系之后,虽然不是很满意,但是也没有太妨碍我的复习。按照大家一般的流程,我也开始了在网上收集资料的历程。结果我又凌乱了,没有,没有,没有,是的,什么都没有。最后只有英语找到了一些真题,是从淘宝上买的,最后一套英语题目还是2008年的。。环境这么艰苦也没办法呀,我也只能开始埋头复习了起来。
1)英语。(此复习方法强烈不推荐)
开始正式复习前,我看了一下从旺旺网商城里买了一套资料(历年真题,阅读理解200篇,词汇10000精解),大概了解了一下英语考试的难度,自己估摸了一下跟六级差不多,心里就比较靠谱了。然后选择了一个变态的英语复习方法,考G。并且制定了一个宏伟的计划(三个月搞定,这样如果导师最后不要我,还可以申请国外的学校),但是现实总与计划相违背,最后的结果是由于自己下不了狠心去报名,选考位时一直把时间往后推迟,结果一方面错过了G的考试,另一方面又耽误了复习专业课的时间。
在我结束英语复习时候,我还没开始练习作文,真题一套也没做过。如果加油恶补,比较高兴的是,今年考试时,居然有一篇阅读是我做过的原题,但是就凭着这几下恶补,我后来的英语成绩还是考了70多,是第二高的分数。也正因为这个成绩,在复试的时候,让面试的导师有了很深刻的印象。
2)专业课。(专业课我就纯粹没复习方法。。)因为之前放弃了跟老师进一步套磁的机会,也就没有了复习范围,同时又由于没有例年真题。姐在专业课的复习上只能像愚公一样的看招生简章上的专业书。一遍看。一遍做课后题目。。两遍之后考试的时间就近在眼前了。这个时候,我才想起来,是不是该跟老师联系一下了。于是给负责招生的那位老师发了邮件,表示希望在考试前能见见他。没想到老师爽快地跟我约定了时间,于是在考试的前一天,我终于跟老师有了第一次面对面接触。
在闲聊了一会儿以后,老师开始问:“那你复习得怎样了?”答:“就是按照学校给的参考书看着。” 老师惊异了,问:“没有别的复习资料?”答:“没。。网上没找不到任何其他资料。” 老师愣住了,无奈的给了我一份资料,让我回去临时报报佛教,然后恨铁不成钢的补了一句:“你怎么不早点来找我”。我当时才领悟了一个万古不变的真理,考博必须当面见导师呀!邮件什么的全是浮云!有木有!有木有!
PS:其实老师给的就是出题老师上课的课件。许多学校都一样,专业课的出题老师基本上就是教授专业课的那个老师,而且经常几年都不会变的,因此如果能够花点心思找到报考学校的学生打听一下,找到课件就很容易得到考试重点的。经验1:套磁必须要到见面的那一步才能放弃呀!甚至见面一次不行就去见两次,只要导师没明确拒绝就一定要见下去。
经验2:复习一定要均匀分配。千万不能复习偏。
经验3:在均匀复习的基础,最好有个突出的分数,这样导师容易有更深刻的印象。(5)结果
结果就是因为我初试成绩确实不高,而报考的那位导师没有争取到额外名额,所以录了那位初试成绩更高的兄台。但同时,由于复试时的表现,面试的一位老师主动打电话给我表示愿意接收我。
所以,考博真的还是很公平的。只要你努力过,就肯定有收获。那位兄台没有任何的科研经历,但是凭着自己的努力认真复习,得到了老师的认可。而我虽然在初试的时候成绩不佳,但是由于在过去的三年里积累的科研经验,也最终得到了老师的认可。
谁说考博不公平了呢,只是你有没有努力认真到那个份上而已。
1,个人简历的话,其实只是很基本的一个介绍,写得清楚简洁就是最好的,因为像想法之类的东西会在自我陈述和研究计划中突出。教育背景一定要清楚。科研成果和已获奖项最好是科研方面,再小辅助一点其他社会活动之类的。无关的又不是很有代表性的东西尽量少写,像什么班级棋牌比赛之类就尽量不要写上去占版面了。(最好一页纸之内)
2,自我陈述大概就是说清楚你为什么要读博,你读博有什么优势呀,你为什么要选择这个导师之类。主要突出你读博的优势,让导师对你有些更深的了解。
3,我觉得研究计划要突出的是你有做研究的决心,以及强调在你之前的研究中,你是掌握了一些知识的。换句话说,就是要通过研究计划展现你是能够独立进行科研的,就像硕士的开题报告那样。至于对不对口,就得看导师的想法了,有的导师不介意对不对口,只看潜力。但是有的导师就喜欢要找能够立刻开始科研的学生。所以多联系几个导师很重要。
另外,自我陈述和研究都不要太多,宋体,小四字体,word一页纸之类最好。网上有很多资源,可以参考一下。
4,复试 接到复试通知的时候,很高兴但是也很迷茫。给老师发了邮件,说了下进复试了,并且说了下复试的分数,英语还成,专业课不高。老师也只礼貌性的回覆了一个,好好复试。复试的时候特别地留心了一下我的竞争对手,是个年龄较大的男生,问了一下,初试的分数也比我高很多。如果只招一个人,按初试成绩,自己估计会被刷,当时很挺郁闷,但是也不可能再后退,硬着头皮走过了复试。
复试时,我报考的导师不在。心里放了些心,因为对其他老师来说,他们根本不清楚你的初试成绩,只会针对你的复试表现而给你打分。整个复试中,老师也只是对我以前已发表的论文以及毕业论文提了些问题,读研的时候我已经发表了一些论文,所以给别人讲自己写的东西还是挺不费劲的,另外,我大三就考过雅思,所以口语部分也没有太大的障碍,就是好久没说了一开始不太顺利,但是就在我不停的“sorry,pardon"中,我居然还是跟老师和谐滴沟通了。所以,口语千万不要慌,用手比也是可以的,老师最注重的是你能否用口语进行沟通,对口音、语调没太强烈的要求。
总之,复试的结果自己很满意,看面试老师的表情也很满意,但是想到自己的初试成绩还是忐忑不安的回家等通知了。
第二篇:考博作文总结
考博作文模板总结:
第一段 As is vividly depicted in the picture,,which seems to be humorous and ridiculous but thought-provoking on second thoughts.The most striking feature that impresses me deeply is that unbelievably, Recent few years has witnessed a phenomenon of 主题 which seems to be disastrous to individual survival and prosperity.(4)This phenomenon of 主题 should be condemned severely or made illegal.There is no doubt that its symbolic meaning subtly conveyed should be given deep consideration.中间段落从两方面论证问题的危害,并举例论证,预测危害的趋势
To account for the above-mentioned phenomenon, several serious effects have been put forward.To begin with,主题 not only results does harm to our physical and mental health but also results in a frustrating and humiliating life.In addition, nothing is more harmful than主题 to contradict with a harmonious society.Last but not the least, no issue is as harmful as 主题 to increase family burdens, which is a threatening situation we are unwilling to see.No better illustration of this idea can be thought than the example mentioned below.According to a survey made by China Daily, 63.93% of young people who have ever experienced主题will live a dull life or even feel loss of hope about the future.If we cannot take useful means, we may not control this trend, and some undesirable results may come out unexpectedly, we will see the gloomy future of something.最后一段要强调解决问题,谈的两点建议通常是提高人们的意识,加强执法
From what have been discussed above, it is therefore, necessary that some effective measures are taken to prevent主题.(2)On the one hand, we should be sensible to strengthen the enforcement of the laws to protect something.(3)On the other hand, it is demanding for us to keep people aware of the importance of saving somebody out of the evil hands of destruction.(4)However, it is easier said than done.(5)Although the fight against it is long-standing and tremendous one,our efforts will eventually pay off.(6)Only when you attention to it can you see a colorful and harmonious future better sooner or later.积极有利型的文章 以团队精神为例子
As is vividly depicted in the picture,(描述图画).The most striking feature is(图画重点信息).There is no doubt that its symbolic meaning subtly conveyed should be given deep consideration.As is symbolically revealed in the set of drawings, the fact that(重复上面的图画信息)profoundly indicates that team work is momentous(重要的)and fundamental to any one who undertakes great deeds.Undoubtedly, it is team work that keeps us continually doing something valuable and admirable in spite of difficulty, that makes us still full of energy to face the coming challenges and competition and that offers us the foundation for the coming success.If we don not cooperate sincerely, we will live a dull and depressing life and feel frustrated and humiliated or feel loss of hope about the future.As far as I am concerned, there are several advantages that can be given as below.To begin with, nothing is more beneficial than team work to overcome our defects and improve our efficiency.Secondly, no issue is as good as team work to make our life more colorful and energetic.No better illustration of this idea can be thought than the example mentioned below.A person who is assigned various jobs along the production lines will make a mess just because no one can be proficient in all the things.Only by cooperating with other people can you put your capacities into full play and can you be the winner in the society.From what have been discussed above,it admits of no doubt that in doing things whether great or small there are more or less difficulties, it is much better for one to involve yourself into a team work.It is therefore, necessary that some effective measures are taken to make your team work more efficient.On the one hand, we should be sensible to be receptive to other people’s opinions and benefits.On the other hand, it is demanding for us to be always helpful and honest to other people.However, it is easier said than done.Practice is the most important factor.Only when you pay attention to it can you make it better sooner or later.(1)不同观点列举型(选择型)
There is a widespread concern over the issue that __作文题目_____.But it is well known that the opinion concerning this hot topic varies from person to person.A majority of people think that _ 观点一________.In their views there are 2 factors contributing to this attitude as follows: in the first place, ___原因一_______.Furthermore, in the second place, ___原因二_____.So it goes without saying that ___观点一_____.People, however, differ in their opinions on this
matter.Some people hold the idea that ___观点二_______.In their point of view, on the one hand,___原因一_______.On the other hand, ____原因二_____.Therefore, there is no doubt that ___观点二______.As far as I am concerned, I firmly support the view that __观点一或二______.It is not only because ________, but also because _________.The more _______, the more ________.(2)利弊型的议论文
Nowadays, there is a widespread concern over(the issue that)___作文题目______.In fact, there are both advantages and disadvantages in __题目议题_____.Generally speaking, it is widely believed there are several positive aspects as follows.Firstly, ___优点一______.And secondly ___优点二_____.Just As a popular saying goes, “every coin has two sides”, __讨论议题______ is no exception, and in another word, it still has negative aspects.To begin with, ___缺点一______.In addition, ____缺点二______.To sum up, we should try to bring the advantages of __讨论议题____ into full play, and reduce the disadvantages to the minimum at the same time.In that case, we will definitely make a better use of the ____讨论议题___.(3)答题性议论文
Currently, there is a widespread concern over(the issue that)__作文题目_______.It is really an important concern to every one of us.As a result, we must spare no efforts to take some measures to solve this problem.As we know that there are many steps which can be taken to undo this problem.First of all, __途径一______.In addition, another way contributing to success of the solving problem is ___途径二_____.Above all, to solve the problem of ___作文题目______, we should find a number of various ways.But as far as I am concerned, I would prefer to solve the problem in this way, that is to say, ____方法_____.(4)谚语警句性议论文
It is well know to us that the proverb: “ ___谚语_______” has a profound significance and value not only in our job but also in our study.It means ____谚语的含义_______.The saying can be illustrated through a series of examples as follows.(also theoretically)A case in point is ___例子一______.Therefore, it is goes without saying that it is of great of importance to practice the proverb ____谚语_____.With the rapid development of science and technology in China, an increasing number of people come to realize that it is also of practical use to stick to the saying: ____谚语_____.The more we are aware of the significance of this famous saying, the more benefits we will get in our daily study and job.(5)图表作文的框架
As is shown/indicated/illustrated by the figure/percentage in the
table(graph/picture/pie/chart), ___作文题目的议题_____ has been on rise/ decrease(goesup/increases/drops/decreases),significantly/dramatically/steadily rising/decreasing from______ in _______ to ______ in _____.From the sharp/marked decline/ rise in the chart, it goes without saying that ________.There are at least two good reasons accounting for ______.On the one hand, ________.On the other hand, _______ is due to the fact that ________.In addition, ________ is responsible for _______.Maybe there are some other reasons to show ________.But it is generally
believed that the above mentioned reasons are commonly convincing.As far as I am concerned, I hold the point of view that _______.I am sure my opinion is both sound and well-grounded.(6)实用性写作(申请信)
Your address Month, Date, year Receiver's address Dear...,I am extremely pleased to hear from you./ to see your advertisement for the position in....And I would like to write a letter to tell you that.../ I am confident that I am suitable for the kind of the job you are advertising..../ I feel I am competent to meet the requirements you have listed.On the one hand,....On the other hand,....I am enclosing my resume for your kind consideration and reference.I shall be much obliged if you will offer me a precious opportunity to an interview.I will greatly appreciate a response from you at your earliest convenience/ I am looking forward to your replies at your earliest convenience.Best regards for your health and success.Sincerely yours,X X X
第三篇:总结成功经验
总结成功经验,提升党建水平
--临夏州中院调研和政县法院党建工作
2月15日上午,临夏州中院院长苟成哲带领州中院政治部、办公室负责人,到和政县法院调研党建工作。和政县法院党组成员、党总支书记、副书记、委员,各党支部书记、副书记及支部委员参加了调研会。
会上,和政县法院院长妙应征汇报了该院2011年的党建工作。2011年,和政县法院坚持把党建工作摆在突出位置,紧紧围绕“抓党建,带队建,促审判”的工作思路,充分发挥党组、党总支、党支部的战斗堡垒作用和党员干警的先锋模范作用,狠抓党建工作,带动队伍建设,实现了“支部建在庭上”全覆盖目标,形成良好工作机制,有力地推动了审判及各项工作的科学发展,2011年7月,该院党支部被和政县委评为“先进基层党支部”,一名同志被评为“全州优秀共产党员”。
临夏州中院院长苟成哲在听完汇报后对该院的党建工作给予充分肯定,并提出了如下要求:一是要加强学习,特别是要加强对《人民法院报》的学习,借鉴发达地区的先进司法经验,不断更新司法理念;二是要继续对干警进行社会主义法治理念教育和司法核心价值观教育、“三个至上”指导思想教育,牢固树立正确的司法价值理念;三是紧密结合省
上开展的“联村联户,为民富民”行动,抓好法院的党建工作。党建工作要和审判工作紧密结合起来,以党建强化、引领审判工作。在“联村联户,为民富民”行动中,法院要结合实际,创新联系方式,加强与人民群众的沟通、联系,走出法院,贴近群众,能动司法,促进社会的和谐稳定。
第四篇:考博英译汉技巧总结
考博英译汉技巧总结
1.英汉语言的异同
1.1.英语是形合:需要使用连词或者关联词表示各部分的逻辑关系;汉语是意合:句与句之间的逻辑关系“隐含”于上下文之间。如果汉语使用形合句,则显得语气庄重、措辞严谨。
1.2.语序方面,主谓宾的位置比较相似。然而状语、定语的位置有差异。状语:英语可以放在主句前或后,汉语一般放在主句前。状语顺序方面,英语:方式状语+地点状语+时间状语;汉语:时间状语+地点状语+方式状语。定语:汉语大部分在修饰词的前面,英语的状语可以在修饰词的前(形容词)或者后(定语从句)。英语多长句、松散句(中心在句首),汉语多短句、圆周句(中心在句尾)。
1.3.英语中多使用名词,汉语中多使用动词。因此,英语中的名词需要译成动词。
2.词语翻译的五大原则
2.1.转换原则:将具有动词意味的名(形、介、副)词译成动词。
2.2.具体原则:把原文中抽象或者比较抽象的词用较为具体的词进行翻译。2.3.加法原则:增补英语原句中省略的动词或其他省略部分。
2.4.减法原则:英语中的部分不需要翻译【冠词;充当主语的人称代词、作宾语的代词和物主代词;连词(并列连词、复合句中的连词);介词(表示时间地点的英语介词在句首可省略,句尾不能省略)】。
2.5.重复原则:对上下文出现过的词加以重复的译法。汉语多重复,英语多变化。一是重复省略的名词、动词、代词。二是重复宾语。为了明确,英语的一句话中两个动词共用一个宾语,宾语在第二个动词之后出现一次。而汉语,这样的宾语要在每个动词后分别出现。三是重复名词。两个定语共同修饰一个名词;被定语从句修饰的名词。
3.名词从句的翻译技巧 3.1.主语从句。
主语从句如果以What, Whatever等代词引导,翻译时一般按照原文的顺序进行翻译。如果是以It引导的主语从句,翻译时要把主句的谓语分译成一个独立句,然后再译从句【谓语分译法】。
It goes without saying that oxygen is the most active element in the atmosphere.不言而喻,氧是大气中最活泼的元素。3.2.宾语从句。
由that, what, how引导的宾语从句,汉译时一般按照原文的语序进行翻译。有时可以加“说”字,接着译原文宾语从句的内容。He replied that he was sorry.他回答说,他感到抱歉。
由It作形式宾语的句子,汉译时一般按照原文的顺序译,只是It不译。I made it clear to them that they should have got these holes dug long ago.我和他们说清楚了,他们本来早该把坑挖好了。有时需将that引导的宾语从句提前。I owe it to you that I have got the post.我得到这个职位全靠你。3.3.表语从句:可按照原文顺序进行翻译。3.4.同位语从句。
同位语从句汉译时可以按原文顺序翻译,也可以将同位语从句提前,这要视具体情况而定。有时还可以增加“即”、“这样”或者破折号、冒号。
4.定语从句的翻译技巧
英语中定语从句可分为限定性定语从句和非限定性定语从句,绝大部分后置。汉语中所有定语均前置。汉语不用长定语。如果英语中的定语从句太长,不宜译成汉语的定语。如果英语中的定语从句短,一般译成汉语的定语。4.1.译成定语。当英语定语从句比较短,译成汉语也不冗长,该从句可以译成汉语中的定语。即“„„的”句式。4.2.重复先行词译出。如果英语的定语从句在意思上同先行词的关系不太密切,而且整个从句用作补充或说明先行词的附加语,或者定语从句套定语从句,可采用重复先行词的译法:按原次序译出,用名词或代词(这、那、其)等代替先行词。当从句中的which和as代表整个主句时,一般都译成并列句,主语用代词(这、那)等代替。
Mechanical energy can be changed into electrical energy, which in turn can be changed into mechanical energy.机械能能转化为电能,电能也可以转化为机械能。(重复名词)
Galileo was a famous Italian scientist by whom the Copernican theory was further proved correct.伽利略是著名的意大利科学家,他进一步证明了哥白尼的学说是正确的。(用代词,汉语多主动)
Liquid water changes to vapor, which is called evaporating.液态水变成蒸汽,这就叫蒸发。(which 代整个句子,用代词代替)
4.3.译成状语从句。英语的定语从句,如果在意思上具有主句动作发生的原因、结果、目的、让步、条件等含义,可译成汉语的状语从句。同样可以用名词或代词重复或代替先行词译出。
Einstein, who worked out the famous Theory of Relativity, won the Nobel Prize in 1921.由于爱因斯坦提出了著名的相对论,因此,他于1921年获得了诺贝尔奖。
Electronic computers, which have many advantages, cannot carry out creative work and replace human.虽然电子计算机有很多优点,但它不能进行创造性工作,也代替不了人。省译关联词。英语的定语从句,如果在意义上作为先行词的陈述部分用来进一步补充说明先行词的具体内容,这时可采用省译关联词的方法,按照原句次序译出。There are a number of drugs that can cause physical and mental trouble.有许多麻醉品会对身心造成伤害。
5.状语从句的翻译技巧
英语中状语从句包括表示时间、地点、条件、让步、原因等各种从句。汉译时要注意两种语言使用状语方面的共同性及其各自的特殊性。一般考虑将状语从句或者状语部分先译,放在主句之前。5.1.时间状语从句
译成相应的时间状语。译成并列分句。
Mr.Smith was arrested when he himself was not aware what crime he had committed.史密斯先生自己还不知道犯了什么罪,人家就把他逮捕了。英语中存在着内容和形式不相一致的情况。有些时间状语从句有时候可以按其逻辑关系译成表示原因、条件、让步等的分句。
The defense lawyer decided to petition for a new trial when they found an important new witness.由于发现了一名新的重要证人,辩护律师决定申请重新开庭审讯。5.2.条件状语从句
译成表示“条件”或者“假设”的分句。译成补充说明情况的分句。
按其逻辑关系转译为表示时间、让步、结果、原因等从句。5.3.让步状语从句
译成表示让步的分句。
译成表示“无条件”的条件分句。5.4.地点状语从句
译成相应的地点状语。
按其逻辑关系,译成表示“条件”的状语。5.5.原因状语从句
译成表示“原因”的分句。译成因果偏正复句中的主句。译成因果关系内含的并列分句。
6.反译法
汉语中表示否定意义的词都含有明显的标志词:不、无、非、勿、未、否、别、没有等。英语更加复杂。除了否定词外,还有否定词缀,如:dis-, il-, in-, non-, un-,-less等、形式肯定、意义否定的各类词语,如:fail, deny, defy, miss, lack, ignore, but, except, beyond.短语:instead of, in place of、结构 more...than...., other than......, rather than.....由于语言的差异,有时候英语用否定,汉语用肯定。反之亦然。Wet paint.油漆未干。
反义法:将原文的肯定形式译为否定形式,或者相反。包括两个方向的互相转变。6.1.正话反说
Americans are far more race-conscious than class-conscious.美国人的阶级意识远不如种族意识那么强烈。6.2.反话正说
The thought of returning to his native land never deserted him amid his tribulation.在苦难中,重返故国的念头始终在他心头萦绕着。
第五篇:考博英语语法重点总结
考博辅导:考博英语语法重点总结(3)
过去分词与形容词的语义差:
1.Destructive:causing damage to people or things the destructive power of modern weapons Damaged: being in a bad state emotionally damaged children 2.Respected:admired by many because of achievements
He’s one of the most respected managers in the game.Respectful: feeling or showing respect They listened in respectful silence.3.Preferred : Her own preferred methods of exercise are hiking and long cycle rides.Preferable: A big earthquake a long way off is preferable to a smaller one nearby.Preferential: Bank officials denied giving the senator any preferential treatment.4.Unimagined:Others see a new golden age of business and technology that will lift the market to unimagined heights.Unimaginative:That means the traditional office layout of lined-up cubicles and work stations is seen as rigid and unimaginative.5.Loving: She was a devoted wife and a very loving mother.Lovable: a sweet lovable child Lovely: We had a lovely holiday.6.Tolerated: While Patches are generally well tolerated they are not always suitable for everyone.Tolerant: trees that are tolerant of salt sea winds Tolerable: All in all, it was better to have a tolerable tenement than the ideal which no one could afford.虚拟语气
非谓语动词主要包括不定式、动名词和现在分词。为了区分这三种不同的非谓语动词的用法和含义,我们将分别从三种非谓语动词在句子中做主语、宾语、宾语补足语、定语、状语、表语以及一些特殊结构句型等角度来区分其用法和细微含义。1.不定式和动名词作主语的区别
(1)动名词作主语通常表示抽象动作;而不定式作主语表示具体动作。Smoking is prohibited(禁止)here.这里禁止抽烟。(抽象)It is not very good for you to smoke so much.你抽这么多烟对你身体很不好。(具体)
(2)动名词作主语时,通常用以表示一件已知的事或经验。
不定式短语通常用来表示一件未完成的事或目的。
Climbing mountains is interesting.爬山很有趣。(经验)
Driving a car during the rush hour is tiring.在高峰时刻开车令人厌烦。(经验)(3)不定式做主语,一般用it当形式主语,把作主语的不定式短语后置。
It took me only five minutes to finish the job.2.不定式、动名词和分词作表语的区别
(1)不定式作表语
1)不定式作表语一般表示具体动作,特别是表示将来的动作。
To do two things at a time is to do neither.--次做两件事等于未做。
What I would suggest is to start work at once.我的建议是立刻开始干。
2)如果主语是不定式(表示条件),表语也是不定式(表示结果)。
To see is to believe.百闻不如一见。
To work means to earn a living.工作就是为了生活。
3)如果主语是以aim,duty,hope,idea,happiness,job,plan,problem,purpose,thing,wish等为中心的名词,或以what引导的名词性从句,不定式作表语是对主语起补充说明作用。
His wish is to buy a luxurious car in the near future.他的希望是在不远的将来买一辆豪华轿车。
The function of Louis Sullivan’s architecture was to provide large uninterrupted floor areas and to allow ample light into the interior.The most important thing is to negotiate with them about the future of the plant.
(2)动名词作表语:动名词作表语,表示抽象的一般性的行为。
Our work is serving the people.我们的工作是为人民服务。
His hobby is collecting stamps.他的爱好是集邮。
(注)动名词作表语时与进行时态中的现在分词形式相同,但其所属结构迥异,进行时态说明动作是由主语完成的。动名词做表语,说明主语的性质或情况。
People cannot but feel puzzled,for they simply cannot understand how he could have made such a stupid mistake.His victory in the final was no more convincing than I had expected.
(3)分词作表语
分词做表语有两种情况,一种是现在分词做表语,一种是过去分词做表语,这两者区别是考试中经常考到的地方。一般来说,表示心理状态的动词如excite,interest等都是及物动词,汉语意思不是“激动”,“高兴”,而是“使激动”、“使高兴”,因而现在分词应该是“令人激动的”、“令人高兴的”,过去分词则是“感到激动的”和“感到高兴的”。所以,凡表示“令人……的”都是-ing形式,凡是表示“感到……”都用-ed形式。换句话说,若人对……感兴趣,就是somebody is interested in...,若人/物本身有兴趣时,就是说sb./sth.is interesting.这类词常见的有:
interesting使人感到高兴--interested感到高兴的exciting令人激动的--excited感到激动的
delighting令人高兴的--delighted感到高兴的
disappointing令人失望的--disappointed感到失望的encouraging令人鼓舞的--encouraged感到鼓舞的pleasing令人愉快的--pleased感到愉快的puzzling令人费解的--puzzled感到费解的satisfying令人满意的---satisfied感到满意的surprising令人惊异的--surprised感到惊异的worrying令人担心的--worried感到担心的 Travelling is interesting but tiring.旅行是有趣的,但是使人疲劳。
The pupils will get confused if they are made to learn too much.如果要学生学得太多,他们会感到糊涂的。
The argument is very convincing.他的论点很令人信服。
They were very excited at the news.听到这个消息,他们非常激动。
3.不定式和动名词作宾语的区别
英语中大多数动词既可跟不定式,也可跟动名词作直接宾语,但有些动词要求:
(1)不定式做宾语和宾语补足语
1)下面的动词要求不定式做宾语
attempt企图 enable能够 neglect忽视
afford负担得起 demand要求 long渴望
arrange安排 destine注定 mean意欲,打算
begin开始 expect期望 omit忽略,漏
appear似乎,显得 determine决定 manage设法
cease停止 hate憎恨,厌恶 pretend假装
ask问 dread害怕 need需要
agree同意 desire愿望 love爱
swear宣誓 volunteer志愿 wish希望 bear承受 endeavor努力 offer提供
beg请求 fail不能 plan计划
bother扰乱;烦恼 forget忘记 prefer喜欢,宁愿
care关心,喜欢 happen碰巧 prepare准备
decide决定 learn学习regret抱歉,遗憾
choose选择 hesitate犹豫 profess表明
claim要求 hope希望 promise承诺,允许
start开始 undertake承接 want想要
consent同意,赞同 intend想要 refuse拒绝
decide决定 learn学习vow起
contrive设法,图谋 incline有…倾向 propose提议
seek找,寻觅 try试图
2)下面的动词要求不定式做宾补:动词+宾语+动词不定式
ask要求,邀请 get请,得到 prompt促使
allow允许 forbid禁止 prefer喜欢,宁愿
announce宣布 force强迫 press迫使
bride 收买 inspire鼓舞 request请求
assist协助 hate憎恶 pronounce断定,表示
advise劝告 exhort告诫,勉励 pray请求
authorize授权,委托 help帮助 recommend劝告,推荐
bear容忍 implore恳求 remind提醒
beg请求 induce引诱 report报告
compel强迫 invite吸引,邀请,summon传唤
command命令 intend想要,企图 show 显示
drive驱赶 mean意欲,打算 train训练
cause引起 instruct指示 require要求 deserve应受 leave使,让 tell告诉
direct指导 like喜欢 tempt劝诱
entitle有资格 order命令 warn告诫
enable使能够 need需要 urge激励,力说
encourage鼓励 oblige不得不 want想要
condemn指责,谴责 lead引起,使得 teach教
entreat恳求 permit允许 wish希望
(2)有少数动词只能用动名词作宾语
acknowledge承认,自认 cease 停止 mention说到,讲到
admit 承认 tolerate忍受 dislike不喜欢,讨厌
advocate:提倡,主张 complete完成 dread可怕
appreciate 感激,欣赏 confess坦白 endure忍受
avoid避免 contemplate细想 enjoy享有,喜爱
bear忍受 defer拖延 envy嫉妒
can’t help不禁 delay延迟 escape逃跑,逃避
can’t stand受不了 deny否认 excuse借口
consider 考虑 detest嫌恶 fancy幻想,爱好
favor 造成,偏爱 mind 介意 repent悔悟
figure描绘,计算 miss错过 resent怨恨
finish完成,结束不得 pardon原谅,饶恕 resist抵抗,阻止
forgive原谅 permit 允许 resume恢复
imagine设想 postpone延迟,延期 risk冒险
involve卷入,包含 practise 实行,实践 suggest建议
hate讨厌 prevent阻止 save营救,储蓄
keep保持 quit放弃停止 stand坚持,忍受
loathe非常讨厌,厌恶 recall回想
例如:I appreciate having been given the opportunity to study abroad two years ago.我很感激两年前给我出国学习的机会。
(3)有些动词后使用动名词和动词不定式作宾语的差别
1)forget to do 忘记要去做某事(此事未做)
forget doing忘记做过某事(此事已做过或已发生)
2)stop to do 停止、中断(某件事),目的是去做另一件事
stop doing 停止正在或经常做的事
3)remember to do 记住去做某事(未做)
remember doing记得做过某事(已做)
4)regret to do对要做的事遗憾
regret doing对做过的事遗憾、后悔
5)try to do努力、企图做某事
try doing试验、试一试某种办法
6)mean to do打算,有意要…
mean doing意味着
7)go on to do 继而(去做另外一件事情)
go on doing 继续(原先没有做完的事情)
8)propose to do 打算(要做某事)proposing doing建议(做某事)
9)like /love/hate/ prefer +to do 表示具体行为;+doing sth 表示抽象、倾向概念
(注)如果这些动词前有should一词,其后宾语只跟不定式,不能跟动名词。例如:
I should like to see him tomorrow.
10)need, want, deserve +动名词表被动意义;+不定式被动态表示“要(修、清理等)”意思。
Don’t you remember seeing the man before?你不记得以前见过那个人吗?
You must remember to leave tomorrow.你可要记着是明天动身。
I don’t regret telling her what I thought.我不后悔给她讲过我的想法。(已讲过)
I regret to have to do this,but I have no choice.我很遗憾必须这样去做,我实在没办法。(未做但要做)
You must try to be more careful.你可要多加小心。
Let’s try doing the work some other way.让我们试一试用另外一种办法来做这工作。
I didn’t mean to hurt your feeling.我没想要伤害你的感情。
This illness will mean(your)going to hospital.得了这种病(你)就要进医院。