第一篇:高考自然地理必背考点汇总:2 地球运动专题
高考自然地理必背考点汇总:2 地球运动专题
1、天体的类别:星云、恒星、流星、彗星、行星、卫星、星际空间的气体、尘埃等。
2、天体系统的层次:总星系——银河系(银河外星系)——太阳系——地月系
3、大行星按特徵分类:类地行星(水金地火)、巨行星(木土)、远日行星(天、海)。
4、月球:(1)月球的正面永远都是向著地球,也有昼夜更替。
(2)无大气,故月球表面昼夜的温差大,陨石坑多,无声音、无风,(3)月球表面有山脉、平原(即月海)、火山。
5、地球生命存在的原因: 稳定的光照条件、安全的宇宙环境、适宜的大气和温度、液态水。
6、太阳外部结构及其相应的太阳活动:光球(黑子)、色球(耀斑)、日冕(太阳风)。
7、太阳活动--黑子(标志)、耀斑(最激烈),太阳黑子的变化周期11年。
8.太阳活动的影响:黑子--影响气候,耀斑--电离层--无线电通讯,带电粒子流――磁场――磁暴
9、太阳辐射的影响:①维持地表温度,促进地球上水、大气、生物活动和变化的主要动力。
②太阳能是我们日常所用能源。
10.自转 方向:自西向东,北极上空俯视呈逆时针方向、南极上空俯视呈顺时针方向
速度:①线速度(由赤道向两极递减至0)②角速度(除两极为0外,各地相等)
周期:①恒星日(23h56m4s真正周期)②太阳日(24时,昼夜更替周)
意义:①昼夜更替 ②不同经度不同的地方时 ③水准运动物体的偏移(北右南左)
11、晨昏线:沿自转方向,黑夜向白天过渡为晨线,白天向黑夜过渡为昏线(晨昏线上太阳高度角为0度)。
12、晨昏线与经线:晨昏线与经线重合-----春秋分;晨昏线与经线交角最大----夏至、冬至
13、时间计算:所求时间=已知时间±区时差+ 途中时间
14、时区=经度/15°(若不整除,则四舍五入)区时差=时区差
15、世界时:以本初子午线(0°)时间为标准时,也称为格林尼治时间,也是零时区的区时。
16、日期分割:零点经线往东至日界线(180°)为地球上的“今天”,往西至日界线为“昨天”。
17、日界线:自西向东越过日界线(不完全经过180°经线)日期减一天,自东向西越过日期加一天。
18、卫星发射基地的区位选择:
自然因素(①气象条件需要天气晴朗 ②地球自转的初速度:取决於纬度和地势 ③地形平坦开阔);高考学习网-中国最大高考学习网站Gkxx.com | 我们负责传递知识!
人文因素(地广人稀,交通便利,符合国防安全需要)。
①太原:技术力量强;②酒泉:大陆性气候,晴天多;③西昌纬度低,发射初速度大;
④海南文昌:纬度低,发射初速度大;海运便利。
19、公转 速度:1月初--近日点—速度快,7月初--远日点—速度慢;
意义:①昼夜长短的变化 ②正午太阳高度的变化 ③四季的更替 ④五带的形成
20、公转与自转形成了黄赤交角(23°26′):
①黄赤交角存在---太阳直射点的移动---昼夜长短和正午太阳高度的变化---四季
黄赤交角存在---太阳直射点的移动—气压带风带的季节移动—地中海气候、热带草原气候的形成
②五带的划分界线:南北回归线之间为热带、回归线极圈之间为温带、极圈极点之间为寒带
③若黄赤夹角变大,热带和寒带变大,温带变小;若黄赤夹角变小,热带和寒带变小,温带变大
若黄赤交角为零,太阳永远直射赤道,全球昼夜平分,地中海气候、热带草原气候消失。
21、正午太阳高度变化规律:①由直射点向南北两侧递减
②正午太阳高度的计算=90°—△(直射点与所求点的纬度间隔)
③夏至日北回归线以北地区正午高度角一年中最大值, 南半球一年中最小值;
冬至日南回归线以南地区正午高度角一年中最大值,北半球一年中最小值。
④南北回归线之间的地区-----有两次直射机会---两次最大值
⑤纬度越高,正午太阳高度角越小,楼房间距越大。
22、昼夜长短的时间分布:
①太阳直射点在哪个半球,哪个半球昼长夜短,北半球夏季,太阳直射点在北半球,北半球的昼长夜短。
②太阳直射点向哪个半球移动,这个半球的昼就渐长,北半球6月22日昼最长,12月22日最短。
③南北回归线之间昼长最大值与正午太阳高度角最大值不在同一天出现,如海口市。
23、昼夜长短的纬度分布:
北半球夏半年,昼长夜短,越向北白昼越长(日出越早日落越晚),如北京>上海>广州
北半球冬半年,昼短夜长,越向南白昼越长(日出越早日落越晚)。如海口>广州>上海,
24、昼长=日落时间—日出时间;昼长=24小时—夜长
日出时间=12:00-昼长/2(或0:00+夜长/2);赤道上的点的日出时间是6:00
日落时间=12:00+昼长/2(或24:00-夜长/2);赤道上的点的日落时间是18:00
25、地球是个不发光、不透明球体—-昼夜现象出现
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地球自转的球体—-昼夜更替(自转速度周期影响昼夜温差变化)
地球倾斜的公转的球体—-直射点的移动、正午太阳高度、昼夜长短的变化―四季五带
26、典型的季节现象
地理现象 时间季节
北半球夏半年 北半球冬半年
地球公转 七月初,远日点附近,地球公转角速度、线速度最慢 一月初,近日点附近,地球公转角速度、线速度最快
正午太阳高度 6月22日左右,北回归线以北地区达最大,赤道及南半球达最小 12月22日左右,南回归线以南地区达最大,赤道及北半球达最小
昼夜长短 昼长夜短,北极圈以内出现极昼 昼短夜长,北极圈以内出现极夜
等温线 陆地等温线均向北凸出 陆地等温线均向南凸出,海洋相反
气压带、风带 随太阳直射点北移 随太阳直射点南移
雪线 雪线上升 雪线下降
北印度洋洋流 受西南季风的影响,洋流呈顺时针流动 受东北季风的影响,洋流呈逆时针流动
我国的降水 夏李风影响,降水多 冬李风影响,降水少
我国的河流 内流河因高温导致冰雪融水多,外流河受夏季风影响,大部分河流进入汛期,东北地区分春汛、夏汛 大部分进入枯水期,秦岭淮河以北的河流有结冰期,部分河流有断流现象
我国的季风 全国大部分地区受来自海洋的夏季风影响,高温多雨 全国大部分地区受来自大陆的冬季风影响,寒冷少雨
我国的农业生产 全国普遍高温,农作物进入生长期,作物熟制自南向北由一年三熟逐渐过渡到两年三熟至一年一熟 北方大部分地区农作物处於越冬期,南方热带地区水热充足,可生产反季节蔬菜、瓜果
气象灾害 旱涝(华北春旱、长江伏旱)、暴雨、台风(表现:强风、暴雨、风暴潮)寒潮、沙尘暴、乾旱、暴雪
地质灾害 滑坡、泥石流较多 较少
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第二篇:必背考点
渐进模型Incremental model选择性直觉 Selective Perception 美国宪法U.S.Constitution
国内生产总值gross domestic product
政策执行 Policy implementation政策评估 Policy evaluation自变量independent variables 因变量dependent variables 目标群体 target group
公共分析关注于政治中“什么人得到了什么”以及,更重要的是,“为什么”和“它取得了哪些成功。“我们不仅关注政府追求哪些政策,我们同时关注政府为什么追求他们所做的政策,以及这些政策都会有哪些后果。
公共选择理论承认,政府必须履行市场无法处理某些职能,这是必须纠正一些“市场失灵”。首先,政府必须提供每个人必须的公共产品和服务。
美国宪法第一修正案包括了两项对宗教自由的保证:(1)“国会应该不因任何一个宗教的建立而提出诉讼。。”2“或者禁止自由履践”。第十四修正案中关于合法程序的条款使得这些对于宗教自由的保证从国会有效传达到各州及其下属机构(包括学区)。
各州的公立高等教育涉及到许多不同的团体-政府官员、立法机构、董事、学院和大学的校长以及教职员工。通过对州立学院和大学的支持,美国的高等教育主要是由州政府来负担的。联邦对科研予以支持,想各种学生提供的贷款项目也是对高等教育的重要贡献。
1.Public policy is whatever governments choose to do or not to do.2.Model is a simplified representation of some aspect of the real world.3.Political activities generally center on particular government institutions-congress, the presidency,courts, bureaucracies, states, municipalities, and so on.Public policy is authoritatively determined, implemented, and enforced by institutions.4.Public choice
Public choice is the economic study of nonmarket
decision making, especially the application of economic analyses to public policymaking.5.Game theory is the study of decisions in situations in which two or more rational participants have choices to make and the outcome depends on the choices made by each.6.Educational vouchers
A more controversial version of parental choice involves educational vouchers that would be given to parents to spend at any school they choose, public or private.1.Public advocacy requires the skills of rhetoric, persuasion, organization, and activism.Policy analysis encourages scholars and students to attack critical policy issues with the tools of systematic inquiry.2.It is an art because it requires insight, creativity, and imagination in identifying societal problems and
describing them, in devising public policies that might alleviate them, and then in finding out whether these policies end up making thing better or worse.It is a craft because these tasks usually require some knowledge of economics, political science, public administration, sociology, law, and statistics.3.Uses of models
Simplify and clarify our thinking about politics and public policy.Identify important aspects of policy problems
Help us to communicate with each other by focusing on essential features of political life
Direct our efforts to understand public policy better by suggesting what is important and what is unimportant Suggest explanations for public policy and predict its consequences
4.The policy process
1.Problem identification 2.Agenda setting 3.Policy formulation4.Policy legitimating 5.Policy implementation6.Policy evaluation
9.Groups in higher education
Trustees Presidents Faculty Unions Students
5.理性主义
A rational policy is one that achieves “maximum social gain”;that is, governments should choose polices resulting in gains to society that exceed costs by the greatest amount, and governments should refrain from policies if costs exceed gains
Know all the society’s value preferences and their relative weights
Know all the policy alternatives available
Know all the consequences of each policy alternative Calculate the ratio of benefits to costs for each policy alternative
Select the most efficient policy alternative
6.媒体的影响
Identifying issues and setting the agenda for policymakers
Influencing attitudes and values toward policy issues Changing the behavior of voters and decision makers
7.Formulating policy
Policy formulation is the development of policy
alternatives for dealing with problems on the public agenda.policy formulation occurs in government bureaucracies;interest group offices;legislative committee rooms;meetings of special commissions;and policy-planning organizations, otherwise known as think tanks.8.政策的制定
Direct lobbyingCampaign contributionsInterpersonal contactsLitigation designed.Grassroots mobilization
First, because they do not have the time, information, or money to investigate all the alternatives to existing policy
Second, policymakers accept the legitimacy of previous policies because of the uncertainty about the
consequences of completely new or different policies.Third, there may be heavy investments, in existing
programs sunk costs, which preclude any really radical change.Fourth, instrumentalism is politically expedient.Finally, in the absence of any agreed on societal goals or values ,it is easier for the government of a pluralist society to continue existing programs rather than to engage in overall policy planning toward specific societal goals.Group theory begins with the proposition that
interaction among groups is the central fact of politics.According to group theorists, public policy at any given time is the equilibrium reached in the group struggle.The whole interest group system-the political system itself-is held together in equilibrium by several forces.First, there is a large, nearly universal, latent group in American society that supports the constitutional system and prevailing values.Second, overlapping group membership helps to
maintain the equilibrium by preventing any one group from moving too far from prevailing values.Finally, the checking and balancing resulting from group competition also helps o maintain equilibrium in the system.Society is divided into the few who have power and the many that do not.The few who govern are not typical of the masses that are governed.The movement of novelties too elite positions must be slow and continuous to maintain stability and avoid revolution.Elites share consensus.Public policy neither does nor reflects the demands of masses but rather the prevailing values of the elite
changes in public policy will be incremental rather than revolutionary.Active elites are subject to relatively little direct influence from apathetic masses.First, elitism implies that public policy does not reflect the demands of the people so much as it does the interests, value, and preferences of elites.Second, elitism views the masses as largely passive, apathetic, and ill informed;mass sentiments are more often manipulated by elites, rather than elite values being elites and masses flows downward.Elitism also asserts that elites share in a consensus about fundamental norms underlying the social system that elites agree on the basic rules of the game, as well as the continuation of the social system itself.
第三篇:高考必背
一、5年高考完形填空高频选项词汇
Group 1
1.accurate adj.准确的,正确的;精确的 2.admire v.钦佩;赞美;崇拜 3.admit v.承认;准许进入;可容纳 4.annoy v.使恼怒,使不高兴 5.adventure n.冒险,奇遇 6.anxiety n.担忧,焦虑;渴望 7.anxious adj.忧虑的,焦急的;渴望的 8.apart adv.相隔,相距;分离;除外
9.appearance n.出现,露面;容貌,外表,外观
10.appoint v.任命,委任;安排;确定(时间、地点);指定;约定 11.appreciate v.欣赏;感激;理解
12.appreciation n.欣赏;鉴定,评估;感激;理解 13.approach n.途径,方式,方法 v.靠近,接近;建议;要求
14.arrival n.到来,到达;到达者,到达物 15.ashamed adj.惭愧的;害臊的;羞耻的 16.assist v.帮助,协助,援助 17.astonishing adj.惊人的;令人惊讶的
18.attach v.把……固定;重视;系,贴,连接;使附属;使依恋 19.attackvt.&n.攻击,侵害;(疾病等的)突然发作 20.attitude n.态度
21.avoid v.避免,躲开,逃避,回避 22.awkward adj.令人尴尬的,使人难堪的 23.basic adj.基本的,基础的 24.behaviour n.行为,举止 25.believe v.相信,认为
26.besides prep.除……以外(还有……)adv.此外(还),而且
27.beyond prep.(表示位置)在……较远的一边;超过;迟于 28.blame n.&v.责备;责怪,埋怨 29.boring adj.乏味的,令人厌烦的 30.brave adj.勇敢的 31.broad adj.宽的,宽阔的
32.burden n.(义务、责任等的)重担,负担 v.烦扰;使负重,装载 高考链接
1.(2016·全国卷Ⅰ)Approaching the vehicle,they saw that a woman was trying to get out of the broken window.2.(2016·全国卷Ⅲ)I’m sure I was the last person in the world he wanted to accept assistance from.3.(2015·重庆高考)Alice paid the vet to continue treatment.I grew anxious:what if the family had simply left the cat behind? 4.(2014·湖南高考)Whatever failures I suffer in my life,an ironed shirt tells me I am good at something.Besides,through ironing I’ve learned the method for solving even the most troublesome problems.Group 2
1.calm adj.镇静的,沉着的,平静的 v.镇静,使平静下来 2.care n.照料,保护,忧虑 v.介意……,在乎;关心 3.carefully adv.小心地,仔细地 4.carry v.运送;传送;传递 5.carve vt.刻;雕刻 6.change n.变化;零钱 v.改变,更换;兑换
7.cheat n.&v.骗取,哄骗;作弊,舞弊 8.cheerful adj.兴高采烈的,快活的 9.choice n.选择;抉择
10.circumstance n.条件;环境;状况,情况 11.clap vi.拍手;鼓掌 n.拍手
12.clean vt.打扫,清扫 adj.清洁的,干净的 13.colleague n.同事 14.colour n.颜色 vt.给……涂色,粉饰
15.combine vt.使联合;使结合 16.comfort n.安慰;慰问 v.安慰;慰问,慰藉
17.comforting adj.令人欣慰的;安慰的
18.comfortable adj.舒服的;安逸的;舒服自在的 19.comment n.评论
20.communication n.交际,交往;通讯 21.company n.公司;商号;伙伴 v.陪伴
22.challenge n.挑战(性)v.向……挑战
23.chance n.机会,可能性 24.conclusion n.结论;结局;推论 25.condition n.条件,状况,境况,状态 26.confuse v.使迷惑,混淆,使混乱,搞乱 27.consequence n.结果,后果 28.continue vi.继续,延续
29.contribute v.贡献,捐献;投稿 30.contribution n.贡献 高考链接
1.(2016·全国卷Ⅱ)She gave me a comforting smile,nodded while listening patiently,and then printed out the ticket immediately.2.(2015·广东高考)On the whole,our population is getting older.The changes in our population will have lasting effects on our social development and our way of life.3.(2015·陕西高考)I passed the clean comb back to Dad.He smiled at me and carefully placed his comb on his wallet.4.(2015·福建高考)Kerry had visited her friend and had spent the whole time criticizing her choice of boyfriends,the way she was living,the way she related to her mother,and various other things she felt she needed to express.Group 3
1.convenient adj.便利的,方便的 2.correct v.改正;纠正 adj.正确的,对的;恰当的
3.cost v.值(钱),花费,使付出代价 n.价格;费用;成本;代价 4.courage n.勇气;胆略;胆量 5.cover n.盖子;罩;封面
v.覆盖,遮盖;掩蔽;行走(一段路程);占(多少面积、时间);采访,报道;够付(费用),足以支付
6.crazy adj.疯狂的;热衷的;着迷的;精神失常的 7.crowd n.人群,一群人,一伙人 vt.拥挤,涌上(心头)8.cure vt.治疗,医治;治愈;纠正,矫正;消除(弊病等)n.治疗;疗法;对策,措施 9.curious adj.好奇的 10.dangerous adj.危险的 11.decade n.十年;十年期
12.decide v.决定,决断;判决;下决心 13.decision n.决定
14.deed n.行为;事迹;行动 15.defend vt.防守;保卫;辩护
16.delay v.&n.拖延,延迟,延期;延误,耽搁 17.deliberately adv.故意地,蓄意地,存心地 18.describe vt.描写,叙述,描述 19.design vt.设计,策划
n.设计,布局;图案,图样,样式 20.destroy vt.破坏,毁坏
21.determine vt.决定;影响;确定
22.determined adj.有决心的,意志坚定的;果断的 23.different adj.不同的,有差异的 24.dig v.挖(洞、沟),掘 25.digest v.消化,领会
26.direction n.方向;方位;指示 27.dirty adj.脏的;卑劣的 28.disappointment n.失望;沮丧 29.discover vt.发现
30.disturb vt.扰乱;打扰;使焦虑
31.draw v.绘画;绘制;拉,拖;提取,领取(金钱);吸引;引起 32.dream n.&vt.梦,梦想 高考链接
1.(2016·江苏高考)And at that moment,I made the decision:I will develop and follow a personal growth plan for my life.2.(2016·天津高考)My ten-year-old was growing and changing right before my eyes,into this determined human being with a passion and a mission.3.(2016·全国卷Ⅲ)His words freed me from my bad dreams.4.(2014·湖北高考)The park was crowded,so it took us some time to find an available site.5.(2014·四川高考)She was surprisingly unafraid and seemed to be curious about what he was doing.6.(2014·辽宁高考)Several weeks later,when I described the situation to my friend Ken Hardy,he smiled,“You made a classic mistake.”
Group 4
1.drive v.驾驶,开(车);驱赶,驱使 2.drop n.滴;少量,微量
v.掉下,落下;变弱,降低,减少;停止;放弃 3.during prep.在……期间 4.eagerly adv.渴望地,热切地 5.earn vt.挣得,赚得,赢得
6.easy adj.容易的,不费力的,舒适的 7.education n.教育,培养 8.effort n.努力
9.embarrass v.使窘迫,使尴尬 10.empty adj.空的 v.(使)变空
11.energy n.精力,能量 12.enjoy vt.欣赏;享受;喜欢 13.enjoyable adj.愉快的;有趣的 14.enter vt.进入;参加;输入 15.entertainment n.娱乐
16.enthusiastic adj.热情的,热心的 17.enthusiastically adv.热情地,热心地
18.entrance n.入口;入场;进入的权利;入学许可;进入 19.environment n.环境 20.envy vt.&n.忌妒;羡慕 21.equal adj.平等的 vt.等于,使等于
n.相等的事物;相同的人 22.equipment n.装备,设备 23.escape n.&vi.逃跑;逃脱 24.even adv.甚至,连(……都);更 25.eventually adv.最终地 26.examine v.检查
27.excellent adj.极好的,优秀的 28.excite vt.使兴奋,使激动 29.excited adj.感到兴奋的,激动的 30.expect vt.预料;盼望;认为 31.expensive adj.昂贵的 高考链接
1.(2016·全国卷Ⅰ)One thing is for certain—Larry went above and beyond the call of duty by getting so close to the burning vehicle!His efforts most likely saved the woman’s life.2.(2016·四川高考)Maybe your mom would enjoy hearing the story.3.(2016·北京高考)On the 20th of that month,Dr.Welch examined a sick boy,Billy,and knew he had diphtheria,a deadly infectious(传染的)disease mainly affecting children.4.(2015·浙江高考)Some do not respect the companies they work for and talk of feeling tired and empty.5.(2014·天津高考)Every evening I’d eagerly wait for the phone to ring and then tell her every detail of my day.Group 5
1.experiment n.实验 vi.做实验
2.explain vt.解释,说明 3.explode v.爆炸
4.extra adj.额外的,外加的,附加的 adv.特别;额外;外加 5.extremely adv.极其,非常 6.fade vi.褪色,(颜色)消退
7.failure n.失败;失败的人(或事物)8.fair adj.公平的,合理的;(肤色)白晳的;(人)白肤金发的 n.集市;庙会;展览会 9.faith n.信仰;信念;信心 10.fall vi.落(下),降落;倒下 n.秋季;下跌 11.familiar adj.熟悉的
12.feel v.&n.感觉,觉得;触摸 13.finally adv.最后;终于 14.find vt.找到;发现;感到 15.fine adj.好的;优良的 adv.很好地;精巧地 16.finish v.完成;结束 n.结尾,结局
17.fire n.火;火炉;火灾 vi.开(枪、炮等),射击;解雇 18.firm n.公司;企业 adj.坚固的,坚定的
19.fond adj.喜爱的,爱好的 20.forbid vt.禁止,不许 21.forget v.忘记;忘掉 22.forgive vt.原谅,宽恕 23.form n.表格;形式;结构 v.形成;建立
24.fortunately adv.幸运地;吉利地 25.fortune n.财产;运气 26.free adj.自由的;空闲的 vt.使自由;解放;释放 27.freedom n.自由
28.freeze vi.结冰;冷藏;(因害怕等)僵住不动 29.frequently adv.经常地;频繁地 30.friendly adj.友好的 高考链接
1.(2016·天津高考)After years of regular treatment,she finally became healthy.2.(2016·北京高考)Conditions were so bad that it was impossible for him to find the trail again.3.(2016·天津高考)She had a firm intention within herself to be the best she could be.4.(2015·广东高考)However,110 years is probably the longest that anyone could hope to live—if he or she is extremely healthy and lucky.5.(2014·新课标全国卷Ⅱ)Joe fell into a huge crevasse(裂缝)in the ice below.6.(2014·陕西高考)Her husband was with her,but there was blood everywhere and the woman was embarrassed and clearly in shock.Fortunately,a lot of people stopped to help out.Group 6
1.friendship n.友谊,友情 2.frighten vt.使惊恐,吓唬 3.front adj.前面的;前部的 n.前面;前部;前线
4.function n.&v.作用,功能;运转,运行 5.future n.将来;未来;前途 adj.将来的;未来的
6.gain vt.赢得;挣得;获得;增加 n.增加;利润;收获 7.game n.游戏;运动;比赛 8.gather v.聚集
9.generally adv.大体上,总的说来
10.generous adj.慷慨大方的,宽厚的,宽宏大量的 11.gift n.赠品;礼物;天赋 12.goal n.(足球)球门;目标 13.graduation n.毕业,毕业典礼 14.gratefully adv.感激地,感谢地 15.greedy adj.贪婪的 16.greet vt.问候;向……致敬 17.grow v.成长,长大 18.guess vi.猜,猜出,想 n.猜测
19.guide n.向导,指南,导游 v.引导
20.guilty adj.有罪的,犯法的;内疚的 21.habit n.习惯 22.half n.一半,半场 23.hand n.手;指针;帮忙,支援 v.递;给;交付,交上 24.happen vi.(偶然)发生,碰巧 25.hard adv.努力地;使劲地;猛烈地 adj.坚硬的;困难的,艰难的 26.hardly adv.几乎不
27.harmful adj.有害的;导致损害的 28.hate vt.&n.恨,讨厌
29.head n.头;头脑;才智;首脑;源头 adj.头部的;主要的;首席的
v.率领;加标题;用头顶;出发;(船等)驶向 30.height n.高,高度 高考链接
1.(2016·全国卷Ⅱ)“What a wonderful lady!” I thought.Rushing out gratefully I called out over my shoulder,“By the way,what’s your name?”
2.(2015·全国卷Ⅱ)They had begun to integrate(融合)the kinds of play and teamwork they had seen the day before into their game.3.(2014·福建高考)And each year he’d shake his head,muttering(嘀咕)something about building self-confidence and working towards a goal.4.(2012·湖北高考)“What about a horn?” he then asked.“Look,this horn is no larger than a matchbox and has many functions.” Attracted by these functions,I bought the horn.Group 7
1.help n.&vt.帮助,帮忙 2.helpless adj.无助的 3.hire vt.租用,雇用 n.租借
4.hit v.击,打;碰撞;使突然想起 5.hold vt.拿;抱;握住;容纳;举行;进行 n.抓住
6.holiday n.假日;假期 7.honest adj.诚实的,正直的 8.hope n.&v.希望 9.hopefully adv.充满希望地
10.hopeless adj.没有希望的,不可救药的 11.however adv.然而,可是
conj.然而,可是,尽管如此;不管用什么方法 12.hurry vi.赶快,匆忙 n.急忙,匆忙
13.impossible adj.不可能的
14.innocent adj.天真无邪的,清白的 15.inspire vt.鼓舞;激励 16.instead adv.代替,顶替 17.instruction n.说明,须知
18.interest n.兴趣,趣味;利息,利益,好处 vt.使发生兴趣
19.interesting adj.有趣的
20.interview n.&vt.采访,会见,面试 21.join v.参加,加入 22.main adj.主要的
23.manner n.方式;态度;举止;礼貌 24.march n.游行,行进,行军 25.mean vt.意思是;打算;意欲 26.memory n.记忆
27.merry adj.欢乐的,愉快的 28.mix v.混合,混淆
29.monitor n.(班级内的)班长;监视器 30.move v.移动;搬动;搬家;使感动 31.national adj.国家的,国有的,民族的 32.nature n.自然界;性质;本性,天性 高考链接
1.(2016·全国卷Ⅲ)I helped him move slowly over the fence.2.(2016·北京高考)Dr.Welch needed medicine as soon as possible to stop other kids from getting sick.However,the closest supply was over 1,000 miles away,in Anchorage.3.(2015·四川高考)I gently placed one on top of the groundhog’s head.Again,not a move.4.(2015·安徽高考)Maybe there is another way out.We need to repair our possessions instead of throwing them away.We also need to rethink our attitudes about spending.5.(2014·新课标全国卷)It was impossible for Joe to climb back or for Simon to pull him up.6.(2014·山东高考)While nursing her ill elder sister throughout the years,Charlotte discovered she had an interest in medicine.Group 8
1.nervous adj.紧张不安的 2.nice adj.友好的,和蔼的 3.noisy adj.喧闹的,嘈杂的 4.normal n.正常 adj.正常的(状态)5.note n.便条,笔记,注释;钞票,纸币;音符,音调 vt.记下,记录;注意
6.notice n.布告,通知;注意 vt.注意到
7.observe v.观察,看到,注意到;遵守;庆祝 8.once n.&adv.一次,一度,从前 conj.一旦
9.only adj.唯一的,仅有的 adv.仅仅,只,才
10.open adj.开着的,未封的,开的 vt.开,打开
11.operation n.手术,操作 12.opinion n.看法,见解 13.optimistic adj.乐观的
14.otherwise adv.要不然,否则,在其他方面 15.outgoing adj.爱交际的,外向的,对人友好的 16.owe vt.欠(债等),归功于 17.pain n.疼痛,疼 18.painful adj.痛的,痛苦的 19.pass v.传,经过 n.通行证
20.passenger n.乘客,旅客 21.patience n.容忍;耐心 22.pattern n.式样
23.perfect adj.完美的,极好的 vt.使完善
24.picture n.图片;使完美,照片 25.place n.地方 vt.放置
26.plan n.&v.计划,方案
27.play v.玩;打(球);比赛;扮演,假装 n.玩耍;戏剧
28.pleased adj.高兴的,满意的 29.pleasure n.高兴,愉快,乐事
30.positive adj.乐观的,积极的;肯定的,正电的;阳性的 31.possess vt.占有;拥有 高考链接
1.(2016·江苏高考)While we were eating,Kurt asked me,“John,what is your plan for personal growth?”
2.(2015·北京高考)Someone had left a note under their door during the night.3.(2015·江苏高考)I’m an ambitious writer,and when I started going through chemo(化疗),even though I’m a very positive person,I lost my drive to write.4.(2014·四川高考)Tom was working out in the field when he noticed her walking around at the edge of the field.5.(2014·浙江高考)He is the only one you have to convince,and he can’t hear you in the back of the room.Group 9
1.poster n.招贴画;海报;巨幅装饰画 2.potential adj.潜在的,可能的 n.可能性,潜在性;潜力,潜能
3.power n.权利,势力;力,动力;电力;强国 4.powerful adj.效力大的,强有力的,强大的 5.practical adj.实际的,实用的 6.practice n.练习
7.praise n.&vt.赞扬,表扬 8.predict v.预言,预告,预测 9.present v.呈现;递交 10.pressure n.压迫;压力;压强 11.preview vt.预习;试演;预演 12.pride n.自豪,骄傲
13.principle n.原理,原则,信条 14.prize n.奖赏,奖品 adj.优秀的;获奖的 15.problem n.问题,难题
16.produce vt.生产;制造;展现;制作 17.progress n.进步,上进 vi.进展,进行
18.prohibit v.禁止,阻止 19.promise n.&vi.答应,允诺 vt.使有可能
20.proud adj.自豪的;骄傲的
21.publish v.出版,发行,公布,发表 22.pull v.拉,拖 n.拉力,引力
23.punish v.惩罚,处罚 24.put vt.放,摆 25.quarrel vi.争吵,吵架 n.口角
26.question vt.询问 n.问题
27.quiet adj.安静的;寂静的 28.quit v.离开,退出;停止;辞职 29.rank n.职衔,军衔 30.reaction n.反应
31.read v.阅读;理解;写着 32.realize vt.认识到,实现 高考链接
1.(2016·全国卷Ⅲ)Football season started in September and all summer long I worked out.I carried my football everywhere for practice.2.(2016·天津高考)Hearing her coughing bitterly one night,I decided to pull her from it all.3.(2014·新课标全国卷Ⅰ)As a matter of fact,we can see this principle at work in people of all ages.4.(2014·北京高考)Mr.Brown thanked her for all the wonderful posters and gave her a professional artist’s set.“Thank you,” she cried.I realized,at that time when I was looking at her excited face,she’d probably never owned anything in her whole life.Group 10
1.reason v.推理;推断 n.理由,原因
2.reasonable adj.合乎情理的 3.recite v.背诵
4.recognize vt.认出,认识;承认;意识到 5.refuse v.拒绝
6.regular adj.规则的,有规律的,定期的 7.reject v.拒绝 n.次品
8.relief n.安慰,欣慰;减轻,缓解;救济 9.repair n.&vt.修理;修补 10.repeat vt.重复;重说,重做 n.重复;副本
11.reply n.回答,答复 12.report n.&v.报道,报告 13.reporter n.记者 14.request n.请求,要求 15.requirement n.需要;要求 16.rescue vt.营救,援救 17.research n.研究,调查 18.respond vi.作答,响应 19.responsibility n.责任,职责 20.responsible adj.有责任的,负责的 21.rest n.休息;剩余部分,其余的人(或物)v.休息,歇息
22.review vt.回顾;复习;评论;检阅 n.评审;复查;复习;评论 23.rule n.规则,规定 v.统治,支配
24.run vi.跑,奔跑;管理,经营,运转;流动 25.safe adj.安全的,平安的 26.same n.同样的人或事 adj.同样的,同一的 27.satisfaction n.满意
28.save vt.救,挽救;节省,积攒
29.scene n.场景,布景;发生地现场;景色 30.scientific adj.科学的
31.search n.&v.搜寻,搜查,寻找 32.seize vt.抓住(时机等),夺取,抢占 33.seldom adv.很少,不常 34.select vt.选择,挑选;选拔 高考链接
1.(2016·浙江高考)They gave me presents of their favorite artworks which they had refused to sell to tourists.2.(2014·辽宁高考)I felt a little uneasy,but to my relief,I had a good excuse.3.(2014·江西高考)With a smile of satisfaction on his face he said,“There!How does that feel?”“Oh,James,” Mum said.“That’s much better!How did you do it?”
4.(2012·江苏高考)They can also make people feel trapped and forced to answer unwanted calls or reply to unwanted texts.5.(2012·重庆高考)Plants make such good companions:they breathe,they bloom,they respond to care and love.Group 11
1.send v.打发,派遣;送,邮寄
2.sense n.感觉;理解;意识;判断力;感官 v.感觉到
3.set(set,set)vt.释放,安置 n.一套;一副;布景;舞台 4.shelter n.掩蔽;隐蔽处 vt.掩蔽,庇护 5.shock vt.使震惊 n.吃惊,休克
6.sign n.符号,标记;征兆;手势;信号 7.silence n.安静,沉默,寂静 8.similar adj.相似的,相像的,类似的
9.simple adj.简单的,简易的,朴素的,单纯的;完全的 10.single adj.单一的,单个的,单身的 11.situation n.处境,状况 12.skate vi.溜冰,滑冰
13.soon adv.不久,很快,一会儿 14.sorrow n.悲伤,悲痛;伤心事 15.sorry int.对不起,抱歉 adj.难过;懊悔;可怜的 16.special adj.特别的,专门的 17.speech n.演讲
18.speechless adj.(因激动等)说不出话的 19.spiritual adj.精神的;心灵的
20.spread v.延伸;展开,散布,蔓延,传开 21.stage n.舞台;阶段 22.stand n.看台,摊位;立场 v.站立;坐落;忍受
23.start v.开始,着手;出发;创办 24.stay n.&vi.停留,逗留;维持,保持 25.stick vi.粘住,钉住;坚持;卡住 n.木棒(棍),枝条,小树枝 26.still adj.不动的,平静的 adv.仍然,还,依旧
27.storm n.风暴,暴(风)雨,暴(风)雪 28.strange adj.奇怪的,奇特的;陌生的 29.strength n.力量,力气;强项,长处 30.strong adj.强(壮)的;坚固的;强烈的;坚强的 高考链接
1.(2016·江苏高考)I told him about the many activities in which I was involved.And I went into a speech about how hard I worked and the gains I was making.2.(2016·全国卷Ⅲ)One afternoon,I was crossing the field to go home and saw Miller stuck
going over a fence—which wasn’t hard to climb if you had both arms.3.(2016·全国卷Ⅰ)They told her to stay still until the emergency personnel arrived,but she thought the car was going to explode.4.(2014·广东高考)Parents feel that it is difficult to live with teenagers.Then again,teenagers have similar feelings about their parents.5.(2014·北京高考)“And finally,” said Mr.Brown,the schoolmaster,at the end of the show,“we have a special award.I’m sure you’ve all noticed the wonderful posters.”
Group 12
1.suggestion n.建议;暗示 2.suitable adj.合适的,适宜的 3.suspect n.犯罪嫌疑人 v.怀疑;猜想
4.surprise vt.使惊奇,使诧异 n.惊奇,诧异
5.survive v.幸存,幸免于难;从(困难)中挺过来;挺下来,熬过 6.sympathy n.同情;慰问;赞同,支持 7.talent n.天才,天赋,才能 8.teach v.教书,教学 9.tear n.眼泪,泪水 v.扯破,撕开
10.terrible adj.可怕的;极度的,严重的 11.therefore adv.因此,所以 12.though conj.尽管,虽然 adv.然而,但是
13.thought n.思想;思考,想法 14.through adv.通过,自始至终 15.thus adv.如此,因而,这样 16.tiny adj.极小的,微小的 17.tired adj.疲劳的,累的,厌倦的 18.touch vt.触摸,接触;触动,感动 19.trouble vt.使苦恼,使麻烦 n.困难;疾病;麻烦 20.trust n.&vt.相信,信任 21.try v.尝试,试图,努力 n.尝试
22.unless conj.如果不,除非 23.until prep.&conj.直到……为止
24.unusual adj.不寻常的;异常的;与众不同的 25.usually adv.通常地,平常地 26.wave n.(热、光、声等的)波,波浪 v.挥手,挥动;波动 27.way n.道路,方法,途径 28.wealthy adj.富裕的
29.wedding n.婚礼,结婚,庆典 30.while conj.在……的时候,然而 n.一段时间
31.will n.意志,决心
32.wise adj.英明的,有见识的,有智慧的 33.wonderful adj.精彩的;奇妙的,极好的 34.worried adj.担忧的 高考链接
1.(2016·天津高考)With all she had been through in her ten years,this was the hour of true triumph(成功).
2.(2016·江苏高考)It was a wise decision.While too many couples grow apart,we were growing together.3.(2015·重庆高考)In that case,eat before the flight,though an empty stomach will prevent you from sleeping.4.(2014·北京高考)I was surprised and thought that she could do something in the comingtalent show.二、5年高考阅读理解高频障碍词汇
Group 1
1.abnormally adv.不正常地
2.absolute adj.完全的,全部的;绝对的;十足的,地道的 3.abundant adj.大量的,丰盛的,充裕的
4.accomplish v.完成(任务),达到(目的),实现(计划、诺言等)5.accumulate v.积累,积聚,增加 6.accuracy n.准确(性),精确(程度)7.accuse v.控告;指责,指控
8.acknowledge v.承认(权威或主张),告知(信件、礼物等)已收到 9.acquire v.获得,得到,学到 10.adapt v.使适应,使适合;改编
11.adequate adj.充分的,足够的;合格的;合乎需要的 12.adjustment n.调整,适应,调节;修正 13.admission n.准入;接纳;入场费;承认 14.adolescent n.青少年 adj.青春期的,青春的,青少年的 15.adopt v.收养,领养;采用,采取
16.adore v.(不用于进行时)热爱,敬慕,崇拜,钟爱,喜爱 17.adventure n.冒险;奇遇
18.advocate v.拥护,支持;提倡;鼓吹 n.鼓吹者,提倡者,拥护者,辩护人,律师 19.affection n.喜爱,钟爱,挚爱
20.agency n.代理机构,经销处,代理处,机构,(尤指政府内的)局,部,处 21.alcoholic adj.含酒精的 n.酒鬼,酗酒者
22.allergic adj.过敏的;厌恶的;过敏引起的 23.allocate v.拨给,划归,分配
24.alternative adj.可供替代的,两者择一的,供选择的;另类的,非传统的 n.可供选择的事物
25.ambition n.目标,野心,雄心,抱负,追求,夙愿 26.ambulance n.救护车 27.amount n.金额,数量 v.总计 高考链接
1.(2016·浙江高考)Probably the worst type of gossip is the absolute lie.2.(2015·广东高考)In recent years,however,young upper middle-class people in London,have begun to adopt some regional accents,in order to hide their class origins.3.(2015·江苏高考)One of the most important factors that influenced their satisfaction as volunteers was the amount of suffering they experienced in their volunteer positions.4.(2014·北京高考)The bear behaved abnormally,probably because of hunger.Group 2
1.ample adj.足够的;丰裕的,富裕的;宽敞的,面积大的 2.analyze v.分析 3.analysis n.分析;分解 4.ancient adj.古代的,古老的 5.anecdote n.逸事,趣闻 6.anniversary n.周年纪念日 7.annoyvt.(使)烦恼
8.annual adj.每年的,的,一年一次的
9.apparent adj.显而易见的,表面上的,貌似……的,明白的 10.appeal v.呼吁;恳求;上诉,申诉;有吸引力 n.吸引力;上诉,申诉;呼吁
11.applaud v.&n.鼓掌,赞许,赞赏,欢呼,向……鼓掌,向……喝彩,称赞,赞许 12.applicant n.申请人 13.application n.申请,应用
14.approve v.赞成,同意,批准,通过 15.approximately adv.近似地,大约 16.argue vi.争辩,争论 vt.主张,认为
17.argument n.争论,辩论
18.arise vi.起来,升起;出现,呈现,(由……而)引起,(由……)产生 19.arrange v.安排,布置
20.arrangement n.安排,布置,筹划 21.aspect n.方面,外观,外表 22.assess v.评价,评定(性质,质量)23.assessment n.看法,评价 24.assistance n.帮助,援助,支持
25.associate v.联想,联系;结交,交往;使联合,使有联系,把……和……联系在一起 n.合伙人,伙伴,同事 adj.非正式的;副的;联合的 26.association n.协会,社团;联系 27.assume v.假定,假设;承担;呈现 28.assumption n.假定,假设;担任 29.atmosphere n.大气;气氛,环境 30.attempt vt.试图,尝试 n.尝试,努力 高考链接
1.(2016·北京高考)The annual death rate for adult condors has dropped from 38% in 2000 to 5.4% in 2011.2.(2016·全国卷Ⅰ)She arranged for a flight on a small plane to be held for me,re-routed(改道)me through Newark and got me back to the UK even earlier than originally scheduled.3.(2016·全国卷Ⅰ)Silence may be viewed by some cultural groups as extremely uncomfortable;therefore attempts may be made to fill every gap(间隙)with conversation.4.(2015·浙江高考)You can use your active reading skills to analyze and understand graphs just like any other text.5.(2015·四川高考)No one is sure how the ancient Egyptians built the pyramids near Cairo.Group 3
1.attraction n.吸引,爱慕,吸引力;具有吸引力的人或物 2.available adj.可获得的;可得到的;有空的;可用的 3.background n.背景 4.backward(s)adv.向后 5.ban n.禁令,禁止 v.禁止;取缔
6.bare adj.裸露的,光秃秃的,无遮蔽的,无掩护的,勉强的 v.露出,暴露
7.bargain n.(经讨价还价后)成交的商品;廉价货 v.讨价还价
8.bathe vi.洗澡;游泳 n.游泳
9.behalf n.利益;方面;代表,维护
10.behave v.守规矩,行为,表现;做出反应,发生作用;举止规矩有礼,检点 11.beneath prep.在……下方(面),(指地位等)低于,次于 12.bid v.&n.出价,喊价;命令,吩咐;投标;向(某人)道别 n.喊价,出价;努力争取 13.biography n.传记 14.bless vt.祝福;保佑;赞美
15.block n.大块;(木、石等)块;街区;路障 vt.阻塞;阻挡
16.board n.木板;布告牌;委员会;(政府的)部 v.上(船、火车、飞机等)17.bonus n.奖金;红利;额外津贴 18.boom n.&v.繁荣;轰鸣;激增 n.隆隆声;(营业等的)激增;(经济等的)繁荣 19.botanical adj.植物学的 20.botany n.植物;植物学
21.bounce v.使弹起,蹦,上下晃动 n.弹跳,跳动 22.brake n.闸 vi.刹车
23.branch n.树枝;分枝;分公司,分店;分支部,分支机构,分局 24.brand n.品牌,商标 vt.打烙印于,加污名于
25.break v.打破(断,碎);损坏,弄坏;打断;中断;摧毁;削弱;使破裂 n.休息;中断;间隔
26.breakthrough n.重大进展,突破 27.breathe vi.呼吸 高考链接
1.(2016·全国卷Ⅲ)A free schedule of events for each term is available by calling the box office at 556-4183.2.(2016·上海高考)I was now fascinated by the idea of poetry,words that had the power to make or break a person’s world.3.(2015·全国卷Ⅱ)Now this former royal palace is open to the public as a major tourist attraction.4.(2014·重庆高考)We should not mistakenly believe that we always behave as a result of some inner disposition.5.(2013·天津高考)They’d get back in the car breathless and energized,smelling fresh from the cold air.Group 4
1.brief adj.简洁的,简短的 2.broad adj.宽广的 3.broadcast vt.广播
4.brochure n.资料(或广告)手册 5.budget n.预算,预算费 v.做预算 adj.廉价的
6.buffet n.自助餐 vt.连续猛击
7.burst v.使爆裂,使破裂;突然发生 n.(感情等的)爆发,破裂,爆炸 8.bury vt.埋,葬;覆盖
9.button n.纽扣;(电铃等的)按钮 v.扣(纽扣),用纽扣挂住
10.campaign n.运动,战役;参加;发起运动 11.cancel vt.取消,撤销
12.candidate n.候选人,申请人;应试者;被认定适合者 13.cartoon n.动画片,卡通
14.casual adj.偶然的,碰巧的;非正式的;临时的;不定期的 15.cautious adj.小心的,谨慎的 16.ceremony n.典礼,仪式;礼节 17.certificate n.证明,证明书;文凭
18.character n.特征,特性;性格;角色;人物;(汉)字,字体;品格 19.classify v.把……分类,把……归类 20.campaign n.运动;活动;战役 v.参加运动;参加竞选
21.complex adj.难以理解的,复杂的 n.建筑群;复合体
22.compulsory adj.强制的,必须做的,义务的 23.confirm v.确认,确定;证实,证明;批准 24.consult v.请教;查阅;商议;咨询
25.convey v.运输;传送;表达;传递(思想、感情等)26.convince v.使确信,使信服,劝服,说服 27.declare vt.宣言,声称,声明;断言 28.decline v.减少,下降,衰退;谢绝,婉拒 29.decorate vt.装饰,修饰
30.deliver vt.投递,传送(信件,邮包等);发表,宣布,交付 高考链接
1.(2016·浙江高考)Managing the family budget must have been a very hard task,but she made it look effortless.2.(2016·天津高考)I tried to convince myself that the trouble was with the problem itself,not with me.3.(2014·江西高考)The click of a button allows people miles apart to talk or see each other without even leaving their homes.4.(2014·新课标全国卷Ⅰ)Turin has started a campaign to make such documents,found in libraries and stores around the world,available not just to scholars but to the younger generations of communities from whom the materials were originally collected.5.(2014·四川高考)Research findings have shown that about 20 percent of people can be classified as “night owls” and only 10 percent can be classified as “early birds”—the other 70 percent are in the middle.Group 5 1.editor n.编辑
2.electric adj.电的;电动的
3.emergency n.紧急情况;突发事件 4.especially adv.特别,尤其 5.example n.例子;榜样 6.exchange n.交换,调换;交流 7.expand v.扩大,增加,扩展
8.explicit adj.明确的;清楚的;详述的;坦率的 9.explore v.探险,勘察,考察;探索,探究 10.explorer n.探险者 11.export n.&v.出口,输出
12.expose vt.揭露;露出,显露;使面临 13.express vt.表达;表示;表露 n.特快列车,特快专递
14.extension n.扩大;延伸;扩建;电话分机,分机号码 15.extraordinary adj.非凡的,异乎寻常的 16.fantasticadj.(口语)极好的,美妙的,很棒的 17.fare n.(车或船的)费用,票(价)18.fault n.缺点,毛病;错误 19.feast n.盛宴,宴会,(宗教的)节日 20.federal adj.联邦制的,联邦政府的 21.female adj.女的;女性的;雌性的 n.女人;雌性动物 22.fight n.打仗(架),战斗 v.与……打架,与……作斗争
23.finance n.资金;财政;财务;金融 vt.为……筹集资金
24.fit adj.健康的;适合的;恰当的 v.(使)适合,合身;装进,可容纳
25.fix vt.使固定;修理;安装;确定,决定;安排 26.flash n.闪光;闪耀;(想法的)突现 v.使闪光;使闪现
27.flexible adj.易弯曲的,柔韧的;灵活的,可变动的 28.fluent adj.流利的,流畅的 29.foggy adj.多雾的
30.follow vt.跟随;接着,沿着,顺着;听懂,理解;遵循;仿效;跟得上 高考链接
1.(2016·江苏高考)Such systems do not need to operate face-to-face,and it’s clear to me that the Internet is expanding the range of my own social prosthetic systems.2.(2016·浙江高考)This book explores the musical interest and needs of children in their daily lives.3.(2016·江苏高考)She intends to fight to make it a woman’s as well as a man’s world.4.(2015·四川高考)And every week he cleaned Old Man McColgin’s chicken house in exchange for manure(肥料).
5.(2015·北京高考)Furthermore, studies show that finances are the most frequent subject of communication between parents and their college children.Group 6
1.forecast n.&vt.预告 2.fun n.乐趣;乐事;玩笑 3.furniture n.(总称)家具 4.glance vi.匆匆一看;一瞥;扫视 5.glare v.怒目而视 n.瞪眼;刺眼的强光
6.globe n.地球仪;地球;球体 7.glory n.光荣;荣誉;赞颂 8.graduate v.毕业 n.毕业生,研究生
9.grasp v.抓住;紧握;理解,领会 10.grocer n.零售商人;杂货店 11.guarantee n.保证;保证书;担保 v.保证;担保
12.guidance n.引导,指导 13.handle n.柄,把柄 v.处理;应付;拿,触 14.hardship n.困难
15.headline n.(报刊的)大字标题 16.hobby n.业余爱好,嗜好 17.holy adj.神圣的
18.identity n.同一性;一致;身份 19.idiom n.习语,成语 20.ignore v.忽视,不理 21.illegal adj.不合法的,非法的 22.immigration n.移民 23.incident n.事件;冲突 24.income n.收入;收益;所得
25.independent adj.独立的,自主的;有主见的 26.indicate v.表明,显示;象征;暗示;指示;指出 27.information n.信息 28.insert vt.插入 n.(书报或杂志的)插页 29.inspect vt.检查;视察;检阅
30.instant adj.立即的,立刻的;速食的,即食的 高考链接
1.(2016·天津高考)My daughter is a university graduate working toward her master’s degree in English.2.(2016·天津高考)Our Standard Courseguarantees a significant increase in your confidence in a foreign language,with focused teaching in all 4 skill areas—speaking,listening,reading and writing.3.(2016·北京高考)For previous generations,college was a decisive break from parental control;guidance and support needed to come from people of the same age and from within.4.(2016·天津高考)The solution is obvious though perhaps not easy to apply:alwayshandle the most difficult job first.5.(2016·北京高考)The college years are supposed to be a time for important growth in autonomy(自主性)and the development of adult identity.6.(2016·四川高考)Previous studies have also indicated that milk can be excellent for helping sleep because of the calcium content,which helps people to relax.7.(2013·山东高考)But designer Mikhail Belyaev doesn’t think that forgetting to check the weather forecast before heading out should result in you getting wet.Group 7
1.institute n.(研究)所,院,学院 2.insure vt.确保;给……保险 3.intelligence n.智力;情报 4.interrupt v.打扰,打断 5.journalist n.记者,新闻工作者 6.justice n.正义;公正;司法 7.magic adj.有魔力的 n.魔法;魔力;魅力
8.mature adj.成熟的,成年人的;深思熟虑的,慎重的 9.measure v.测量,衡量,量度为 n.量度尺寸;措施
10.merchant adj.商业的;商人的 n.商人;生意人
11.minister n.部长;牧师 12.mineral n.矿物质,矿物
13.motivation n.动机;动力;积极性 14.nutrition n.营养
15.occupation n.职业,工作;消遣;占用 16.particular adj.特殊的,个别的 17.pedestrian n.步行者,行人 18.permanent adj.永久的,永恒的
19.plain adj.清楚的,明显的;普通的;朴素的;坦诚的 n.平原,旷野
20.policy n.政策,方针 21.precious adj.宝贵的,珍贵的 22.previous adj.先前的,以往的 23.primary adj.首要的;初级的
24.process n.过程,程序;步骤;方法;工艺流程,工序 v.处理,加工
25.professionn.职业,专业 26.profit n.利润,收益,益处 27.pronunciation n.发音 28.punctual adj.准时的
29.purchase v.&n.买,购买,采购
30.random adj.随意的,任意的,未经事先考虑的 高考链接
1.(2016·江苏高考)A third reason is that social intelligence develops in children before their general cognitive(认知的)skills,at least when compared with chimps.2.(2016·全国卷Ⅰ)Nurses should recognize their own personal and cultural construction of silence so that a patient’s silence is not interrupted too early or allowed to go on unnecessarily.3.(2016·浙江高考)Each time the bowl of rice is pushed over the table edge,it falls to the ground—and,in the process,it brings out important evidence about how physical objects interact(相互作用).
4.(2015·全国卷Ⅱ)Students who take a gap year are often more mature and responsible.5.(2014·辽宁高考)Travis is the manager of G&G where he is responsible for forty employees(雇员)and profits(利润)of over 2 million per year.6.(2013·北京高考)Sometimes a few celebrities can get a little justice.Still,even stars who enjoy full justice often complain about how hard their lives are.They are tired of being famous already.Group 8
1.range n.范围;一系列;射程;山脉 v.变化;变动;排列,排序;徘徊;漫步 2.react v.起反应,有影响;反抗 3.reception n.接待,招待会 4.reform v.&n.改革,改进
5.refresh v.更新;使恢复精力;提醒;使想起 6.register n.登记簿 v.登记
7.relate vi.有关;涉及 8.represent vt.代表 9.reputation n.名声,名誉 10.resist v.抵抗;抵挡 11.standard n.&adj.标准(的)12.strike v.敲,打,撞,击;打动,感动;擦火柴;侵袭 n.罢工
13.studio n.工作室,演播室 14.survive v.幸存,存活,幸免于,比……活得长 15.target n.目标,对象,靶子 v.把……作为攻击目标,把……对准 16.tradition n.传统,风俗,惯例
17.trick n.诡计,骗局,恶作剧;戏法;诀窍 vt.欺骗,欺诈
18.typical adj.典型的,有代表性的 19.understanding n.领会;理解;谅解
20.urge v.敦促,催促,力劝;强烈主张;鼓励;促使 n.强烈欲望;冲动
21.vacant adj.空缺的,未被占用的;空闲的,茫然的 22.vain adj.自负的,自视过高的,徒劳的,无效的 23.value n.价值;重要性 vt.评价;重视;估价
24.violence n.暴力;猛烈,剧烈 25.visual adj.视觉的
26.vital adj.必不可少的,极其重要的;维持生命活动所必需的;充满活力的 27.weigh vt.称……的重量;权衡 28.welfare n.福利
29.withdraw v.撤回,撤离;收回;缩回;使退出;提取 30.witness v.&n.目击者,证人;目击,目睹,亲身经历 高考链接
1.(2016·全国卷Ⅲ)But when you share a story with your friends,you care a lot more how they react.2.(2016·江苏高考)There are several reasons to believe that the urges to help,inform and share are not taught,but naturally possessed in young children.3.(2016·江苏高考)The barefoot kid who just a few years previously had been living in poverty,surrounded by criminals and violence,had written a new chapter in the history of sports.4.(2015·浙江高考)The circle is divided into sections,and each section represents a fraction of the data.5.(2015·浙江高考)In most cities the sky looks as though it has been emptied of stars,leaving behind a vacant haze(霾)that mirrors our fear of the dark.三、5年高考常考动词短语
1.add up to加起来是……;表示 add to增加;加入,加到 add...to...把……加到……上 add up加起来 add that...补充说……
2.can’t bear doing/to do sth.不能忍受做某事
can’t bear sb./sb.’s doing/to do sth.不能忍受某人做某事 bear a heavy burden肩负重担
bear responsibility/the blame承担责任/受责备 3.break out爆发 break in打断;破门而入 break into闯入;强行闯入 break away from脱离
break down(机器、车辆)出毛病;摧毁;分解 break through突破
break off折断;中断;突然停止 break up解散;破碎
4.bring up培养;抚养;教育;提出;呕吐 bring about引起;产生;导致;带来 bring sth.back归还;使想起某事
bring down带下,运下,搬下;使倒下;使倒台;使降低 bring in引入;赚(钱)5.call on拜访(某人);号召 call at停靠;(短时间)访问 call for需要;要求;邀请;提倡 call in召集;召来
call up给……打电话;召集;使想起 6.come along跟着来;快点 come out出来;出版 come true实现
come back to life苏醒过来
come to the point说到要点,触及问题实质 come about发生,造成 come across偶遇
come to light为人所知,显露 come up走近;上升;被提出 come on快点;开始 come over过来
come up with提出;想出 7.come into use开始被使用
come into sight/view出现在眼前;映入眼帘 come into power/office就职,上台执政 come into existence开始存在;形成
come into effect/force/operation开始生效/执行/实施 8.cut down削减;砍倒 cut in插嘴;超车;插入 cut up切碎;抨击 cut out删除
cut through刺穿;抄近路走过 cut off切断;中断;使死亡 9.die out灭亡;逐渐消失 die away(声音、光线等)逐渐消失 die of/from因……而死 die down减弱;平息 die off相继死亡
be dying for很想要;渴望 be dying to do sth.极想做某事 10.come to an end结束 put/bring sth.to an end结束……
make(both)ends meet使收支相抵;量入为出 put an end to sth.结束/终结某事 11.fit in相适应
fit in with与……合得来;适应 fit sb.for sth.使某人胜任某事 12.get in touch with同……取得联系 get up起床 get back回来;取回 get on上车 get over克服;度过 get off下车 get together相聚
get on/along well with与……相处融洽 get into进入;陷入 get into trouble陷入麻烦 get in a word插话 get rid of摆脱;除掉
get through通过;接通(电话);完成;度过,熬过 get to到达
get about/around/round传开,传出去 get across使理解 get away离开
get down to(doing)sth.开始认真做某事 get out离开;出版;泄露 get hold of抓住 13.give up放弃 give in屈服;投降 give out用完;耗尽 give away分发;捐赠;泄露 give off放出,散发出 give back归还;恢复
give way to给……让路;对……让步 14.go ahead继续;干吧 go by(时间)过去;经过(地点)go out(灯、火)熄灭
go on sth.以……为依据;根据……来判断 go on to do sth.接着做另外的事 go over检查;复习
go through通过;经历;仔细检查 go about开始着手;到处走动;传开 go against违背 go back回到;追溯 go for运用于,应用于 go in for参加;爱好 go with与……相配
go without没有……而勉强应付 go up上升,上涨 go down下降,下沉
15.help(sb.)out帮助(某人)摆脱困境;使(某人)脱离困境 help sb.with/to do sth.帮助某人某事/做某事 can’t help doing sth.忍不住做某事 can’t help but do只得做;不得不做
help yourself(to sth.)随便自己动手(夹菜吃、用……等)16.hold up举起;阻滞(交通等);耽搁 hold back阻止;抑制
hold one’s breath憋住气,屏息 hold out坚持;拿出
17.keep on doing sth.继续/反复做某事 keep up坚持
keep up with跟上;与……保持联系 keep back保留;阻止;隐瞒 keep away from远离 keep out of使……不进入 keep one’s word遵守诺言 keep in touch with与……保持联系 keep silent保持沉默
keep/prevent/stop...from doing sth.制止(防止)……做某事 keep off使……远离
18.lead to导致;造成;通向…… lead sb.to do sth.使某人做某事 lead/live a...life过……的生活 lead...into...把……领进…… lead the way引路;带路
19.live on靠……生活,以……为主食 live through经历 live up to不辜负;履行 live with忍受,容忍 20.look up抬头;查阅 look out小心 look into调查 look forward to盼望 look through仔细看;浏览 look up to尊敬 look down upon瞧不起 look like看起来像 look on...as把……看作 look after照顾 look for寻找
look back回顾;回头看 21.make a dive for向……猛冲 make an apology to向……道歉 be made up of由……组成
make up组成;化妆,打扮;和解;编造 make up for弥补,补偿 make room for给……腾地方 make up one’s mind下决心 make use of利用 make one’s way前进 make progress取得进步 make repairs修理 make a promise许诺 make a living谋生 make the best of充分利用 make out认出;理解 make it成功;及时达到
22.perform the role of扮演……角色 perform a...role in在……中起……作用 perform an operation进行手术
perform one’s duty/promise尽责任/履行承诺 23.pick out挑出;辨别出
pick up拾起,捡起;收拾;整理;(偶然)学会;用车接某人;收听到;身体好转 pick off摘除
24.prefer A to B 喜欢A而不喜欢B prefer doing A to doing B 宁愿做A而不愿做B prefer(sb.)to do sth.宁愿(某人)做某事 prefer to do A rather than do B 宁愿做A而不愿做B 25.pull away离开;脱身;拉掉 pull down拆毁;摧毁
pull in(车辆)进站停靠;靠边停靠 pull out(of sth.)驶出;脱离,退出 pull through康复,痊愈
26.put away放好;把……收起来 put down记下;平息 put out扑灭;出版
put up举起;建造;张贴;投宿 put up with(=stand/bear)忍受 put on穿上;上演;增加 put off延期,拖延
put through完成;接通(电话)put forward提出建议;拨快(钟等)put aside节省;储蓄;储存 27.rely on依靠,依赖;指望
rely on sb.to do sth.指望/相信某人做某事 rely on(doing)sth.依赖/信任/指望(做)某事 rely on it that...相信……;指望……
28.remind sb.of sth./sb.提醒某人某事/想起某人 remind sb.to do sth.提醒某人做某事 remind(sb.)that/how/what...提醒(某人)…… 29.run out of...用完……;用尽…… run out用完
run across跑着穿过;偶然碰到 run after追逐;追求 run away跑掉;逃避 run into撞上;遇到
30.make sense有意义;有道理;讲得通 make sense of理解;明白 make no sense没道理;没意义
31.set about doing sth.(=set out to do sth.)开始做某事;着手做某事 set out出发;开始 set up建立;树立;设立 set sb.free释放某人
set fire to/set...on fire放火烧…… set an example to为……树立榜样 set down记下;放下;登记 set forward提出;促进 set off引爆;出发;动身 set aside搁置,把……放在一旁 32.settle down安顿下来;定居 settle down to do sth.开始认真对待做某事 settle in(使)适应(新环境)settle on决定;选定 that’s settled一言为定 33.show...in带或领……进来 show sb.into领某人进入 show sb.out领某人出去
show sb.around/round sp.领某人参观某地 show sb.to the door送某人到门口 show off炫耀;显示 show up出现
34.take up占用(时间、空间);从事 take...out拿出去 take place发生 take the place of代替
take one’s place就座;代替某人的职位 take it easy别着急 take off脱掉;起飞;成功 take part in参加
take pride in以……而自豪 take away(from)(从)……拿走 take in欺骗;摄取
take on雇用;承担(责任);呈现(品质、面貌)take over接管
35.turn up出现;开大(音量);到达 turn against反对;背叛 turn on打开(电灯等)turn off关上(电灯等)turn down开小(音量)turn over翻转 turn in交出;上交 turn to求助于;翻到;转向 turn into变成 turn out结果是;生产 36.动词+for account for解释,说明
answer for对……负责,担保…… allow for考虑到 ask for要求,请求 enter for报名参加 head for朝……行进 hunt for搜索,寻找 wait for等待,等候 37.动词+to amount to总计
attend to处理;对付;照料 belong to属于
contribute to有助于,导致 see to照看;注意;负责
correspond to/with与……相符,与……一致 resign oneself to听从……,顺从…… relate to与……有联系,与……有关联 cater to迎合,满足
appeal to对……有吸引力;上诉;恳求 subscribe to订阅;赞成,同意 apply to申请,请求 38.动词+out drop out退出;脱离;辍学 figure out想清楚,弄明白;计算出 fill out填写(表格等)sell out售完
wear out耗尽;使筋疲力尽;穿破 stand out出色,杰出 leave out省略;遗漏;忽略 39.动词+with deal with对付,处理;涉及 do with处理 meet with偶遇 cope with应付,处理 40.动词+on act on根据(建议、信息等)行事 count on依赖,依靠 decide on选定
depend on依赖,依靠,取决于 focus on集中于
insist on坚持要求,坚持认为 rely on指望,信赖 41.动词+up clear up放晴;清理;整理;澄清;解决 tie up绑好 fasten up固定好 speak up大声说 blow up使充气;爆炸 save up储存;节省 tidy up收拾干净 speed up加速 lock up锁好 42.动词+through pass through穿过,通过
come through(重病后)康复;(消息或信息)传来 43.动词+mind change one’s mind改变主意
make up one’s mind下定决心;决定 bear/keep...in mind记住…… call/bring...to mind回忆起…… read one’s mind看出某人的心思 44.动词+breath hold one’s breath屏住气;屏息 take a deep breath(=breathe deeply)深呼吸 lose one’s breath喘不过气来
catch one’s breath喘口气;歇口气;恢复正常呼吸 45.动词+difference make a difference有影响;起(重要)作用
make some/no difference(to...)(对……)有/没作用或影响 tell the difference(between...and...)辨别/区分(……与……)的不同 46.动词+sb.+of sth.cure sb.of sth.治好某人的病 accuse sb.of sth.指控某人某事 cheat sb.of sth.骗取某人某物 inform sb.of sth.通知某人某事 convince sb.of sth.使某人相信某事 rob sb.of sth.抢劫某人某物 47.动词+habit form the habit of/fall into the habit of/get into the habit of养成……的习惯 be in the habit of有……的习惯 get out of the habit of改掉……的习惯
四、5年高考常考熟词生义
1.absent adj.茫然的,恍惚的(熟义:adj.缺席的)She looked at the picture in an absent way.2.ache v.渴望(熟义:v.&n.疼痛)Having left for ages,he was aching for home.3.address vt.发表演说(熟义:n.地址;v.写地址)The president will address his speech at 3:00 pm.4.against prep.映衬(熟义:prep.逆着,反对;倚,靠;碰)The picture looks nice against the white wall.5.attend v.看护;治疗;陪同(熟义:v.出席;参加)The nurse attended to him day and night.6.availableadj.(人)有空的(熟义:adj.可得到的;可找到的)The professor is now available.7.blank adj.没表情的;空虚的;没兴趣的(熟义:adj.空白的;n.空白)The stranger returned my greeting with a blank look.8.blue adj.忧伤的(熟义:adj.&n.蓝色)His songs always make me feel blue.9.cloudy adj.不明朗的,不清晰的(熟义:adj.阴的,多云的)Who will take his place still remains cloudy.10.coach v.辅导,指导(熟义:n.教练)She coached me in playing football.11.count vt.有价值,重要(熟义:n.&v.计算,数)It is not how much you read but what you read that counts.12.course n.一道菜(熟义:n.课程;过程)The courses vary with seasons.13.cross adj.生气的(熟义:v.跨越,横穿;n.十字)Don’t be cross with him—after all,he is a child.14.desert v.抛弃,离弃(熟义:n.沙漠)He deserted his wife and children and went abroad.15.develop v.冲印(熟义:v.发展;开发;研制)Did you have the films developed? 16.disabled adj.有障碍的,失去功能的(熟义:adj.有残疾的,无能力的)One more look and he noticed flames shooting out from under the disabled vehicle.(2016·全国卷Ⅰ)17.drive v.迫使某人(做不好的事)(熟义:v.驾驶)Hunger drove her to steal.18.divorce v.使分离;使脱离(熟义:v.与某人离婚)You can’t divorce science from ethical questions.19.draw v.获得,取得,推断出(熟义:v.画;拖;拉)What moral are we to draw from the story? 20.express n.快车(熟义:v.表达)Is there an express from Nanjing to Shanghai? 21.encourage v.促进,助长,刺激(熟义:vt.鼓励;激励)Good health encourages clear thinking.22.escape v.被忘掉;被忽视(熟义:v.逃跑;逃脱)The name escapes me for the moment.23.explode v.勃然大怒;大发雷霆(熟义:v.爆炸;爆裂)I’m about to explode!He broke his promise again.24.exploit v.利用(熟义:v.开发;开采;剥削)You must exploit every opportunity to learn English.25.fail v.不足;缺乏(熟义:v.失败)Last year the rain failed and many crops died.26.foreign adj.不熟悉的(熟义:adj.外国的;外交的)The subject is foreign to all of us.27.fresh adj.无经验的(熟义:adj.新鲜的)She is quite fresh to the work.28.gain v.(钟表)快(熟义:v.获得;赢得)Don’tworry.My watch gains.We still have time.29.ground n.理由(熟义:n.地面)He has strong grounds for more money.30.govern vt.影响;支配(熟义:v.管理;控制)The law of supply and demand governs the prices of goods.31.hit n.成功;红极一时的人或事(熟义:v.击中,打击)Tuhao is quite a hit of this year.32.illadj.&adv.坏的/地(熟义:adj.生病的)It’s no good speaking ill of others.33.interest n.利益;股份(熟义:n.兴趣)Our family has interests in the business.34.invite v.吸引(熟义:v.邀请)Don’t leave the window open—it’s inviting thieves to enter.35.inspire v.启发(熟义:v.激励;鼓舞)His best music was inspired by the memory of his mother.36.jump n.&v.大幅度上涨(熟义:v.&n.跳跃)Last week the price of goods jumped.37.kid v.开玩笑;欺骗(熟义:n.小孩)Take it easy.I’m just kidding.38.kill v.消磨(时间)(熟义:v.杀掉;害死)That guy hangs around all day long,killing time.39.losevi.(钟表)慢(熟义:v.失去;丢掉)Please hurry!My watch loses 10 minutes.40.last adj.最不可能的(熟义:adj.最后的)He is the last man I want to see.41.mean adj.自私的,卑鄙的,吝啬的(熟义:v.意思是,意味着)It’s mean of you to eat up all the apples.42.note v.注意,指出,特别提到(熟义:n.笔记)I noted that her hands were dirty.43.openadj.(问题、议事等)未解决的(熟义:v.开;adj.开着的,打开的)They left the matter open.44.operate vi.起作用(熟义:vi.运转;操作;做手术)The medicine operated quickly.45.part v.分手;放弃;卖掉(熟义:n.部分;零件;角色)In order to raise money,he had to part with some of his most treasured possessions.46.pleasant adj.和蔼可亲的,友善的(熟义:adj.令人愉快的)He’s always been very pleasant to me.47.position n.立场;观点(熟义:n.位置;职位)What’s your position on the problem? 48.promise v.有……的希望;使……有可能(熟义:v.&n.许诺)The dark clouds promise rain.49.rate v.对……作出评价;被认为,被评价为(熟义:n.比率;速度)These potatoes rate among the best.50.read v.理解;领会(熟义:v.阅读)I didn’t read mother’s thoughts at that time.51.reflect v.沉思;思考(on/upon)(熟义:v.映出;反射)I need time to reflect on your offer.52.safe adj.谨慎的;小心的(熟义:adj.安全的)He is a safe man.You can count on him.53.say vt.假定;显示;表明(熟义:vt.说)Say that war breaks out,what will you do? 54.shoulder v.承担(熟义:n.肩膀)Young people should learn to shoulder the blame.55.spring v.跳,跃;突然出现(熟义:n.春天;泉水)Fast food restaurants are springing up all over the city.56.strength n.强项,优点,优势(熟义:n.力气)Maths is not my strength.57.walk n.行业(熟义:v.&n.行走;步行)This society welcomes people from all walks of life.58.wear vt.表露,流露,面带(熟义:vt.穿戴)The girl always wears a happy smile.59.weigh v.权衡;斟酌(熟义:v.称……的重量;重达)Please weigh the advantages and disadvantages of doing this!
五、5年高考写作经典句式
1.I am writing to tell you/express...我写信是想告诉你(您)……
I am writing to ask you to do me a favor/pay attention to...我写信是想请您帮助我/关注……
(2016·全国卷Ⅰ)I’m writing to tell you something about my plan for the coming summer vacation.(书信)(2016·全国卷Ⅲ)I’m writing to express my regret at being unable to go to the bookstore with you next weekend,which I have promised.(电子邮件)(2013·重庆高考)I’m a student from Chongqing,China.I am writing to askyou to pay attention to the situation of Finless Porpoises.(求助信)2.with的复合结构
(2014·江苏高考)With English words getting popular in both media and daily life,a Chinese dictionary has included 239 of them.(议论文)3.what...will be like……是什么样子
(2014·新课标全国卷Ⅱ)I often imagine what my life will be like in the future.(说明文)4.In the picture,we can see...从这幅图中,我们可以看出……
(2015·福建高考)In the picture,we can see a boy in worn clothes,sitting at a shabby wooden table with a pile of books on it.(图画作文)5.In Picture 1...while Picture 2 shows...在图一中,……然而图二却展示了……
(2013·江苏高考)In Picture 1,a man is trying to put up a banner on a lonely tree surrounded by stumps,but in vain,while Picture 2 shows a couple happily planting trees.(图画作文)6.I think the picture is telling us that...我认为这幅图是在告诉我们……
(2013·北京高考)I think the picture is telling us that there is usually a difference between one’s dream and reality.(图画作文)7.使用现在分词短语作状语
(2016·北京高考)A week before Earth Day,posters were put up around our school,calling upon us to join in the actions for a greener earth.(图画作文)8.使用不定式作状语
(2013·江西高考)In order to encourage the students to take outdoor exercise,our school organized a mountain-climbing on April 10.(记叙文)9.使用动名词作主语
(2016·江苏高考)On-line voting becomes increasingly popular,and many competitions get people involved in it.(议论文)10.借助“There is a famous saying that...”引用名言
(2013·四川高考)There is a famous saying that“Good habits lead to good endings.”,which shows the importance of habits.(说明文)11.主语+feel+it a great honor to do sth.对……来说,做……是一件荣耀的事情
(2013·天津高考)I am very glad and feel it a great honor to run for the vice president of the English club.(演讲稿)12.How is everything going on?近来一切进展如何?
(2016·全国卷Ⅲ)How is everything going on with you?(电子邮件)13.How I wish I...我多么希望……(2013·山东高考)How I wish I would read and reply to your e-mail as soon as I received it.(电子邮件)14.It is universally acknowledged that...众所周知……
(2013·辽宁高考)It is universally acknowledged that the Mid-Autumn Festival falls on the 15th of the eighth month of our Chinese lunar calendar.(说明文)15.I would really like to...because...我想……因为……
(2015·安徽高考)I would really like to interview him because he is not only the first Chinese to go to space but also one of the greatest astronauts in the world.(想象性作文)16.主语would like to invite sb.to...……想邀请某人去……
(2015·全国卷Ⅱ)I’d like to invite you to join us for a visit to the nearby nursing home next Saturday for the Double Ninth Festival.(邀请信)17.There is no doubt that...毫无疑问……
(2013·四川高考)There is no doubt that a healthy everyday habit helps to build up our body.(说明文)
1.be about to...when...即将做……就在这时……
(2014·福建高考)I was about to give up when my best friend encouraged me to go on.(议论文)2.使用限制性定语从句
(2014·江西高考)In addition,you should respect all the teachers who unselfishly help you to gain much knowledge.(发言稿)3.使用虚拟语气
(2015·安徽高考)If I could interview him,I would ask him what made him an astronaut and how he was trained.(想象性作文)4.Memories rushed to my mind when...当……时候,众多记忆蜂拥而至。
(2014·山东高考)Memories rushed to my mind when I saw this topic.(议论文)5.It shows a common phenomenon nowadays that...它展示了当今一个普遍现象:……
(2013·福建高考)It shows a common phenomenon nowadays that children are the focus of families,shouldering the hope of their parents.(图画作文)6.The message conveyed here is clear:...这儿所传达出的信息十分清晰:……
(2013·江苏高考)The message conveyed here is clear:“Actions speak louder than words.”(图画作文)7.It is more meaningful to do...做……更有意义
(2013·江苏高考)Instead of shouting empty slogans,it is more meaningful to donate books and sports goods to children in need.(图画作文)8.It occurred to sb.that...某人突然想到……
(2013·陕西高考)It occurred to me that I should give the rooms a thorough cleaning.(记叙文)9.使用副词作评注性状语,如amazingly(令人惊讶地),obviously(明显地),importantly(重要地),happily(高兴地),surprisingly(令人吃惊地)等。
(2015·广东高考)Amazingly,she earned respect from her students,all of whom later grew to be confident,considerate and well-behaved.(议论文)(2013·四川高考)Obviously,a good habit can help us to speed up to reach our destinations.(说明文)(2013·天津高考)More importantly,I am a person full of passion for a variety of things.(演讲稿)10.使用as引导的定语从句
(2016·天津高考)As scheduled,we participated in several instructive activities.(发言稿)(2013·四川高考)As we can see,cultivating a good habit is so important that I would like to introduce one kind of good learning habit—keeping a learning diary every day.(说明文)11.I think I can be qualified for...for the following reasons.由于以下原因,我认为我能胜任……
(2013·天津高考)I think I can be qualified for the president for the following reasons.(演讲稿)12.使用非限制性定语从句
(2016·江苏高考)It makes no difference from ordinary voting events,in which candidates go around to seek supports.(议论文)(2015·全国卷Ⅱ)We’ll also spend some fun time together singing,dancing and playing games,which we hope will make them happy.(电子邮件)13.If you were me,you would...如果你是我,你会……
(2013·山东高考)I believe that if you were me,you wouldmake the same choice.(电子邮件)14.be interested in the announcement/advertisement/position of...posted/advertised on...对于登载在……上的通告/广告/职位感兴趣
(2012·新课标全国卷)I am interested in the announcement of the summer camp posted on the Internet.(申请信)15.If the situation remains the same,...如果形势依旧如此……
(2013·重庆高考)If the situation remains the same,within 10 years,Yangtze Finless Porpoises will become extinct forever.(求助信)16.keep quiet about...对……保持沉默
(2012·大纲全国卷Ⅱ)We want to give him a surprise,so please keep quiet about it.(邀请信)
1.使用what引导的主语从句
(2015·湖南高考)What impressed me most was that I failed in an English exam,feeling extremely upset and disappointed.(说明文)2.wish从句中使用虚拟语气
(2014·新课标全国卷Ⅰ)Besides,I wish there would not be too many students in a class.(应用文)3.so...that...如此……以至于……
(2016·北京高考)We did so well that we were invited to share our idea and experience with all the students of our school.(图画作文)(2014·山东高考)At the beginning,learning English seemed so difficult that I wanted to give up without even trying.(议论文)4.while连接两个并列句
(2013·福建高考)The son,well dressed,waves proudly in the middle while the father behind bends forward to hold the jacket and the mother in front rolls out the carpet,sweating.(图画作文)5.使用选择疑问句
(2013·江苏高考)Should we just pay lip service or take practical measures to protect the earth?The answer is definitely the latter.(图画作文)6.It is not so easy for sb.to do sth.对某人来说做某事不容易
(2013·北京高考)Everyone has his dream.However,it is not so easy for people to realizetheir dreams every time.(图画作文)7.使用过去分词短语作后置定语
(2015·全国卷Ⅰ)It carries articles written by foreign friends about the cultures of their home countries.(书信)(2013·陕西高考)Firstly I collected all the books,newspapers and other things scattered in the rooms and put them in place.(记叙文)8.find+宾语+宾语补足语
(2013·北京高考)Just the next morning,I found my mother not feeling well.(记叙文)9.时间名词作连词
(2013·北京高考)The moment my father came back home,my mother told him what had happened.(记叙文)10.使用现在分词短语作状语
(2015·北京高考)Looking at the figurines,we were all very excited.(记叙文)(2013·江西高考)All the way we were chatting,singing and laughing,enjoying the fresh air and the beautiful scenery.(记叙文)11.使用独立主格结构
(2013·江西高考)Some falling behind,others would come and offer help.(记叙文)12.It was+时间段+before...多长时间后……
(2013·江西高考)It was about 2 hours before we all reached the top.(记叙文)13.not...until...直到……才……
(2013·安徽高考)If I ride a bike,I’ll always keep to the right and never cross a road until the traffic light turns green.(说明文)14.主语+regard it as one’s duty to do sth.把做某事当作某人的义务
(2013·安徽高考)Meanwhile,I will regard it as my duty to help keep our environment clean and healthy.(说明文)15.使用最高级
(2016·四川高考)Summer vacation is the longest of the year...I think summer is certainly more fun than the other three seasons.I like summer best.(说明文)16.使用方式状语by doing sth.(2013·四川高考)We can start the habit by writing learning summary and recording something impressive and meaningful.(说明文)17.祈使句+and+陈述句
(2013·四川高考)Keep it in mind and gradually we can gain this good learning habit and benefit from it.(说明文)(2013·北京高考)Another try,and they may gain what they dream of.(图画作文)18.no matter+疑问词
(2015·福建高考)The moral of the story is:spare no effort to acquire knowledge and never get discouraged easily no matter how difficult the situation may be.(图画作文)(2013·辽宁高考)Usually,no matter how far away or how busy we are,we will try to come home for the celebration.(说明文)19.用such as列举事例
(2013·辽宁高考)In addition to these traditional activities,we have a wider range of choices such as travelling and visiting our relatives or friends.(说明文)20.使用同位语解释说明前面的名词
(2016·北京高考)As for my favorite figure in Chinese history it must be Wei Yuan,a great thinker in the late Qing Dynasty.(说明文)21.be+形容词+enough to do sth.足够……能做某事
(2013·天津高考)If I am lucky enough to be elected,I will make every effort to serve for the benefits of students and our club.(演讲稿)22.使用插入语I am sure,I think等
(2013·天津高考)I will organize various activities in our university,such as holding lectures and English parties,which,I am sure,will be beneficial to improving students’ English.(演讲稿)23.使用so that引导的结果状语从句
(2016·全国卷Ⅲ)We can set out early so that we will have more time to read and select books.(电子邮件)24.It is likely that...有可能……
(2013·山东高考)It is likely that I will work as a volunteer for the school as a teaching assistant.(电子邮件)25.not...but...不是……而是……
(2016·江苏高考)To be honest,voters sometimes feel annoyed,not because they hate voting,but because they are divided between emotion and fairness.(议论文)(2016·江苏高考)Voting of this kind does not depend on the strong points of the competitors,but rather on how many social-networking resources they have.(议论文)26.多种时态的综合运用
(2012·新课标全国卷)I’ve been learning English for 10 years,and I speak fluent English.(申请信)27.on one’s doing...一……就……
(2012·大纲全国卷Ⅱ)On his arriving,we will light the candles and sing “Happy Birthday” together for him.(邀请信)28.as soon as possible尽可能快地
(2013·重庆高考)Besides,sewage emissions should be reduced as soon as possible.(求助信)29.It is another effective way to do sth.做……是另外一种有效方式。
(2013·重庆高考)What’s more,it is another effective way to appeal to the news media along the middle-lower reaches of the Yangtze River for a joint interview to publicize the importance of porpoise conservation.(求助信)30.Would you please do...您能否做……
(2015·全国卷Ⅰ)Would you please write something about the culture in your part of the United States?(约稿信)(2013·新课标全国卷Ⅰ)Would you please meet my uncle at the airport and take him to his hotel since this is his first visit to the U.S.?(求助信)
1.so long as只要
(2014·山东高考)So long as we hold fast to our ideals and never give up,we are bound to achieve success.(议论文)2.not only...but also...的倒装句
(2015·广东高考)As for its functions,not onlycan the technique be used to predict major diseases,but it also enables people to foresee the examinees’ food preference.(说明文)(2014·广东高考)As far as I am concerned,not only will her generosity help those in need realize their dreams and rebuild faith in life,but also it will motivate more people to participate in such a good deed.(议论文)3.in a word总之
(2014·新课标全国卷Ⅱ)In a word,my life will be much richer and more colorful.(说明文)(2014·山东高考)In a word,not only does the proverb enable me to face up to the difficulties bravely,but also it contributes much to keeping confident all the time.(议论文)4.encourage/inspire sb.to do sth.instead of doing sth.鼓励/激励某人做……而不是做……
(2013·福建高考)Parents should encourage their children to overcome difficulties and inspire them to develop by themselves instead of doing everything for them.(图画作文)5.only in this way引起的倒装句
(2013·福建高考)Only in this way can they grow up to be independent and become truly successful.(图画作文)6.“only+状语从句”引起的倒装句
(2013·江苏高考)Only when we match our words with actions can we make a difference in whatever we hope to accomplish.(图画作文)7.as far as...is concerned就……而言
(2013·北京高考)As far as I am concerned,people need to learn to accept the reality and keep on
第四篇:高中地理必背考点
高中地理必背考点(地图专题)
1.经度的递变:向东度数增大为东经度,向西度数增大为西经度。
2.纬度的递变:向北度数增大为北纬度,向南度数增大为南纬度。
3.纬线的形状和长度:互相平行的圆,赤道是最长的纬线圈,由此往两极逐渐缩短。
4.经线的形状和长度:所有经线都是交于南北极点的半圆,长度都相等。
5.东西经的判断:沿着自转方向增大的是东经,减小的是西经。
6.南北纬的判断:度数向北增大为北纬,向南增大为南纬。
7.东西半球的划分:20°W往东至160°E为东半球,20°W往西至160°E为西半球。
8.东西方向的判断:劣弧定律(例如东经80°在东经1°的东面,在西经170°的西面)
9.比例尺大小与图示范围:相同图幅,比例尺愈大,表示的范围愈小;比例尺愈小,表示的范围愈大。
10.地图上方向的确定:一般情况,“上北下南,左西右东”;有指向标的地图,指向标的箭头指向北方;
经纬网地图,经线指示南北方向,纬线指示东西方向。
11.等值线的疏密:同一幅图中等高线越密,坡度越陡;等压线越密,风力越大;等温线越密,温差越大
12.等高线的凸向与地形:等高线向高处凸出的地方为山谷,向低处凸出的地方为山脊。
13.等高线的凸向与河流:等高线凸出方向与河流流向相反。
14.等温线的凸向与洋流:等温线凸出方向与洋流流向相同。
第五篇:高中政治生活必背考点
围绕公民的问题
1.国家性质2.权利3.义务4.原则5.民主监督6.民主决策7.有序参与政治
围绕政府的问题
1.国家性质2.政府性质3.职能4.宗旨5.原则6.行政7.决策8.监督9.权威
围绕共产党的问题
1.国家性质2.地位3.性质4.宗旨5.作用6.执政方式7.执政理念8.指导思想
围绕国际社会的问题
1.构成2.国际关系3.世界多极化4.外交政策5.时代主题(障碍)政治生活
第一单元、公民的政治生活
一、国家
1.产生原因:生产力的发展
*国家是阶级矛盾不可调节的产物 2.本质:阶级统治的工具 3.属性:
1).阶级性(根本属性)2).主权性(最重要属性)
二、中华人民共和国 1.我国的国家性质:中华人民共和国是工人阶级领导的、以工农联盟为基础的人民民主专政的社会主义国家。
*人民民主专政是我国的国体,在社会主义制度中具有根本意义。2.人民民主专政:
1).本质:人民当家作主
2).特点:对绝大多数的人民实行民主,对少数敌对分子实行专政。3).人民民主内容:民主与专政结合 4).人民民主特点:
A.广泛性(民主主体广泛性、民主权利广泛性)B.真实性(制度保障、法律保障、物质保障)
*民主与专政的关系:民主是专政的基础,专政是民主的保障。5).实行人民民主专政的原因:
A.四项基本原则是我国的立国之本。
B.人民民主专政是人民当家作主的保证(政治保证)。*立国之本(四项基本原则):
A.坚持社会主义道路 B.坚持人民民主专政 C.坚持中国共产党的领导
D.坚持马克思列宁主义毛泽东思想
三、政治权利 1.选举权和被选举权
1.条件:
A.中国国籍的公民 B.年满十八周岁 C.未被剥夺政治权利
2.意义:公民基本的民主权利,公民参与国家管理的基础和标志。2.政治自由(言论、出版、集会、结社、游行、示威)
3.监督权(包括批评权、建议权、检举权、申诉权、控告权)
四、政治义务
1.维护国家统一和民族团结 2.维护国家安全、荣誉和利益 3.遵守宪法和法律
4.服兵役和参加民兵组织
五、参与政治应遵循的生活原则
1.坚持公民在法律面前一律平等的原则。2.坚持权利与义务统一的原则。
3.坚持个人利益与集体利益和国家利益相结合的原则。
六、政治生活 1.政治生活内容:
1).行使政治权利,履行政治义务。2).参与社会公共管理活动。3).参与社会主义民主政治建设。4).关注我国在国际社会中的地位。2.如何参与政治生活:
1).参与政治生活必须明确政治生活的作用。2).参与政治生活需要学习政治知识。3).参与政治生活,贵在实践。*谈谈你对网络民主的认识 积极:
1).政府与公民的互动,体现了政府在积极转变职能,努力打造服务型政府,坚持对人民负责;
2).有利于促进决策科学民主和自觉接受人民监督;
3).体现了我国是人民民主专政的社会主义国家,公民有言论自由和监督权。消极:
1).公民行使权利的同时要履行遵守宪法和法律的义务; 2).坚持权利与义务相统一的原则;
3).在行使权力的同时不得干扰正常公务活动; 4).有序参与民主政治
七、民主选举 1.选举方式:
1).直接选举 2).间接选举 3).等额选举 4).差额选举
*人民代表选举方式:县级以下直接选举,县级以上间接选举
八、民主决策 1.民主决策方式:
1).社情民意反映制度(拓宽民意反映渠道,是推进决策科学决策的重要前提)2).专家咨询制度
3).重大事项社会公示制度 4).社会听证制度 2.民主决策的意义:
1).有助于决策充分反映民意,体现决策的民主性; 2).有利于决策广泛集中民智,增强决策的科学性; 3).有利于促进公民对决策的理解,推动决策的实施;
4).有利于提高公民参与公共事务的热情和信心,增强公民的社会责任感。
九、民主管理
1.民主管理方式:村民自治、城市居民自治
*村民自治、城市居民自治是自我管理、自我教育、自我服务的基层群众性自治组织。2.主要途径:自己选举当家人。3.民主管理的原因:
1).实行村民自治和城市居民自治,是人民当家作主最有效的途径。2).实行村民自治和城市居民自治,扩大基层民主,是社会主义民主最为广泛而深刻的实践。
4.发展基层民主的重要意义:
1).发展基层民主,保障人民享有更多、更切实的民主权利,是社会主义民主政治的重要内容。
2).实行村民自治和城市居民自治,以保证人民群众依法直接行使民主权利,管理基层公共事和公共事业,是人民当家作主最有效的途径。3).是社会主义民主最为广泛而深刻的实践。4).是发展社会主义民主政治的基础性工作。有利于调动公民投身于社会主义现代化建设的积极性、主动性和创造型。
5).有利于发展社会主义民主政治,构建和谐社会。
十、民主监督 1.民主监督方式:
1).信访举报制度。
2).人大代表联系群众制度。3).舆论监督制度。
4).民主监督的新形式(监督听证会、民主评议会、网上评议政府等)2.如何进行民主监督:
1).为了国家和人民的利益,要敢于同邪恶势力进行斗争,勇于使用宪法和法律规定的监督权。
2).必须采取合法方式,坚持实事求是的原则。3).不能干扰公务活动。3.民主监督的意义:
1).有利于改进被监督者的工作
2).有助于激发广大公民关心国家大事、为社会主义现代化建设出谋划策的主人翁精神。
十一、如何有序参与政治
1.遵循法律、规则、程序参与民主选举、民主决策、民主管理、民主监督。2.依法行使政治权利、履行政治义务。3.坚持公民在法律面前一律平等,权利和义务相统一,个人利益与国家利益相结合的原则。4.坚持中国共产党的领导。5.提高政治素养。第二单元、为人民服务的政府
十二、政府
1.政府性质:国家权力机关的执行机关,国家的行政机关,人民意志的执行者和捍卫者。
*人民受政府管理,政府为人民提供服务。
*我国建设服务型政府的根本目的:提高政府为经济社会发展服务、人民服务的的能力和水平。2.政府的职能:
1).保障人民民主和维护国家长治久安。2).组织社会主义经济建设。3).组织社会主义文化建设。4).加强社会建设。5).推进生态文明建设。3.政府的宗旨:为人民服务。
4.政府工作的基本原则:坚持对人民负责的原则。5.如何做到对人民负责:
1).坚持为人民服务的工作态度。2).树立求真务实的工作作风。
3).坚持从群众中来到群众中去的工作方法。6.求助投诉的多种途径:
1).热线电话 2).信访部门
3).建立行政裁决制度
十三、政府的权力 1.必要性:
1).政府依法行政是贯彻依法治国方略,提高行政管理水平的基本要求。2).体现对人民负责的原则。2.意义:
1).有利于保障人民群众的权利和自由; 2).有利于加强廉政建设,提高政府的权威;
3).有利于防止权力的缺失和滥用,提高行政管理水平;
4).有利于带动全社会尊重法律、遵守法律、维护法律,推进社会主义民主法制进程。
十四、权力进行制约和监督(一)权力监督与制约
1.政府权力需要制约的原因:
1).国家性质:我国人民民主专政的社会主义国家。人民是国家的主人。2).权力是把双刃剑。
A.政府权力运用的好,可以指挥得法,令行禁止,造福人民。B.权力一旦滥用,超越法律的界限,就会滋生腐败,败贻害无穷。
2.关键:健全权力运行的监督和制约体系。3.政府监督:
1).政府内部监督:上级政府、监察部门、审计部门、法制部门
2).政府外部监督:国家权力机关,人民政协,社会与公民,国家司法机关、中国共产党、4.意义:
1).政府接受监督是依法行政,做好工作的必要保证。
2).政府只有接受监督,才能更好地合民意、集民智、聚民心,作出正确的决策; 3).政府只有接受监督,才能提高行政水平和工作效率,防止和减少工作失误; 4).政府只有接受监督,才能防止滥用权力,保证清正廉洁;
5).政府只有接受监督,才能真正做到权为民所用,造福于人民,从而建立起一个具有权威和公信力的政府。
(二)政务公开
1.内容:决策公开、执行公开、管理公开、服务公开、结果公开。
*政府以公开为常态,不公开为例外原则。2.意义:
1).有利于规范政府及其工作人员的行政行为,提高政府公信力。
2).更好地保障公民的知情权、参与权、表达权、监督权,便于公民监督政府的工作,维护自己的权益。
十五、政府的权威 1.决定因素:国家性质
2.有无权威的标志:政府的管理和服务是否被人民认可和接受。3.如何树立权威:
1).政府及其工作人员要科学决策、依法行政、审慎用权、优化公共服务、完善社会管理,要自觉接受人民监督,与人民群众保持和谐关系。2).政府及其工作人员要有良好的业绩。
3).政府工作人员要重品行、作表率,维护广大人民的根本利益。第三单元、发展社会主义民主政治
十六、人大代表
1.性质:国家权力机关组成人员。
2.产生方式-:直接选举、间接选举
*每届的任期--五年。3.权利:审议权、表决权、提案权、质询权 4.义务:
1).协助宪法和法律实施
2).与人民群众保持密切联系,听取和反映人民群众的意见和要求 3).为人民服务,对人民负责,接受人民监督
十七、人民代表大会
1.性质:国家权力机关
*全国人大——最高国家权力机关 2.权利:立法权、决定权、任免权、监督权 3.组成:
1).全国人民代表大会(最高国家权力机关)2).地方各级人民代表大会
4.人民代表大会与其他国家机关的关系:
1).其他国家机关由人大产生 2).其他国家机关对人大负责 3).其他国家机关受人大监督
十八、人民代表大会制度
以人民代表大会为基石(一)政权组织形式
1.我国政体、根本政治制度、政权组织形式:人民代表大会制度 2.活动准则: 民主集中制
1).含义:民主基础上的集中和集中指导下的民主相结合的制度 2).体现:
A.人民代表大会与人民的关系
B.人民代表大会与其他国家机关的关系 C.中央和地方国家机构的关系
*国体与政体的关系:国体决定政体,政体反映国体(二)人民代表大会制度
1.决定因素:人民民主专政的国家性质 2.基本内容:
1).国家一切权力属于人民
2).人民通过民主选举选出代表,组成各级人民代表大会作为国家权力机关 3).由人民代表大会产生其他国家机关,依法行使各种职权 4).实行民主集中制的组织和活动准则 3.人民代表大会制度的优越性:
1).保障人民当家作主
2).动员全体人民投身于社会主义建设 3).保证国家机关协调高效运转 4).维护国家统一和民族团结
4.如何坚持和完善人民代表大会制度:
1).发展社会主义民主政治,必须坚持和完善人民代表大会制度,绝不照搬西方的政治 制度
2).坚定制度自信,不是要固步自封 3).坚持和完善人民代表大会制度,必须毫不动摇的坚持中国共产党的领导,必须保证和发展人民当家作主,必须全面推进依法治国,必须坚持民主集中制。
十九、我国的政党制度(一)中国共产党 1.地位:
1).中国特色社会主义事业的领导核心 2).中华人民共和国的执政党 2.性质:
1).中国工人阶级先锋队
2).中国人民和中华民族的先锋队 3.宗旨:全心全意为人民服务 4.作用:
1).坚持中国共产党的领导才能坚持和发展中国特色社会主义 2).坚持中国共产党的领导才能维护国家统一、民族团结,为社会主义现代化建设创造稳定、和谐的社会环境
3).坚持中国共产党的领导才能最广泛、最充分的调动一切积极因素,实现全面建成小康社会的宏伟目标。
*1~4是坚持中国共产党的原因
5.执政方式:科学执政、民主执政、依法执政 6.执政理念:立党为公,执政为民
7.指导思想:马克思列宁主义,毛泽东思想、中国特色社会主义理论体系(二)依法治国依法执政
1.总目标:中国特色社会主义法制体系,建设社会主义法治国家 2.意义:
1).依法治国是中国共产党的基本方略,依法执政是中国共产党执政的基本方式 2).党的领导与社会主义法治是一致的,社会主义法治必须坚持党的领导,党的领导必须依靠社会主义法治
3.关键:依宪治国,依宪执政
(三)坚持社会主义理论体系
中国特色社会主义是当代中国发展进步的根本方向 1.内容:马克思列宁主义,毛泽东思想、中国特色社会主义理论体系 2.中国特色社会主义理论体系:邓小平理论、“三个代表”重要思想、科学发展观
1).邓小平理论
A.主题:什么是社会主义,怎样建设社会主义 B.核心内容:党在社会主义阶段的总路线 C.精髓:解放思想,实事求是 2).“三个代表”重要思想
A.本质:立党为公,执政为民 3).科学发展观
A.第一要义:推动经济社会发展 B.核心立场:以人为本
C.基本要求:全面协调可持续 D.根本方法:统筹兼顾(四)多党合作和政治协商制度 1.地位:
1).中国特色社会主义政党制度 2).基本政治制度 2.内容:
1).中国共产党与其他党派的关系:通力合作、共同致力于社会主义事业的亲密友党 2).前提、根本保证:坚持中国共产党的领导。
*政治领导:政治原则、政治方向、重大方针政策的领导 3).基本方针:长期共存、相互监督、肝胆相照、荣辱与共 4).根本活动原则:遵守宪法和法律 5).机构:政治协商制度
6).性质:中国共产党领导的统一战线组织 7).主题:团结、民主 8).职能:
A.政治协商 B.民主监督 C.参政议政 9).优越性:
A.有利于发展社会主义民主法治。
B.有利于发展社会主义经济、文化和建设生态文明。C.有利于构建社会主义和谐社会。
D.有利于推动祖国和平统一大业的实现。
二十、民族区域自治制度(一)民族关系
1.民族关系:平等、团结、互助、和谐(二)民族关系原则 1.原则:
1).平等(首要原则)*政治上已完成,经济文化上存在不平等。2).团结(重要原则)3).共同繁荣(根本原则)(由社会主义本质决定)2.如何巩固社会主义民族关系:
1).国家:
A.坚持平等、团结、共同繁荣的原则
B.坚持民族区域自治,宗教性仰自由的政策 C.坚持依法治国,打击民族分裂活动 2).公民:
A.珍惜、巩固和发展社会主义民族关系
B.自觉履行宪法规定的维护国家统一和民族团结的义务 C.以实际行动共同维护和发展社会主义民族关系 D.坚持党的领导,同破坏民族团结的行为作斗争
(三)民族区域自治制度
1.内容:在国家统一领导下,在各少数民族聚居的地方实行区域自治,设立自治机关,行使自治权的制度。
2.自治机关:自治地方的人民代表大会和人民政府 3.民族区域自治制度的核心内容:自治权 4.前提、基础:国家统一 5.优越性:
1).有利于维护国家的统一和安全。
2).有利于保障少数民族人民当家作主的权利得以实现。
3).有利于发展平等、团结、互助、和谐的社会主义民族关系。4).有利于促进社会主义现代化建设事业的蓬勃发展。二
十一、宗教政策
1.政策:宗教信仰自由政策
*我国引导宗教与社会主义社会相适应 二
十二、国际社会(一)主权国家 1.种类:
1).按国家性质:社会主义国家、资本主义国家 2).按经济发展程度:发展中国家、发达国家 2.构成要素:人口、领土、政权、主权 3.表现
1).对内:国家最高权力的至高无上性 2).对外:国家最高权力的独立自主性 4.权利:
1).独立权 2).平等权 3).自主权 4).管辖权 5.义务:
1).不侵犯别国 2).不干涉他国内政
3).以和平方式解决国际争端(二)国际组织 1.分类:
1).政府性和非政府性 2).世界性和区域性 3).一般性和专门性 2.作用:
1).积极:
A.促进国家政治、经济、文化、科学技术的交流与合作。B.协调国际政治和经济的关系
C.调节国际争端,缓解国家间的矛盾,维护世界和平。2).消极:国际组织受大国控制 3.联合国
1).性质:世界性政府间的世界组织
2).宗旨:维护国际和平与安全,促进国际合作与发展。
3).原则:各会员国主权平等;履行宪章规定的义务;以和平方式解决国际争端;不得对其他国家进行武力威胁或使用武力;集体协作;不干涉他国内政 4).中国地位:联合国的创始国和常任理事国 5).中国对联合国的作用:
A.一贯遵循《联合国宪章》的宗旨和原则,支持按《联合国宪章》精神所进行的各项工作,积极参加联合国机器专门机构有利于世界和平与发展的活动。B.中国在世界裁减军队,保护环境,保障人权和解决地区冲突等一系列全球性问题上发挥着重要作用,对世界和平与发展作出了重要贡献。
(三)国际关系
1.实质:利益关系
2.内容:政治、经济、文化、军事关系 3.形式:竞争、合作、冲突 4.决定因素:国家利益 5.国家合作基础:共同利益 6.冲突根源:利益对立
7.出发点和落脚点:维护国家利益(四)坚定的维护我国的国家利益 1.原因:
1).我国是人民当家作主的这社会主义国家,国家利益与人民的根本利益相一致 2).维护我国的国家利益就是维护广大人民的根本利益,是完全正当、正义的 3).维护国家利益是主权国家对外活动的出发点和立脚点 2.如何维护我国的国家利益:
1).坚定的维护本国的国家利益 2).我国在维护自身利益的同时,兼顾他国合理关切,在谋求本国发展中促进各国共同发展。
3).必须增强我国的综合国力 4).公民:
A.树立国家观念、民族意识,增强民族自豪感、自尊心、自信心; B.努力学好文化知识,提高自身素质;
C.努力维护国家安定、社会稳定的政治局面; D.必须同一切损害国家利益的现象作斗争。
二十三、世界和平1.时代主题:和平与发展
2.人类社会存在和发展的基本条件:世界和平3.不和平的原因:
霸权主义、强权政治和新干涉主义侵犯别国主权,干涉别国内政;局部动荡频繁发生;粮食安全;能源资源安全;网络安全;恐怖主义 4.全球发展最突出的问题:南北发展不平衡 5.主要障碍:霸权主义和强权政治 6.怎么维护世界和平与发展:
1).反对霸权主义和强权政治。2).改变旧的国际秩序,建立以和平共处五项基本原则为基础的有利于世界和平与发展的国际新秩序。
二十四、世界多极化趋势
1.突出特点:世界多极化深入发展
2.国际竞争实质:以经济和科技实力为基础的综合国力的较量。3.政治经济力量中心:美国,欧盟,俄罗斯,中国,日本,广大发展中国家。二
十五、我国外交政策 1.政策:独立自主的和平外交 2.决定因素:国家性质、国家利益
3.基本目标:维护我国的独立和主权,促进世界的和平与发展。4.宗旨:维护世界和平,促进共同发展。5.基本立场:独立自主。基本准则:和平共处五项原则。6.意义:
1).有利于维护我国的独立与主权,有利于促进我国的社会主义现代化建设,符合中国人民的共同愿望、根本利益。
2).有利于促进世界的和平与发展,符合世界人民的共同愿望和根本利益。7.怎么做
1).积极参与国际事务,努力为我国的改革开放和现代化建设争取有利的国际环境; 2).在和平共处五项原则的基础上同所有国家发展友好合作。3).坚决反对各种形式霸权主义和强权政治。