纯英文论文

第一篇：纯英文论文

abstract：At present, English teaching evaluation methods depend so much on summative evaluation in our country.As is known to all, a student’s testing scores are treated as final evaluation criteria in summative evaluation method, so summative evaluation strengthens the function of testing scores.This has resulted in many students learning English only to pass examinations or to go to school.Apparently, this kind of instrumental learning motivation is hard to arouse students’ learning enthusiasm or for them to keep their interest in learning.In short, to a certain extent, summative evaluation ignores the evaluation on students’ creativity and subjectivity.In recent years, curriculum reform has become a fashion topic and evaluation is becoming more and more important.Formative evaluation, which is called process evaluation, was advanced by G.F.Scriven in his book the methodology of evaluation in 1976.After G.F.Scriven, Bloom was first to introduce formative evaluation into classroom teaching.With curriculum reform development in our country, a high premium has been place on formative evaluation.The overall objective of the high school English curriculum is: to enable students on the basis of compulsory education on learning English, to further clarify the purpose of learning English, to develop independent learning and cooperative learning ability;the formation of effective English learning strategies;students overall language proficiency.With the development of China's curriculum reforms, the formative evaluation is also more and more attention.Formative evaluation has become the mainstream way of teaching evaluation, it uses descriptive evaluation or positive score, etc.to encourage students and teachers to communicate in different ways based on the evaluation of the results with the students, fully affirmed the progress of students, encourage students to self-reflection, self evaluation and self-improvement.This paper is to study the application of formative assessment in high school English teaching, discusses formative assessment features and functions, aimed at improving the quality of teaching, improve high school students interested in learning English.According to the necessity and urgency of the current situation of formative assessment in teaching, which made formative assessment in high school English teaching should use the methods, tools and principles to follow.So the formative assessment to play an active role in teaching high school English.Key words: formative assessment, high school English teaching, application, learning English

中文摘要：目前我国外语教学的评价方式过多的依赖于终结性评价，由于这种评价是以考试成绩作为最终的评判标准，这无疑过分强化了考试分数的作用，致使相当一部分学生学习英语的动机和目的就是为了考试或升学。这种工具型的学习动机显然不易于激发学生学习英语的积极性，也不利于保持其学习兴趣的持久性。

终结性评价在很大程度上忽视了学生在学习中的主体性，和创造性。随着新课程改革的实施,评价问题开始引起人们的广泛关注。形成性评价这一概念就是在这样一种背景下提出来的。形成性评价最早是由斯克里芬（G..F.scriven）在1967年他的《评价方法论》一书中提出来的。所谓的形成性评价即过程性评价。它“是通过诊断教育方案或计划，教育过程或活动中存在的问题，为正在进行的教育活动提供反馈信息，以提高正在进行的教育活动的评价”（陈玉琨《教育评价学》）在斯克里芬之后，布鲁姆首先将这一评价方式引入课堂教学。

高中英语课程的总目标是：使学生在义务教育阶段英语学习的基础上，进一步明确英语学习的目的，发展自主学习和合作学习的能力；形成有效的英语学习策略；培养学生的综合语言运用能力。而我国随着课堂改革的发展，形成性评价也越来越受到重视。

形成性评价逐渐成为主流的教学评价方式，它采用描述性评价或评分等方式正面鼓励学生，教师根据评价的结果与学生进行不同方式的交流，充分肯定学生的进步，鼓励学生自我反思，自我评价和自我提高。本文主要是研究形成性评价在高中英语教学中的应用，论述形成性评价的特点和功能，目的在于提高教学质量，提高高中学生学习英语的兴趣。根据形成性评价在教学中的必要性和紧迫性的现状,从而提出形成性评价在高中英语教学中应该运用的方法,工具以及遵循的原则。使形成性评价在高中英语教学中发挥积极的作用。

关键词：形成性评价，高中英语教学，应用，英语学习

Chapter one introduction 1.1 the need for the study

With the introduction of the new curriculum reform, the voice of the assessment reform is also increasing.In the “high school English curriculum standards(experimental)” proposed new law to be set up to promote the development of a diversified student evaluation system, the use of formative assessment and summative combination.Teachers should pay attention and student exchanges, and certainly their progress and encourage them to self-reflection, self-improvement.Modern social emphasis on people-oriented, in teaching should be student-centered.It is in the formative evaluation carried out this principle.Formative evaluation of the role and value in teaching and assessment process has been more fully affirmed.Therefore, the introduction of formative assessment is consistent with the requirements of the times in high school English teaching.It has a certain practical significance.Currently motivated high school students to learn English in general is not strong enough, many students learning English the sole purpose of examination or further studies, ignoring the increase in the use of language itself and the actual capacity.Under the guidance of formative assessment, students can find their own way to learn and improve their English learning efficiency.Meanwhile students learning English and get fully mobilize the enthusiasm is implemented through formative assessment, self-confidence would be enhanced learning English, they will be able to take the initiative, actively engaged in learning English.1.2 the purposes of the study

The traditional evaluation methods to determine student achievement through good or bad, this approach gives students a lot of pressure.It will make students learning English have to fidget.Students' enthusiasm and interest in learning will not be increased.Poor students to learn, it seems only to explain everything by the results, as they may arise in the process of learning problems, confusion, or they have other talents, cannot be used to measure the results, and these have may be ignored.Moment of doing well, might be a blow to confidence, and their accomplishments become the sole standard.Traditional evaluation system has become an obstacle of students’ English learning.For this reason.the author want to know how to use formative assessment in English classes can help the senior students master effective learning strategies, develop learning motivation and attitude and finally improve their English achievement.It has been assumpted that formative assessment may be more effective in many aspects such as.The students can use meta-cognitive strategies, increasing their motivation, forming good learning habit and having positive attitude.Due to the use of formative assessment, the students’ sense of achievement can be developed.And they will become more active in class and they can evaluate themselves correctly.Above all, students will have more confidence in themselves.All in all, the research may be helpful to develop the students as a “whole person”.The author also intended to find more effective approaches to using formative assessment in English classes, including records of students’ behavior, class room observation, interviews, questionnaires, and portfolios, etc.1.3 The framework of the paper The paper falls into five chapters.Chapter one serves as an introduction, which gives a brief description of the current situation of assessment systems in China.It presents the importance of formative assessment and the significance of study.Chapter two offers literature review about studies at home and abroad.In addictions, this chapter provides theoretical discussions for formative assessment, including humanism psychology, Meta-cognitive strategies, constructivism and theory of multiple intelligence as well as the related studies at home and abroad.This chapter presents the definition, function, characteristics and benefits of formative assessment.In chapter three the paper introduces the necessity and urgency of implementation of Formative evaluation.Chapter four introduces the research of formative evaluation applied to senior high school English teaching, Including strategies and tools.Chapter five present the implementation of Formative evaluation of the principles to be followed.Chapter six about a conclusion is drawn from the study that using formative assessment in senior English classes can help the senior students master effective learning strategies.And more effective methods of formative assessment will be put forward in the future.Chapter two literature review 2.1the research study an home and abroad

2.1.1the research study abroad

In recent years the development of educational evaluation is very fast at home and abroad.Let’s review the development of assessment in the west.Formative assessment, first put forward by Scriven in 1967, lays emphasis on the development of educational plan and improvement of educational process.According to Popham(1998:23), formative assessment refers to assessment that provides information to students and teachers that are used to improve teaching and learning.According to Travers, educational assessment in the USA began in 1845, when the printed examination was first used by Boston School Committee.In 1897, J, M.Rice published research findings on spelling abilities of U.S schoolchildren(Aiken, 1994: 7), which is considered as the beginning of the research on assessment(see yang Jinhuan, 2006:5-6).Tyler’s famous “eight-year study” from 1930s had far-reaching influence on the assessment theory in this period.The term “evaluation” was first used to replace the terms “examining” and “testing”.He indicated that evaluation should be a process rather than examinations.It claimed that students’ interest should be stimulated, and contents of textbooks should be based on the real life.Guba and Loncoln held a view that the nature of evaluation was mental construction.They advocated that students should actively participate in the process of assessment.The function of assessment was to serve the development of students.Students used to be assessed but now they act as the participants in the process of assessing.Some new terms were put forward in this period, such as “educational criticism”, “portfolio assessment”.etc.(Liu xiaohua,2004;5;Guo Kuman,2004:2).In one word, assessment system in the west has become a drive to education development up to now and assessment is playing an increasingly important role in English teaching.2.1.2the research study china

In the history of educational assessment in china, summative assessment has been playing a very important role.But in recent years formative assessment is rapidly developing as a new topic in many schools.Since the 1980s, as education is developing, the formative assessment has been paid more attention to and carried out in many schools.Later it was not until the 1990s that some new assessment methods were introduced into teaching practice.However, there were no many researches on evaluation system in china’s senior English teaching for a long time, at that time assessment referred to various examinations and tests, such as quizzes, mid-term exams and national college entrance examination.With the development of assessment theories and the curriculum reform, the new English curriculum standard came out in 2001, it provide new guiding principles about educational evaluation and defines functions, goals, contents and methods of educational evaluation in a more humanistic way.It also offers some new assessment criteria and gives some useful advice on the assessment in English in middle schools.The traditional summative assessment is becoming more and more limited in assessing the students.Guided by the new curriculum, teachers have gradually changed their understanding of assessment and began to apply the new assessment method to their English teaching in order to supplement traditional summative evaluation.In the last two years many Chinese scholars and teachers have been doing research on this new assessment system and great achievements have been made in theory and practice ever since.Among them, Wang qiang, Luo Shaoqian took the lead in the field.What’s more, a series of essays have been published, which help teachers change their traditional opinions and form a new concept.for example, formative assessment research in English classroom by Luo Shaoqian(2003).To sum up, guided by these achievements, the application of formative assessment to the English teaching has become more and more popular.2.2 theoretical Basis 2.2.1 Constructivism

Constructivist learning theory lays emphasis on the evaluation of the process of knowledge construction.They think that learning assessment should not just focus on the learning results, but value the learning process, including how to obtain the information source or knowledge sources, learning strategy and self monitor, the degree of learning involvement and the ability of innovation and research.Shepard connects formative assessment with the constructivism theory, which shows that learning is an active process based on previous knowledge, experience, skills, and interests.Constructivist learning theory views students as active learners who mark sense of new knowledge actively and determine how to integrate the knowledge with the concepts previously learnt.In short, constructivism values an individual ability, former knowledge, belief and past experience, on the basis of which formative assessment forms.2.2.2 The theory of multiple intelligence

Howard Gardner proposed the Multiple Intelligence theory in 1983.According to Dr.Gardner, the theory multiple intelligence includes at least eight kinds of intelligence: linguistic intelligence, logical-intelligence, spatial intelligence, bodily-kinetic intelligence, music intelligence, interpersonal intelligence, self-questioning intelligence and naturalist intelligence.Based on his theory, Gardner summarizes the principle, authentic principle and developmental principle.Which are included in formative assessment because it involves teachers, students and parents in evaluating students’ various aspects in learning(see also Zhang jian, 2005: 27).Gardner’s theory of multiple intelligence has several implications for teachers in terms of classroom instruction.Firstly, the concept of multiple intelligences place special emphasis on the overall development of students’ abilities.Secondly, everyone is born owning the eight intelligences.Thirdly, assessment should be integrated and should be everywhere and all the time(see also Wang Wanzhen, 2003:7-8).Multiple intelligence theory plays an important part in formative assessment.We can view that our students as individuals with different strengths and weakness in different aspects.2.2.3 Humanism psychology

According to humanistic view，Chapter three the connotation of classroom teaching evaluation 3.1 The concept of classroom assessment

Is a collection of classroom teaching evaluation, synthesis and analysis of information on the process;the skills to understand the student's level of development and the development potential of information on the process.It does this by collecting students' daily learning, teaching and classroom learning atmosphere information to help understand the needs of each student's learning and teachers to make the appropriate decisions, improve classroom efficiency(Luo Shaoqian, 2003:13).3.2 Evaluation categories

In the classroom, due to differences in the degree and the ability of students, teachers need to make decisions in a variety of different requirements for students, so they evaluate students on a variety of purposes(Luo Shaoqian, 2003:14).3.2.1 Diagnostic Evaluation

Diagnostic evaluation refers to diagnose the problem(Ariasian, 1991: 5).Students in the classroom learning process, not only will encounter difficulties in learning, as well as emotional or social aspects of the problem, so as a teacher, you should first identify the problems and select solutions from the perspective of understanding.Student's progress is not only reflected in the student's scores on each test, as well as student records subject to the completion of a project.By evaluating the information and results obtained, teacher feedback, students learn to generate power.3.2.2 Formative Evaluation

Formative assessment as a teaching and learning process an integral part of the overall progress of the students described the situation, provide students with feedback to reinforce learning and help teachers understand students' learning situation and determine the next lesson plans and student learning plans.3.2.3 Summative Evaluative

Summative assessment is after a period of study for understanding student achievement and expanded evaluation, Compared with the formative evaluation, the summative evaluation usually more permanent form.3.2.4 Comparison of formative and summative assessments 3.3 Definition of formative assessment

Formative evaluation from a proposal to now experiencing history is not long, though it did not give the author of Scriven its exact definition, but later, under the influence of his ideas, which made a lot of Discussion.Such as Bloom's view is “for us, is the use of formative assessment in curriculum development, teaching and learning process evaluation decency to be improved in any of these three processes is a process.” 1, he thinks “The main purpose is to observe the formation of a decision given the extent of the learning tasks are mastered, not part of the master,” “it is not the purpose of classification or identification in order for learners, but to help students and teachers to focus on to further enhance the specific learning necessary.”2, Chen Yukun that “formative evaluation through educational programs or diagnostic programs and activities in the education process problems for the ongoing evaluation of the quality of education activities.” 3 The new curriculum standards is considered formative assessment is “through a variety of means and methods of evaluation of students' interest in learning process demonstrated, attitudes, participation activities, their language development of the state judge, to try their learning make sure to promote student learning initiative to help teachers improve their teaching.”4 3.4 Characteristics of formative assessment 3.4.1 评价方式的人文性和民主性humanistic and democratic of evaluation methods

Formative assessment promotes the overall development of students through evaluation, it recognize individual differences in levels of development, to their knowledge, intelligence and emotional factors comprehensive evaluation.Formative assessment becomes a single teacher evaluation for teacher evaluation, student self-evaluation, student assessment and mutual cooperation in the evaluation of teachers and students combine to make the students from passive to active participants by critics, teachers from the “Examiner” role gradually changed “collaborators” role.Through self-assessment, students are rising introspection and reflection, to form an effective, consistent with the personality characteristics of learning strategies, and eventually become masters of learning;through mutual evaluation between students and foster their sense of teamwork and cooperation;and freedom, democracy, and rating equal protection atmosphere more conducive to students' self-esteem, improve their self-confidence.Formative assessment fully reflects the people-centered and student-centered educational thinking.3.4.2 评价内容的广泛性和全面性extensive and comprehensive of evaluation contents Formative evaluation not only focus on students' cognitive abilities, but also the importance of student emotions, interests, and evaluation strategies, so students learn the information he provides is comprehensive, multi-level and comprehensive.3.4.3 评价手段的多样性和灵活性Diversity and flexibility of evaluation tools

Formative evaluation of a variety of methods, such as classroom learning activities and competitions, daily homework assessment, participation in extracurricular activities Comments, learning self-assessment, learning records, questionnaires, interviews and so on.These evaluation tools can show students what they learn to their understanding and their emotional attitudes from different angles.3.4.4 评价结果的描述性和反馈性Descriptive and feedback of evaluation results

Formative assessment is done and what the students can do the recording and reflection, it may reflect the students' progress, encourage students to have self-confidence and a sense of accomplishment, the formation of motivation to continue progress;and evaluation of interest, attitudes, feelings, communication capacity and the spirit of cooperation can be for students to form a good character to provide help and guidance.（北京师范大学外语系课题组，2001：7）

3.5 Function of formative assessment

Formative assessment is part of students’ learning process, providing guidance to them in their studies, motivating them.It also provides feedback to students so that they can improve their performance and eventually make great progress.It acts as practice for students, just like a meaningful homework assignment.It checks for understanding along the way.In addition, it guides teachers’ decision making about future instruction.Formative assessment has 3 basic functions.Firstly, formative assessment can help the teachers to diagnose students’ strengths and weaknesses, analyze their problems and then help to get rid of their bad habits, thus becoming a conscious researcher.Furthermore, it can also help the teachers modify their teaching strategies and create better learning environment for students.Formative assessment can also provide feedback to the students so that they will understand how to do better the next time.Secondly, formative assessment can identify how well the students are learning during the instructions.Every teacher would prefer to see every student make progress day by day then see only few of them get high marks in the exams.Formative assessment makes it possible to realize this basic educational objective.Compared with traditional summative assessment, formative assessment is playing an important role in identifying and monitoring the students’ present levels.Thirdly, formative assessment can help select so students for a variety of purposes.Because assessment results can provide some evidences so as to make judgment about the qualified and unqualified in order to send them to a higher level of education.Selecting top students for a higher level of education is still one of most popular functions of assessment ever since it came into existence.3.6 Benefits of formative assessment

Chapter four

the necessity and urgency of implementation of Formative evaluation

Evaluation is not only an important means to ensure the implementation of the curriculum, but also an important part of teaching and learning activities.Test just a way of students' evaluation.Exams and other evaluation methods should combine.According to the purpose and nature of the examinations, selection of specific test methods, means, and to make analysis of test results, notes and suggestions, comments, and suggestions to improve the formation of incentive.As far as possible to reduce the pressure of students’ test, and promote the development of students’.For a long time, English teaching evaluation methods depend so much on summative evaluation in our country, which only reflects the importance of student learning outcomes or the end of the exam, especially senior high school entrance examination and college entrance examination, etc.It will be written as the only means of examination, the examination results as the only measure of students' ability to learn a foreign language.Formative assessment is ignored.It reflects the students’ learning process.In the formative evaluation, teacher is only concerned about the students’ evaluation.while ignoring students' self-assessment and peer assessment;just pay attention to the evaluation of selection capabilities, and ignoring the evaluation of student development functions;only the importance of language knowledge and language skills of study.It neglected the evaluation of students' emotions, attitudes and values.Obviously, this kind of evaluation is difficult to adapt to the needs of education reform and development, these evaluation cannot achieve the overall goal of a English curriculum for high school education.This evaluation is not conducive to the formation of the establishment in the language skills, language knowledge, emotional attitude, learning strategies and cultural awareness integration development on the basis of the comprehensive ability of using the language.So we should start form the core issue of educational evaluation “ assessment what, how to comment”.We need new ideas and a reflection of quality education to promote the comprehensive development of students, and constantly improve the evaluation system, reflecting the diversity of evaluation about contents, subjects and methods.Not only concerned with the results, but also pay attention to the process.（肖第郁，2002；69）

4.1素质教育对教学评价的要求the requirements of quality education for teaching evaluation

Traditional educational evaluation function emphasizes screening and selection, the main purpose of that evaluation is to distinguish the pros and cons and choose the best students for the school.In this process, a few score of excellent, experience success, most people become losers.With the formation and development of information technology and the Internet age, the original function to impart knowledge-based curriculum for basic education be a great challenge.Education programs focus on students many qualities, including a positive attitude towards learning, innovation and practical ability and quality and other physical and mental health, lay the foundation for lifelong development of students.Thus, with the shift function curriculum, evaluation function is also undergoing fundamental change.Evaluation is not just to check the students' knowledge and skills to master the language, the more concerned about students to acquire knowledge, skills, processes and methods, as well as emotions, attitudes and values formation associated therewith;evaluation is no longer the purpose of classification identification, the students were divided into three, six, nine, so that the highest scores for students to enjoy the best education, but how to play a role in the evaluation of incentives, attention to student growth and progress of the condition, and through analysis guidance, suggestions for improvement plan promote the development of students.In this sense, the evaluation is for the development of student services, and the development of students is not required for the evaluation of services.By evaluating the continuous improvement of education and teaching, so that students are more and better education, this is a new requirement for quality education teaching evaluation presented.This shift, while the evaluation function affects the development of teacher evaluation work.Teachers are the implementers of education, bear the task of promoting the development of students.To create the best possible education for our students, for the evaluation of student learning must focus on the diagnosis and evaluation of the excitation function.Therefore, we should focus on the use of formative assessment, found that teachers and teaching activities and teaching behavior of meaning and value, to identify problems with the crux of the continuous improvement of teaching, improve teaching quality, inspire the enthusiasm of both teaching and learning.4.2 现代社会对人才多样性的需求 the needs of Modern society for diversity of talent

Academic achievement was to examine the development of students, and the school's teaching performance level of an important criterion.The traditional emphasis on teaching “double base”, that basic knowledge and skills, which in the past with particular emphasis on measurement and evaluation to assess student mastery of facts and principles.Of course, the basic knowledge and skills to master is very important, if you do not focus on the evaluation of teaching basic knowledge and skills it is impossible to correctly judge the students' learning, so it is impossible to develop the students have made analysis of value.If, however, focus only on teaching students the basic knowledge and basic skills, you can not make meaningful recommendations for the development of students is not conducive to healthy growth and development of students.With the development of society, network and information era, the knowledge explosion, increased competition, only the knowledge and skills are far from meeting the requirements of social development of talent.Modern society needs diversity of talent, education evaluation criteria should reflect the diversity of talent trends.Concerned about academic achievement, we must also focus on other aspects of the development of the individual, such as a positive attitude towards learning, innovation, analysis and problem-solving skills and the correct outlook on life and values, what they learned from the test students, to students Whether learn to learn, learn to survive.Learn to cooperate, learn, etc.are examined and comprehensive evaluation.In the daily teaching activities, students should respect individual differences, based on a positive vision, from multiple angles, to see many aspects of students, found that students of the advantages and strengths, so that every student in self-esteem, self-confidence grow up happy.The use of formative assessment will help teachers and accurate understanding of the basis of the original development of the quality of students, the reality of the level and trend of development in the direction of educational goals adhere to uniform the premise of different students different requirements, so that every student to get optimum fully developed.Respect for individual differences in the development of diverse and unique, to achieve the evaluation criteria on the basis of comprehensive evaluation, in order to adapt to the diverse needs of modern human society, it is the diversity of modern teaching evaluation criteria, in order to adapt to modern society of talent diverse needs, this is a great modern teaching evaluation reform.4.3 中学英语教学评价现状使然the present situation of teaching evaluation in middle school English The purpose of focusing on the traditional educational evaluation screening, selection, so just focus on the results of educational activities, educational activities for little attention.The new curriculum reform advocates is to promote student development-based evaluation process that only concerned with the results of summative assessment, in fact, is the “past” concerns, is not conducive to the promotion of development;and attention to the formation of the evaluation process, it is for the “future”, focusing on the evaluation of development.Thus, the evaluation is a process, not only in educational activities after, but also accompanied and runs through every aspect of education and teaching activities should promote the “Results” by focusing on the improvement of the “process”, the evaluation of the center of gravity in the “process.” Traditional evaluation often only require students to provide answers to your questions, and for the students is how to get those answers, but indifference.In this way, students get an answer thinking and reasoning, hypothesis formation and how to apply the relevant evidence, have been abandoned outside evaluation of vision.Lack of thought process evaluation will lead to students only on the conclusion, ignoring the process, it is impossible to encourage students to focus on the process of scientific inquiry, to develop the habit of scientific inquiry and rigorous scientific attitude and spirit, but tend to form some plausible understanding and habits, is not conducive to the formation of students' good quality of thinking, restrict student flexibility and creativity to solve problems.Therefore, the “ordinary high school English curriculum standards” clearly states: “to promote formative assessment and summative combination of both focusing on results, but also concerned about the process, mainly in the formative evaluation.” In other words, the focus of the new curriculum standards evaluation gradually shift more attention to students' knowledge of the process, and the process of trying to explore the process, focusing on the student's progress in each period.Only concern process, it may be in-depth evaluation of the process of student development, to keep abreast of problems encountered in the development of students' efforts and progress made available.Only in this way will it be possible for students to enhance sustainable development and for effective guidance to promote the development of the evaluation function can really play a role.At the same time, only concerned about the process, in order to effectively help students develop a positive attitude towards learning, the spirit of scientific inquiry, in order to focus on the students in the learning process of emotional experience, learning to form a strategy, cultural awareness and values, to achieve “ knowledge and skills ”,“ process and method as well as ”attitudes and values,“ the all-round development.Chapter five The research of formative evaluation applied to senior high school English teaching

As has already been illustrated, formative assessment has been exerted a powerful effect on English learning by motivating students’ learning interest, enhancing students’ confidence as a successful learner.However, there is one premise that systematical ways of formative assessment must be employed in the language teaching process.And any successful assessment must be employed in the language teaching process.And any successful assessment must rely on the effective selection of useful and appropriate methods, as a matter of facts, no single methods can function as sufficiency to provide all the information that is needed in the conduction of formative assessment.On the request of the new English curriculum standard of senior high school, as well as the trend of new educational assessment, we teachers should advocate the mutual interact between teachers and students, combining every factor that contributes to effective formative assessment.“English curriculum standard of senior high school” made it clear that ”the evaluation of students’ learning, it is necessary to pay attention to students’ master of language knowledge and language skills, but also pay attention to the development of students' comprehensive language skills.At the same time, we must importance to their emotional attitudes and performance in the learning process.The participation not only refers to acts of participation, but also including the emotional involvement and participation of thinking.So we should pay attention to the students in the learning process of the formation of attitudes and values.“" English curriculum standard of senior high school ”(trial version)states: “In the conduct of teaching evaluation, teachers should combine teaching objectives, teaching content and learning environment for students as well as students' individual differences that design assessment tools and practical assessment standard for their own teaching and student learning.” therefore, self evaluation , teacher’s evaluation and collaborative evaluation can interview together with the help of some assessment tools and evaluation principles, such as portfolio, observation and journals.（徐勇、龚孝华，2001:13）。

5.1 The method of formative assessment

5.1.1 Self evaluation Student self evaluation is the process in which students gather information about their own study, analyze the causes and results and check whether they have made progress in order to make a new study plan or make further decisions for their future progress.A self assessment should be conducted with the help of teachers, partners and parents, for example, the teacher should help students to set some criteria for their self assessment.In the progress of self assessment a students should look at his values, interests, personality, or the learning skills in a certain aspect such as their reading skills.Self assessment could be very casual, Like giving reply to the questions “tell me how you feel about …”.And it could be very formal, too, like “make an analysis about the exam scores that you just got.” By doing self assessment a student will be responsible for his or her own study and gradually become an active learner.Besides, they will reflect on their own study and learn about their own strengths and weaknesses.Teachers will adjust their teaching according to the students’ self assessment.The assessment not only can be carried out by the student themselves but also between partners as well.The assessment between partners encourages students to learn from each other, experience learning process and learn to be trust worthy of each other.This kind of assessment needs the trust and collaboration between the students.Every student should make the assessment objectively and fairly in order to encourage the partner to make greater progress.5.1.2 Teacher evaluation Student evaluation should be combined with that of the teacher.When assessing students’ performances, the teacher plays a very important role.Teachers should set criteria on what to assess, how to assess and how to respond to the information gained through the assessment.Also, the teacher should help the students to reflect on their learning process.Show them how to gather information and arrange the portfolio files.The teacher should assess the students’ progress regularly, check their self evaluation and peer evaluation, give them feedback in time and help them set a learning goal.The teacher is not obliged to share the result of classroom evaluation with anyone outside the classroom.Teachers’ remarks should be brief and specific, which should refer to advantages and disadvantages.And the remarks should be attached to students’ assignments so as to give the students’ diagnostic feedback.Furthermore, a teacher can assess students in various ways such as assessment criteria charts or interviews, thus setting up an assessment system which can satisfy every student’ needs.Teachers’ assessment can be carried out at any time in class or out of class, for example, when the students are having a classroom discussion or when they are writing their composition or even when the students are answering questions in class.5.1.3 Collaborative evaluation Both teachers and students will benefit from the classroom assessment because the students can get feedback to further improve their study and teacher will also gain feedback to make a change in their teaching and offer more instructional help to the students.Student portfolio is a wonderful way to do collaborative assessment.By using portfolios students collect their best assignments, reflect on their own study, thinking about their learning strategies, and assess themselves properly.The teacher helps and guide the students how to set up portfolios and how to assess the portfolios.In the process of collaborative assessment the students learn to manage their own study and become active learners and critical thinkers.5.2 Tools of formative assessment 5.2.1 Classroom observation

Classroom observation is fundamental technique to carry out all kinds of assessment and is a routine part of teachers’ work.It is the most basic means to assess the behaviors of teaching and learning of English language.In the view of Genesee and Upshur(2001;77), “observation is basic to assessing human skills and behaviors”.Using classroom observation, teachers can get an authentic view of what students have learned, of what learning strategies are helpful to the students and what are the students’ favorite classroom activities and learning contents.According to Genesee and Upshur(2001:77), there are two kind of observations: formal observation and informal observation.Formal observation can be used to record the students’ action, which is systematic and is conducted according to a standard.While informal observation refers to the observation of students’ behaviors and manners.Teachers seldom use formal observation to record the students’ actions, because it is too complicated to operate while the teacher is attending to everything else that is going on in the classroom.It is also a challenging for a teacher to be an observer.Generally speaking, the challenge of conducting classroom observation is to plan observation and record observations in a way that will be beneficial to both teachers;instructions and students’ learning.5.2.2 Recording classroom observations

Generally there are three ways to record observation: anecdotal records, assessment checklist, and rating scales.(Liu Shaobing, 2004:11-13).Which method is to be adopted depends on the purpose and the object of your observations.This paper will combine and modify the methods of recording observations in order that the English teachers can record observations in class conveniently and easily during the lessons.Anecdotal records are the records of the students’ behaviors, leaning activities or their progress etc, which are usually kept by teachers, the monitors or a trusted student by both teachers and students.These records can be kept when the students are doing their activities in class or kept after class if some students have no chance to participate in class activities.Teachers can design a particular table or form to collect information, thus making it easier to keep records of the students’ behavior in class than to keep records by describing the behaviors in sentences.Also, the records can be kept on the cards, on leaflets or in the notebooks for future analysis.It is suggested that students’ information can be lists in alphabetical order or by learning groups on the leaflets so that the records can be found easily.Checklists and rating scales are both techniques for recording observation.They are more or less the same, and they are both consist of some items, which are about specific aspects of students’ learning and teachers’ instructions.Checklists reflect students’ specific performance in a certain learning activity or task at a period of time.It is designed according to some specific criteria and is used to keep a record of some information whether the students has grasped some specific knowledge, skills and whether they have understood the appropriate procedure of dealing with a certain learning task.We can also keep record of the student’s attitude towards this task.By using checklists, the teachers and students can both find out in which aspect they have made progress and in which aspect they need to improve.What’s more, the format of assessment checklist should be well designed so that the teachers can feel it convenient and practical use.Rating scales are almost the same as the assessment checklist.Rating scales record a certain specific criterion that a student has reached in the given period and given task(Liu shaobing, 2004:11-13).Rating scales range from a score of “1”, which indicates that the student has not accomplished a certain specific task, to possibly a score of “3” or higher marks, indicating the student is excellent in this aspect.This type of observation technique can be used to rate individual topics and are sorted into several categories.Rating scales help teachers to make proper comments and judgments and develop the students’ ability in a specific task.Compared with anecdotal records, checklists and rating scales are relatively structured and close ended, they are especially of use for recording observations of specific classroom activities and the students’ performance in some aspects of a specific learning task, such as reading and writing ability.7 5.2.3 Journals Journals are written conversations between students and teachers.By keeping journals teachers have the opportunities to evaluate their students and see how well they express themselves in a second language.In the journals students can express their personal opinions freely in the second language without such pressure as in class.By writing journals students can give feedback to teachers about how they feel about their learning.The journals should be used to interact with the students and communicate with them, so it is important that journals should not be require to be well structured and teachers should avoid direct feedback to the student about the grammar mistakes in their writing or the contents of their writing.5.2.4 Portfolios

Portfolio, which is student-centered, is a very important and effective assessment tools in formative assessment.It is acting a more and more important part in assessing students’ performance.In a portfolio we usually collect students’ schoolwork which demonstrates their efforts, progress, and achievements in a certain area(Genesee &Upshur, 2001: 58).In other words, we can make an objective and comprehensive assessment according to the stuents’ schoolwork in the portfolios.So portfolios are of great value to the students and teachers.Through portfolios students can monitor.Control and reflect upon their learning.They can also identify their own strengths and weaknesses, set their own learning goals.Teachers should not lay emphasis on the mistakes they have made in their schoolwork.They should encourage them to do better in their work and make more positive comments on their work.The reasons why portfolios are adopted as an assessment tool is that it can really reflect the students’ learning process, the progress they have made.By using portfolios the students take an active in the learning process willingly.To ensure it can guide classroom learning effectively, teachers should make a systematical plan for making portfolios.What will be contained in a student portfolio is up to the teachers and the students.Generally there are students’ assignments, project reports, compositions, and examination papers.etc.According to Fred Genesee &Johan A.Upshur, we can keep the following items in a student portfolio: 1.Learning contract, study plan, learning logs, progress cards, etc.2.All kinds of forms of teacher-assessment and student-assessment, etc.3.Report of reflection on their learning

4.Record of personal learning activities, like their performance in reading class, reciting and role play in the classroom

5.Sample written assignments that students are most satisfied with 6.Exam papers with grades or teachers’ or students’ comments 7.Lists of books collected or made by themselves 8.Favorite works collected or made by themselves 5.3 Principle of formative assessment

In order to correct over-emphasis on summative and neglect to the formative assessment of tends, it is necessary for profound reform of the current evaluation system.This reform should reflect the overall goal of foreign language teaching.According to requirements of the “curriculum standards of ordinary high school English ”(trial version).Reform the existing evaluation system should follow the principles of the evaluation mechanisms for the teaching of the target service.5.3.1 科学性原则the principle of scientific

Primary and middle school foreign language learning evaluation includes not only language knowledge, language skills and overall communicative competence, but also include the student’s feelings, attitudes, values, learning strategies, cultural awareness and development potential in the learning process.Both formative assessment and summative assessment is to ensure that an important principle of scientific evaluation.The evaluation should include the test of evaluation and non-test of evaluation.Even in the test model evaluation should also pay attention to the ability to examine the actual use of language, and it shouldn’t emphasis examine language knowledge and language forms.In the test, hearing test, written test requires a reasonable proportion.Objective questions and subjective questions have a reasonable proportion.5.3.2 导向性原则the principle of orientation

Learning assessment is advantage of promoting achievement teaching objectives.Therefore, under the full attention evaluate students' language knowledge and language skills of the premise, to stress the importance of non-test-based evaluation---mainly formative assessment to promote students to maintain a positive attitude towards learning, the formation of effective learning strategies and have cross-cultural communication consciousness.And this is neglected precisely the one hand in the past.Thus, the evaluation of formative assessment should be in an important position, which is an important part of the implementation of Reform.Evaluation is necessary to focus on learning outcomes, but also pay attention to the learning process.The evaluation should have a dual function, both the selection function, and the function of development services for the students, who should be the focus of evaluation reform.5.3.3多样性原则The principle of diversity

The principle of diversity evaluation form should be diversified, especially formative evaluation.Teacher evaluation is not only the students, but also a self-evaluation and co-evaluation of students.In the formative evaluation, the teacher should gradually change its role from “examiner” role gradually changed to cooperate with the students together to complete the evaluation of the role.Formative evaluation let student selective autonomy.Let students decide evaluation content, evaluation forms.Teachers do not always have uniform regulations.This will help the students to play creative and practical abilities.5.3.4 可行性原则the principle of Feasibility

Implementation of both formative and summative assessment, it is bound to break the pattern of the original evaluation.Therefore, in the operation to be considered simple, and don’t heavier burden on teachers and students.If the evaluation procedures, methods and standards made very complicated, so it is not only difficult to carry out, but the effect is not necessarily good.Because if the evaluation process is too complicated, it will make the people involved in the evaluation cannot be flexible and comfortable to operate according to the requirements, and even the evaluators have to fidget, it can impact assessment results.Even if the evaluation of programs and methods are very scientific, but if it is not well implemented cannot achieve good results, or even lose the evaluation of significance.Therefore, When the evaluation program developed and evaluated, it should be noted that the feasibility.[16]

Chapter six Conclusion

Compared with summative assessment, formative assessment pays more attention to the individual development is more humanistic.With the new assessment system, students show more interest in learning English.Not only do they master the knowledge and the skills of English, but also they foster the sense of cooperation and form the ability of self-study.Although this new form of assessment has not been widely used with this reason or that, its advantages have been seen by more and more educators.Especially as the English teaching in the context of Senior High, formative assessment should be well conducted to improve students’ comprehensive capability of English as the ultimate aim of our teaching.Through the application of formative assessment, there have been good outcomes emerging though problem and limitation still exist.Therefore, in the future teaching practice, some good result should be continued while problems should be discussed and corrected.Together with summative assessment, the researcher hopes formative assessment can really function as an aid to improve teaching efficiency and learning abilities.

第二篇：纯英文网名

Aren't You Glad 你难道不开心？

Are you Gonna Go My Way 你在重蹈我的覆辙吗？ *。Something Stupid 愚蠢的事 Better Man ޓﻬ 好男人

We Will Rock You。我们来摇滚 Crying in the Rain ๑ 在雨中哭泣

Smoke Gets in Your Eyes 烟雾迷蒙你的双眼 ﾟﾟ･ Broken Dreams 破碎的梦

Nothing Ever Happened 什么都不曾发生 ✿。without you 没有你 Private Love 私有爱情 Mr.Lonely 孤独先生

when We Say Goodbye 当我们说再见 Bohemian life ゆ/ 放荡不羁的生活 Endless nights ” 无尽的夜晚 take your love away 带走你的爱 Heart Only For You 心只有你

Never doubt My love 永远不要怀疑我的爱 Lose control.／ 失控

Torn Between Two Lovers 间接翻译为 爱的折磨 HOW DEEP IS YOUR LOVE 你爱的有多深 Silent All These Years。这些年的沉默 I'm Still Waiting 我仍在等待 Love Unlimited ≈ 无限的爱 Tranquil Eye-°平静的眼神

－ Where The Story Ends 故事将在哪里结束 Do You Really Care 你真的在乎吗 TRUE COLORS ￡ 本来面目 I will always love you 我将永远爱你 The damn injury” 这该死的伤害 BRAVE HEART.勇敢的心 Not humble love 没有卑微的爱情

Love is see blood sealing throat 爱是见血封喉 Mouthful of nonsense 全是废话 Has become in the past 已成为过去 Break our happiness 破碎了我们的幸福 Memories of you 关于你的记忆 Hysterical laughter 歇斯底里的大笑 You ruined everything 你毁了所有 Shut up bitch!贱货、闭嘴

shit just clownindogg 只是玩的，笨蛋 To drop bombs。引爆全场

A normal life is boring 一个平凡的人生是无聊的 love you more than myself 爱你胜过我自己 love you as a whole world 爱你把你当做我的整个世界 love you until the world end 爱你直到世界的尽头 Love you unconditionally 无条件爱你 ˉTears illusion 眼泪的错觉 please forget me 请忘了我 choose to forget you 选择忘了你 Don't doubt my love 不要怀疑我的爱 stay away from me 你滚。get away from me 离我远点 I'm crazy for you 为你疯了 stand by my side 陪在我身边

I remember years ago 我仍记得很多年以前 You have won 你赢了

All my scars are open 绽裂的伤痕 Falling out of love 从爱中抽身而出

Empty promises will wear 空洞的承诺会消失殆尽 Building faith on love 把爱情当做信仰

In this world, you are my heart 这世界，你就是我的心 Rest in the Hope 还有希望 Mad About You 为你疯狂 Forget To Begin 忘了去开始 End Of May 五月末 love the way you lie 爱你说谎的方式 Dont come any Closer 不要再靠近我了 the second you chose her 你再次选择了她 Can't Go Back there Again 回不到过去了 Don't wanna see you anymore!不想再见到你 A desolate heart 心里荒芜一片 You go back on your promise.你食言了 Cried my eyes out 泪流不止

Head over heels for her.为她神魂颠倒 Let it be 顺其自然

Don't Wear your heart.不要轻易流露感情 Meet by accident。不期而遇 A bad mood.坏情绪 I dream of you 我梦见了你 deadline kills vow过期的誓言 He left in great haste.他匆匆离开了 There's no turning back.已经无法挽回了 Dismissive of you。对你不屑一顾 I'm all over you.我是对你着迷了 Nasty about everyone.对所有人厌烦 Stop fanning the flames.别再煽风点火了 Recollection伤痕 Bury your head in the sand.逃避现实

play soundI have had enough of your garbage.我听腻了你的废话

I'm fed up• 我厌倦了 Go TO HELL 去死吧

Guide you to the light 我想带着你走向光明 Don't acknowledge my smile 不需回应我的微笑 you give me so many butterflies 你让我意乱情迷 Til the end of time直到天荒地老

You are nothing to me。你对我来说什么都不是 You're not here with me 你不在我身边 I'm so tired of being alone 我厌倦了孤独 I just wanna touch you 我只想触摸到你 I can feel you near me 我能感觉你就在我身边 GET Over Yourself 别自以为是了

Don't let them see your weakness 不要让他们看见你的软弱 Are You Kidding Me 你在玩我么 just kidding ☼ 我只是玩笑

someday love will find you 终有一天 爱将会找到你 Your Hugs Are My Favourite 你的拥抱是我的最爱 Lost In dreams And Reality 在梦想和现实中迷失了 each other as know in the arena 相濡以沫不如相忘江湖 Love Is Patient 爱情病患

Too Emotional 太感性 Too Rational 太理智

The Memory of the past 过去的回忆 The Deep love about you 对你的深爱 Helpless To Start 无奈重新开始 Back Is Always Sad 回头将是悲伤 I said i Don't care 我说我不在乎 But you barely Care 其实你一点不在乎 Can't Touch 无法企及 Within Reach 触手可及 End up 告终 Deviate From 别离 I have loved you 曾经爱过你 You don't love me 你不爱我 Take my breath away 带走我的呼吸 To stop my heartbeat 停止我的心跳 Promise Me 承诺我 Believe Me 相信我 you're so Vain 你如此虚荣 You are so False 你如此虚伪

And when she danced 当她起舞的时候 Aad when he ecstasy 当他入迷的时候 Cross my heart 我发誓 Cross your listent 你发誓 Happy ever after 从此以后快乐 To try to Happiness 试着幸福 The way you love me 你爱我的方式 The way you lie to me 你说谎的方式 I don't want you to go 我不想让你走 I can't hold you back 我留不住你 Are you ready for love 准备好去爱了么 I am fall in love 已经深陷爱中 Could this be love 可能这就是爱 The lover in me 心中恋人 Crazy For You Mad About You 为你疯狂。

Where do broken hearts go 破碎的心该何去何从 Know you won't see me cry 你看不到我哭泣 Dear dear * Honey honey * Say hello to morning Say hi to daynight Deep red fall season Season the deep experience 季节深处的落红 With the green eyes Covered with green eyes 铺满眼眶的绿 Summer insect voice Summer cicada calls 夏季的蝉声 Brushed ear warmer The warm breeze ear 拂过耳际的暖 Still fresh in living memory To remember vividly 记忆尤新 The First light of Morning The First gleams of Day 曙光。Dear dear * Honey honey * Say hello to morning Say hi to daynight

Floating Dream ぅ 浮梦 Frustrated い 失落 Liberation く 解脱 Borders moved こ 时迁 A Monologue ず 独白 Redundant ち 多余 Willing To Give Up ど 舍弃 The wound ゎ 伤口 Trapped Beast ん 困兽 Small whispers ぃ 小情话 Once Hiding In の 曾躲在 Accustomed To れ习惯了。Not To Feel At Ease ゃ 心不安。Ignorance っ 无知。Reluctantly と 勉强。Force Back.ゅ 逼退。To struggle で 争扎。Wanna Hold Me 想牵制我 Can't Read My 猜不透

Don't Spell My Name 别拼写我的名字 He's got me like nobody 没有人像他那样如此地吸引我 I wanna roll with him 我想要和他在一起 A hard pair we will Be 我们会是无可比拟的一对 Won't Tell u that I love you 我不会告诉你我爱你 He's a good catch 他是理想的对象 Bluffing with 虚张声势

You make my eyes burn 你耀眼到将我灼伤 Caught up in the game

成了游戏中的Loser Promise you'll remember that 答应我 你会永远记得 Stole you out of my life

把你从我的生活中偷走 It's All Destined 一切都是命中注定 Walking lonely pedestrian 行走的孤独路人 One moment touch the sky 触摸到天空的瞬间 Trouble maker 麻烦制造者

Sunshine poured to the city 日光倾城 See a Little Light り 看见微弱的光亮

He's got me like nobody 没有人像他那样如此地吸引我 I wanna roll with him 我想要和他在一起 Won't Tell u that I love you 我不会告诉你我爱你 He's a good catch 他是理想的对象

Stole you out of my life

把你从我的生活中偷走 You make my eyes burn 你耀眼到将我灼伤 Walking lonely pedestrian 行走的孤独路人 It's All Destined 一切都是命中注定

第三篇：演讲-Dream - 纯英文

这是一篇关于国外关于《梦想》的演讲稿，震撼世界，下面整理英文稿子：

I don’t know what that dream is that you have, I don’t care how disappointing it might have been as you’ve been working toward that dream, but that dream that you’re holding in your mind, that it’s possible!

Some of you already know, that it’s hard, it’s not easy, it’s hard changing your life.That in the process of working on your dreams you are going to incur a lot of disappointment, a lot of failure, a lot of pain.There are moments that you are going to doubt yourself.You said, God why is this happening to me? I’m just trying to take care of my family, trying to give them a good life, I’m not trying to steal or rob from anybody.Why does this have to happen to me.For those of you that have experienced some hardships–don’t give up on your dream.The rough times are gonna come, but they have not come to stay, they have come to pass.Greatness, is not this wonderful, esoteric, illusive, God like feature that only the special among can achieve.It’s something that truly exists, in all of us.It’s very important for you to believe that you are the one!

Most people they raise a family, they earn a living and then they die.They stop growing, they stop working on themselves, they stop stretching, the stop pushing themselves.Then a lot of people like to complain but they don’t wanna do anything about their situation.and most people don’t work on their dreams – why?

1.Is because of fear, fear of failure “what if things don’t work out”?

2.Is fair of success “what if they do and I can’t handle it?”

These are not risk takers

You have spent so much time with other people, you have spent so much time trying to get people to like you, you know other people more than you know yourself.You’ve studied them, you know about them, you want to hang out with them, you want to be just like them.You’ve invested so much time on them, you don’t know who you are.I challenge you to spend time by yourself.It’s necessary, that you get the losers out of your life, if you want to live your dream.But people who are running towards their dreams, life has a special kind of meaning.When you become the ‘rightperson’, what you do is you start separating yourself from other people you begin to have a certain uniqueness, as long as you follow other people, as long as you are being a ‘copycat’, you will never ever be the best copycat in the world but you will be the best you can be!

I challenge you to define your value.Everybody won’t see it, everybody won’t join you, everybody won’t have the vision„it’s necessary to know that you are an uncommon breed.It’s necessary that you align yourself with people and attract people into your business, who are hungry, people who are unstoppable and unreasonable, people who are refusing to live life just as it is and who want more!The people that are living their dreams are parting with winners, to attach themselves to the and the people who are living their dreams are the people that know that if it’s going to happen it’s up to them!

If you want to be more successful, if you want to have and do stuff you never done before then I’m asking you to invest in you!

Someones opinion of you does not have to become your reality.You don’t have to go through life being a victim.and even though you face disappointments, you have to know within yourself that ‘I can do this, even if no one else sees it for me, I must see it for myself!’

No matter how bad it is, how hard it gets, say to yourself, I’m going to make it!

I wanna represent an idea.I wanna represent possibilities.Some of you right now, you wanna go to the next level.You wanna be a civil engineer, you wanna council, you wanna be a doctor.Listen to me: You can’t get to that level.You can’t get to that level until you start to invest in your mind.I dare you to invest in your mind.I dare you to invest time.I dare you to be alone.I dare you to spend an HOUR alone to get to know yourself.I challenge you to get to a place where people do not like or do not even bother you any more.Why? Because you’re not concerned with making them happy anyway.Because you’re trying to blow up.You’re trying to get to the next level.Because you’re investing in your mind.If you’re still talking about your dream and your goals but you have not done anything just TAKE THE FIRST STEP.You can make your parents proud, you can make your school proud you can touch millions of peoples lives and the world will never be the same again because you came this way.Don’t let anybody steal your dream!

After we face a rejection and a “no” or we have a meeting and no one shows up, or somebody says “you can count on me” and they don’t come through, what if we have that kind of attitude that cause reposes, nobody believes in you, you’ve lost again, and again, the lights are cut off but you are still looking at your dream, reviewing it everyday and saying to yourself: IT’S NOT OVER UNTIL I WIN!

You can live your dream!

第四篇：纯英文评课

全英版英语公开课点评稿

My Comments On the Lesson In my opinion, the lesson given by Miss Zhou is quite successful.The teaching material of this lesson is Language Structure-----The Attributive Clause in Unit 4(SBI).Miss Zhou made her lesson interesting and lively in her own manner of teaching.The Attributive Clause is one of the most important and difficult grammar items in senior middle school.Many students have difficulty in mastering it.On the whole, Miss Zhou has achieved the desired results.I think, the main distinguishing features of this lesson are the evident arrangement of ideas and clear purpose, which contains the following three parts: a.Scientific, which reflects the good order and results;b.Efficient, which pays much attention to the sentence structure of communication terms;c.Focuses, which paves the way for the following lesson.There are six main steps in this lesson:(1)Lead-in;(2)Explanations of sentence structure;(3)Task-giving;(4)Practice;(5)Development and consolidation;(6)Assignment.These steps have their own functions.The first step is warming up.Enjoying a beautiful English song will arouse the students’ interest.The second one is learning the new language structure----the Attributive Clause(the uses and functions of the relative pronouns who, which and that).The third one is understanding, whose purpose is to help the students smooth away the difficulties in understanding the language structures.The forth one is practising and memorizing.In this part, the students are asked to play a guessing game.It combines learning with fun, which makes the class more lively and helps the students learn the knowledge in a much easier way.The fifth one is the deeper understanding and use of the language structure.After enjoying a movie, the students are asked to have a group discussion and then try to make sentences using the attributive clause.These activities make the students use the information they have obtained from what they have learned.And the three English proverbs can also help the students to reinforce not only what they have comprehended and learned, but also the language skills.The last step is a brief summary of the contents of the lesson.And the students are given the tasks they should do after class.Besides, this lesson is ingeniously designed and rationally arranged.With the aid of CAI, more teaching contents are contained.With the colorful and vivid pictures, the teaching materials can easily attract the students’ attention and arouse their interest.And therefore, the students can master the knowledge in a relaxing and pleasant atmosphere.Also, the relationship between the teacher and the students is quite harmonious.Most students have taken an active part in the class teaching.And I’d also like to make some suggestions.First, more time should have been set aside for the students to have the group discussion.In that case, more students will have the chance to practise the language.Second, giving the students more opportunity to practise reading and writing will be much better.In a word, the lesson has been well prepared , the blackboard design is neat and clear and Miss Zhou’s spoken English is also quite clear and fluent.It’s a successful lesson, I think.

第五篇：纯电动汽车 论文

现代汽车与汽车文化

课程论文

纯电动汽车

指导教师：

武涛

学号：

201330340529

姓名：

张宏业

年级专业班级：

2013级软件R5班

联系电话：

***

论文完成时间：

2014年 5 月日

上课地点：

教四102

成绩

纯电动汽车

摘要：介绍了纯电动汽车的主要构成，各部件的主要特点和发展状况以及在我国的可研究性。关键词：新能源汽车

纯电动汽车

正文: 首先从纯电动汽车的构成和特点说起.虽然国际上有一种共识，在今后很长一段时间内，汽车能源将是多元化的。现阶段的任务是减少对石油的依赖而不可能在短期内取消传统内燃机。但是在中国，新能源汽车的内涵已经被缩小到电动汽车或混合电动汽车，其它的能源已经鲜有人关注。

相对于传统内燃机汽车，纯电动汽车的结构有很大差别，具体组成包括：电力驱动及控制系统、驱动力传动等机械系统、完成既定任务的工作装置等。电力驱动及控制系统是电动汽车的核心，也是区别于内燃机汽车的最大不同点。电力驱动及控制系统由驱动电动机、电源和电动机的调速控制装置等组成。电动汽车的其他装置基本与内燃机汽车相同。下面简单介绍电动汽车主要构成：

1电源

电源为电动汽车的驱动电动机提供电能，电动机将电源的电能转化为机械能，通过传动装置或直接驱动车轮和工作装置。目前，电动汽车上应用最广泛的电源是铅酸蓄电池，但随着电动汽车技术的发展，铅酸蓄电池由于比能量较低，充电速度较慢，寿命较短，逐渐被其他蓄电池所取代。正在发展的电源主要有钠硫电池、镍铬电池、锂电池、燃料电池、飞轮电池等，这些新型电源的应用，为电动汽车的发展开辟了广阔的前景。

2驱动电动机

驱动电动机的作用是将电源的电能转化为机械能，通过传动装置或直接驱动车轮和工作装置。目前电动汽车上广泛采用直流串激电动机，这种电机具有“软”的机械特性，与汽车的行驶特性非常相符。但直流电动机由于存在换向火花，比功率较小、效率较低，维护保养工作量大，随着电机技术和电机控制技术的发展，势必逐渐被直流无刷电动机（BCDM）、开关磁阻电动机（SRM）和交流异步电动机所取代。

3电动机调速控制装置

电动机调速控制装置是为电动汽车的变速和方向变换等设置的，其作用是控制电动机的电压或电流，完成电动机的驱动转矩和旋转方向的控制。

早期的电动汽车上，直流电动机的调速采用串接电阻或改变电动机磁场线圈的匝数来实现。因其调速是有级的，且会产生附加的能量消耗或使用电动机的结构复杂，现在已很少采用。目前电动汽车上应用较广泛的是晶闸管斩波调速，通过均匀地改变电动机的端电压，控制电动机的电流，来实现电动机的无级调速。在电子电力技术的不断发展中，它也逐渐被其他电力晶体管（入GTO、MOSFET、BTR及IGBT等）斩波调速装置所取代。从技术的发展来看，伴随着新型驱动电机的应用，电动汽车的调速控制转变为直流逆变技术的应用，将成为必然的趋势。

在驱动电动机的旋向变换控制中，直流电动机依靠接触器改变电枢或磁场的电流方向，实现电动机的旋向变换，这使得孔子哈电路复杂、可靠性降低。当采用交流异步电动机驱动时，电动机转向的改变只需变换磁场三相电流的相序即可，可使控制电路简化。此外，采用交流电动机及其变频调速控制技术，使电动汽车的制动能量回收控制更加方便，控制电路更加简单。

4传动装置

电动汽车传动装置的作用是将电动机的驱动转矩传给汽车的驱动轴，当采用电动轮驱动时，传动装置的多数部件常常可以忽略。因为电动机可以带负载启动，所以电动汽车上无需传统内燃机汽车的离合器。因为驱动电机的旋向可以通过电路控制实现变换，所以电动汽车无需内燃机汽车变速器中的倒档。当采用电动机无级调速控制时，电动汽车可以忽略传统汽车的变速器。在采用电动轮驱动时，电动汽车也可以省略传统内燃机汽车传动系统的差速器。

5行驶装置

行驶装置的作用是将电动机的驱动力矩通过车轮变成对地面的作用力，驱动车轮行走。它同其他汽车的构成是相同的，由车轮、轮胎和悬架等组成。

6转向装置

转向装置是为实现汽车的转弯而设置的，由转向机、方向盘、转向机构和转向轮等组成。作用在方向盘上的控制力，通过转向机和转向机构使转向轮偏转一定的角度，实现汽车的转向。多数电动汽车为前轮转向，工业中用的电动叉车常常采用后轮转向。电动汽车的转向装置有机械转向、液压转向和液压助力转向等类型。

7制动装置

电动汽车的制动装置同其他汽车一样，是为汽车减速或停车而设置的，通常由制动器及其操纵装置组成。在电动汽车上，一般还有电磁制动装置，它可以利用驱动电动机的控制电路实现电动机的发电运行，使减速制动时的能量转换成对蓄电池充电的电流，从而得到再生利用。

8工作装置

工作装置是工业用电动汽车为完成作业要求而专门设置的，如电动叉车的起升装置、门架、货叉等。货叉的起升和门架的倾斜通常由电动机驱动的液压系统完成。然后, 纯电动汽车在我国的可研究性如何?需用以下2个方面来论述: 1.我国政府对纯电动汽车在的发展给予很高的重视

按照新出台的补贴政策，只有插电式混合动力乘用车和纯电动乘用车能够得到补贴。补贴标准根据动力电池组能量确定，插电式混合动力乘用车每辆最高补贴5万元，纯电动乘用车每辆最高补贴6万元。而混合动力汽车未能列入补贴范围。按照业内的普遍看法，混合动力汽车技术比较成熟，丰田汽车的混合动力汽车普锐斯全球销量已经超过百万辆。但业内也普遍认为，混合动力只是一种过渡产品，新能源汽车的终极目标是电动汽车。补贴政策不鼓励混合动力汽车，而鼓励电动汽车，给众多汽车企业发出一个明显的信号：中国新能源汽车技术路线已经确定，就是跳过混合动力过渡阶段，直接发展电动汽车。

值得注意的是，在电动汽车领域，中国并不比国外差。麦肯锡公司的一份研究报告认为，在传统汽车领域，中国比西方国家落后几十年，但在电动汽车领域，中国与国外处于同一起跑线。以中国庞大的市场需求和低成本优势，在发展电动汽车方面，中国有可能赢得先机。

在2010年补贴政策破冰之后，随着技术的不断成熟，新能源汽车将会在中国将迎来高速发展时期。预计2010年中国新能源轿车销量为500-1,000辆，到2013年将有望达到10万辆比亚迪汽车已经具备了新能源汽车商品化上市的能力，而上汽集团和长安集团也具有相当强的实力新能源汽车是未来发展方向，将提升企业的长期竞争力，为未来增长拓展新的空间，对那些掌握新能源汽车产业链中核心技术的公司应给予一定的溢价。乘用车主机厂建议关注拥有已进入或即将进入产品公告车型，在新能源产业链关键技术节点方面掌握核心技术、具备量产新能源车型能力的公司。

2.我国电动汽车产业发展具有一些有利条件和比较优势。

1.资源优势

我国在锂离子电池、永磁电机等电动汽车关键零部件的核心材料方面具有资源优势。根据已探明储量，我国锂资源储量380多万吨，居世界第二位，主要分布在四川、江西、新疆、河南、青海、西藏等地区。我国拥有丰富的稀土资源，稀土储量占世界总储量的近58％，居世界第一位。我国稀土产量自1988年以来均居世界首位，多年来产品产量和供应量达到世界总量的80％以上，是世界稀土第一出口大国。

2.产业优势

近年来我国电动自行车、电动摩托车等轻型电动车及相关零配件产业迅猛发展，生产企业已超过3000家，整车保有量已超过5000万辆，生产能力接近千万辆，成为世界最大的轻型电动车生产国和第一大市场。在电动自行车快速普及的带动下，动力电池和驱动电机等关键零部件生产体系迅速建立，在大规模产业化生产技术、成本控制等方面形成一定优势，同时为建立电动汽车关键零部件体系奠定了坚实的产业基础。

3.市场优势

我国正处于快速城市化、工业化初期，地区间经济发展不平衡的局面在未来较长一段时期内很难改变。因此，不同地区、不同阶层人们收入水平的差异，势必造成消费者对汽车产品的价格、功能等要求不同，我国具有巨大的多元化市场，使我国汽车消费呈现出明显的差异化和多元化特点。这种形势下，只要紧密围绕市场需求，有针对性地进行产品开发和市场推广，如优先发展微混合、轻混合的混合动力汽车和低成本的小型纯电动汽车，将有利于加快电动汽车在我国的先期市场导入。

4.基础设施后发优势

发达国家城市建设基本已经结束，在城市内新建或改建电动汽车充电网络的难度远远大于我们。我国大中城市建设还处于发展期，而在广大农村地区城镇化、城市化刚刚起步，电动汽车充电站等基础设施建设在我国具有较大的发展空间。如果能够适时加强基础设施建设规划，将极大地推动我国电动汽车配套基础设施的建设。

总的来说，我国电动汽车发展具备了产业发展的基础和有利条件。在大好形势下，我们一定要把握机遇、再接再厉，开创电动汽车产业发展的新局面，在国际汽车产业转型过程中形成竞争优势，实现我国汽车产业由大变强和自主发展。

中国电动汽车虽然没有欧美等国家起步早, 但国家从维护能源安全, 改善大气环境, 提高汽车工业竞争力, 实现我国汽车工业的跨越式发展的战略高度考虑, 从“八五”开始到现在, 电动汽车研究一直是国家计划项目, 并在2001 年设立了“电动汽车重大科技专项”。通过组织企业、高等院校和科研机构, 集中各方面力量进行联合攻关, 现正处于研发势头强劲阶段, 部分技术已经赶上甚至超过世界先进水平。“电动汽车重大科技专项”实施以来, 已成功开发出燃料电池汽车样车, 累计运行数千公里;混合动力客车已在武汉等地公交线路上试验运行超过百万公里;纯电动汽车已通过国家有关认证试验

结论:通过对纯电动汽车的了解,纯电动汽车的在我国发展是一定程度的可行的,电动汽车的普及以及逐步替代燃油轿车是未来发展的趋势.参考文献

[1]马宪民电动汽车电气驱动系统的新技术公路交通科技2002 5.[2]耿文学电动汽车用蓄电池的近况和展望电气时代2002 9.心得体会：在课堂学到了很多汽车的历史和其代表的信仰和特点.老师的课堂幽默风趣,演讲PPT的同学很用心.这节课受益良多.由于论文准备时间太仓促,所以借鉴了大量网上资料.