考博作文总结

第一篇：考博作文总结

考博作文模板总结：

第一段 As is vividly depicted in the picture,，which seems to be humorous and ridiculous but thought-provoking on second thoughts.The most striking feature that impresses me deeply is that unbelievably, Recent few years has witnessed a phenomenon of 主题 which seems to be disastrous to individual survival and prosperity.(4)This phenomenon of 主题 should be condemned severely or made illegal.There is no doubt that its symbolic meaning subtly conveyed should be given deep consideration.中间段落从两方面论证问题的危害，并举例论证，预测危害的趋势

To account for the above-mentioned phenomenon, several serious effects have been put forward.To begin with,主题 not only results does harm to our physical and mental health but also results in a frustrating and humiliating life.In addition, nothing is more harmful than主题 to contradict with a harmonious society.Last but not the least, no issue is as harmful as 主题 to increase family burdens, which is a threatening situation we are unwilling to see.No better illustration of this idea can be thought than the example mentioned below.According to a survey made by China Daily, 63.93% of young people who have ever experienced主题will live a dull life or even feel loss of hope about the future.If we cannot take useful means, we may not control this trend, and some undesirable results may come out unexpectedly, we will see the gloomy future of something.最后一段要强调解决问题，谈的两点建议通常是提高人们的意识，加强执法

From what have been discussed above, it is therefore, necessary that some effective measures are taken to prevent主题.(2)On the one hand, we should be sensible to strengthen the enforcement of the laws to protect something.(3)On the other hand, it is demanding for us to keep people aware of the importance of saving somebody out of the evil hands of destruction.(4)However, it is easier said than done.(5)Although the fight against it is long-standing and tremendous one,our efforts will eventually pay off.(6)Only when you attention to it can you see a colorful and harmonious future better sooner or later.积极有利型的文章 以团队精神为例子

As is vividly depicted in the picture,(描述图画).The most striking feature is(图画重点信息).There is no doubt that its symbolic meaning subtly conveyed should be given deep consideration.As is symbolically revealed in the set of drawings, the fact that(重复上面的图画信息)profoundly indicates that team work is momentous(重要的)and fundamental to any one who undertakes great deeds.Undoubtedly, it is team work that keeps us continually doing something valuable and admirable in spite of difficulty, that makes us still full of energy to face the coming challenges and competition and that offers us the foundation for the coming success.If we don not cooperate sincerely, we will live a dull and depressing life and feel frustrated and humiliated or feel loss of hope about the future.As far as I am concerned, there are several advantages that can be given as below.To begin with, nothing is more beneficial than team work to overcome our defects and improve our efficiency.Secondly, no issue is as good as team work to make our life more colorful and energetic.No better illustration of this idea can be thought than the example mentioned below.A person who is assigned various jobs along the production lines will make a mess just because no one can be proficient in all the things.Only by cooperating with other people can you put your capacities into full play and can you be the winner in the society.From what have been discussed above,it admits of no doubt that in doing things whether great or small there are more or less difficulties, it is much better for one to involve yourself into a team work.It is therefore, necessary that some effective measures are taken to make your team work more efficient.On the one hand, we should be sensible to be receptive to other people’s opinions and benefits.On the other hand, it is demanding for us to be always helpful and honest to other people.However, it is easier said than done.Practice is the most important factor.Only when you pay attention to it can you make it better sooner or later.(1)不同观点列举型（选择型）

There is a widespread concern over the issue that __作文题目_____.But it is well known that the opinion concerning this hot topic varies from person to person.A majority of people think that _ 观点一________.In their views there are 2 factors contributing to this attitude as follows: in the first place, ___原因一_______.Furthermore, in the second place, ___原因二_____.So it goes without saying that ___观点一_____.People, however, differ in their opinions on this

matter.Some people hold the idea that ___观点二_______.In their point of view, on the one hand，___原因一_______.On the other hand, ____原因二_____.Therefore, there is no doubt that ___观点二______.As far as I am concerned, I firmly support the view that __观点一或二______.It is not only because ________, but also because _________.The more _______, the more ________.（2）利弊型的议论文

Nowadays, there is a widespread concern over(the issue that)___作文题目______.In fact, there are both advantages and disadvantages in __题目议题_____.Generally speaking, it is widely believed there are several positive aspects as follows.Firstly, ___优点一______.And secondly ___优点二_____.Just As a popular saying goes, “every coin has two sides”, __讨论议题______ is no exception, and in another word, it still has negative aspects.To begin with, ___缺点一______.In addition, ____缺点二______.To sum up, we should try to bring the advantages of __讨论议题____ into full play, and reduce the disadvantages to the minimum at the same time.In that case, we will definitely make a better use of the ____讨论议题___.（3）答题性议论文

Currently, there is a widespread concern over(the issue that)__作文题目_______.It is really an important concern to every one of us.As a result, we must spare no efforts to take some measures to solve this problem.As we know that there are many steps which can be taken to undo this problem.First of all, __途径一______.In addition, another way contributing to success of the solving problem is ___途径二_____.Above all, to solve the problem of ___作文题目______, we should find a number of various ways.But as far as I am concerned, I would prefer to solve the problem in this way, that is to say, ____方法_____.（4）谚语警句性议论文

It is well know to us that the proverb: “ ___谚语_______” has a profound significance and value not only in our job but also in our study.It means ____谚语的含义_______.The saying can be illustrated through a series of examples as follows.(also theoretically)A case in point is ___例子一______.Therefore, it is goes without saying that it is of great of importance to practice the proverb ____谚语_____.With the rapid development of science and technology in China, an increasing number of people come to realize that it is also of practical use to stick to the saying: ____谚语_____.The more we are aware of the significance of this famous saying, the more benefits we will get in our daily study and job.（5）图表作文的框架

As is shown/indicated/illustrated by the figure/percentage in the

table(graph/picture/pie/chart), ___作文题目的议题_____ has been on rise/ decrease(goesup/increases/drops/decreases),significantly/dramatically/steadily rising/decreasing from______ in _______ to ______ in _____.From the sharp/marked decline/ rise in the chart, it goes without saying that ________.There are at least two good reasons accounting for ______.On the one hand, ________.On the other hand, _______ is due to the fact that ________.In addition, ________ is responsible for _______.Maybe there are some other reasons to show ________.But it is generally

believed that the above mentioned reasons are commonly convincing.As far as I am concerned, I hold the point of view that _______.I am sure my opinion is both sound and well-grounded.（6）实用性写作（申请信)

Your address Month, Date, year Receiver's address Dear...，I am extremely pleased to hear from you./ to see your advertisement for the position in....And I would like to write a letter to tell you that.../ I am confident that I am suitable for the kind of the job you are advertising..../ I feel I am competent to meet the requirements you have listed.On the one hand,....On the other hand,....I am enclosing my resume for your kind consideration and reference.I shall be much obliged if you will offer me a precious opportunity to an interview.I will greatly appreciate a response from you at your earliest convenience/ I am looking forward to your replies at your earliest convenience.Best regards for your health and success.Sincerely yours，X X X

第二篇：考博英语作文总结

英语写作绝招：各部分万能套用公式

开头万能公式：

1． 开头万能公式一：名人名言

有人问了，“我没有记住名言，怎么办？尤其是英语名言？”，很好办：编！

原理：我们看到的东西很多都是创造出来的，包括我们欣赏的文章也是，所以尽管编，但是一定要听起来很有道理呦！而且没准将来我们就是名人呢！对吧？ 经典句型：

A proberb says, “ You are only young once.”（适用于已记住的名言）It goes without saying that we cannot be young forever.（适用于自编名言）更多经典句型：

As everyone knows, No one can deny that… 2． 开头万能公式二：数字统计

原理：要想更有说服力，就应该用实际的数字来说明。原则上在议论文当中十不应该出现虚假数字的，可是在考试的时候哪管那三七二十一，但编无妨，只要我有东西写就万事大吉了。所以不妨试用下面的句型： According to a recent survey, about 78.9% of the college students wanted to further their study after their graduation.看起来这个数字文邹邹的，其实都是编造出来的，下面随便几个题目我们都可以这样编造： Honesty 根据最近的一项统计调查显示，大学生向老师请假的理由当中78%都是假的。Travel by Bike 根据最近的一项统计调查显示，85%的人在近距离旅行的时候首选的交通工具是自行车。Youth 根据最近的一项统计调查显示，在某个大学，学生的课余时间的70%都是在休闲娱乐。Five-day Work Week Better than Six-day Work? 根据最近的一项统计调查显示，98%的人同意每周五天工作日。更多句型：

A recent statistics shows that …

结尾万能公式：

1． 结尾万能公式一：如此结论 说完了，毕竟要归纳一番，相信各位都有这样的经历，领导长篇大论，到最后终于冒出个“总而言之”之类的话，我们马上停止开小差，等待领导说结束语。也就是说，开头很好，也必然要有一个精彩的结尾，让读者眼前一亮，这样，你就可以拿高分了！比如下面的例子： Obviously（此为过渡短语）, we can draw the conclusion that good manners arise from politeness and respect for others.如果读者很难“显而见之”，但说无妨，就当读者的眼光太浅罢了！更多过渡短语：

to sum up, in conclusion, in brief, on account of this, thus 更多句型：

Thus, it can be concluded that…, Therefore, we can find that… 2． 结尾万能公式二：如此建议

如果说“如此结论”是结尾最没用的废话，那么“如此建议”应该是最有价值的废话了，因为这里虽然也是废话，但是却用了一个很经典的虚拟语气的句型。拽！Obviously, it is high time that we took some measures to solve the problem.这里的虚拟语气用得很经典，因为考官本来经常考这个句型，而如果我们自己写出来，你说考官会怎么想呢？ 更多句型：

Accordingly, I recommend that some measures be taken.Consequently, to solve the problem, some measures should be taken.写作的“七项基本原则”：

一、长 短 句原则

工作还得一张一驰呢，老让读者读长句，累死人！写一个短小精辟的句子，相反，却可以起到画龙点睛的作用。而且如果我们把短句放在段首或者段末，也可以揭示主题： As a creature, I eat;as a man, I read.Although one action is to meet the primary need of my body and the other is to satisfy the intellectual need of mind, they are in a way quite similar.如此可见，长短句结合，抑扬顿挫，岂不爽哉？牢记！

强烈建议：在文章第一段（开头）用一长一短，且先长后短；在文章主体部分，要先用一个短句解释主要意思，然后在阐述几个要点的时候采用先短后长的句群形式，定会让主体部分妙笔生辉！文章结尾一般用一长一短就可以了。

二、主 题 句原则

国有其君，家有其主，文章也要有其主。否则会给人造成“群龙无首”之感！相信各位读过一些破烂文学，故意把主体隐藏在文章之内，结果造成我们稀里糊涂！不知所云！所以奉劝各位一定要写一个主题句，放在文章的开头（保险型）或者结尾，让读者一目了然，必会平安无事！

特别提示：隐藏主体句可是要冒险的！

To begin with, you must work hard at your lessons and be fully

prepared before the exam（主题句）.Without sufficient preparation, you can hardly expect to answer all the questions correctly.三、一 二 三原则

领导讲话总是第一部分、第一点、第二点、第三点、第二部分、第一点…

如此罗嗦。可毕竟还是条理清楚。考官们看文章也必然要通过这些关键性的“标签”来判定你的文章是否结构清楚，条理自然。破解方法很简单，只要把下面任何一组的词汇加入到你的几个要点前就清楚了。

1）first, second, third, last（不推荐，原因：俗）

2）firstly, secondly, thirdly, finally（不推荐，原因：俗）

3）the first, the second, the third, the last（不推荐，原因：俗）4）in the first place, in the second place, in the third place, lastly（不推荐，原因：俗）

5）to begin with, then, furthermore, finally（强烈推荐）

6）to start with, next, in addition, finally（强烈推荐）

7）first and foremost, besides, last but not least（强烈推荐）8）most important of all, moreover, finally 9）on the one hand, on the other hand（适用于两点的情况）10）for one thing, for another thing（适用于两点的情况）

建议：不仅仅在写作中注意，平时说话的时候也应该条理清楚！

四、短语优先原则

写作时，尤其是在考试时，如果使用短语，有两个好处：其

一、用短语会使文章增加亮点，如果老师们看到你的文章太简单，看不到一个自己不认识的短语，必然会看你低一等。相反，如果发现亮点—精彩的短语，那么你的文章定会得高分了。其

二、关键时刻思维短路，只有凑字数，怎么办？用短语是一个办法！比如： I cannot bear it.可以用短语表达：I cannot put up with it.I want it.可以用短语表达：I am looking forward to it.这样字数明显增加，表达也更准确。

五、多实少虚原则 原因很简单，写文章还是应该写一些实际的东西，不要空话连篇。这就要求一定要多用实词，少用虚词。我这里所说的虚词就是指那些比较大的词。比如我们说一个很好的时候，不应该之说nice这样空洞的词，应该使用一些诸如generous, humorous, interesting, smart, gentle, warm-hearted, hospital 之类的形象词。再比如：

走出房间，general的词是：walk out of the room 但是小偷走出房间应该说：slip out of the room 小姐走出房间应该说：sail out of the room 小孩走出房间应该说：dance out of the room 老人走出房间应该说：stagger out of the room 所以多用实词，少用虚词，文章将会大放异彩！

六、多变句式原则 1）加法（串联）

都希望写下很长的句子，像个老外似的，可就是怕写错，怎么办，最保险的写长句的方法就是这些，可以在任何句子之间加and，但最好是前后的句子又先后关系或者并列关系。比如说： I enjor music and he is fond of playing guitar.如果是二者并列的，我们可以用一个超级句式： Not only the fur coat is soft, but it is also warm.其它的短语可以用：

besides, furthermore, likewise, moreover 2）转折（拐弯抹角）

批评某人缺点的时候，我们总习惯先拐弯抹角说说他的优点，然后转入正题，再说缺点，这种方式虽然阴险了点，可毕竟还比较容易让人接受。所以呢，我们说话的时候，只要在要点之前先来点废话，注意二者之间用个专这次就够了。The car was quite old, yet it was in excellent condition.The coat was thin, but it was warm.更多的短语：

despite that, still, however, nevertheless, in spite of, despite, notwithstanding

3）因果（so, so, so）

昨天在街上我看到了一个女孩，然后我主动搭讪，然后我们去咖啡厅，然后我们认识了，然后我们成为了朋友…可见，讲故事的时候我们总要追求先后顺序，先什么，后什么，所以然后这个词就变得很常见了。其实这个词表示的是先后或因果关系！The snow began to fall, so we went home.更多短语：

then, therefore, consequently, accordingly, hence, as a result, for this reason, so that 4）失衡句（头重脚轻，或者头轻脚重）

有些人脑袋大，身体小，或者有些人脑袋小，身体大，虽然我们不希望长成这个样子，可如果真的是这样了，也就必然会吸引别人的注意力。文章中如果出现这样的句子，就更会让考官看到你的句子与众不同。其实就是主语从句，表语从句，宾语从句的变形。举例：This is what I can do.Whether he can go with us or not is not sure.同样主语、宾语、表语可以改成如下的复杂成分： When to go, Why he goes away… 5）附加（多此一举）

如果有了老婆，总会遇到这样的情况，当你再讲某个人的时候，她会插一句说，我昨天见过他；或者说，就是某某某，如果把老婆的话插入到我们的话里面，那就是定语从句和同位语从句或者是插入语。

The man whom you met yesterday is a friend of mine.I don’t enjoy that book you are reading.Mr liu, our oral English teacher, is easy-going.其实很简单，同位语--要解释的东西删除后不影响整个句子的构成；定语从句—借用之前的关键词并且用其重新组成一个句子插入其中，但是whom or that 关键词必须要紧跟在先行词之前。6）排比（排山倒海句）

文学作品中最吸引人的地方莫过于此，如果非要让你的文章更加精彩的话，那么我希望你引用一个个的排比句，一个个得对偶句，一个个的不定式，一个个地词，一个个的短语，如此表达将会使文章有排山倒海之势！

Whether your tastes are modern or traditional, sophisticated or simple, there is plenty in London for you.Nowadays, energy can be obtained through various sources such as oil, coal, natural gas, solar heat, the wind and ocean tides.We have got to study hard, to enlarge our scope of knowledge, to realize our potentials and to pay for our life.（气势恢宏）

要想写出如此气势恢宏的句子非用排比不可！

七、挑战极限原则 既然十挑战极限，必然是比较难的，但是并非不可攀！

原理：在学生的文章中，很少发现诸如独立主格的句子，其实也很简单，只要花上5分钟的时间看看就可以领会，它就是分词的一种特殊形式，分词要求主语一致，而独立主格则不然。比如：

The weather being fine, a large number of people went to climb the Western Hills.Africa is the second largest continent, its size being about three times that of China.如果您可一些出这样的句子，不得高分才怪！文章主体段落三大杀手锏：

一、举实例

思维短路，举实例！提出一个观点，举实例！提出一个方案，举实例！而且者也是我们揭示一个观点最好的方式，任何情况下，只要我们无法继续文章，不管三七二十一，尽管举例子！In order to attract more customers, advertisers have adopted every possible stimulative factor in making ads, such as sound, light, colours, cartoon films and human performance.For instance, to advertise a certain food, advertisers will ask an actor or actress to sit at a table and devour the seemingly delicious food while they fime him or her.更多句型：

To take … as an example, One example is…, Another example is…, for example

二、做比较

方法：写完一个要点，比较与之相似的；又写完一个要点，再比较与之相反的；

世界上没有同样的指纹，没有相同的树叶，文章亦同，只有通过比较，你才会发现二者的相同点（through

comparison）和不同点（through contrast）。下面是一些短语： 相似的比较：

in comparison, likewise, similarly, in the same manner 相反的比较：

on the other hand, conversely, whereas, while, instead，nevertheless, in contrast, on the contrary, compared with …, …

三、换言之

没话说了，可以换一句话再说，让你的文章在多一些字，或者文邹邹地说，是让读者更充分的理解你的观点。

实际就是重复重复再重复！下面的句子实际上就三个字 I love you!I am enthusiastic about you.That is to say, I love you.I am wild about you.In other words, I have fallen in love with you.或者上面我们举过的例子： I cannot bear it.可以用短语表达：I cannot put up with it.因此可以这样说：I cannot bear it.That is to say, I cannot put up with it or I am fed up with it.更多短语：

in more difficult language, in simpler words, put it more simply

第三篇：考博作文句型(自己总结)

1）不同观点列举型（选择型）

There is no denying the fact that it is a hotly debated topic today whether __作文题目_____.But it is well known that the opinion concerning this hot topic varies from person to person/people's attitude differ sharply on this issue.A majority of people/an overwhelming majority of people/ think that _ 观点一________.In their views there are 2 factors contributing to this attitude as follows: in the first place, ___原因一_______.Furthermore, in the second place, ___原因二_____.So it goes without saying that/since we can’t ,we must ___观点一_____.People, however, differ in their opinions on this matter.Some people argue that/Some people hold the idea that ___观点二_______.In their point of view(from the viewpoint of), on the one hand，___原因一_______.On the other hand(and what's more), ____原因二_____.Therefore, there is no doubt that ___观点二______.Weighing the arguments of both sides I firmly support the view that __观点一或二______.It is not only because ________, but also because _________.The more _______, the more ________.（2）利弊型的议论文

Nowadays, there is a widespread concern over(the issue that)___作文题目______.In fact, there are both advantages and disadvantages in __题目议题_____.Generally speaking, it is widely believed there are several positive aspects as follows.Firstly, ___优点一______.And secondly ___优点二_____.Just As a popular saying goes, “every coin has two sides”, __讨论议题______ is no exception, and in another word, it still has negative aspects.To begin with, ___缺点一______.In addition, ____缺点二______.To sum up, we should try to bring the advantages of __讨论议题____ into full play(they are making all possible means to), and reduce the disadvantages to the minimum at the same time.In that case, we will definitely make a better use of the ____讨论议题___.（3）答题性议论文

Currently, there is a widespread concern over(the issue that)__作文题目_______.It is really an important concern to every one of us.As a result, we must spare no efforts to take some measures to solve this problem.As we know that there are many steps which can be taken to undo this problem.First of all, __途径一______.In addition, another way contributing to success of the solving problem is ___途径二_____.Above all/to sum up/in brief , to solve the problem of ___作文题目______, we should find a number of various ways.But as far as I am concerned, I would prefer to solve the problem in this way, that is to say, ____方法_____.（4）谚语警句性议论文

It is well know to us that the proverb: “ ___谚语_______” has a profound significance and value not only in our job but also in our study.It means ____谚语的含义_______.The saying can be illustrated through a series of examples as follows.(also theoretically)A case in point is ___例子一______.Therefore, it is goes without saying that it is of great of importance to practice the proverb ____谚语_____.With the rapid development of science and technology in China(in this age of information and communication/ with the deepening and furthering of our/ with the awareness of), an increasing number of people come to realize that it is also of practical use to stick to the saying: ____谚语_____.The more we are aware of the significance of this famous saying, the more benefits we will get in our daily study and job.（5）图表作文的框架

this is surely a wittily designed and concern arousing piece of drawing/As is shown/indicated/illustrated by the figure/percentage in the table(graph/picture/pie/chart), ___作文题目的议题_____ has been on rise/goesup/increases/drops/decreases),significantly/dramatically/steadily rising/decreasing from______ in _______ to ______ in _____.From the sharp/marked decline/ rise in the chart, it goes without saying that ________.There are at least two good reasons accounting for ______.On the one hand, ________.On the other hand, _______ is due to the fact that ________.In addition, ________ is responsible for _______.Maybe there are some other reasons to show ________.But it is generally believed that the above mentioned reasons are commonly convincing.As far as I am concerned, I hold the point of view that _______.I am sure my opinion is both sound and well-grounded/ more rationally and microscopically.（6）实用性写作（申请信)

Your address

Month, Date, year

Receiver's address

Dear...，I am extremely pleased to hear from you./ to see your advertisement for the position in....And I would like to write a letter to tell you that.../ I am confident that I am suitable for the kind of the job you are advertising..../ I feel I am competent to meet the requirements you have listed.On the one hand,....On the other hand,....I am enclosing my resume for your kind consideration and reference.I shall be much obliged if you will offer me a precious opportunity to an interview.I will greatly appreciate a response from you at your earliest convenience/ I am looking forward to your replies at your earliest convenience.Best regards for your health and success.Sincerely yours，X X X

表达显著的副词：

striking, dramatically, sharp,steep, remarkable, considerably, jump, soar,significantly, bound to die out

They claim that, they argue that, they hold the opinion that

首句的表达方式：

There is no denying the fact that it is a hotly debated topic today whether Nowadays, there is a widespread concern over(the issue that)No one can have failed to notice the fact that there has emerged a number of novel trends along with the development of the Internet, among which is the so-called online sharing culture, which refers to the practice of displaying one’s or others’ private information on the Internet.表达重要性：

It is really an important concern to every one of us has a profound significance and value not only in our job but also in our study it is also of practical use to stick to the saying put a high premium on lay emphasis/blame on is a grave problem with which we are confronted 观点列举：

to start with/next/in addition/finally first and foremost/besides/last but not least 表达递进：

On the other hand, further more, moreover

表达举例：

The saying can be illustrated through a series of examples as follows.A case in point is 表达原因：

a number of factors can be accounting for the In their views there are 2 factors contributing to this attitude as follows

表达变化：

With the rapid development of science and technology in China in this age of information and communication with the deepening and furthering of our with the awareness of

表达转折：

People, however, differ in their opinions on this matter Just As a popular saying goes, “every coin has two sides”, __讨论议题______ is no exception, and in another word, it still has negative aspects.funny as the picture is, it's intended meaning is profound and far reaching people's attitude differ sharply on this issue the opinion concerning this hot topic varies from person to person Can’t but admit this is surely a wittily designed and concern arousing piece of drawing by contrast

为了什么：

For the good of both for the sake of

借助于： by virtue of via by the aids of by all means of from all appearance

大量：

A majority of

An overwhelming of An increasing number of a host of

中间总结：

So it goes without saying that Needless to say Since we can’t, we must Therefore, there is no doubt that

总结短语：

In their point of view from the viewpoint of in their views as far as I am concerned in my opinion weighing the arguments of both sides In sum To sum up For my part As a whole in view of the urgency of the problem

总结个人观点：

…should be viewed as a two edged sword, which presents both trouble and convenience.But we should not give up eating for the fear of the chocking we should try to bring the advantages of __讨论议题____ into full play(they are making all possible means to), and reduce the disadvantages to the minimum at the same time.In that case, we will definitely make a better use of the ____讨论议题___.we must spare no efforts to take some measures to solve this problem., has become so widespread that it has severely affected the safety of daily life and hindered the development of economy, direction of public opinion it is high time,urgent,essential it is indisputable that Can’t be overemphasized/keep in mind/ should never be unheared/ I hold the point of view that no way of/no possibility of Only with combined efforts

常用单词：

Actually;currently;nowadays;severely;

常用词组：

achieve equilibrium at disadvantage be drawn to be exposed to be subjected to followed by in a sense irrespective of stimulated by obtain foothold Ever since then, I have found smile often making the journey to work more of a nightmare than a dream outweigh appearances can be deceptive alert to such accident have scrambled for sales driven them to resort to all sorts of measures to pull ahead of their rivals supply outstrips demand part of the threat to the ecological balance of the planet wake-up call vivid image of the grim future blind consumption fines are to be imposed on those factories units that use water lavishly carry on intensive education direct...from exam-oriented to...all-round up and coming star many people seem to fail to take into account pay a heavy price live under the illusion produce far-reaching impact inevitable results it must be noted that eventually lead to disastrous impact on fully convinced that the leisure life-style is undergoing a decline with the progress of lies invade autonomy gain ever increasing popularity exert every efforts to combating

表达方式： Among which which refers to 从句

They emphasize that today's society is not what it was

被动句

Reports are often heard upon

倒装句

By revealing some dark sides of the society, online sharing can draw public attention to certain injustices and work as a supervisor over the authorities.so many heartbreaks are heard that we can't help asking

第四篇：考博英译汉技巧总结

考博英译汉技巧总结

1.英汉语言的异同

1.1.英语是形合：需要使用连词或者关联词表示各部分的逻辑关系；汉语是意合：句与句之间的逻辑关系“隐含”于上下文之间。如果汉语使用形合句，则显得语气庄重、措辞严谨。

1.2.语序方面，主谓宾的位置比较相似。然而状语、定语的位置有差异。状语：英语可以放在主句前或后，汉语一般放在主句前。状语顺序方面，英语：方式状语+地点状语+时间状语；汉语：时间状语+地点状语+方式状语。定语：汉语大部分在修饰词的前面，英语的状语可以在修饰词的前（形容词）或者后（定语从句）。英语多长句、松散句（中心在句首），汉语多短句、圆周句（中心在句尾）。

1.3.英语中多使用名词，汉语中多使用动词。因此，英语中的名词需要译成动词。

2.词语翻译的五大原则

2.1.转换原则：将具有动词意味的名（形、介、副）词译成动词。

2.2.具体原则：把原文中抽象或者比较抽象的词用较为具体的词进行翻译。2.3.加法原则：增补英语原句中省略的动词或其他省略部分。

2.4.减法原则：英语中的部分不需要翻译【冠词；充当主语的人称代词、作宾语的代词和物主代词；连词（并列连词、复合句中的连词）；介词（表示时间地点的英语介词在句首可省略，句尾不能省略）】。

2.5.重复原则：对上下文出现过的词加以重复的译法。汉语多重复，英语多变化。一是重复省略的名词、动词、代词。二是重复宾语。为了明确，英语的一句话中两个动词共用一个宾语，宾语在第二个动词之后出现一次。而汉语，这样的宾语要在每个动词后分别出现。三是重复名词。两个定语共同修饰一个名词；被定语从句修饰的名词。

3.名词从句的翻译技巧 3.1.主语从句。

主语从句如果以What, Whatever等代词引导，翻译时一般按照原文的顺序进行翻译。如果是以It引导的主语从句，翻译时要把主句的谓语分译成一个独立句，然后再译从句【谓语分译法】。

It goes without saying that oxygen is the most active element in the atmosphere.不言而喻，氧是大气中最活泼的元素。3.2.宾语从句。

由that, what, how引导的宾语从句，汉译时一般按照原文的语序进行翻译。有时可以加“说”字，接着译原文宾语从句的内容。He replied that he was sorry.他回答说，他感到抱歉。

由It作形式宾语的句子，汉译时一般按照原文的顺序译，只是It不译。I made it clear to them that they should have got these holes dug long ago.我和他们说清楚了，他们本来早该把坑挖好了。有时需将that引导的宾语从句提前。I owe it to you that I have got the post.我得到这个职位全靠你。3.3.表语从句：可按照原文顺序进行翻译。3.4.同位语从句。

同位语从句汉译时可以按原文顺序翻译，也可以将同位语从句提前，这要视具体情况而定。有时还可以增加“即”、“这样”或者破折号、冒号。

4.定语从句的翻译技巧

英语中定语从句可分为限定性定语从句和非限定性定语从句，绝大部分后置。汉语中所有定语均前置。汉语不用长定语。如果英语中的定语从句太长，不宜译成汉语的定语。如果英语中的定语从句短，一般译成汉语的定语。4.1.译成定语。当英语定语从句比较短，译成汉语也不冗长，该从句可以译成汉语中的定语。即“„„的”句式。4.2.重复先行词译出。如果英语的定语从句在意思上同先行词的关系不太密切，而且整个从句用作补充或说明先行词的附加语，或者定语从句套定语从句，可采用重复先行词的译法：按原次序译出，用名词或代词（这、那、其）等代替先行词。当从句中的which和as代表整个主句时，一般都译成并列句，主语用代词（这、那）等代替。

Mechanical energy can be changed into electrical energy, which in turn can be changed into mechanical energy.机械能能转化为电能，电能也可以转化为机械能。（重复名词）

Galileo was a famous Italian scientist by whom the Copernican theory was further proved correct.伽利略是著名的意大利科学家，他进一步证明了哥白尼的学说是正确的。（用代词，汉语多主动）

Liquid water changes to vapor, which is called evaporating.液态水变成蒸汽，这就叫蒸发。（which 代整个句子，用代词代替）

4.3.译成状语从句。英语的定语从句，如果在意思上具有主句动作发生的原因、结果、目的、让步、条件等含义，可译成汉语的状语从句。同样可以用名词或代词重复或代替先行词译出。

Einstein, who worked out the famous Theory of Relativity, won the Nobel Prize in 1921.由于爱因斯坦提出了著名的相对论，因此，他于1921年获得了诺贝尔奖。

Electronic computers, which have many advantages, cannot carry out creative work and replace human.虽然电子计算机有很多优点，但它不能进行创造性工作，也代替不了人。省译关联词。英语的定语从句，如果在意义上作为先行词的陈述部分用来进一步补充说明先行词的具体内容，这时可采用省译关联词的方法，按照原句次序译出。There are a number of drugs that can cause physical and mental trouble.有许多麻醉品会对身心造成伤害。

5.状语从句的翻译技巧

英语中状语从句包括表示时间、地点、条件、让步、原因等各种从句。汉译时要注意两种语言使用状语方面的共同性及其各自的特殊性。一般考虑将状语从句或者状语部分先译，放在主句之前。5.1.时间状语从句

译成相应的时间状语。译成并列分句。

Mr.Smith was arrested when he himself was not aware what crime he had committed.史密斯先生自己还不知道犯了什么罪，人家就把他逮捕了。英语中存在着内容和形式不相一致的情况。有些时间状语从句有时候可以按其逻辑关系译成表示原因、条件、让步等的分句。

The defense lawyer decided to petition for a new trial when they found an important new witness.由于发现了一名新的重要证人，辩护律师决定申请重新开庭审讯。5.2.条件状语从句

译成表示“条件”或者“假设”的分句。译成补充说明情况的分句。

按其逻辑关系转译为表示时间、让步、结果、原因等从句。5.3.让步状语从句

译成表示让步的分句。

译成表示“无条件”的条件分句。5.4.地点状语从句

译成相应的地点状语。

按其逻辑关系，译成表示“条件”的状语。5.5.原因状语从句

译成表示“原因”的分句。译成因果偏正复句中的主句。译成因果关系内含的并列分句。

6.反译法

汉语中表示否定意义的词都含有明显的标志词：不、无、非、勿、未、否、别、没有等。英语更加复杂。除了否定词外，还有否定词缀，如：dis-, il-, in-, non-, un-,-less等、形式肯定、意义否定的各类词语，如：fail, deny, defy, miss, lack, ignore, but, except, beyond.短语：instead of, in place of、结构 more...than...., other than......, rather than.....由于语言的差异，有时候英语用否定，汉语用肯定。反之亦然。Wet paint.油漆未干。

反义法：将原文的肯定形式译为否定形式，或者相反。包括两个方向的互相转变。6.1.正话反说

Americans are far more race-conscious than class-conscious.美国人的阶级意识远不如种族意识那么强烈。6.2.反话正说

The thought of returning to his native land never deserted him amid his tribulation.在苦难中，重返故国的念头始终在他心头萦绕着。

第五篇：考博英语语法重点总结

考博辅导：考博英语语法重点总结（3）

过去分词与形容词的语义差：

1.Destructive:causing damage to people or things the destructive power of modern weapons Damaged: being in a bad state emotionally damaged children 2.Respected:admired by many because of achievements

He’s one of the most respected managers in the game.Respectful: feeling or showing respect They listened in respectful silence.3.Preferred : Her own preferred methods of exercise are hiking and long cycle rides.Preferable: A big earthquake a long way off is preferable to a smaller one nearby.Preferential: Bank officials denied giving the senator any preferential treatment.4.Unimagined:Others see a new golden age of business and technology that will lift the market to unimagined heights.Unimaginative:That means the traditional office layout of lined-up cubicles and work stations is seen as rigid and unimaginative.5.Loving: She was a devoted wife and a very loving mother.Lovable: a sweet lovable child Lovely: We had a lovely holiday.6.Tolerated: While Patches are generally well tolerated they are not always suitable for everyone.Tolerant: trees that are tolerant of salt sea winds Tolerable: All in all, it was better to have a tolerable tenement than the ideal which no one could afford.虚拟语气

非谓语动词主要包括不定式、动名词和现在分词。为了区分这三种不同的非谓语动词的用法和含义，我们将分别从三种非谓语动词在句子中做主语、宾语、宾语补足语、定语、状语、表语以及一些特殊结构句型等角度来区分其用法和细微含义。1．不定式和动名词作主语的区别

(1)动名词作主语通常表示抽象动作；而不定式作主语表示具体动作。Smoking is prohibited(禁止)here．这里禁止抽烟。(抽象)It is not very good for you to smoke so much．你抽这么多烟对你身体很不好。(具体)

(2)动名词作主语时，通常用以表示一件已知的事或经验。

不定式短语通常用来表示一件未完成的事或目的。

Climbing mountains is interesting．爬山很有趣。(经验)

Driving a car during the rush hour is tiring．在高峰时刻开车令人厌烦。(经验)（3）不定式做主语，一般用it当形式主语，把作主语的不定式短语后置。

It took me only five minutes to finish the job.2．不定式、动名词和分词作表语的区别

(1)不定式作表语

1)不定式作表语一般表示具体动作，特别是表示将来的动作。

To do two things at a time is to do neither．--次做两件事等于未做。

What I would suggest is to start work at once.我的建议是立刻开始干。

2）如果主语是不定式（表示条件），表语也是不定式（表示结果）。

To see is to believe.百闻不如一见。

To work means to earn a living．工作就是为了生活。

3)如果主语是以aim，duty，hope，idea，happiness，job，plan，problem，purpose，thing，wish等为中心的名词，或以what引导的名词性从句，不定式作表语是对主语起补充说明作用。

His wish is to buy a luxurious car in the near future．他的希望是在不远的将来买一辆豪华轿车。

The function of Louis Sullivan’s architecture was to provide large uninterrupted floor areas and to allow ample light into the interior.The most important thing is to negotiate with them about the future of the plant．

(2)动名词作表语：动名词作表语，表示抽象的一般性的行为。

Our work is serving the people．我们的工作是为人民服务。

His hobby is collecting stamps．他的爱好是集邮。

(注)动名词作表语时与进行时态中的现在分词形式相同，但其所属结构迥异，进行时态说明动作是由主语完成的。动名词做表语，说明主语的性质或情况。

People cannot but feel puzzled，for they simply cannot understand how he could have made such a stupid mistake.His victory in the final was no more convincing than I had expected．

(3)分词作表语

分词做表语有两种情况，一种是现在分词做表语，一种是过去分词做表语，这两者区别是考试中经常考到的地方。一般来说，表示心理状态的动词如excite，interest等都是及物动词，汉语意思不是“激动”，“高兴”，而是“使激动”、“使高兴”，因而现在分词应该是“令人激动的”、“令人高兴的”，过去分词则是“感到激动的”和“感到高兴的”。所以，凡表示“令人……的”都是-ing形式，凡是表示“感到……”都用-ed形式。换句话说，若人对……感兴趣，就是somebody is interested in...,若人/物本身有兴趣时，就是说sb./sth.is interesting.这类词常见的有：

interesting使人感到高兴--interested感到高兴的exciting令人激动的--excited感到激动的

delighting令人高兴的--delighted感到高兴的

disappointing令人失望的--disappointed感到失望的encouraging令人鼓舞的--encouraged感到鼓舞的pleasing令人愉快的--pleased感到愉快的puzzling令人费解的--puzzled感到费解的satisfying令人满意的---satisfied感到满意的surprising令人惊异的--surprised感到惊异的worrying令人担心的--worried感到担心的 Travelling is interesting but tiring．旅行是有趣的，但是使人疲劳。

The pupils will get confused if they are made to learn too much．如果要学生学得太多，他们会感到糊涂的。

The argument is very convincing．他的论点很令人信服。

They were very excited at the news．听到这个消息，他们非常激动。

3．不定式和动名词作宾语的区别

英语中大多数动词既可跟不定式，也可跟动名词作直接宾语，但有些动词要求：

(1)不定式做宾语和宾语补足语

1)下面的动词要求不定式做宾语

attempt企图 enable能够 neglect忽视

afford负担得起 demand要求 long渴望

arrange安排 destine注定 mean意欲，打算

begin开始 expect期望 omit忽略，漏

appear似乎，显得 determine决定 manage设法

cease停止 hate憎恨，厌恶 pretend假装

ask问 dread害怕 need需要

agree同意 desire愿望 love爱

swear宣誓 volunteer志愿 wish希望 bear承受 endeavor努力 offer提供

beg请求 fail不能 plan计划

bother扰乱；烦恼 forget忘记 prefer喜欢，宁愿

care关心，喜欢 happen碰巧 prepare准备

decide决定 learn学习regret抱歉，遗憾

choose选择 hesitate犹豫 profess表明

claim要求 hope希望 promise承诺，允许

start开始 undertake承接 want想要

consent同意，赞同 intend想要 refuse拒绝

decide决定 learn学习vow起

contrive设法，图谋 incline有…倾向 propose提议

seek找，寻觅 try试图

2)下面的动词要求不定式做宾补：动词+宾语+动词不定式

ask要求，邀请 get请，得到 prompt促使

allow允许 forbid禁止 prefer喜欢，宁愿

announce宣布 force强迫 press迫使

bride 收买 inspire鼓舞 request请求

assist协助 hate憎恶 pronounce断定，表示

advise劝告 exhort告诫，勉励 pray请求

authorize授权，委托 help帮助 recommend劝告，推荐

bear容忍 implore恳求 remind提醒

beg请求 induce引诱 report报告

compel强迫 invite吸引，邀请，summon传唤

command命令 intend想要，企图 show 显示

drive驱赶 mean意欲，打算 train训练

cause引起 instruct指示 require要求 deserve应受 leave使，让 tell告诉

direct指导 like喜欢 tempt劝诱

entitle有资格 order命令 warn告诫

enable使能够 need需要 urge激励，力说

encourage鼓励 oblige不得不 want想要

condemn指责，谴责 lead引起，使得 teach教

entreat恳求 permit允许 wish希望

(2)有少数动词只能用动名词作宾语

acknowledge承认，自认 cease 停止 mention说到，讲到

admit 承认 tolerate忍受 dislike不喜欢，讨厌

advocate：提倡，主张 complete完成 dread可怕

appreciate 感激，欣赏 confess坦白 endure忍受

avoid避免 contemplate细想 enjoy享有，喜爱

bear忍受 defer拖延 envy嫉妒

can’t help不禁 delay延迟 escape逃跑，逃避

can’t stand受不了 deny否认 excuse借口

consider 考虑 detest嫌恶 fancy幻想，爱好

favor 造成，偏爱 mind 介意 repent悔悟

figure描绘，计算 miss错过 resent怨恨

finish完成，结束不得 pardon原谅，饶恕 resist抵抗，阻止

forgive原谅 permit 允许 resume恢复

imagine设想 postpone延迟，延期 risk冒险

involve卷入，包含 practise 实行，实践 suggest建议

hate讨厌 prevent阻止 save营救，储蓄

keep保持 quit放弃停止 stand坚持，忍受

loathe非常讨厌，厌恶 recall回想

例如：I appreciate having been given the opportunity to study abroad two years ago.我很感激两年前给我出国学习的机会。

(3)有些动词后使用动名词和动词不定式作宾语的差别

1）forget to do 忘记要去做某事（此事未做）

forget doing忘记做过某事（此事已做过或已发生）

2）stop to do 停止、中断（某件事），目的是去做另一件事

stop doing 停止正在或经常做的事

3）remember to do 记住去做某事（未做）

remember doing记得做过某事(已做)

4)regret to do对要做的事遗憾

regret doing对做过的事遗憾、后悔

5）try to do努力、企图做某事

try doing试验、试一试某种办法

6)mean to do打算，有意要…

mean doing意味着

7）go on to do 继而（去做另外一件事情）

go on doing 继续（原先没有做完的事情）

8）propose to do 打算（要做某事）proposing doing建议（做某事）

9)like /love/hate/ prefer +to do 表示具体行为；+doing sth 表示抽象、倾向概念

（注)如果这些动词前有should一词，其后宾语只跟不定式，不能跟动名词。例如：

I should like to see him tomorrow．

10)need, want, deserve +动名词表被动意义；+不定式被动态表示“要(修、清理等)”意思。

Don’t you remember seeing the man before?你不记得以前见过那个人吗?

You must remember to leave tomorrow．你可要记着是明天动身。

I don’t regret telling her what I thought．我不后悔给她讲过我的想法。(已讲过)

I regret to have to do this，but I have no choice．我很遗憾必须这样去做，我实在没办法。(未做但要做)

You must try to be more careful．你可要多加小心。

Let’s try doing the work some other way．让我们试一试用另外一种办法来做这工作。

I didn’t mean to hurt your feeling．我没想要伤害你的感情。

This illness will mean(your)going to hospital．得了这种病(你)就要进医院。