高考生物必背知识

第一篇：高考生物必背知识

#高考生物必背知识#79．基因分离定律的实质是：在杂合子的细胞中，位于一对同源染色体上的等位基因，具有一定的独立性，生物体在进行减数分裂形成配子时，等位基因会随着同源染色体的分开而分离，分别进入到两个配子中，独立地随配子遗传给后代。#一轮复习#

第二篇：2017年高考生物必背知识点归纳

2017年高考生物必背知识点归纳

1.人工诱导多倍体最有效的方法：用秋水仙素来处理，萌发的种子或幼苗。

2.单倍体是指：体细胞中含本物种配子染色体数目的个体。单倍体特点：植株弱小，而且高度不育。

单倍体育种过程：杂种F1 单倍体 纯合子。

单倍体育种优点：明显缩短育种年限。

3.现代生物进化理论基本观点：种群是生物进化的基本单位，生物进化的实质是种群基因频率的改变。突变和基因重组，自然选择及隔离是物种形成过程的三个基本环节，通过它们的综合作用，种群产生分化，最终导致新物种形成。在这个过程中，突变和基因重组产生生物进化的原材料，自然选择使种群的基因频率定向改变并决定生物进化的方向，隔离是新物种形成的必要条件。

4.物种是：指分布在一定的自然区域，具有一定形态结构和生理功能，而且在自然状态下能相互交配和繁殖，并能够产生可育后代的一群生物个体。

5.达尔文自然选择学说意义：能科学地解释生物进化的原因，生物多样性和适应性。

局限：不能解释遗传变异的本质及自然选择对可遗传变异的作用。

6.基因重组只发生在减数分裂过程和基因工程中，(三倍体，病毒，细菌等不能基因重组。)

7.细胞生物的遗传物质就是DNA，有DNA就有RNA，有5种碱基，8种核苷酸。

8.双缩尿试剂不能检测蛋白酶活性，因为蛋白酶本身也是蛋白质。

9.高血糖症，不等于糖尿病，高血糖症尿液中不含葡萄糖，只能验血，不能用本尼迪特试剂检验，因为血液是红色的。

10.洋葱表皮细胞不能进行有丝分裂，必须是连续分裂的细胞才有细胞周期。

11.细胞克隆，就是细胞培养，利用细胞增值的原理。

12.细胞板不等于赤道板，细胞板是植物细胞分裂后期由高尔基体形成，赤道板不是细胞结构。

13.激素调节是体液调节的主要部分，CO2刺激呼吸中枢使呼吸加快属于体液调节。

9.注射血清治疗患者不属于二次免疫，(抗原加记忆细胞才是)，血清中的抗体是多种抗体的混合物。

10.刺激肌肉会收缩，不属于反射，反射必须经过完整的反射弧(这个点昨天一摸理综就考了)，判断兴奋传导方向有突触或神经节。

11.递质分兴奋行递质和抑制性递质，抑制性递质能引起下一个神经元电位变化，但电性不变，所以不会引起效应器反应。

12.DNA是主要的遗传物质中的“主要”如何理解?每种生物只有一种遗传物质，细胞生物就是DNA.RNA也不是次要的遗传物质，而是针对“整个”生物界而言的，只有少数RNA病毒的遗传物质是RNA。

13.隐性基因在哪些情况下性状能表达?...1.单倍体，2，纯合子，3.位于Y染色体上。

14.染色体组不等于染色体组型不等于基因组。染色体组是一组非同元染色体，如人类为2个染色体组，为二倍体生物。基因组为22+X+Y，而染色体组型为44+XX或XY.15.病毒不具细胞结构，无独立心陈代谢，只能过寄生生活，用普通培养基无法培养，之能用活细胞培养，如活鸡胚。

16.病毒在生物学中的应用举例：①基因工程中作载体，②细胞工程中作诱融合剂，③在免疫学上可作疫苗用于免疫预防。

17.遗传中注意事项：

(1)基因型频率≠基因型概率。

(2)显性突变、隐性突变。

(3)重新化整的思路(Aa自交→1AA：2Aa：1aa，其中aa致死，则1/3AA+2/3Aa=1)

(4)自交≠自由交配，自由交配用基因频率去解，特别提示：豌豆的自由交配就是自交。

(5)基因型的书写格式要正确，如常染色体上基因写前面XY一定要大写。要用题中所给的字母表示。

(6)一次杂交实验，通常选同型用隐性，异型用显性。

(7)遗传图解的书写一定要写基因型，表现型，×，↓，P，F等符号，遗传图解区别遗传系谱图，需文字说明的一定要写，特别注意括号中的说明。

(8)F2出现3：1(Aa自交)出现1：1(测交Aa×aa)，出现9：3：3：1(AaBb自交)出现1：1：1：1(AaBb×aabb测交或Aabb×aaBb杂交)。

(9)验证基因位于一对同源染色体上满足基因分离定律(或位于两对同源染色体上满足基因自由组合定律)方法可以用自交或测交。(植物一般用自交，动物一般用测交)

(10)子代中雌雄比例不同，则基因通常位于X染色体上;出现2：1或6：3：2：1则通常考虑纯合致死效应;子代中雌雄性状比例相同，基因位于常染色体上。

(11)F2出现1：2：1不完全显性)，9：

7、15：

1、12：3：

1、9：6;1(总和为16)都是9：3：3：1的变形(AaBb的自交或互交)。

(12)育种方法：快速繁殖(单倍体育种，植物组织培养)、最简单育种方法(自交)。

(13)秋水仙素作用于萌发的种子或幼苗(未作用的部位，如根部仍为二倍体);秋水仙素的作用原理：有丝分裂前期抑制纺锤体的形成;秋水仙素能抑制植物细胞纺锤体的形成，对动物细胞无效。秋水仙素是生物碱，不是植物激素。

(14)遗传病不一定含有致病基因，如21-三体综合症。

18.平常考试用常见错别字归纳：液(叶)泡、神经(精)、类(内)囊体、必需(须)、测(侧)定、纯合(和)子、抑(仰)制、拟(似)核、拮(佶)抗、蒸腾(滕)、异养(氧)型。

19.细胞膜上的蛋白质有糖蛋白(识别功能，如受体、MHC等)，载体蛋白，水通道蛋白等。

20.减数分裂与有丝分裂比较：减数第一次分裂同源染色体分离，减数第二次分裂和有丝分裂着丝粒断裂，减数分裂有基因重组，有丝分裂中无基因重组，有丝分裂整个过程中都有同源染色体，减数分裂过程中有联会、四分体时期。(识别图象：三看法针对的是二倍体生物)。

21.没有纺锤丝的牵拉着丝粒也会断裂，纺锤丝的作用是使姐妹染色单体均分到两极。

22.精子、卵细胞属于高度分化的细胞，但全能性较大、无细胞周期。

23.表观光合速率判断的方法：坐标图中有“负值”，文字中有“实验测得”。

24.哺乳动物无氧呼吸产生乳酸，不产生二氧化碳，酵母菌兼性厌氧型能进行有氧呼吸和无氧呼吸。植物无氧呼吸一般产生酒精、二氧化碳(特例：马铃薯的块茎、玉米的胚、甜菜的块根)。

25.植物细胞具有全能性，动物细胞(受精卵、2~8细胞球期、生殖细胞)也有全能性;通常讲动物细胞核具有全能性(实例：克隆羊)，胚胎干细胞具有发育全能性。

26.基因探针可以是DNA双链、单链或RNA单链，但探针的核苷酸序列是已知的(如测某人是否患镰刀型贫血症)，则探针是放射性同位素标记或荧光标记的镰刀型贫血症患者的DNA作为探针。

27.病毒作为抗原，表面有多种蛋白质。所以由某病毒引起的抗体有多种。即一种抗原(含有多个抗原分子)引起产生的特异性抗体有多种(一种抗原分子对应一种特异性抗体)。

28.每一个浆细胞只能产生一种特异性抗体，所以人体内的B淋巴细胞表面的抗原-MHC受体是有许多种的，而血清中的抗体是多种抗体的混合物。

29.抗生素(如青霉素、四环素)只对细菌起作用(抑制细菌细胞壁形成)，不能对病毒起作用。

30.转基因作物与原物种仍是同一物种，而不是新物种。基因工程实质是基因重组，基因工程为定向变异。

31.标记基因(通常选抗性基因)的作用是：用于检测重组质粒是否被导入受体细胞(不含抗性)而选择性培养基(加抗生素的培养基)的作用是：筛选是否导入目的基因的受体细胞。抗生素针对的不是目的基因，而是淘汰不具有抗性的没有导入目的基因的受体细胞。

32.产生新物种判断的依据是有没有达到生殖隔离;判断是否为同一物种的依据是能否交配成功并产生可育后代。

33.动物细胞融合技术的最重要用途是制备单克隆抗体，而不是培养出动物。

34.微生物包括病毒、细菌、支原体、酵母菌等肉眼看不到的微小生物。

35.浆细胞是唯一不能识别抗原的免疫细胞。吞噬细胞能识别抗原、但不能特异性识别抗原。

36.0℃时，散热增加，产热也增加，两者相等。但生病发热时，是由于体温调节能力减弱，产热增加、散热不畅造成的。

37.免疫异常有三种：过敏反应、自身免疫病、免疫缺陷病。

38.所有细胞器中，核糖体分布最广(在核外膜、内质网膜上、线粒体、叶绿体内都有分布)。

39.生长素≠生长激素。

40.线粒体、叶绿体内的DNA也能转录、翻译产生蛋白质。

41.细胞分化的实质是基因的选择性表达，指都是由受精卵分裂过来的细胞，结构、功能不同的细胞中，DNA相同，而转录出的RNA不同，所翻译的蛋白质不同。42.精原细胞(特殊的体细胞)通过复制后形成初级精母细胞，通过有丝分裂形成更多的精原细胞。

43.tRNA上有3个暴露在外面的碱基，而不是只有3个碱基，是由多个碱基构成的单链RNA。

44.观察质壁分离实验时，细胞无色透明，如何调节光线?缩小光圈或用平面反光镜。

45.抗体指免疫球蛋白，还有抗毒素、凝集素。但干扰素不是抗体，干扰素是病毒侵入细胞后产生的糖蛋白，具有抗病毒、抗细胞分裂和免疫调节等多种生物学功能。

46。基因工程中切割目的基因和质粒的限制酶可以不同。

47.基因工程中导入的目的基因通常考虑整合到核DNA，形成的生物可看作杂合子(Aa)，产生配子时，可能含有目的基因。

48.寒冷刺激时，仅甲状腺激素调节而言，垂体细胞表面受体2种，下丘脑细胞表面受体有1种。

49.建立生态农业(桑基鱼塘)，能提高能量的利用率，而不是提高能量传递效率。人工生态系统(农田、城市)中人的作用非常关键。

50.免疫活性物质有：淋巴因子(白细胞介素、干扰素)、抗体、溶菌酶。

51.外植体：由活植物体上切取下来以进行培养的那部分组织或器官叫做外植体。

52.去分化=脱分化。

53.消毒与灭菌的区别：灭菌，是指杀灭或者去处物体上所有微生物，包括抵抗力极强的细菌芽孢在内。注意，是微生物，不仅包括细菌，还有病毒，真菌，支原体，衣原体等。消毒，是指杀死物体上的病原微生物，也就是可能致病的微生物啦，细菌芽孢和非病原微生物可能还是存活的。

54.随机(自由)交配与自交区别：随机交配中，交配个体的基因型可能不同，而自交的基因型一定是相同的。随机交配的种群，基因频率和基因型频率均不变(前提无基因的迁移、突变、选择、遗传漂变、非随机交配)符合遗传平衡定律;自交多代，基因型频率是变化的，变化趋势是纯合子个体增加，杂合个体减少，而基因频率不变。

55.血红蛋白不属于内环境成分，存在于红细胞内部，血浆蛋白属于内环境成分。

56.血友病女患者基因治疗痊愈后，血友病性状会传给她儿子吗?能，因为产生生殖细胞在卵巢，基因不变，仍为XbXb，治愈的仅是造血细胞。

57.叶绿素提取用95%酒精，分离用层析液。

58.重组质粒在细胞外形成，而不是在细胞内。

59.基因工程中CaCl2能增大细菌细胞壁通透性，对植物细胞壁无效。

60.DNA指纹分析需要限制酶吗?需要。先剪下，再解旋，再用DNA探针检测。外分泌性蛋白通过生物膜系统运送出细胞外，穿过的生物膜层数为零。

61.叶表皮细胞是无色透明的，不含叶绿体。叶肉细胞为绿色，含叶绿体。保卫细胞含叶绿体。

62.呼吸作用与光合作用均有水生成，均有水参与反应。

63.ATP中所含的糖为核糖。

64.并非所有的植物都是自养型生物(如菟丝子是寄生)并非所有的动物都是需氧型生物;(蛔虫);蚯蚓、螃蟹、屎壳郎为分解者。

65.语言中枢位于大脑皮层，小脑有协调运动的作用，呼吸中枢位于脑干。下丘脑为血糖，体温，渗透压调节中枢。下丘既是神经器官，又是内分泌器官。

66.胰岛细胞分第4/6页泌活动不受垂体控制，而由下丘脑通过有关神经控制，也可受血糖浓度直接调节。

67.淋巴循环可调节血浆与组织液的平衡，将少量蛋白质运输回血液.毛细淋巴管阻塞会引起组织水肿。

68.有少量抗体分布在组织液和外分泌液中，主要存在于血清中。

69.真核生物的同一个基因片段可以转录为两种或两种以上的mRNA。原因：外显子与内含子的相对性。

70.质粒不是细菌的细胞器，而是某些基因的载体，质粒存在于细菌和酵母菌细胞内。

71.动物、植物细胞均可传代大量培养。动物细胞通常用液体培养基，植物细胞通常用固体培养基，扩大培养时，都是用液体培养基。

72.细菌进行有氧呼吸的酶类分布在细胞膜内表面，有氧呼吸也在也在细胞膜上进行(如：硝化细菌)。光合细菌，光合作用的酶类也结合在细胞膜上，主要在细胞膜上进行(如：蓝藻)。

73.细胞遗传信息的表达过程既可发生在细胞核中，也可发生在线粒体和叶绿体中。

74.在生态系统中初级消费者粪便中的能量不属于初级消费者，仍属于生产者的能量。

75.用植物茎尖和根尖培养不含病毒的植株。是因为病毒来不及感染。

76.植物组织培养中所加的糖是蔗糖，细菌及动物细胞培养，一般用葡萄糖培养。

77.需要熟悉的一些细菌：金黄色葡萄球菌、硝化细菌、大肠杆菌、肺炎双球菌、乳酸菌。

78.需要熟悉的真菌：酵母菌、霉菌(青霉菌、根霉、曲霉)。

79.需要熟悉的病毒：噬菌体、艾滋病病毒(HIV)、SARS病毒、禽流感病毒、流感病毒、烟草花叶病毒。

80.需要熟悉的植物：玉米、甘蔗、高粱、苋菜、水稻、小麦、豌豆。

81.需要熟悉的动物：草履虫、水螅、蝾螈、蚯蚓、蜣螂、果蝇。

82.还有例外的生物：朊病毒、类病毒。

83.需要熟悉的细胞：人成熟的红细胞、蛙的红细胞、鸡血细胞、胰岛B细胞、胰岛A细胞、造血干细胞、B淋巴细胞、T淋巴细胞、浆细胞、效应T细胞、记忆细胞吞噬细胞、白细胞、靶细胞、汗腺细胞、肠腺细胞、肝细胞、骨骼肌细胞、神经细胞、神经元、分生区细胞、成熟区细胞、根毛细胞、洋葱表皮细胞、叶肉细胞。

84.需要熟悉的酶：ATP水解酶、ATP合成酶、唾液淀粉酶、胃蛋白酶、胰蛋白酶、DNA解旋酶、DNA聚合酶、DNA连接酶、限制酶、RNA聚合酶、转氨酶、纤维素酶、果胶酶。

85.需要熟悉的蛋白质：生长激素、抗体、凝集素、抗毒素、干扰素、白细胞介素、血红蛋白、糖被、受体、单克隆抗体、单细胞蛋白、各种消化酶、部分激素。

第三篇：高考必背

一、5年高考完形填空高频选项词汇

Group 1

1．accurate adj.准确的，正确的；精确的 2．admire v．钦佩；赞美；崇拜 3．admit v．承认；准许进入；可容纳 4．annoy v．使恼怒，使不高兴 5．adventure n．冒险，奇遇 6．anxiety n．担忧，焦虑；渴望 7．anxious adj.忧虑的，焦急的；渴望的 8．apart adv.相隔，相距；分离；除外

9．appearance n．出现，露面；容貌，外表，外观

10．appoint v．任命，委任；安排；确定(时间、地点)；指定；约定 11．appreciate v．欣赏；感激；理解

12．appreciation n．欣赏；鉴定，评估；感激；理解 13．approach n．途径，方式，方法 v．靠近，接近；建议；要求

14．arrival n．到来，到达；到达者，到达物 15．ashamed adj.惭愧的；害臊的；羞耻的 16．assist v．帮助，协助，援助 17．astonishing adj.惊人的；令人惊讶的

18．attach v．把……固定；重视；系，贴，连接；使附属；使依恋 19．attackvt.&n．攻击，侵害；(疾病等的)突然发作 20．attitude n．态度

21．avoid v．避免，躲开，逃避，回避 22．awkward adj.令人尴尬的，使人难堪的 23．basic adj.基本的，基础的 24．behaviour n．行为，举止 25．believe v．相信，认为

26．besides prep.除……以外(还有……)adv.此外(还)，而且

27．beyond prep.(表示位置)在……较远的一边；超过；迟于 28．blame n．&v．责备；责怪，埋怨 29．boring adj.乏味的，令人厌烦的 30．brave adj.勇敢的 31．broad adj.宽的，宽阔的

32．burden n．(义务、责任等的)重担，负担 v．烦扰；使负重，装载 高考链接

1．(2016·全国卷Ⅰ)Approaching the vehicle，they saw that a woman was trying to get out of the broken window.2．(2016·全国卷Ⅲ)I’m sure I was the last person in the world he wanted to accept assistance from.3．(2015·重庆高考)Alice paid the vet to continue treatment.I grew anxious：what if the family had simply left the cat behind? 4．(2014·湖南高考)Whatever failures I suffer in my life，an ironed shirt tells me I am good at something.Besides，through ironing I’ve learned the method for solving even the most troublesome problems.Group 2

1．calm adj.镇静的，沉着的，平静的 v．镇静，使平静下来 2．care n．照料，保护，忧虑 v．介意……，在乎；关心 3．carefully adv.小心地，仔细地 4．carry v．运送；传送；传递 5．carve vt.刻；雕刻 6．change n．变化；零钱 v．改变，更换；兑换

7．cheat n．&v．骗取，哄骗；作弊，舞弊 8．cheerful adj.兴高采烈的，快活的 9．choice n．选择；抉择

10．circumstance n．条件；环境；状况，情况 11．clap vi.拍手；鼓掌 n．拍手

12．clean vt.打扫，清扫 adj.清洁的，干净的 13．colleague n．同事 14．colour n．颜色 vt.给……涂色，粉饰

15．combine vt.使联合；使结合 16．comfort n．安慰；慰问 v．安慰；慰问，慰藉

17．comforting adj.令人欣慰的；安慰的

18．comfortable adj.舒服的；安逸的；舒服自在的 19．comment n．评论

20．communication n．交际，交往；通讯 21．company n．公司；商号；伙伴 v．陪伴

22．challenge n．挑战(性)v．向……挑战

23．chance n．机会，可能性 24．conclusion n．结论；结局；推论 25．condition n．条件，状况，境况，状态 26．confuse v．使迷惑，混淆，使混乱，搞乱 27．consequence n．结果，后果 28．continue vi.继续，延续

29．contribute v．贡献，捐献；投稿 30．contribution n．贡献 高考链接

1．(2016·全国卷Ⅱ)She gave me a comforting smile，nodded while listening patiently，and then printed out the ticket immediately.2．(2015·广东高考)On the whole，our population is getting older.The changes in our population will have lasting effects on our social development and our way of life.3．(2015·陕西高考)I passed the clean comb back to Dad.He smiled at me and carefully placed his comb on his wallet.4．(2015·福建高考)Kerry had visited her friend and had spent the whole time criticizing her choice of boyfriends，the way she was living，the way she related to her mother，and various other things she felt she needed to express.Group 3

1．convenient adj.便利的，方便的 2．correct v．改正；纠正 adj.正确的，对的；恰当的

3．cost v．值(钱)，花费，使付出代价 n．价格；费用；成本；代价 4．courage n．勇气；胆略；胆量 5．cover n．盖子；罩；封面

v．覆盖，遮盖；掩蔽；行走(一段路程)；占(多少面积、时间)；采访，报道；够付(费用)，足以支付

6．crazy adj.疯狂的；热衷的；着迷的；精神失常的 7．crowd n．人群，一群人，一伙人 vt.拥挤，涌上(心头)8．cure vt.治疗，医治；治愈；纠正，矫正；消除(弊病等)n．治疗；疗法；对策，措施 9．curious adj.好奇的 10．dangerous adj.危险的 11．decade n．十年；十年期

12．decide v．决定，决断；判决；下决心 13．decision n．决定

14．deed n．行为；事迹；行动 15．defend vt.防守；保卫；辩护

16．delay v．&n．拖延，延迟，延期；延误，耽搁 17．deliberately adv.故意地，蓄意地，存心地 18．describe vt.描写，叙述，描述 19．design vt.设计，策划

n．设计，布局；图案，图样，样式 20．destroy vt.破坏，毁坏

21．determine vt.决定；影响；确定

22．determined adj.有决心的，意志坚定的；果断的 23．different adj.不同的，有差异的 24．dig v．挖(洞、沟)，掘 25．digest v．消化，领会

26．direction n．方向；方位；指示 27．dirty adj.脏的；卑劣的 28．disappointment n．失望；沮丧 29．discover vt.发现

30．disturb vt.扰乱；打扰；使焦虑

31．draw v．绘画；绘制；拉，拖；提取，领取(金钱)；吸引；引起 32．dream n．&vt.梦，梦想 高考链接

1．(2016·江苏高考)And at that moment，I made the decision：I will develop and follow a personal growth plan for my life.2．(2016·天津高考)My ten-year-old was growing and changing right before my eyes，into this determined human being with a passion and a mission.3．(2016·全国卷Ⅲ)His words freed me from my bad dreams.4．(2014·湖北高考)The park was crowded，so it took us some time to find an available site.5．(2014·四川高考)She was surprisingly unafraid and seemed to be curious about what he was doing.6．(2014·辽宁高考)Several weeks later，when I described the situation to my friend Ken Hardy，he smiled，“You made a classic mistake.”

Group 4

1．drive v．驾驶，开(车)；驱赶，驱使 2．drop n．滴；少量，微量

v．掉下，落下；变弱，降低，减少；停止；放弃 3．during prep.在……期间 4．eagerly adv.渴望地，热切地 5．earn vt.挣得，赚得，赢得

6．easy adj.容易的，不费力的，舒适的 7．education n．教育，培养 8．effort n．努力

9．embarrass v．使窘迫，使尴尬 10．empty adj.空的 v．(使)变空

11．energy n．精力，能量 12．enjoy vt.欣赏；享受；喜欢 13．enjoyable adj.愉快的；有趣的 14．enter vt.进入；参加；输入 15．entertainment n．娱乐

16．enthusiastic adj.热情的，热心的 17．enthusiastically adv.热情地，热心地

18．entrance n．入口；入场；进入的权利；入学许可；进入 19．environment n．环境 20．envy vt.&n．忌妒；羡慕 21．equal adj.平等的 vt.等于，使等于

n．相等的事物；相同的人 22．equipment n．装备，设备 23．escape n．&vi.逃跑；逃脱 24．even adv.甚至，连(……都)；更 25．eventually adv.最终地 26．examine v．检查

27．excellent adj.极好的，优秀的 28．excite vt.使兴奋，使激动 29．excited adj.感到兴奋的，激动的 30．expect vt.预料；盼望；认为 31．expensive adj.昂贵的 高考链接

1．(2016·全国卷Ⅰ)One thing is for certain—Larry went above and beyond the call of duty by getting so close to the burning vehicle！His efforts most likely saved the woman’s life.2．(2016·四川高考)Maybe your mom would enjoy hearing the story.3．(2016·北京高考)On the 20th of that month，Dr.Welch examined a sick boy，Billy，and knew he had diphtheria，a deadly infectious(传染的)disease mainly affecting children.4．(2015·浙江高考)Some do not respect the companies they work for and talk of feeling tired and empty.5．(2014·天津高考)Every evening I’d eagerly wait for the phone to ring and then tell her every detail of my day.Group 5

1．experiment n．实验 vi.做实验

2．explain vt.解释，说明 3．explode v．爆炸

4．extra adj.额外的，外加的，附加的 adv.特别；额外；外加 5．extremely adv.极其，非常 6．fade vi.褪色，(颜色)消退

7．failure n．失败；失败的人(或事物)8．fair adj.公平的，合理的；(肤色)白晳的；(人)白肤金发的 n．集市；庙会；展览会 9．faith n．信仰；信念；信心 10．fall vi.落(下)，降落；倒下 n．秋季；下跌 11．familiar adj.熟悉的

12．feel v．&n．感觉，觉得；触摸 13．finally adv.最后；终于 14．find vt.找到；发现；感到 15．fine adj.好的；优良的 adv.很好地；精巧地 16．finish v．完成；结束 n．结尾，结局

17．fire n．火；火炉；火灾 vi.开(枪、炮等)，射击；解雇 18．firm n．公司；企业 adj.坚固的，坚定的

19．fond adj.喜爱的，爱好的 20．forbid vt.禁止，不许 21．forget v．忘记；忘掉 22．forgive vt.原谅，宽恕 23．form n．表格；形式；结构 v．形成；建立

24．fortunately adv.幸运地；吉利地 25．fortune n．财产；运气 26．free adj.自由的；空闲的 vt.使自由；解放；释放 27．freedom n．自由

28．freeze vi.结冰；冷藏；(因害怕等)僵住不动 29．frequently adv.经常地；频繁地 30．friendly adj.友好的 高考链接

1．(2016·天津高考)After years of regular treatment，she finally became healthy.2．(2016·北京高考)Conditions were so bad that it was impossible for him to find the trail again.3．(2016·天津高考)She had a firm intention within herself to be the best she could be.4．(2015·广东高考)However,110 years is probably the longest that anyone could hope to live—if he or she is extremely healthy and lucky.5．(2014·新课标全国卷Ⅱ)Joe fell into a huge crevasse(裂缝)in the ice below.6．(2014·陕西高考)Her husband was with her，but there was blood everywhere and the woman was embarrassed and clearly in shock.Fortunately，a lot of people stopped to help out.Group 6

1．friendship n．友谊，友情 2．frighten vt.使惊恐，吓唬 3．front adj.前面的；前部的 n．前面；前部；前线

4．function n．&v．作用，功能；运转，运行 5．future n．将来；未来；前途 adj.将来的；未来的

6．gain vt.赢得；挣得；获得；增加 n．增加；利润；收获 7．game n．游戏；运动；比赛 8．gather v．聚集

9．generally adv.大体上，总的说来

10．generous adj.慷慨大方的，宽厚的，宽宏大量的 11．gift n．赠品；礼物；天赋 12．goal n．(足球)球门；目标 13．graduation n．毕业，毕业典礼 14．gratefully adv.感激地，感谢地 15．greedy adj.贪婪的 16．greet vt.问候；向……致敬 17．grow v．成长，长大 18．guess vi.猜，猜出，想 n．猜测

19．guide n．向导，指南，导游 v．引导

20．guilty adj.有罪的，犯法的；内疚的 21．habit n．习惯 22．half n．一半，半场 23．hand n．手；指针；帮忙，支援 v．递；给；交付，交上 24．happen vi.(偶然)发生，碰巧 25．hard adv.努力地；使劲地；猛烈地 adj.坚硬的；困难的，艰难的 26．hardly adv.几乎不

27．harmful adj.有害的；导致损害的 28．hate vt.&n．恨，讨厌

29．head n．头；头脑；才智；首脑；源头 adj.头部的；主要的；首席的

v．率领；加标题；用头顶；出发；(船等)驶向 30．height n．高，高度 高考链接

1．(2016·全国卷Ⅱ)“What a wonderful lady！” I thought.Rushing out gratefully I called out over my shoulder，“By the way，what’s your name？”

2．(2015·全国卷Ⅱ)They had begun to integrate(融合)the kinds of play and teamwork they had seen the day before into their game.3．(2014·福建高考)And each year he’d shake his head，muttering(嘀咕)something about building self-confidence and working towards a goal.4．(2012·湖北高考)“What about a horn？” he then asked.“Look，this horn is no larger than a matchbox and has many functions.” Attracted by these functions，I bought the horn.Group 7

1．help n．&vt.帮助，帮忙 2．helpless adj.无助的 3．hire vt.租用，雇用 n．租借

4．hit v．击，打；碰撞；使突然想起 5．hold vt.拿；抱；握住；容纳；举行；进行 n．抓住

6．holiday n．假日；假期 7．honest adj.诚实的，正直的 8．hope n．&v．希望 9．hopefully adv.充满希望地

10．hopeless adj.没有希望的，不可救药的 11．however adv.然而，可是

conj.然而，可是，尽管如此；不管用什么方法 12．hurry vi.赶快，匆忙 n．急忙，匆忙

13．impossible adj.不可能的

14．innocent adj.天真无邪的，清白的 15．inspire vt.鼓舞；激励 16．instead adv.代替，顶替 17．instruction n．说明，须知

18．interest n．兴趣，趣味；利息，利益，好处 vt.使发生兴趣

19．interesting adj.有趣的

20．interview n．&vt.采访，会见，面试 21．join v．参加，加入 22．main adj.主要的

23．manner n．方式；态度；举止；礼貌 24．march n．游行，行进，行军 25．mean vt.意思是；打算；意欲 26．memory n．记忆

27．merry adj.欢乐的，愉快的 28．mix v．混合，混淆

29．monitor n．(班级内的)班长；监视器 30．move v．移动；搬动；搬家；使感动 31．national adj.国家的，国有的，民族的 32．nature n．自然界；性质；本性，天性 高考链接

1．(2016·全国卷Ⅲ)I helped him move slowly over the fence.2．(2016·北京高考)Dr.Welch needed medicine as soon as possible to stop other kids from getting sick.However，the closest supply was over 1,000 miles away，in Anchorage.3．(2015·四川高考)I gently placed one on top of the groundhog’s head.Again，not a move.4．(2015·安徽高考)Maybe there is another way out.We need to repair our possessions instead of throwing them away.We also need to rethink our attitudes about spending.5．(2014·新课标全国卷)It was impossible for Joe to climb back or for Simon to pull him up.6．(2014·山东高考)While nursing her ill elder sister throughout the years，Charlotte discovered she had an interest in medicine.Group 8

1．nervous adj.紧张不安的 2．nice adj.友好的，和蔼的 3．noisy adj.喧闹的，嘈杂的 4．normal n．正常 adj.正常的(状态)5．note n．便条，笔记，注释；钞票，纸币；音符，音调 vt.记下，记录；注意

6．notice n．布告，通知；注意 vt.注意到

7．observe v．观察，看到，注意到；遵守；庆祝 8．once n．&adv.一次，一度，从前 conj.一旦

9．only adj.唯一的，仅有的 adv.仅仅，只，才

10．open adj.开着的，未封的，开的 vt.开，打开

11．operation n．手术，操作 12．opinion n．看法，见解 13．optimistic adj.乐观的

14．otherwise adv.要不然，否则，在其他方面 15．outgoing adj.爱交际的，外向的，对人友好的 16．owe vt.欠(债等)，归功于 17．pain n．疼痛，疼 18．painful adj.痛的，痛苦的 19．pass v．传，经过 n．通行证

20．passenger n．乘客，旅客 21．patience n．容忍；耐心 22．pattern n．式样

23．perfect adj.完美的，极好的 vt.使完善

24．picture n．图片；使完美，照片 25．place n．地方 vt.放置

26．plan n．&v．计划，方案

27．play v．玩；打(球)；比赛；扮演，假装 n．玩耍；戏剧

28．pleased adj.高兴的，满意的 29．pleasure n．高兴，愉快，乐事

30．positive adj.乐观的，积极的；肯定的，正电的；阳性的 31．possess vt.占有；拥有 高考链接

1．(2016·江苏高考)While we were eating，Kurt asked me，“John，what is your plan for personal growth？”

2．(2015·北京高考)Someone had left a note under their door during the night.3．(2015·江苏高考)I’m an ambitious writer，and when I started going through chemo(化疗)，even though I’m a very positive person，I lost my drive to write.4．(2014·四川高考)Tom was working out in the field when he noticed her walking around at the edge of the field.5．(2014·浙江高考)He is the only one you have to convince，and he can’t hear you in the back of the room.Group 9

1．poster n．招贴画；海报；巨幅装饰画 2．potential adj.潜在的，可能的 n．可能性，潜在性；潜力，潜能

3．power n．权利，势力；力，动力；电力；强国 4．powerful adj.效力大的，强有力的，强大的 5．practical adj.实际的，实用的 6．practice n．练习

7．praise n．&vt.赞扬，表扬 8．predict v．预言，预告，预测 9．present v．呈现；递交 10．pressure n．压迫；压力；压强 11．preview vt.预习；试演；预演 12．pride n．自豪，骄傲

13．principle n．原理，原则，信条 14．prize n．奖赏，奖品 adj.优秀的；获奖的 15．problem n．问题，难题

16．produce vt.生产；制造；展现；制作 17．progress n．进步，上进 vi.进展，进行

18．prohibit v．禁止，阻止 19．promise n．&vi.答应，允诺 vt.使有可能

20．proud adj.自豪的；骄傲的

21．publish v．出版，发行，公布，发表 22．pull v．拉，拖 n．拉力，引力

23．punish v．惩罚，处罚 24．put vt.放，摆 25．quarrel vi.争吵，吵架 n．口角

26．question vt.询问 n．问题

27．quiet adj.安静的；寂静的 28．quit v．离开，退出；停止；辞职 29．rank n．职衔，军衔 30．reaction n．反应

31．read v．阅读；理解；写着 32．realize vt.认识到，实现 高考链接

1．(2016·全国卷Ⅲ)Football season started in September and all summer long I worked out.I carried my football everywhere for practice.2．(2016·天津高考)Hearing her coughing bitterly one night，I decided to pull her from it all.3．(2014·新课标全国卷Ⅰ)As a matter of fact，we can see this principle at work in people of all ages.4．(2014·北京高考)Mr.Brown thanked her for all the wonderful posters and gave her a professional artist’s set.“Thank you，” she cried.I realized，at that time when I was looking at her excited face，she’d probably never owned anything in her whole life.Group 10

1．reason v．推理；推断 n．理由，原因

2．reasonable adj.合乎情理的 3．recite v．背诵

4．recognize vt.认出，认识；承认；意识到 5．refuse v．拒绝

6．regular adj.规则的，有规律的，定期的 7．reject v．拒绝 n．次品

8．relief n．安慰，欣慰；减轻，缓解；救济 9．repair n．&vt.修理；修补 10．repeat vt.重复；重说，重做 n．重复；副本

11．reply n．回答，答复 12．report n．&v．报道，报告 13．reporter n．记者 14．request n．请求，要求 15．requirement n．需要；要求 16．rescue vt.营救，援救 17．research n．研究，调查 18．respond vi.作答，响应 19．responsibility n．责任，职责 20．responsible adj.有责任的，负责的 21．rest n．休息；剩余部分，其余的人(或物)v．休息，歇息

22．review vt.回顾；复习；评论；检阅 n．评审；复查；复习；评论 23．rule n．规则，规定 v．统治，支配

24．run vi.跑，奔跑；管理，经营，运转；流动 25．safe adj.安全的，平安的 26．same n．同样的人或事 adj.同样的，同一的 27．satisfaction n．满意

28．save vt.救，挽救；节省，积攒

29．scene n．场景，布景；发生地现场；景色 30．scientific adj.科学的

31．search n．&v．搜寻，搜查，寻找 32．seize vt.抓住(时机等)，夺取，抢占 33．seldom adv.很少，不常 34．select vt.选择，挑选；选拔 高考链接

1．(2016·浙江高考)They gave me presents of their favorite artworks which they had refused to sell to tourists.2．(2014·辽宁高考)I felt a little uneasy，but to my relief，I had a good excuse.3．(2014·江西高考)With a smile of satisfaction on his face he said，“There！How does that feel？”“Oh，James，” Mum said.“That’s much better！How did you do it？”

4．(2012·江苏高考)They can also make people feel trapped and forced to answer unwanted calls or reply to unwanted texts.5．(2012·重庆高考)Plants make such good companions：they breathe，they bloom，they respond to care and love.Group 11

1．send v．打发，派遣；送，邮寄

2．sense n．感觉；理解；意识；判断力；感官 v．感觉到

3．set(set，set)vt.释放，安置 n．一套；一副；布景；舞台 4．shelter n．掩蔽；隐蔽处 vt.掩蔽，庇护 5．shock vt.使震惊 n．吃惊，休克

6．sign n．符号，标记；征兆；手势；信号 7．silence n．安静，沉默，寂静 8．similar adj.相似的，相像的，类似的

9．simple adj.简单的，简易的，朴素的，单纯的；完全的 10．single adj.单一的，单个的，单身的 11．situation n．处境，状况 12．skate vi.溜冰，滑冰

13．soon adv.不久，很快，一会儿 14．sorrow n．悲伤，悲痛；伤心事 15．sorry int.对不起，抱歉 adj.难过；懊悔；可怜的 16．special adj.特别的，专门的 17．speech n．演讲

18．speechless adj.(因激动等)说不出话的 19．spiritual adj.精神的；心灵的

20．spread v．延伸；展开，散布，蔓延，传开 21．stage n．舞台；阶段 22．stand n．看台，摊位；立场 v．站立；坐落；忍受

23．start v．开始，着手；出发；创办 24．stay n．&vi.停留，逗留；维持，保持 25．stick vi.粘住，钉住；坚持；卡住 n．木棒(棍)，枝条，小树枝 26．still adj.不动的，平静的 adv.仍然，还，依旧

27．storm n．风暴，暴(风)雨，暴(风)雪 28．strange adj.奇怪的，奇特的；陌生的 29．strength n．力量，力气；强项，长处 30．strong adj.强(壮)的；坚固的；强烈的；坚强的 高考链接

1．(2016·江苏高考)I told him about the many activities in which I was involved.And I went into a speech about how hard I worked and the gains I was making.2．(2016·全国卷Ⅲ)One afternoon，I was crossing the field to go home and saw Miller stuck

going over a fence—which wasn’t hard to climb if you had both arms.3．(2016·全国卷Ⅰ)They told her to stay still until the emergency personnel arrived，but she thought the car was going to explode.4．(2014·广东高考)Parents feel that it is difficult to live with teenagers.Then again，teenagers have similar feelings about their parents.5．(2014·北京高考)“And finally，” said Mr.Brown，the schoolmaster，at the end of the show，“we have a special award.I’m sure you’ve all noticed the wonderful posters.”

Group 12

1．suggestion n．建议；暗示 2．suitable adj.合适的，适宜的 3．suspect n．犯罪嫌疑人 v．怀疑；猜想

4．surprise vt.使惊奇，使诧异 n．惊奇，诧异

5．survive v．幸存，幸免于难；从(困难)中挺过来；挺下来，熬过 6．sympathy n．同情；慰问；赞同，支持 7．talent n．天才，天赋，才能 8．teach v．教书，教学 9．tear n．眼泪，泪水 v．扯破，撕开

10．terrible adj.可怕的；极度的，严重的 11．therefore adv.因此，所以 12．though conj.尽管，虽然 adv.然而，但是

13．thought n．思想；思考，想法 14．through adv.通过，自始至终 15．thus adv.如此，因而，这样 16．tiny adj.极小的，微小的 17．tired adj.疲劳的，累的，厌倦的 18．touch vt.触摸，接触；触动，感动 19．trouble vt.使苦恼，使麻烦 n．困难；疾病；麻烦 20．trust n．&vt.相信，信任 21．try v．尝试，试图，努力 n．尝试

22．unless conj.如果不，除非 23．until prep.&conj.直到……为止

24．unusual adj.不寻常的；异常的；与众不同的 25．usually adv.通常地，平常地 26．wave n．(热、光、声等的)波，波浪 v．挥手，挥动；波动 27．way n．道路，方法，途径 28．wealthy adj.富裕的

29．wedding n．婚礼，结婚，庆典 30．while conj.在……的时候，然而 n．一段时间

31．will n．意志，决心

32．wise adj.英明的，有见识的，有智慧的 33．wonderful adj.精彩的；奇妙的，极好的 34．worried adj.担忧的 高考链接

1．(2016·天津高考)With all she had been through in her ten years，this was the hour of true triumph(成功)．

2．(2016·江苏高考)It was a wise decision.While too many couples grow apart，we were growing together.3．(2015·重庆高考)In that case，eat before the flight，though an empty stomach will prevent you from sleeping.4．(2014·北京高考)I was surprised and thought that she could do something in the comingtalent show.二、5年高考阅读理解高频障碍词汇

Group 1

1．abnormally adv.不正常地

2．absolute adj.完全的，全部的；绝对的；十足的，地道的 3．abundant adj.大量的，丰盛的，充裕的

4．accomplish v．完成(任务)，达到(目的)，实现(计划、诺言等)5．accumulate v．积累，积聚，增加 6．accuracy n．准确(性)，精确(程度)7．accuse v．控告；指责，指控

8．acknowledge v．承认(权威或主张)，告知(信件、礼物等)已收到 9．acquire v．获得，得到，学到 10．adapt v．使适应，使适合；改编

11．adequate adj.充分的，足够的；合格的；合乎需要的 12．adjustment n．调整，适应，调节；修正 13．admission n．准入；接纳；入场费；承认 14．adolescent n．青少年 adj.青春期的，青春的，青少年的 15．adopt v．收养，领养；采用，采取

16．adore v．(不用于进行时)热爱，敬慕，崇拜，钟爱，喜爱 17．adventure n．冒险；奇遇

18．advocate v．拥护，支持；提倡；鼓吹 n．鼓吹者，提倡者，拥护者，辩护人，律师 19．affection n．喜爱，钟爱，挚爱

20．agency n．代理机构，经销处，代理处，机构，(尤指政府内的)局，部，处 21．alcoholic adj.含酒精的 n．酒鬼，酗酒者

22．allergic adj.过敏的；厌恶的；过敏引起的 23．allocate v．拨给，划归，分配

24．alternative adj.可供替代的，两者择一的，供选择的；另类的，非传统的 n．可供选择的事物

25．ambition n．目标，野心，雄心，抱负，追求，夙愿 26．ambulance n．救护车 27．amount n．金额，数量 v．总计 高考链接

1．(2016·浙江高考)Probably the worst type of gossip is the absolute lie.2．(2015·广东高考)In recent years，however，young upper middle-class people in London，have begun to adopt some regional accents，in order to hide their class origins.3．(2015·江苏高考)One of the most important factors that influenced their satisfaction as volunteers was the amount of suffering they experienced in their volunteer positions.4．(2014·北京高考)The bear behaved abnormally，probably because of hunger.Group 2

1．ample adj.足够的；丰裕的，富裕的；宽敞的，面积大的 2．analyze v．分析 3．analysis n．分析；分解 4．ancient adj.古代的，古老的 5．anecdote n．逸事，趣闻 6．anniversary n．周年纪念日 7．annoyvt.(使)烦恼

8．annual adj.每年的，的，一年一次的

9．apparent adj.显而易见的，表面上的，貌似……的，明白的 10．appeal v．呼吁；恳求；上诉，申诉；有吸引力 n．吸引力；上诉，申诉；呼吁

11．applaud v．&n．鼓掌，赞许，赞赏，欢呼，向……鼓掌，向……喝彩，称赞，赞许 12．applicant n．申请人 13．application n．申请，应用

14．approve v．赞成，同意，批准，通过 15．approximately adv.近似地，大约 16．argue vi.争辩，争论 vt.主张，认为

17．argument n．争论，辩论

18．arise vi.起来，升起；出现，呈现，(由……而)引起，(由……)产生 19．arrange v．安排，布置

20．arrangement n．安排，布置，筹划 21．aspect n．方面，外观，外表 22．assess v．评价，评定(性质，质量)23．assessment n．看法，评价 24．assistance n．帮助，援助，支持

25．associate v．联想，联系；结交，交往；使联合，使有联系，把……和……联系在一起 n．合伙人，伙伴，同事 adj.非正式的；副的；联合的 26．association n．协会，社团；联系 27．assume v．假定，假设；承担；呈现 28．assumption n．假定，假设；担任 29．atmosphere n．大气；气氛，环境 30．attempt vt.试图，尝试 n．尝试，努力 高考链接

1．(2016·北京高考)The annual death rate for adult condors has dropped from 38% in 2000 to 5.4% in 2011.2．(2016·全国卷Ⅰ)She arranged for a flight on a small plane to be held for me，re-routed(改道)me through Newark and got me back to the UK even earlier than originally scheduled.3．(2016·全国卷Ⅰ)Silence may be viewed by some cultural groups as extremely uncomfortable；therefore attempts may be made to fill every gap(间隙)with conversation.4．(2015·浙江高考)You can use your active reading skills to analyze and understand graphs just like any other text.5．(2015·四川高考)No one is sure how the ancient Egyptians built the pyramids near Cairo.Group 3

1．attraction n．吸引，爱慕，吸引力；具有吸引力的人或物 2．available adj.可获得的；可得到的；有空的；可用的 3．background n．背景 4．backward(s)adv.向后 5．ban n．禁令，禁止 v．禁止；取缔

6．bare adj.裸露的，光秃秃的，无遮蔽的，无掩护的，勉强的 v．露出，暴露

7．bargain n．(经讨价还价后)成交的商品；廉价货 v．讨价还价

8．bathe vi.洗澡；游泳 n．游泳

9．behalf n．利益；方面；代表，维护

10．behave v．守规矩，行为，表现；做出反应，发生作用；举止规矩有礼，检点 11．beneath prep.在……下方(面)，(指地位等)低于，次于 12．bid v．&n．出价，喊价；命令，吩咐；投标；向(某人)道别 n．喊价，出价；努力争取 13．biography n．传记 14．bless vt.祝福；保佑；赞美

15．block n．大块；(木、石等)块；街区；路障 vt.阻塞；阻挡

16．board n．木板；布告牌；委员会；(政府的)部 v．上(船、火车、飞机等)17．bonus n．奖金；红利；额外津贴 18．boom n．&v．繁荣；轰鸣；激增 n．隆隆声；(营业等的)激增；(经济等的)繁荣 19．botanical adj.植物学的 20．botany n．植物；植物学

21．bounce v．使弹起，蹦，上下晃动 n．弹跳，跳动 22．brake n．闸 vi.刹车

23．branch n．树枝；分枝；分公司，分店；分支部，分支机构，分局 24．brand n．品牌，商标 vt.打烙印于，加污名于

25．break v．打破(断，碎)；损坏，弄坏；打断；中断；摧毁；削弱；使破裂 n．休息；中断；间隔

26．breakthrough n．重大进展，突破 27．breathe vi.呼吸 高考链接

1．(2016·全国卷Ⅲ)A free schedule of events for each term is available by calling the box office at 556－4183.2．(2016·上海高考)I was now fascinated by the idea of poetry，words that had the power to make or break a person’s world.3．(2015·全国卷Ⅱ)Now this former royal palace is open to the public as a major tourist attraction.4．(2014·重庆高考)We should not mistakenly believe that we always behave as a result of some inner disposition.5．(2013·天津高考)They’d get back in the car breathless and energized，smelling fresh from the cold air.Group 4

1．brief adj.简洁的，简短的 2．broad adj.宽广的 3．broadcast vt.广播

4．brochure n．资料(或广告)手册 5．budget n．预算，预算费 v．做预算 adj.廉价的

6．buffet n．自助餐 vt.连续猛击

7．burst v．使爆裂，使破裂；突然发生 n．(感情等的)爆发，破裂，爆炸 8．bury vt.埋，葬；覆盖

9．button n．纽扣；(电铃等的)按钮 v．扣(纽扣)，用纽扣挂住

10．campaign n．运动，战役；参加；发起运动 11．cancel vt.取消，撤销

12．candidate n．候选人，申请人；应试者；被认定适合者 13．cartoon n．动画片，卡通

14．casual adj.偶然的，碰巧的；非正式的；临时的；不定期的 15．cautious adj.小心的，谨慎的 16．ceremony n．典礼，仪式；礼节 17．certificate n．证明，证明书；文凭

18．character n．特征，特性；性格；角色；人物；(汉)字，字体；品格 19．classify v．把……分类，把……归类 20．campaign n．运动；活动；战役 v．参加运动；参加竞选

21．complex adj.难以理解的，复杂的 n．建筑群；复合体

22．compulsory adj.强制的，必须做的，义务的 23．confirm v．确认，确定；证实，证明；批准 24．consult v．请教；查阅；商议；咨询

25．convey v．运输；传送；表达；传递(思想、感情等)26．convince v．使确信，使信服，劝服，说服 27．declare vt.宣言，声称，声明；断言 28．decline v．减少，下降，衰退；谢绝，婉拒 29．decorate vt.装饰，修饰

30．deliver vt.投递，传送(信件，邮包等)；发表，宣布，交付 高考链接

1．(2016·浙江高考)Managing the family budget must have been a very hard task，but she made it look effortless.2．(2016·天津高考)I tried to convince myself that the trouble was with the problem itself，not with me.3．(2014·江西高考)The click of a button allows people miles apart to talk or see each other without even leaving their homes.4．(2014·新课标全国卷Ⅰ)Turin has started a campaign to make such documents，found in libraries and stores around the world，available not just to scholars but to the younger generations of communities from whom the materials were originally collected.5．(2014·四川高考)Research findings have shown that about 20 percent of people can be classified as “night owls” and only 10 percent can be classified as “early birds”—the other 70 percent are in the middle.Group 5 1．editor n．编辑

2．electric adj.电的；电动的

3．emergency n．紧急情况；突发事件 4．especially adv.特别，尤其 5．example n．例子；榜样 6．exchange n．交换，调换；交流 7．expand v．扩大，增加，扩展

8．explicit adj.明确的；清楚的；详述的；坦率的 9．explore v．探险，勘察，考察；探索，探究 10．explorer n．探险者 11．export n．&v．出口，输出

12．expose vt.揭露；露出，显露；使面临 13．express vt.表达；表示；表露 n．特快列车，特快专递

14．extension n．扩大；延伸；扩建；电话分机，分机号码 15．extraordinary adj.非凡的，异乎寻常的 16．fantasticadj.(口语)极好的，美妙的，很棒的 17．fare n．(车或船的)费用，票(价)18．fault n．缺点，毛病；错误 19．feast n．盛宴，宴会，(宗教的)节日 20．federal adj.联邦制的，联邦政府的 21．female adj.女的；女性的；雌性的 n．女人；雌性动物 22．fight n．打仗(架)，战斗 v．与……打架，与……作斗争

23．finance n．资金；财政；财务；金融 vt.为……筹集资金

24．fit adj.健康的；适合的；恰当的 v．(使)适合，合身；装进，可容纳

25．fix vt.使固定；修理；安装；确定，决定；安排 26．flash n．闪光；闪耀；(想法的)突现 v．使闪光；使闪现

27．flexible adj.易弯曲的，柔韧的；灵活的，可变动的 28．fluent adj.流利的，流畅的 29．foggy adj.多雾的

30．follow vt.跟随；接着，沿着，顺着；听懂，理解；遵循；仿效；跟得上 高考链接

1．(2016·江苏高考)Such systems do not need to operate face-to-face，and it’s clear to me that the Internet is expanding the range of my own social prosthetic systems.2．(2016·浙江高考)This book explores the musical interest and needs of children in their daily lives.3．(2016·江苏高考)She intends to fight to make it a woman’s as well as a man’s world.4．(2015·四川高考)And every week he cleaned Old Man McColgin’s chicken house in exchange for manure(肥料)．

5．(2015·北京高考)Furthermore, studies show that finances are the most frequent subject of communication between parents and their college children.Group 6

1．forecast n．&vt.预告 2．fun n．乐趣；乐事；玩笑 3．furniture n．(总称)家具 4．glance vi.匆匆一看；一瞥；扫视 5．glare v．怒目而视 n．瞪眼；刺眼的强光

6．globe n．地球仪；地球；球体 7．glory n．光荣；荣誉；赞颂 8．graduate v．毕业 n．毕业生，研究生

9．grasp v．抓住；紧握；理解，领会 10．grocer n．零售商人；杂货店 11．guarantee n．保证；保证书；担保 v．保证；担保

12．guidance n．引导，指导 13．handle n．柄，把柄 v．处理；应付；拿，触 14．hardship n．困难

15．headline n．(报刊的)大字标题 16．hobby n．业余爱好，嗜好 17．holy adj.神圣的

18．identity n．同一性；一致；身份 19．idiom n．习语，成语 20．ignore v．忽视，不理 21．illegal adj.不合法的，非法的 22．immigration n．移民 23．incident n．事件；冲突 24．income n．收入；收益；所得

25．independent adj.独立的，自主的；有主见的 26．indicate v．表明，显示；象征；暗示；指示；指出 27．information n．信息 28．insert vt.插入 n．(书报或杂志的)插页 29．inspect vt.检查；视察；检阅

30．instant adj.立即的，立刻的；速食的，即食的 高考链接

1．(2016·天津高考)My daughter is a university graduate working toward her master’s degree in English.2．(2016·天津高考)Our Standard Courseguarantees a significant increase in your confidence in a foreign language，with focused teaching in all 4 skill areas—speaking，listening，reading and writing.3．(2016·北京高考)For previous generations，college was a decisive break from parental control；guidance and support needed to come from people of the same age and from within.4．(2016·天津高考)The solution is obvious though perhaps not easy to apply：alwayshandle the most difficult job first.5．(2016·北京高考)The college years are supposed to be a time for important growth in autonomy(自主性)and the development of adult identity.6．(2016·四川高考)Previous studies have also indicated that milk can be excellent for helping sleep because of the calcium content，which helps people to relax.7．(2013·山东高考)But designer Mikhail Belyaev doesn’t think that forgetting to check the weather forecast before heading out should result in you getting wet.Group 7

1．institute n．(研究)所，院，学院 2．insure vt.确保；给……保险 3．intelligence n．智力；情报 4．interrupt v．打扰，打断 5．journalist n．记者，新闻工作者 6．justice n．正义；公正；司法 7．magic adj.有魔力的 n．魔法；魔力；魅力

8．mature adj.成熟的，成年人的；深思熟虑的，慎重的 9．measure v．测量，衡量，量度为 n．量度尺寸；措施

10．merchant adj.商业的；商人的 n．商人；生意人

11．minister n．部长；牧师 12．mineral n．矿物质，矿物

13．motivation n．动机；动力；积极性 14．nutrition n．营养

15．occupation n．职业，工作；消遣；占用 16．particular adj.特殊的，个别的 17．pedestrian n．步行者，行人 18．permanent adj.永久的，永恒的

19．plain adj.清楚的，明显的；普通的；朴素的；坦诚的 n．平原，旷野

20．policy n．政策，方针 21．precious adj.宝贵的，珍贵的 22．previous adj.先前的，以往的 23．primary adj.首要的；初级的

24．process n．过程，程序；步骤；方法；工艺流程，工序 v．处理，加工

25．professionn．职业，专业 26．profit n．利润，收益，益处 27．pronunciation n．发音 28．punctual adj.准时的

29．purchase v．&n.买，购买，采购

30．random adj.随意的，任意的，未经事先考虑的 高考链接

1．(2016·江苏高考)A third reason is that social intelligence develops in children before their general cognitive(认知的)skills，at least when compared with chimps.2．(2016·全国卷Ⅰ)Nurses should recognize their own personal and cultural construction of silence so that a patient’s silence is not interrupted too early or allowed to go on unnecessarily.3．(2016·浙江高考)Each time the bowl of rice is pushed over the table edge，it falls to the ground—and，in the process，it brings out important evidence about how physical objects interact(相互作用)．

4．(2015·全国卷Ⅱ)Students who take a gap year are often more mature and responsible.5．(2014·辽宁高考)Travis is the manager of G&G where he is responsible for forty employees(雇员)and profits(利润)of over 2 million per year.6．(2013·北京高考)Sometimes a few celebrities can get a little justice.Still，even stars who enjoy full justice often complain about how hard their lives are.They are tired of being famous already.Group 8

1．range n．范围；一系列；射程；山脉 v．变化；变动；排列，排序；徘徊；漫步 2．react v．起反应，有影响；反抗 3．reception n．接待，招待会 4．reform v．&n．改革，改进

5．refresh v．更新；使恢复精力；提醒；使想起 6．register n．登记簿 v．登记

7．relate vi.有关；涉及 8．represent vt.代表 9．reputation n．名声，名誉 10．resist v．抵抗；抵挡 11．standard n．&adj.标准(的)12．strike v．敲，打，撞，击；打动，感动；擦火柴；侵袭 n．罢工

13．studio n．工作室，演播室 14．survive v．幸存，存活，幸免于，比……活得长 15．target n．目标，对象，靶子 v．把……作为攻击目标，把……对准 16．tradition n．传统，风俗，惯例

17．trick n．诡计，骗局，恶作剧；戏法；诀窍 vt.欺骗，欺诈

18．typical adj.典型的，有代表性的 19．understanding n．领会；理解；谅解

20．urge v．敦促，催促，力劝；强烈主张；鼓励；促使 n．强烈欲望；冲动

21．vacant adj.空缺的，未被占用的；空闲的，茫然的 22．vain adj.自负的，自视过高的，徒劳的，无效的 23．value n．价值；重要性 vt.评价；重视；估价

24．violence n．暴力；猛烈，剧烈 25．visual adj.视觉的

26．vital adj.必不可少的，极其重要的；维持生命活动所必需的；充满活力的 27．weigh vt.称……的重量；权衡 28．welfare n．福利

29．withdraw v．撤回，撤离；收回；缩回；使退出；提取 30．witness v．&n．目击者，证人；目击，目睹，亲身经历 高考链接

1．(2016·全国卷Ⅲ)But when you share a story with your friends，you care a lot more how they react.2．(2016·江苏高考)There are several reasons to believe that the urges to help，inform and share are not taught，but naturally possessed in young children.3．(2016·江苏高考)The barefoot kid who just a few years previously had been living in poverty，surrounded by criminals and violence，had written a new chapter in the history of sports.4．(2015·浙江高考)The circle is divided into sections，and each section represents a fraction of the data.5．(2015·浙江高考)In most cities the sky looks as though it has been emptied of stars，leaving behind a vacant haze(霾)that mirrors our fear of the dark.三、5年高考常考动词短语

1．add up to加起来是……；表示 add to增加；加入，加到 add...to...把……加到……上 add up加起来 add that...补充说……

2．can’t bear doing/to do sth.不能忍受做某事

can’t bear sb./sb.’s doing/to do sth.不能忍受某人做某事 bear a heavy burden肩负重担

bear responsibility/the blame承担责任/受责备 3．break out爆发 break in打断；破门而入 break into闯入；强行闯入 break away from脱离

break down(机器、车辆)出毛病；摧毁；分解 break through突破

break off折断；中断；突然停止 break up解散；破碎

4．bring up培养；抚养；教育；提出；呕吐 bring about引起；产生；导致；带来 bring sth.back归还；使想起某事

bring down带下，运下，搬下；使倒下；使倒台；使降低 bring in引入；赚(钱)5．call on拜访(某人)；号召 call at停靠；(短时间)访问 call for需要；要求；邀请；提倡 call in召集；召来

call up给……打电话；召集；使想起 6．come along跟着来；快点 come out出来；出版 come true实现

come back to life苏醒过来

come to the point说到要点，触及问题实质 come about发生，造成 come across偶遇

come to light为人所知，显露 come up走近；上升；被提出 come on快点；开始 come over过来

come up with提出；想出 7．come into use开始被使用

come into sight/view出现在眼前；映入眼帘 come into power/office就职，上台执政 come into existence开始存在；形成

come into effect/force/operation开始生效/执行/实施 8．cut down削减；砍倒 cut in插嘴；超车；插入 cut up切碎；抨击 cut out删除

cut through刺穿；抄近路走过 cut off切断；中断；使死亡 9．die out灭亡；逐渐消失 die away(声音、光线等)逐渐消失 die of/from因……而死 die down减弱；平息 die off相继死亡

be dying for很想要；渴望 be dying to do sth.极想做某事 10．come to an end结束 put/bring sth.to an end结束……

make(both)ends meet使收支相抵；量入为出 put an end to sth.结束/终结某事 11．fit in相适应

fit in with与……合得来；适应 fit sb.for sth.使某人胜任某事 12．get in touch with同……取得联系 get up起床 get back回来；取回 get on上车 get over克服；度过 get off下车 get together相聚

get on/along well with与……相处融洽 get into进入；陷入 get into trouble陷入麻烦 get in a word插话 get rid of摆脱；除掉

get through通过；接通(电话)；完成；度过，熬过 get to到达

get about/around/round传开，传出去 get across使理解 get away离开

get down to(doing)sth.开始认真做某事 get out离开；出版；泄露 get hold of抓住 13．give up放弃 give in屈服；投降 give out用完；耗尽 give away分发；捐赠；泄露 give off放出，散发出 give back归还；恢复

give way to给……让路；对……让步 14．go ahead继续；干吧 go by(时间)过去；经过(地点)go out(灯、火)熄灭

go on sth.以……为依据；根据……来判断 go on to do sth.接着做另外的事 go over检查；复习

go through通过；经历；仔细检查 go about开始着手；到处走动；传开 go against违背 go back回到；追溯 go for运用于，应用于 go in for参加；爱好 go with与……相配

go without没有……而勉强应付 go up上升，上涨 go down下降，下沉

15．help(sb.)out帮助(某人)摆脱困境；使(某人)脱离困境 help sb.with/to do sth.帮助某人某事/做某事 can’t help doing sth.忍不住做某事 can’t help but do只得做；不得不做

help yourself(to sth.)随便自己动手(夹菜吃、用……等)16．hold up举起；阻滞(交通等)；耽搁 hold back阻止；抑制

hold one’s breath憋住气，屏息 hold out坚持；拿出

17．keep on doing sth.继续/反复做某事 keep up坚持

keep up with跟上；与……保持联系 keep back保留；阻止；隐瞒 keep away from远离 keep out of使……不进入 keep one’s word遵守诺言 keep in touch with与……保持联系 keep silent保持沉默

keep/prevent/stop...from doing sth.制止(防止)……做某事 keep off使……远离

18．lead to导致；造成；通向…… lead sb.to do sth.使某人做某事 lead/live a．..life过……的生活 lead...into...把……领进…… lead the way引路；带路

19．live on靠……生活，以……为主食 live through经历 live up to不辜负；履行 live with忍受，容忍 20．look up抬头；查阅 look out小心 look into调查 look forward to盼望 look through仔细看；浏览 look up to尊敬 look down upon瞧不起 look like看起来像 look on...as把……看作 look after照顾 look for寻找

look back回顾；回头看 21．make a dive for向……猛冲 make an apology to向……道歉 be made up of由……组成

make up组成；化妆，打扮；和解；编造 make up for弥补，补偿 make room for给……腾地方 make up one’s mind下决心 make use of利用 make one’s way前进 make progress取得进步 make repairs修理 make a promise许诺 make a living谋生 make the best of充分利用 make out认出；理解 make it成功；及时达到

22．perform the role of扮演……角色 perform a．..role in在……中起……作用 perform an operation进行手术

perform one’s duty/promise尽责任/履行承诺 23．pick out挑出；辨别出

pick up拾起，捡起；收拾；整理；(偶然)学会；用车接某人；收听到；身体好转 pick off摘除

24．prefer A to B 喜欢A而不喜欢B prefer doing A to doing B 宁愿做A而不愿做B prefer(sb.)to do sth.宁愿(某人)做某事 prefer to do A rather than do B 宁愿做A而不愿做B 25．pull away离开；脱身；拉掉 pull down拆毁；摧毁

pull in(车辆)进站停靠；靠边停靠 pull out(of sth.)驶出；脱离，退出 pull through康复，痊愈

26．put away放好；把……收起来 put down记下；平息 put out扑灭；出版

put up举起；建造；张贴；投宿 put up with(＝stand/bear)忍受 put on穿上；上演；增加 put off延期，拖延

put through完成；接通(电话)put forward提出建议；拨快(钟等)put aside节省；储蓄；储存 27．rely on依靠，依赖；指望

rely on sb.to do sth.指望/相信某人做某事 rely on(doing)sth.依赖/信任/指望(做)某事 rely on it that...相信……；指望……

28．remind sb.of sth./sb.提醒某人某事/想起某人 remind sb.to do sth.提醒某人做某事 remind(sb.)that/how/what...提醒(某人)…… 29．run out of...用完……；用尽…… run out用完

run across跑着穿过；偶然碰到 run after追逐；追求 run away跑掉；逃避 run into撞上；遇到

30．make sense有意义；有道理；讲得通 make sense of理解；明白 make no sense没道理；没意义

31．set about doing sth.(＝set out to do sth.)开始做某事；着手做某事 set out出发；开始 set up建立；树立；设立 set sb.free释放某人

set fire to/set...on fire放火烧…… set an example to为……树立榜样 set down记下；放下；登记 set forward提出；促进 set off引爆；出发；动身 set aside搁置，把……放在一旁 32．settle down安顿下来；定居 settle down to do sth.开始认真对待做某事 settle in(使)适应(新环境)settle on决定；选定 that’s settled一言为定 33．show...in带或领……进来 show sb.into领某人进入 show sb.out领某人出去

show sb.around/round sp.领某人参观某地 show sb.to the door送某人到门口 show off炫耀；显示 show up出现

34．take up占用(时间、空间)；从事 take...out拿出去 take place发生 take the place of代替

take one’s place就座；代替某人的职位 take it easy别着急 take off脱掉；起飞；成功 take part in参加

take pride in以……而自豪 take away(from)(从)……拿走 take in欺骗；摄取

take on雇用；承担(责任)；呈现(品质、面貌)take over接管

35．turn up出现；开大(音量)；到达 turn against反对；背叛 turn on打开(电灯等)turn off关上(电灯等)turn down开小(音量)turn over翻转 turn in交出；上交 turn to求助于；翻到；转向 turn into变成 turn out结果是；生产 36．动词＋for account for解释，说明

answer for对……负责，担保…… allow for考虑到 ask for要求，请求 enter for报名参加 head for朝……行进 hunt for搜索，寻找 wait for等待，等候 37．动词＋to amount to总计

attend to处理；对付；照料 belong to属于

contribute to有助于，导致 see to照看；注意；负责

correspond to/with与……相符，与……一致 resign oneself to听从……，顺从…… relate to与……有联系，与……有关联 cater to迎合，满足

appeal to对……有吸引力；上诉；恳求 subscribe to订阅；赞成，同意 apply to申请，请求 38．动词＋out drop out退出；脱离；辍学 figure out想清楚，弄明白；计算出 fill out填写(表格等)sell out售完

wear out耗尽；使筋疲力尽；穿破 stand out出色，杰出 leave out省略；遗漏；忽略 39．动词＋with deal with对付，处理；涉及 do with处理 meet with偶遇 cope with应付，处理 40．动词＋on act on根据(建议、信息等)行事 count on依赖，依靠 decide on选定

depend on依赖，依靠，取决于 focus on集中于

insist on坚持要求，坚持认为 rely on指望，信赖 41．动词＋up clear up放晴；清理；整理；澄清；解决 tie up绑好 fasten up固定好 speak up大声说 blow up使充气；爆炸 save up储存；节省 tidy up收拾干净 speed up加速 lock up锁好 42．动词＋through pass through穿过，通过

come through(重病后)康复；(消息或信息)传来 43．动词＋mind change one’s mind改变主意

make up one’s mind下定决心；决定 bear/keep...in mind记住…… call/bring...to mind回忆起…… read one’s mind看出某人的心思 44．动词＋breath hold one’s breath屏住气；屏息 take a deep breath(＝breathe deeply)深呼吸 lose one’s breath喘不过气来

catch one’s breath喘口气；歇口气；恢复正常呼吸 45．动词＋difference make a difference有影响；起(重要)作用

make some/no difference(to...)(对……)有/没作用或影响 tell the difference(between...and...)辨别/区分(……与……)的不同 46．动词＋sb.＋of sth.cure sb.of sth.治好某人的病 accuse sb.of sth.指控某人某事 cheat sb.of sth.骗取某人某物 inform sb.of sth.通知某人某事 convince sb.of sth.使某人相信某事 rob sb.of sth.抢劫某人某物 47．动词＋habit form the habit of/fall into the habit of/get into the habit of养成……的习惯 be in the habit of有……的习惯 get out of the habit of改掉……的习惯

四、5年高考常考熟词生义

1．absent adj.茫然的，恍惚的(熟义：adj.缺席的)She looked at the picture in an absent way.2．ache v．渴望(熟义：v.&n．疼痛)Having left for ages，he was aching for home.3．address vt.发表演说(熟义：n.地址；v.写地址)The president will address his speech at 3：00 pm.4．against prep.映衬(熟义：prep.逆着，反对；倚，靠；碰)The picture looks nice against the white wall.5．attend v．看护；治疗；陪同(熟义：v.出席；参加)The nurse attended to him day and night.6．availableadj.(人)有空的(熟义：adj.可得到的；可找到的)The professor is now available.7．blank adj.没表情的；空虚的；没兴趣的(熟义：adj.空白的；n.空白)The stranger returned my greeting with a blank look.8．blue adj.忧伤的(熟义：adj.&n．蓝色)His songs always make me feel blue.9．cloudy adj.不明朗的，不清晰的(熟义：adj.阴的，多云的)Who will take his place still remains cloudy.10．coach v．辅导，指导(熟义：n.教练)She coached me in playing football.11．count vt.有价值，重要(熟义：n.&v．计算，数)It is not how much you read but what you read that counts.12．course n．一道菜(熟义：n.课程；过程)The courses vary with seasons.13．cross adj.生气的(熟义：v.跨越，横穿；n.十字)Don’t be cross with him—after all，he is a child.14．desert v．抛弃，离弃(熟义：n.沙漠)He deserted his wife and children and went abroad.15．develop v．冲印(熟义：v.发展；开发；研制)Did you have the films developed? 16．disabled adj.有障碍的，失去功能的(熟义：adj.有残疾的，无能力的)One more look and he noticed flames shooting out from under the disabled vehicle.(2016·全国卷Ⅰ)17．drive v．迫使某人(做不好的事)(熟义：v.驾驶)Hunger drove her to steal.18．divorce v．使分离；使脱离(熟义：v.与某人离婚)You can’t divorce science from ethical questions.19．draw v．获得，取得，推断出(熟义：v.画；拖；拉)What moral are we to draw from the story? 20．express n．快车(熟义：v.表达)Is there an express from Nanjing to Shanghai? 21．encourage v．促进，助长，刺激(熟义：vt.鼓励；激励)Good health encourages clear thinking.22．escape v．被忘掉；被忽视(熟义：v.逃跑；逃脱)The name escapes me for the moment.23．explode v．勃然大怒；大发雷霆(熟义：v.爆炸；爆裂)I’m about to explode！He broke his promise again.24．exploit v．利用(熟义：v.开发；开采；剥削)You must exploit every opportunity to learn English.25．fail v．不足；缺乏(熟义：v.失败)Last year the rain failed and many crops died.26．foreign adj.不熟悉的(熟义：adj.外国的；外交的)The subject is foreign to all of us.27．fresh adj.无经验的(熟义：adj.新鲜的)She is quite fresh to the work.28．gain v．(钟表)快(熟义：v.获得；赢得)Don’tworry.My watch gains.We still have time.29．ground n．理由(熟义：n.地面)He has strong grounds for more money.30．govern vt.影响；支配(熟义：v.管理；控制)The law of supply and demand governs the prices of goods.31．hit n．成功；红极一时的人或事(熟义：v.击中，打击)Tuhao is quite a hit of this year.32．illadj.&adv.坏的/地(熟义：adj.生病的)It’s no good speaking ill of others.33．interest n．利益；股份(熟义：n.兴趣)Our family has interests in the business.34．invite v．吸引(熟义：v.邀请)Don’t leave the window open—it’s inviting thieves to enter.35．inspire v．启发(熟义：v.激励；鼓舞)His best music was inspired by the memory of his mother.36．jump n．&v．大幅度上涨(熟义：v.&n．跳跃)Last week the price of goods jumped.37．kid v．开玩笑；欺骗(熟义：n.小孩)Take it easy.I’m just kidding.38．kill v．消磨(时间)(熟义：v.杀掉；害死)That guy hangs around all day long，killing time.39．losevi.(钟表)慢(熟义：v.失去；丢掉)Please hurry！My watch loses 10 minutes.40．last adj.最不可能的(熟义：adj.最后的)He is the last man I want to see.41．mean adj.自私的，卑鄙的，吝啬的(熟义：v.意思是，意味着)It’s mean of you to eat up all the apples.42．note v．注意，指出，特别提到(熟义：n.笔记)I noted that her hands were dirty.43．openadj.(问题、议事等)未解决的(熟义：v.开；adj.开着的，打开的)They left the matter open.44．operate vi.起作用(熟义：vi.运转；操作；做手术)The medicine operated quickly.45．part v．分手；放弃；卖掉(熟义：n.部分；零件；角色)In order to raise money，he had to part with some of his most treasured possessions.46．pleasant adj.和蔼可亲的，友善的(熟义：adj.令人愉快的)He’s always been very pleasant to me.47．position n．立场；观点(熟义：n.位置；职位)What’s your position on the problem? 48．promise v．有……的希望；使……有可能(熟义：v.&n．许诺)The dark clouds promise rain.49．rate v．对……作出评价；被认为，被评价为(熟义：n.比率；速度)These potatoes rate among the best.50．read v．理解；领会(熟义：v.阅读)I didn’t read mother’s thoughts at that time.51．reflect v．沉思；思考(on/upon)(熟义：v.映出；反射)I need time to reflect on your offer.52．safe adj.谨慎的；小心的(熟义：adj.安全的)He is a safe man.You can count on him.53．say vt.假定；显示；表明(熟义：vt.说)Say that war breaks out，what will you do? 54．shoulder v．承担(熟义：n.肩膀)Young people should learn to shoulder the blame.55．spring v．跳，跃；突然出现(熟义：n.春天；泉水)Fast food restaurants are springing up all over the city.56．strength n．强项，优点，优势(熟义：n.力气)Maths is not my strength.57．walk n．行业(熟义：v.&n．行走；步行)This society welcomes people from all walks of life.58．wear vt.表露，流露，面带(熟义：vt.穿戴)The girl always wears a happy smile.59．weigh v．权衡；斟酌(熟义：v.称……的重量；重达)Please weigh the advantages and disadvantages of doing this！

五、5年高考写作经典句式

1．I am writing to tell you/express...我写信是想告诉你(您)……

I am writing to ask you to do me a favor/pay attention to...我写信是想请您帮助我/关注……

(2016·全国卷Ⅰ)I’m writing to tell you something about my plan for the coming summer vacation.(书信)(2016·全国卷Ⅲ)I’m writing to express my regret at being unable to go to the bookstore with you next weekend，which I have promised.(电子邮件)(2013·重庆高考)I’m a student from Chongqing，China.I am writing to askyou to pay attention to the situation of Finless Porpoises.(求助信)2．with的复合结构

(2014·江苏高考)With English words getting popular in both media and daily life，a Chinese dictionary has included 239 of them.(议论文)3．what...will be like……是什么样子

(2014·新课标全国卷Ⅱ)I often imagine what my life will be like in the future.(说明文)4．In the picture，we can see...从这幅图中，我们可以看出……

(2015·福建高考)In the picture，we can see a boy in worn clothes，sitting at a shabby wooden table with a pile of books on it.(图画作文)5．In Picture 1...while Picture 2 shows...在图一中，……然而图二却展示了……

(2013·江苏高考)In Picture 1，a man is trying to put up a banner on a lonely tree surrounded by stumps，but in vain，while Picture 2 shows a couple happily planting trees.(图画作文)6．I think the picture is telling us that...我认为这幅图是在告诉我们……

(2013·北京高考)I think the picture is telling us that there is usually a difference between one’s dream and reality.(图画作文)7．使用现在分词短语作状语

(2016·北京高考)A week before Earth Day，posters were put up around our school，calling upon us to join in the actions for a greener earth.(图画作文)8．使用不定式作状语

(2013·江西高考)In order to encourage the students to take outdoor exercise，our school organized a mountain-climbing on April 10.(记叙文)9．使用动名词作主语

(2016·江苏高考)On-line voting becomes increasingly popular，and many competitions get people involved in it.(议论文)10．借助“There is a famous saying that...”引用名言

(2013·四川高考)There is a famous saying that“Good habits lead to good endings.”，which shows the importance of habits.(说明文)11．主语＋feel＋it a great honor to do sth.对……来说，做……是一件荣耀的事情

(2013·天津高考)I am very glad and feel it a great honor to run for the vice president of the English club.(演讲稿)12．How is everything going on?近来一切进展如何？

(2016·全国卷Ⅲ)How is everything going on with you？(电子邮件)13．How I wish I．..我多么希望……(2013·山东高考)How I wish I would read and reply to your e-mail as soon as I received it.(电子邮件)14．It is universally acknowledged that...众所周知……

(2013·辽宁高考)It is universally acknowledged that the Mid-Autumn Festival falls on the 15th of the eighth month of our Chinese lunar calendar.(说明文)15．I would really like to...because...我想……因为……

(2015·安徽高考)I would really like to interview him because he is not only the first Chinese to go to space but also one of the greatest astronauts in the world.(想象性作文)16．主语would like to invite sb.to...……想邀请某人去……

(2015·全国卷Ⅱ)I’d like to invite you to join us for a visit to the nearby nursing home next Saturday for the Double Ninth Festival.(邀请信)17．There is no doubt that...毫无疑问……

(2013·四川高考)There is no doubt that a healthy everyday habit helps to build up our body.(说明文)

1．be about to...when...即将做……就在这时……

(2014·福建高考)I was about to give up when my best friend encouraged me to go on.(议论文)2．使用限制性定语从句

(2014·江西高考)In addition，you should respect all the teachers who unselfishly help you to gain much knowledge.(发言稿)3．使用虚拟语气

(2015·安徽高考)If I could interview him，I would ask him what made him an astronaut and how he was trained.(想象性作文)4．Memories rushed to my mind when...当……时候，众多记忆蜂拥而至。

(2014·山东高考)Memories rushed to my mind when I saw this topic.(议论文)5．It shows a common phenomenon nowadays that...它展示了当今一个普遍现象：……

(2013·福建高考)It shows a common phenomenon nowadays that children are the focus of families，shouldering the hope of their parents.(图画作文)6．The message conveyed here is clear：...这儿所传达出的信息十分清晰：……

(2013·江苏高考)The message conveyed here is clear：“Actions speak louder than words.”(图画作文)7．It is more meaningful to do...做……更有意义

(2013·江苏高考)Instead of shouting empty slogans，it is more meaningful to donate books and sports goods to children in need.(图画作文)8．It occurred to sb.that...某人突然想到……

(2013·陕西高考)It occurred to me that I should give the rooms a thorough cleaning.(记叙文)9．使用副词作评注性状语，如amazingly(令人惊讶地)，obviously(明显地)，importantly(重要地)，happily(高兴地)，surprisingly(令人吃惊地)等。

(2015·广东高考)Amazingly，she earned respect from her students，all of whom later grew to be confident，considerate and well-behaved.(议论文)(2013·四川高考)Obviously，a good habit can help us to speed up to reach our destinations.(说明文)(2013·天津高考)More importantly，I am a person full of passion for a variety of things.(演讲稿)10．使用as引导的定语从句

(2016·天津高考)As scheduled，we participated in several instructive activities.(发言稿)(2013·四川高考)As we can see，cultivating a good habit is so important that I would like to introduce one kind of good learning habit—keeping a learning diary every day.(说明文)11．I think I can be qualified for...for the following reasons.由于以下原因，我认为我能胜任……

(2013·天津高考)I think I can be qualified for the president for the following reasons.(演讲稿)12．使用非限制性定语从句

(2016·江苏高考)It makes no difference from ordinary voting events，in which candidates go around to seek supports.(议论文)(2015·全国卷Ⅱ)We’ll also spend some fun time together singing，dancing and playing games，which we hope will make them happy.(电子邮件)13．If you were me，you would...如果你是我，你会……

(2013·山东高考)I believe that if you were me，you wouldmake the same choice.(电子邮件)14．be interested in the announcement/advertisement/position of...posted/advertised on...对于登载在……上的通告/广告/职位感兴趣

(2012·新课标全国卷)I am interested in the announcement of the summer camp posted on the Internet.(申请信)15．If the situation remains the same，...如果形势依旧如此……

(2013·重庆高考)If the situation remains the same，within 10 years，Yangtze Finless Porpoises will become extinct forever.(求助信)16．keep quiet about...对……保持沉默

(2012·大纲全国卷Ⅱ)We want to give him a surprise，so please keep quiet about it.(邀请信)

1．使用what引导的主语从句

(2015·湖南高考)What impressed me most was that I failed in an English exam，feeling extremely upset and disappointed.(说明文)2．wish从句中使用虚拟语气

(2014·新课标全国卷Ⅰ)Besides，I wish there would not be too many students in a class.(应用文)3．so...that...如此……以至于……

(2016·北京高考)We did so well that we were invited to share our idea and experience with all the students of our school.(图画作文)(2014·山东高考)At the beginning，learning English seemed so difficult that I wanted to give up without even trying.(议论文)4．while连接两个并列句

(2013·福建高考)The son，well dressed，waves proudly in the middle while the father behind bends forward to hold the jacket and the mother in front rolls out the carpet，sweating.(图画作文)5．使用选择疑问句

(2013·江苏高考)Should we just pay lip service or take practical measures to protect the earth？The answer is definitely the latter.(图画作文)6．It is not so easy for sb.to do sth.对某人来说做某事不容易

(2013·北京高考)Everyone has his dream.However，it is not so easy for people to realizetheir dreams every time.(图画作文)7．使用过去分词短语作后置定语

(2015·全国卷Ⅰ)It carries articles written by foreign friends about the cultures of their home countries.(书信)(2013·陕西高考)Firstly I collected all the books，newspapers and other things scattered in the rooms and put them in place.(记叙文)8．find＋宾语＋宾语补足语

(2013·北京高考)Just the next morning，I found my mother not feeling well.(记叙文)9．时间名词作连词

(2013·北京高考)The moment my father came back home，my mother told him what had happened.(记叙文)10．使用现在分词短语作状语

(2015·北京高考)Looking at the figurines，we were all very excited.(记叙文)(2013·江西高考)All the way we were chatting，singing and laughing，enjoying the fresh air and the beautiful scenery.(记叙文)11．使用独立主格结构

(2013·江西高考)Some falling behind，others would come and offer help.(记叙文)12．It was＋时间段＋before...多长时间后……

(2013·江西高考)It was about 2 hours before we all reached the top.(记叙文)13．not...until...直到……才……

(2013·安徽高考)If I ride a bike，I’ll always keep to the right and never cross a road until the traffic light turns green.(说明文)14．主语＋regard it as one’s duty to do sth.把做某事当作某人的义务

(2013·安徽高考)Meanwhile，I will regard it as my duty to help keep our environment clean and healthy.(说明文)15．使用最高级

(2016·四川高考)Summer vacation is the longest of the year...I think summer is certainly more fun than the other three seasons.I like summer best.(说明文)16．使用方式状语by doing sth.(2013·四川高考)We can start the habit by writing learning summary and recording something impressive and meaningful.(说明文)17．祈使句＋and＋陈述句

(2013·四川高考)Keep it in mind and gradually we can gain this good learning habit and benefit from it.(说明文)(2013·北京高考)Another try，and they may gain what they dream of.(图画作文)18．no matter＋疑问词

(2015·福建高考)The moral of the story is：spare no effort to acquire knowledge and never get discouraged easily no matter how difficult the situation may be.(图画作文)(2013·辽宁高考)Usually，no matter how far away or how busy we are，we will try to come home for the celebration.(说明文)19．用such as列举事例

(2013·辽宁高考)In addition to these traditional activities，we have a wider range of choices such as travelling and visiting our relatives or friends.(说明文)20．使用同位语解释说明前面的名词

(2016·北京高考)As for my favorite figure in Chinese history it must be Wei Yuan，a great thinker in the late Qing Dynasty.(说明文)21．be＋形容词＋enough to do sth.足够……能做某事

(2013·天津高考)If I am lucky enough to be elected，I will make every effort to serve for the benefits of students and our club.(演讲稿)22．使用插入语I am sure，I think等

(2013·天津高考)I will organize various activities in our university，such as holding lectures and English parties，which，I am sure，will be beneficial to improving students’ English.(演讲稿)23．使用so that引导的结果状语从句

(2016·全国卷Ⅲ)We can set out early so that we will have more time to read and select books.(电子邮件)24．It is likely that...有可能……

(2013·山东高考)It is likely that I will work as a volunteer for the school as a teaching assistant.(电子邮件)25．not...but...不是……而是……

(2016·江苏高考)To be honest，voters sometimes feel annoyed，not because they hate voting，but because they are divided between emotion and fairness.(议论文)(2016·江苏高考)Voting of this kind does not depend on the strong points of the competitors，but rather on how many social-networking resources they have.(议论文)26．多种时态的综合运用

(2012·新课标全国卷)I’ve been learning English for 10 years，and I speak fluent English.(申请信)27．on one’s doing...一……就……

(2012·大纲全国卷Ⅱ)On his arriving，we will light the candles and sing “Happy Birthday” together for him.(邀请信)28．as soon as possible尽可能快地

(2013·重庆高考)Besides，sewage emissions should be reduced as soon as possible.(求助信)29．It is another effective way to do sth.做……是另外一种有效方式。

(2013·重庆高考)What’s more，it is another effective way to appeal to the news media along the middle-lower reaches of the Yangtze River for a joint interview to publicize the importance of porpoise conservation.(求助信)30．Would you please do...您能否做……

(2015·全国卷Ⅰ)Would you please write something about the culture in your part of the United States？(约稿信)(2013·新课标全国卷Ⅰ)Would you please meet my uncle at the airport and take him to his hotel since this is his first visit to the U．S.？(求助信)

1．so long as只要

(2014·山东高考)So long as we hold fast to our ideals and never give up，we are bound to achieve success.(议论文)2．not only...but also...的倒装句

(2015·广东高考)As for its functions，not onlycan the technique be used to predict major diseases，but it also enables people to foresee the examinees’ food preference.(说明文)(2014·广东高考)As far as I am concerned，not only will her generosity help those in need realize their dreams and rebuild faith in life，but also it will motivate more people to participate in such a good deed.(议论文)3．in a word总之

(2014·新课标全国卷Ⅱ)In a word，my life will be much richer and more colorful.(说明文)(2014·山东高考)In a word，not only does the proverb enable me to face up to the difficulties bravely，but also it contributes much to keeping confident all the time.(议论文)4．encourage/inspire sb.to do sth.instead of doing sth.鼓励/激励某人做……而不是做……

(2013·福建高考)Parents should encourage their children to overcome difficulties and inspire them to develop by themselves instead of doing everything for them.(图画作文)5．only in this way引起的倒装句

(2013·福建高考)Only in this way can they grow up to be independent and become truly successful.(图画作文)6．“only＋状语从句”引起的倒装句

(2013·江苏高考)Only when we match our words with actions can we make a difference in whatever we hope to accomplish.(图画作文)7．as far as...is concerned就……而言

(2013·北京高考)As far as I am concerned，people need to learn to accept the reality and keep on

第四篇：2019高考英语必背

1.感谢信

假设你是李华，梁教授去年六月推荐你去悉尼大学深造，现在你已经被悉尼大学化学学院录取，请写封信向梁教授表示感谢。【优秀满分范文】

Dear Professor Liang, I am writing to extend my gratitude to you because with your help I am now a student of Chemistry Department of Sydney University.Last June, when I applied to become a graduate student of Sydney University, you really gave me a lot of valuable help.You not only wrote a recommendation（推荐）for me to Professor Wells who works in the Sydney University but also gave me careful and patient instructions on how to fill the application forms and write the application letters.It is your unreserved(无保留的）help that enables me to obtain this splendid（极好的）opportunity of further education.For the following two years I will study hard to reciprocate（回报）your sincere help and expectations with excellent grades.Yours truly, Zhang Ying

2.道歉信

假设你是李华，因弟弟生病住院，你不能参加你好友下星期四晚的生日晚会，请写一封道歉信解释原因，并祝福他生日快乐。【优秀满分范文】 Dear Sarah, I am terribly sorry to tell you that I am unable to attend your birthday party next Thursday evening.That is owing to（因为）the fact that（同位语从句）my younger brother suddenly fell ill and was taken to a hospital this morning.I have to go there immediately and take care of him.As told by the doctor in charge, it will take around five days for him to recover and I have asked my boss for a leave.I really regret that I cannot go to celebrate your birthday personally and would miss the perfect chance of enjoying myself with all our old friends.I have chosen a small gift for you and will send it to you tomorrow to show my best wishes.Besides, please give my regards to our friends when you meet them at the party.Cordially,（sincerely）

Li Hua

3.申请信

假定你是李华，将于今年七月从新星外语学校毕业。你从报纸上得知B B公司要招聘一名英文秘书，你很感兴趣，要写一封求职信，包括下列要点： 1．年龄：18．

2.学习情况：班级前5，英语口语好 3．兴趣和特长：打字快，喜欢阅读，听音乐 4．性格特点：积极向上 注意：1．词数100左右；

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2．可适当增加细节，以使行为连贯；

3．开头语和结束语己为你写好。【优秀满分范文】 Dear Sir/ Madam, I learned from the newspaper that your company needs an English secretary.I’m really interested in this position so I am writing to apply for it.I’m18 years old and will graduate from Xinxing Foreign Languages School this July.I’m an excellent student, among the top 5 in my class of 50 students.I’m good at English, especially spoken English.I often use the computer and I type very fast.In my spare time, I read a lot.Poems are my favorite.I enjoy music very much too.Being an active young person, I like sports and outdoor activities.Besides, I’m easy to get along with and I like to make friends.I hope I may be granted（授予）an interview, when I can explain my qualifications（资格，条件）more fully.I am looking forward to your reply.Sincerely/Yours，LiHua

4.通知

假如你是校学生会主席。新年即将到来，为了帮助你校的外国留学生更好地了解中国文化，学生会将为他们举办一个新年晚会。请你根据以下提示，用英语向他们发出口头通知。时间：下周五6：00—8：00 地点：教学楼101室

内容：1．唱中国歌 2．比赛用筷子 3．学习包饺子

注意：1．词数不少于50；2．可适当增加细节，以使行文连贯；3．开头和结尾已给出，不计入总词数【优秀满分范文】

Good afternoon, everyone.May I have your attention, please? I’m the chairman of the Students’ Union.As the New Year is around the corner（即将到来）, we are going to hold a New Year party for you, which is intended to enable you to have a better understanding of Chinese culture.During the party, not only can you sing a Chinese song, but you will also compete with each other to see how skilled you are at using chopsticks.What’s more, you’ll learn at the party how to make dumplings.Sounds great.doesn’t it? The party is scheduled（计划于）in Room 101of the Teaching Building from 6:00 p.m.to 8:00 p.m.next Friday.Please make sure you won’t miss it.Thank you for your attention.5.邀请信

你们班同学打算周六去爬香山。请给外教Chris写一封英文信，邀请他参加此次活动。具体内容如下： 1.时间：8am—5 pm； 2.集合地点：校门口； 3.交通工具：公交车；

4.携带物品：雨具，午餐，相机。注意：1.词数不少于50；

2.可适当增加细节，以使行文连贯；

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3.开头和结尾已给出，不计入总词数。【优秀满分范文】 Dear Chris，I’m writing to tell you that we intend to climb the Fragrant Hill this Saturday and I sincerely invite you to go with us on behalf of our class.We are supposed to gather at the school gate and set out at 8:00 am sharp.The bus will serve as our transportation.We will climb to the top of the hill and enjoy our picnic lunch there, so please take some food with you as lunch.At about 2:00 pm.We will go down the hill along another path and return to our school at about5.00pm.You may equip yourself with a camera to record the beautiful scenery and an umbrella or a raincoat is also necessary in case you are caught in a rain.Please spare some time to join us.Your participation can surely add color to our trip and we are all looking forward to your involvement.Yours, Joe

6.建议信

假定你是李华，你所喜爱的Global Mirror周报创刊五周年之际征集读者意见．请你依据以下内容给主编写封信，内容主要包括：

1．说明你是该报的忠实读者

2．说明该报优点：1)兼顾国内外新闻 2)介绍名人成功故事 3．提出建议： 刊登指导英语学习的文章 注意：1．词数100左右，开头语己为你写好； 2.可以适当增加细节，以使行文连贯。【优秀满分范文】 Dear Editor-in-Chief, Congratulations on the 5th anniversary of Global Mirror!I’m a regular reader of your newspaper.I like it so much that I hardly miss any copy.There are many advantages of Global Mirror.Firstly, Global Mirror covers both national and international news.By simply turning the pages, I can know all important things that have happened both home and abroad.Besides, the success stories of world-famous people are also attractive to me, which help me learn a lot from them.In a word, thanks to Global Mirror, we are well-informed and keep up with the changing world.As a young student, I wish that I can be a master of English language.Therefore, I suggest that Global Mirror provide articles about English learning for us.Finally, I hope that Global Mirror will become more and more popular.Thank you for your time!

Sincerely yours，Li Hua

7.求助信

假设你是李华，你的美国朋友Tom上个月来到北京学习。七月份你将去北京参加暑期中学生英语演讲比赛(speech contest)，你在资料搜集、语言运用等方面遇到了困难。请根据以下要点给Tom写一封电子邮件： 1.询问Tom的生活和学习情况；

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2.谈谈你的困难并请Tom帮忙； 3.告诉Tom你打算赛后去看他。注意: 1.词数:120—150；

2.可适当增加细节，以使行文连贯。【优秀满分范文】 Dear Tom，How is it going these days? I keep wondering how you feel about your school life in Beijing.Have you got used to the life in China? Are you enjoying your life? I hope you are.Let me tell you a piece of good news: I’m going to take part in an English speech contest of middle school students in July in the coming summer vacation.So I’m busy preparing for it.But now I have some difficulty in collecting useful information and using proper English word to express my thoughts.Besides, I really want to improve my spoken English, especially the pronunciation and intonation（语调）.Of course, as a native English speaker, you can give me some suggestions.In addition, I’m going to visit you after the contest.I’m sure we will have a wonderful time together in Beijing!I can hardly wait to see you!I am looking forward to your early reply.Yours, Li Hua

8.投诉信

你是李华，两周前你从网上一套书虫系列读物（Bookworm Series）昨天才到货，且包装破损，数量不足。请就此向网店客服写邮件投诉。要点如下： 1.介绍购物情况 2.反映存在问题 3.提出解决方案 注意：

1.词数100词左右

2.可适当增加细节，使行文连贯 3.开头结尾已给出，不计入总词 可能用到的生词：投诉complaint n.【优秀满分范文】 To whom it may concern, I am one of your customers(顾客).I ordered（订购）a set of(一套)Bookworm Series on your website two weeks ago, but I didn’t receive them until yesterday.And much to my disappointment, the books were so poorly packed up that the cover of one book was torn.To make matters worse, it is not a complete set, as I found one book missing I am sorry to have received such poor service, and I believe I have every right to ask you to deal with this problem.I hope that you either return my money or deliver a new set of books to me.Besides, I’d like to be informed of the process of your dealing with my complaint.Looking forward to your reply.4 / 14

Sincerely, Li Hua

9.祝贺信

假如你是李华，你的好友魏芳在中学生英语演讲比赛中荣获一等奖。请你根据以下内容，给她写一封祝贺信。

内容包括：1.表达你的愉悦心情；2.向她表示祝贺； 3.请她介绍成功的经验。

注意：1.词数100左右； 2.开头和结尾已为你写好，但不计入总词数；3.可适当增加细节，以使行文连贯。

参考词汇：英语演讲比赛 the English Speech Contest 【优秀满分范文】 Dear Wei Fang, I hear that you have won first prize in the English Speech Contest of Middle School Students, so I’m writing to give my sincere congratulations.You don’t know how excited I was when I heard the good news.As your best friend, I am proud of you!Your pronunciation and fluent English left me with deep impression.It came as no surprise to me that you won the contest.Could you share with me how you improve your spoken English? Your experience will be of great help to me in learning.I will be grateful if you can write me back and give me your advice.I am looking forward to your early reply.Yours, Li Hua

10.求职信

假如你是李华，从报纸上看到中老年英语培训机构Mid．Senior ESCH面向高中毕业生招聘暑期兼职辅导员，负责学员课间服务事项。请根据下面的广告内容用英语写一份求职信。ASSISITANTS WANTED Valuable chances are open for high school graduates who are good at English．Their work is to tend the senior students during the break．

Requirements attached：1．Good at English．2．Experienced priority． Contact us by e-mail：Ｅnglishtec@163．com．

注意：1．短文词数100字左右；2．不能使用真实姓名和学校名称； 【优秀满分范文】 Dear Director: I’d like to apply for the post of assistant which was advertised in the newspaper.I found this position quite appealing to me.I’ve just graduated from high school.Luckily I am good at English and I can speak English fluently.In addition, I have previous experience.During my stay in middle school, I used to be a volunteer and looked after the old people in a nursing home on weekends.In short, I believe my experience and fluent oral English will be a great help for me in doing the work.I’m available for interview at any time.It would be appreciated if I can get your offer.5 / 14

Sincerely, Li Hua

英语写作八个“万能利”

1、挣钱

We can make some pocket money to buy some meaningful and educational books.2、培养兴趣、开阔视野

Only by doing so can we cultivate our interests and broaden our horizons.3、提高能力（交际、交流）

Not only our communication ability but also our interpersonal skills can be polished and improved.4、交朋友

We can make some close friends to share with each other our own life experience.5、利用时间

We will be able to make the most of our everyday time to do some valuable things.6、享受生活

It gives you an opportunity to enjoy your life from a different point of view.7、有意义、有趣

It is not only meaningful but also entertaining.8、面对挑战、克服困难、达成目标、实现梦想

It can teach us how to face challenges, overcome difficulties, achieve our goals and realize our dream.书面表达常用词组

首先，尤其重要的，最重要的 above all 偶然，无意中 by accident 对（于）…很积极 be active in 合计为 add up to 承让错误 admit one's mistake 接受某人的建议 take / follow one's advice 就…提出建议 give advice on 建议某人做某事 advice sb.to do sth.后天 the day after tomorrow 毕竟；终究 after all 违心 against one's will 在…岁时 at the age of 实现目标 achieve one's aim 在空中；悬而未决 in the air 在户外，在露天里 in the open air 在机场 at the airport 火警 the fire alarm 满腔怒火 be filled with anger 因某人之言行而生气 be angry at sth.生某人的气 be angry with sb.通知 make an announcement 相继地，按顺序地 one after another 相互，彼此（三者或三者以上之间）one another 相互（指两者之间）each other 没有回答 give no answer 为…而担心 be anxious about

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急于做某事 be anxious to do sth.分开住 live apart 除了 apart from 因某事向某人认错或道歉 make/offer an apology to sb for sth.与某人争论某事 argue with sb.about sth.放在一边 lay sth.aside 请某人指点 / 帮助 ask sb.for advice / help 惊讶于… be astonished at sth.以前，曾经 at one time 注意 pay attention to 对…抱正确的态度 take a correct attitude towards sth.引起（注意，兴趣等）attract one's attention 仰卧／仰泳 lie / swim on one's back 重感冒 a bad cold 两件行李 two pieces of baggage 保持／失去平衡 keep / lose one's balance 在舞会上 at the ball 洗冷水澡 have / take a cold bath 阵亡 be killed in battle 在海滩 on the beach 整理床铺 make the bed 以…开始 begin with 在…起始，开始 at the beginning of 自始自终 from beginning to end 形成…局面；产生 come into being 安全带 a safety belt 三思而后行。Second thoughts are best.尽力，尽最大的努力 do / try one's best 尽量利用，善用 make the best of 一切顺利，万事如意 all the best 黑体地，粗体地 in bold 出身于农民家庭 be born in a peasant's family 鞠躬 make a bow 动动脑子 use one's brains 打破纪录 break the record 深吸一口气 take a deep breath 屏息；憋住气 hold one's breath 上气不接下气 out of breath 刷牙 brush one's teeth 突然哭起来 burst into tears 突然一阵大笑 a burst of laughter

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要不是 but for 呼救声 a call for help 保持镇静（别慌）keep calm 保持安静（别吵）keep quiet 保持不动（别动）keep still 保持沉默（别说话）keep silent 夏令营 a summer camp 去野营 go camping 情不自禁… cannot help doing 打牌 play cards 照顾，保管 take care of 医疗护理 medical care 假若那样的话 in that case 以防万一 in case 下倾盆大雨 rain cats and dogs 赶上（或超过）catch up with 偶然 by chance 免费 free of charge 主管，在掌管之下 in charge 由…负责 in the charge of 掌管，负责 take charge 高兴起来 cheer up 童年时 in one's childhood 挑选，选择 make a choice 圣诞节时 at Christmas 去做礼拜 go to church 烟头 cigarette end 为…鼓掌 give sb.a clap 接近get close to 一块桌布 a table cloth 一套衣服 a suit of clothes 童装 children's clothing 集邮 collect stamps 产生，发生 come about（偶然）遇见或发现 come across 走过来；长出，发芽，上升；抬头 come up 共同，共有 in common 参加比赛 compete in a contest 举办音乐会 give a concert 条件是 on condition that 祝贺某人 congratulate sb.on sth./ 14

相反地 on the contrary 失控 out of control 与…谈话；交谈 have a conversation with sb.在…期间／过程中 in / during the course of 被…覆盖 be covered with 因某事和某人发脾气 be cross with sb.at sth.划掉 cross out 对…残忍 be cruel to sb.立方米 cubic meter 对…感到好奇 be curious about sth.对…造成巨大损害 do great damage to 处境危险 in danger 过时 out of date 在不久前，前几天 the other day 对…充耳不闻 be deaf to sth.对付，应付 deal with 负债 in debt 还清债务 out of debt 做出决定 make a decision 做好事 do good deeds 付诸行动，生效 do the deed 直到深夜 deep into the night 沉思 deep in thought

作文核心词汇复习总结

一、如何写长难句How to develop complex sentences.1.写出key words，确认中心骨架 2.逻辑排列，logical arrangements 3.加工润色，colorize 例句：大部分学生相信业余工作会使他们有更多机会发展人际交往能力，这对他们未来找工作是非常有好处的。

Most of(A majority of)students believe(hold the view)that part-time jobs can provide them with opportunities机会to/and develop(improve/better)communication ability能力(social abilities/interpersonal skills人际关系技巧),which is good for(is beneficial to有益于)their looking for jobs(job-hunting求职)in the future(after their graduation).二、拓展长句的三大方法

The most important factor因素 we have to take into consideration is sth./that… The most important thing I want to talk about is that…sth./ that… It is also of great importance to pay close attention to…that Besides what is mentioned above上述的,it is necessary to think about…

In addition to除…之外 what is talked about above, I want to tell you sth.about… 1.写引导词：包括起承转合例(让句子变得高端)

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起: in the first place首先, first and foremost首要的, to begin/start with 承: second(ly),in the second place, furthermore而且,此外, moreover而且,此外, what’s more, in addition另外, besides 转:but, however, on the contrary与此相反, in contrast/comparison相比之下, nonetheless虽然如此,但是;nevertheless尽管如此,然而;合: last but not least最后同样重要的，so, therefore，in conclusion最后，综上所述, to conclude最后, in a/one word, in general, 例: for instance, for example, such as，When it comes to....说起… 经典引导句型

There is no doubt that/in saying that… It is known to us all that, It is well-known that…

It is apparent/obvious显然的 that…it is not hard to understand that… It is not too much to say that…

It is commonly/widely/generally agreed that…(acknowledged公认的 that…/ believed that)2.写插入语(让句子变得客观)that is to say to a certain extent在某种程度上，to some degree在一定程度上，to a larger degree在很大程度上 for one reason or another因为某种原因, to put it in another way换言之 directly or indirectly 直接或间接 in other words 换句话说 as a matter of fact 事实上

例：English is, to a large degree, important.be后

Computer, directly or indirectly, influences our life.行前

Computer can, as a matter of fact, influence our life.助行间

例句：It is known to us all that, English is, to a large degree, very important due to that English is becoming a global/world language./is becoming more and more(increasingly)popular

There is no doubt in saying that computer, directly or indirectly, to a large degree, influences our life primarily owing to that(computer can make our work and study faster)computer can improve the efficiency of our work and study.It is hard to understand that doing part-time job can, to a large extent, broaden our horizon in that we can understand more about the society by knowing a lot of people.3.写从句(让句子变得漫长)名词性定语从句:that, who 时间状语从句:before, when, after, during 地点状语从句:where)原因状语从句:because, because of that..primarily/mainly owing to that, partly/partially due to that, in that 例： I like you in that you are very kind.10 / 14

假设状语从句:if, on condition that… in case that…

三、精选核心单词 1.好坏与权衡：

reap a lot of benefits from 从…中收获很多

advantage, disadvantage

every coin has its two sides, every thing has two sides

2.允许与禁止：

allow(all+low): allow sb.to do sth.permit(per+mit,): permit sb.to do, sb.is permitted to do sth., ask for the permission from…

forbid禁止: forbid sb.to do…, sth.is forbidden by…

3.学校与课程 ：

in university, on campus, major in主修, minor in辅修，English course, optional course选修课, required/compulsory course必修课

4.考虑与因素：

take sth.into consideration/account

sth.is the decisive决定性的/ an essential/ the most important factor

5.提及与谈到：

Talking about(the importance of English, three factors should be considered.)

When it comes to(the importance of English, three factors should be considered.)

6.分歧与主张，There is no agreement on the issue问题 that…

some people hold the view that…, some others hold an opposite view that…

so far as I am concerned,...in my opinion, from my perspective，7.反对与拥护：

advocate主张: We advocate the change of the policy.support the idea that

argue/hold/maintain/deem/that…

8.当今与形势

decade: in recent decades，nowadays, currently, at the present day/time

with the development of science and technology/economy/culture/society

information technology, more and more people are paying attention to…

close/due attention should be paid to

9.喜好与厌恶

prefer: prefer to do, prefer to do…rather than do, it is my preference, sth.is preferred.people are reluctant to do…不情愿做某事

10.现象与原因：

phenomenon现象 phenomena复数

lead to, cause，So what are the reasons behind this phenomenon?

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the reasons behind the phenomenon are as follows

11.影响与趋势：

tend to趋向于

tendency : There is a growing tendency for people to work at home instead of in offices.effects: exert effects on

bring negative/positive influence on带来负面/积极影响

do good/harm to

12.感激与宽恕

be thankful/grateful to sb.for..to express one’s gratitude to…

I am writing to you to tell you…/to express my thanks…

forgive excuse pardon me for what I did

13.举例与说明

for instance, such as…

as far as I am concerned以我为例

14.效率与改善

affect effect

effective efficient efficiency: To make it more efficient/effective.to enhance/improve sth.15.联系与期待

Email: e-mail me at the address:

contact me by the number of…

should there be anything I can help you, never hesitate犹豫 to call me.I am looking forward to hearing from you;an immediate reply will be fully appreciated.16.沉溺与控制：

sth.is prevalent普遍的

become addicted to沉溺于abandon/addict oneself to

sth.is under control

prevent sb.from doing sth.cancel, fight against

17.付出与回报：

No pains, no gains.take pains to do sth.尽力做某事

reward n./vt.报酬，奖赏 rewarding值得的

Learning English is painstaking and challenging but rewarding.reap a lot of benefits from…

be benefited to do sth.18.活动娱乐

recreation activities娱乐活动

Physical training体育

take part in/participate in

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entertainment entertain

19.种类与改变

vary vt./vi改变

very

various: various kinds of，a variety of, a great number of

20.心里与身体

physically身体上

spiritually精神上

psychologically心理上, psychology心理

mentally心理上, mental health

例：沉溺于网络对身心有害。

Becoming addicted to internet is physically harmful and mentally unhealthy.21.建议与要求

I suggest that you should…

My suggestion is that people should…

It is important that you should…

essential significant necessary

Due/close attention should be paid to that…

22.个性与美德

be optimistic/pessimistic/open-minded

/easy-going/extrovert/introvert

hardworking, diligent(diligence), lazy(laziness), cautious, kind-hearted, warm-hearted, ready to help others, cold-blooded

23.环境与污染

environment pollution, environment protection

ecological balance生态平衡 ecology生态

strike the balance between human society and nature

threaten vt./vi.威胁

pose a threat to human beings对人类构成威胁

punishment, punished, rewarded

例：English may be the most important factor in deciding which countries are leaders in the future.The language of the most advanced management and technology is undoubtedly English.Sth/to do sth/doing sth may be the most important factor to sth/in deciding sth.The sth of sth is undoubtedly sth.The way to do sth is undoubtedly to do sth.Being able to do sth is the key to sth/ doing sth.高考英语话题作文常用词汇

1.话题:朋友/友谊?

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常用词汇:? get to know sb.认识某人 know sb.really well 熟知某人 make friends with sb.和某人交朋友 a strong personality 一个很强的个性 personal matters 隐私 friendship 友谊 friendly 友好的 a close friend 一个亲密的朋友 trust each other 相互信任 precious 珍贵的 worthy 有价值的 understanding 通情达理的 share…with sb.与……分享…… be loyal to 对……忠诚 keep in touch with sb.与……保持联系 keep company with sb.和……结交 stay best friends with sb.和……保持很好的友谊

2.话题:语言学习? 常用词汇:words and expressions 生词和习惯用语 vocabulary词汇量 spelling拼写 pronunciation发音 custom习俗 idiom习语 stress强调 intonation语调 list列表 recite背诵 learning学习approach方法 revision复习discuss讨论 discussion讨论 game比赛,游戏 group组 team work合作 make notes做笔记attend a lecture参加讲座 life-long learning终生学习communicate with交流 teach oneself自学 pick up习得 take a course上课 make preparations做准备 make full use of 充分利用 refer to a dictionary查字典? keep a diary记日记 consult an expert 咨询专家? 3.话题:旅游? 常用词汇: Tour旅行,观光 view 风景,视野 travel/trip/visit 旅游 tourist 游客 tourism 旅游业 scenery风景 board 上/船、飞机等 sightseeing 观光 adventure冒险 attractive 有吸引力的 hiking远足 local当地的 luggage行李 souvenir 纪念品 traveler 旅行者 voyage 航行 visa签证 go on a tour去旅行 tourism wave 旅游热 tourist attractions 旅游景点 a busy/low season for tourism 旅游旺/淡季 make a holiday trip 度假旅行 places of interest 名胜

4.话题:文化遗产? 常用词汇:? culture文化 cultural relics文化遗产 ruins废墟 value价值 valuable贵重的 worth值得 design设计 favorite特别受喜爱的 historic有历史意义的 holy神圣的?memorable难忘的 mountainous多山的 primitive原始的 remote遥远的 sacred神圣的 spectacular壮丽的 wonderful美妙的 belong to属于 survive幸存 date back to/from追溯到 has a history of 有……的历史 protect…from…保护…… the past civilization 过去的文明 one of the wonders 奇迹之一 historic relics 历史遗产 tourist attraction 旅游热点? 5.话题:现代技术? 常用词汇:? Science and technology 科学技术 computer电脑 Internet网络 computer games 电脑游戏 email 电子邮件 information信息 message消息 screen屏幕 mouse鼠标 ? apply应用 application应用 invent 发明 invention发明 electronic电子的 laptop手提电脑 equipment设备 ?equip…with 装备software软件 data数据 database数据库 robot机器人 satellite卫星 battery 电池 chip芯片 digital 数据的 fax 传真 portable手提的 engineer工程师? update更新 download下载 net网 network 网络系统 virus病毒 access进入 scan浏览 store sound and picture digitally自动贮存声音和图片 deal with处理 the latest version of the software最新版的软件 surf the Internet

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第五篇：高考必背古诗词

蜀道难——李白

噫吁嚱！危乎高哉！蜀道之难，难于上青天。蚕丛及鱼凫，开国何茫然！

尔来四万八千岁，不与秦塞通人烟。西当太白有鸟道，可以横绝峨眉颠。地崩山摧壮士死，然后天梯石栈相钩连。上有六龙回日之高标，下有冲波逆折之回川。黄鹤之飞尚不得过，猿猱欲度愁攀援。青泥何盘盘，百步九折萦岩峦。

唉呀呀多么危险多么高峻伟岸！蜀道真太难攀简直难于上青天。

传说中蚕丛和鱼凫建立了蜀国，开国的年代实在久远无法详谈。

自从那时至今约有四万八千年，秦蜀被秦岭所阻从不沟通往返。

西边太白山有飞鸟能过的小道。从那小路走可横渡峨眉山顶端。

山崩地裂蜀国五壮士被压死了，两地才有天梯栈道开始相通连。

上有挡住太阳神六龙车的山巅，下有激浪排空纡回曲折的大川。

善于高飞的黄鹤尚且无法飞过，即使猢狲要想翻过也愁于攀援。

青泥岭多么曲折绕着山峦盘旋，百步之内萦绕岩峦转九个弯弯。

扪参历井仰胁息，以手抚膺坐长叹。问君西游何时还？畏途巉岩不可攀。但见悲鸟号古木，雄飞雌从绕林间。又闻子规啼夜月，愁空山。

蜀道之难，难于上青天，使人听此凋朱颜。连峰去天不盈尺，枯松倒挂倚绝壁。飞湍瀑流争喧豗，砯崖转石万壑雷。其险也如此，嗟尔远道之人胡为乎来哉！

剑阁峥嵘而崔嵬，一夫当关，万夫莫开。所守或匪亲，化为狼与豺。朝避猛虎，夕避长蛇。磨牙吮血，杀人如麻。

锦城虽云乐，不如早还家。

蜀道之难，难于上青天，侧身西望长咨嗟！

登高——杜甫 风急天高猿啸哀，渚清沙白鸟飞回。无边落木萧萧下，不尽长江滚滚来。万里悲秋常作客，百年多病独登台。艰难苦恨繁霜鬓，潦倒新停浊酒杯。

锦瑟——李商隐 锦瑟无端五十弦，一弦一柱思华年。庄生晓梦迷蝴蝶，望帝春心托杜鹃。沧海月明珠有泪，可以摸到参井星叫人仰首屏息，用手抚胸惊恐不已徒有声长叹。

好朋友请问你西游何时回还？可怕的岩山栈道实在难以登攀！

只见那悲鸟在古树上哀鸣啼叫；雄雌相随飞翔在原始森林之间。

月夜听到的是杜鹃悲惨的啼声，令人愁思绵绵呵这荒荡的空山！

蜀道真难走简直难于上青天，叫人听到这些怎么不脸色突变？

山峰座座相连离天还不到一尺；枯松老枝倒挂倚贴在绝壁之间。

漩涡飞转瀑布飞泻争相喧闹着；水石相击转动像万壑鸣雷一般。

那去处恶劣艰险到了这种地步；唉呀呀你这个远方而来的客人，为了什么要来到这个险要地方？

剑阁那地方崇峻巍峨高入云端，只要一人把守千军万马难攻占。驻守的官员若不是皇家的近亲；难免要变为豺狼踞此为非造反。清晨你要提心吊胆地躲避猛虎；傍晚你要警觉防范长蛇的灾难。豺狼虎豹磨牙吮血真叫人不安；毒蛇猛兽杀人如麻即令你胆寒。锦官城虽然说是个快乐的所在；如此险恶还不如早早地把家还。蜀道太难走呵简直难于上青天；侧身西望令人不免感慨与长叹！

天高风急，秋气肃杀，猿啼哀啸，十分悲凉； 清清河州，白白沙岸，鸥鹭低空回翔。落叶飘零，无边无际，纷纷扬扬，萧萧而下； 奔流不尽的长江，汹涌澎湃，滚滚奔腾而来。我万里漂泊，常年客居他乡，对此秋景更觉悲伤； 有生以来，疾病缠身，今日独自登临高台。时世艰难，生活困苦，我常恨鬓如霜白； 浊酒销忧，却怎奈潦倒以至需要停酒。

锦瑟有五十条弦的说法，本来没什么来由（意指本来就是25弦）但即使这样它的每一弦，每一音节足以表达对美好年华的思念。庄周其实知道自己只是向往那自由自在的蝴蝶。望帝那美好的心灵作为可以感动杜鹃。大海里明月的影子像是眼泪化成的珍珠。

蓝田日暖玉生烟。此情可待成追忆，只是当时已惘然。

虞美人——李煜 春花秋月何时了？ 往事知多少。小楼昨夜又东风，故国不堪回首月明中。雕栏玉砌应犹在，只是朱颜改。

问君能有几多愁，恰似一江春水向东流。

蝶恋花——晏殊 槛菊愁烟兰泣露。

罗幕轻寒，燕子双飞去。明月不谙离别苦，斜光到晓穿朱户。昨夜西风凋碧树。独上高楼，望尽天涯路。

欲寄彩笺兼尺素，山长水阔知何处？

雨霖铃——柳永 寒蝉凄切，对长亭晚，骤雨初歇。都门帐饮无绪，留恋处、兰舟催发。执手相看泪眼，竟无语凝噎。

念去去、千里烟波，暮霭沉沉楚天阔。多情自古伤离别，更那堪、冷落清秋节！今宵酒醒何处？ 杨柳岸、晓风残月。

此去经年，应是良辰好景虚设。

便纵有千种风情，更与何人说！

只有在彼时彼地的蓝田才能生成犹如生烟似的良玉。那些美好的事和年代，只能留在回忆中。

而在当时那些人看来那些事都只是平常罢了，却并不珍惜。

春花秋月的美好时光，何时了结。

因为一看到春花秋月，就有无数往事涌上心头，想到在南唐时欣赏春花秋月的美好日子，不堪回首，所以怕看见春花秋月在东风吹拂的明月之夜，金陵的故国生活不堪回顾了。那里宫殿的雕栏玉砌应该还在，只是人的容貌因愁苦变得憔悴了。

倘若要问有多少愁苦，恰恰像一江春水的向东流去，无穷无尽。

栏杆外，菊花被轻烟笼罩，好像含着愁；兰叶上挂着露珠，好象在哭泣。

罗幕闲垂，空气微冷；一双燕子飞去了。明月不知道离别的愁苦。

斜斜地把月光照进屋子里，直到天明。

昨天夜里，秋风吹落碧树的叶子。我独自登上高楼，看路消失在天涯。

想寄一封信。但是山水迢迢，我想念的人在哪里呢？

秋后的蝉叫得是那样地凄凉而急促，面对着长亭，正是傍晚时分，一阵急雨刚停住。在京都城外设帐饯(jiàn，本义：设酒食送行)别，却没有畅饮的心绪，正在依依不舍的时候，船上的人已催着出发。

握着手互相瞧着对方泪光闪闪的眼睛，直到最后也无言相对，千言万语都噎在喉间说不出来。

想到这回去南方，这一程又一程，千里迢迢，一片烟波，那夜雾沉沉的楚地天空竟是一望无边。

自古以来多情的人最伤心的是离别，更何况又逢这萧瑟冷落的秋季，这离愁哪能经受得了！谁知我今夜酒醒时身在何处？

怕是只有杨柳岸边，面对凄厉的晨风和黎明的残月了。这一去长年相别，（相爱的人不在一起，）我料想即使遇到好天气、好风景，也如同虚设。

即使有满腹的情意，又再同谁去诉说呢？

声声慢——李清照 寻寻觅觅，冷冷清清，凄凄惨惨戚戚。

乍暖换寒时候，最难将息。三杯两盏淡酒，怎敌他、晚来风急！雁过也，正伤心，却是旧相识。满地黄花堆积，憔悴损，如今有谁堪摘？ 守着窗儿，独自怎生得黑！梧桐更兼细雨，到黄昏、点点滴滴。这次第，怎一个愁字了得！

琵琶行——白居易

浔阳江头夜送客，枫叶荻花秋瑟瑟。

主人下马客在船，举酒欲饮无管弦。

醉不成欢惨将别，别时茫茫江浸月。

忽闻水上琵琶声，主人忘归客不发。

寻声暗问弹者谁，琵琶声停欲语迟。

移船相近邀相见，添酒回灯重开宴。

千呼万唤始出来，犹抱琵琶半遮面。

转轴拨弦三两声，未成曲调先有情。

弦弦掩抑声声思，似诉平生不得意；

低眉信手续续弹，说尽心中无限事。

轻拢慢捻抹复挑，初为《霓裳》后《绿腰》。

大弦嘈嘈如急雨，小弦切切如私语。

嘈嘈切切错杂弹，大珠小珠落玉盘。间关莺语花底滑，幽咽泉流冰下难。

冰泉冷涩弦凝绝，凝绝不通声暂歇。别有幽愁暗恨生，此时无声胜有声。银瓶乍破水浆迸，铁骑突出刀枪鸣。曲终收拨当心画，四弦一声如裂帛。东船西舫悄无言，唯见江心秋月白。沉吟放拨插弦中，整顿衣裳起敛容。自言本是京城女，家在虾há蟆má陵下住。

独处陋室若有所失地东寻西觅，眼前只剩下冷冷清清，于是凄凉、惨痛、悲戚之情一齐涌来。深秋骤热又骤冷的时候，最难以调养静息。喝几杯清淡的薄酒，怎能抵挡晚上大而急的寒风。正在伤心之时，传书的大雁飞过去了，却原来是以前就相识的。

地上到处是零落的黄花，憔悴枯损，没有人有摘花的兴致。

守在窗子边，孤孤单单的，怎样捱到天黑啊！细雨打在梧桐上，一直下到黄昏时分，绵绵细雨还是发出点点滴滴的声音。这种光景，一个愁字怎么能概括得了！

秋夜我到浔阳江头送一位归客，冷风吹着枫叶和芦花秋声瑟瑟。我下马和客人在船上饯别设宴，举起酒杯要饮却无助兴的音乐。酒喝得不痛快更伤心将要分别，临别时夜茫茫江水倒映着明月。忽听得江面上传来琵琶清脆声；我忘却了回归，客人也不想动身。

寻声轻轻探问弹琵琶的是何人？琵琶停了许久却迟迟没有动静。

我们移船靠近邀请她出来相见；叫下人添酒回灯重新摆起酒宴。千呼万唤她才不情愿地走出来，还怀抱琵琶半遮着脸面。转紧琴轴拨动琴弦试弹了几声；尚未成曲调那形态就非常有情。弦弦凄楚悲切声音隐含着沉思；似乎在诉说着她平生的不得志；她低着头随手连续地弹个不停；用琴声把心中无限的往事说尽。轻轻地拢，慢慢地捻，一会儿抹，一会儿挑。初弹《霓裳羽衣曲》接着再弹《六幺》。

大弦浑宏悠长嘈嘈如暴风骤雨；小弦和缓幽细切切如有人私语。嘈嘈声切切声互为交错地弹奏；就像大珠小珠一串串掉落玉盘。琵琶声一会儿像花底下宛转流畅的鸟鸣声，一会儿又像水在冰下流动受阻艰涩低沉、呜咽断续的声音。

好像水泉冷涩琵琶声开始凝结，凝结而不通畅声音渐渐地中断。像另有一种愁思幽恨暗暗滋生；此时闷闷无声却比有声更动人。突然间好像银瓶撞破水浆四溅；又好像铁甲骑兵厮杀刀枪齐鸣。一曲终了她对准琴弦中心划拨；四弦一声轰鸣好像撕裂了布帛。东船西舫人们都静悄悄地聆听；只见江心之中映着白白秋月影。她沉吟着收起拨片插在琴弦中；整顿衣裳依然显出庄重的颜容。她说我原是京城负有盛名的歌女；老家住在长安城东南的虾蟆陵。

十三学得琵琶成，名属教坊第一部。曲罢曾教善才伏，妆成每被秋娘妒。

五陵年少争缠头，一曲红绡不知数。

钿(diàn)头云篦击节碎，血色罗裙翻酒污。今年欢笑复明年，秋月春风等闲度。

弟走从军阿姨死，暮去朝来颜色故。

门前冷落鞍马稀，老大嫁作商人妇。

商人重利轻别离，前月浮梁买茶去。

去来江口守空船，绕船月明江水寒。

夜深忽梦少年事，梦啼妆泪红阑干。

我闻琵琶已叹息，又闻此语重唧唧。

同是天涯沦落人，相逢何必曾相识。

我从去年辞帝京，谪居卧病浔阳城。

浔阳地僻无音乐，终岁不闻丝竹声。

住近湓江地低湿，黄芦苦竹绕宅生。

其间旦暮闻何物？杜鹃啼血猿哀鸣。

春江花朝秋月夜，往往取酒还独倾。

岂无山歌与村笛，呕ōu哑yā嘲哳难为听。

zhāo zhā 今夜闻君琵琶语，如听仙乐耳暂明。

莫辞更坐弹一曲，为君翻作琵琶行。

感我此言良久立，却坐促弦弦转急。

凄凄不似向前声，满座重闻皆掩泣。

座中泣下谁最多？江州司马青衫湿。

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念奴娇·赤壁怀古——苏轼 大江东去，浪淘尽、千古风流人物。故垒西边，人道是、三国周郎赤壁。乱石穿空，惊涛拍岸，卷起千堆雪。江山如画，一时多少豪杰。

遥想公瑾当年，小乔初嫁了，雄姿英发。羽扇纶巾，谈笑间、弹奏琵琶技艺十三岁就已学成；教坊乐团第一队中列有我姓名。每曲弹罢都令艺术大师们叹服；每次妆成都被同行歌妓们嫉妒。京都豪富子弟争先恐后来献彩；弹完一曲收来的红绡不知其数。钿头银篦打节拍常常断裂粉碎；红色罗裙被酒渍染污也不后悔。年复一年都在欢笑打闹中度过；秋去春来美好的时光白白消磨。兄弟从军姊妹死家道已经破败；暮去朝来我也渐渐地年老色衰。门前车马减少光顾者落落稀稀；青春已逝我只得嫁给商人为妻。商人重利不重情常常轻易别离；上个月他去浮梁做茶叶的生意。他去了留下我在江口孤守空船；秋月与我作伴绕舱的秋水凄寒。更深夜阑常梦少年时作乐狂欢；梦中哭醒涕泪纵横污损了粉颜。我听琵琶的悲泣早已摇头叹息；又听到她这番诉说更叫我悲凄。我们俩同是天涯沦落的可悲人；今日相逢何必问是否曾经相识！自从去年我离开繁华长安京城；被贬居住在浔阳江畔常常卧病。浔阳这地方荒凉偏僻没有音乐；一年到头听不到管弦的乐器声。住在湓江这个低洼潮湿的地方；第宅周围黄芦和苦竹缭绕丛生。在这里早晚能听到的是什么呢？尽是杜鹃猿猴那些悲凄的哀鸣。

春江花朝秋江月夜那样好光景；也无可奈何常常取酒独酌独饮。难道这里就没有山歌和村笛吗？只是那音调嘶哑粗涩实在难听。

今晚我听你弹奏琵琶诉说衷情，就像听到仙乐眼也亮来耳也明。请你不要推辞坐下来再弹一曲；我要为你创作一首新诗《琵琶行》。

被我的话所感动她站立了好久；回身坐下再转紧琴弦拨出急声。凄凄切切不再像刚才那种声音；在座的人重听都掩面哭泣不停。要问在座之中谁流的眼泪最多？我江州司马泪水湿透青衫衣襟！

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长江向东流去，波浪滚滚，千古的英雄人物都（随着长江水）逝去。那旧营垒的西边，人们说（那）就是三国时候周瑜（作战的）赤壁。陡峭不平的石壁直刺天空，大浪拍击着江岸，激起一堆堆雪白的浪花。江山像一幅奇丽的图画，那个时代汇集了多少英雄豪杰。

遥想当年的周瑜，小乔刚嫁给他，他正年轻有为，威武的仪表，英姿奋发。（他）手握羽扇，头戴纶巾，谈笑之间，墙虏灰飞烟灭。

故国神游，多情应笑我，早生华发。人间如梦，一樽还酹江月

永遇乐·京口北固亭怀古——辛弃疾 千古江山，英雄无觅。孙仲谋处。舞榭(xiè)歌台，风流总被，雨打风吹去。斜阳草树，寻常巷陌，人道寄奴曾住。想当年： 金戈铁马，气吞万里如虎。元嘉草草，封狼居胥（xū），赢得仓皇北顾。

四十三年，望中犹记，烽火扬州路。

可堪回首，佛（bì）狸（lí）祠（cí）下，一片神鸦社鼓。

凭谁问：廉颇老矣，尚能饭否?

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长亭送别——王实甫 【端正好】

碧云天，黄花地，西风紧 北雁南飞。晓来谁染霜林醉？ 总是离人泪。

【滚绣球】

恨见得迟，怨归去得疾。柳丝长玉骢难系，恨不倩疏林挂住斜晖。马儿迍迍的行，车儿快快的随，却告了相思回避，破题儿又早别离。听得道一声“去也”，松了金钏；遥望见十里长亭，（就把）强敌的战船烧得灰飞烟灭。

（此时此刻），（我）怀想三国旧事，凭吊古人，应该笑我自己多情善感，头发早早地都变白了。人生在世就象一场梦一样，我还是倒一杯酒来祭奠江上的明月吧！

历经千古的江山，再也难找到像孙权那样的英雄。昔日的舞榭歌台、显赫人物，都被风吹雨打化为土。斜阳照着长满草树的普通小巷，人们说那是当年刘裕曾经住过的地方。回想当年，他领军北伐、收复失地的时候是何等的威猛！然而刘裕的儿子刘义隆好大喜功，仓促北伐，却反而让北魏太武帝拓跋焘乘机挥师南下，兵抵长江北岸而返，遭到对手的重创。我回到南方已经有四十三年了，看着中原仍然记得扬州路上烽火连天的战乱场景。怎么能回首啊，当年拓跋焘的行宫外竟有百姓在那里祭祀，乌鸦啄食祭品，人们过着社日，只把他当作一位神祗来供奉，而不知道这里曾是一个皇帝的行宫。还有谁会问，廉颇老了，饭量还好吗？

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碧蓝的天空，开满了菊花的大地，西风猛烈吹，大雁从北往南飞。

清晨，是谁把经霜的枫林染红了？ 那总是离人的眼泪。

恨相见得太迟，怨离别得太快。柳丝虽长，却难系住远行人的马，恨不能使疏林一直挂住那斜阳。

张生的马慢慢地走 我和车紧紧地跟随，刚刚结束了相思之苦，却又早开始了别离之愁。听他说“要走了”，人顿时消瘦下来；远远地望见十里长亭，减了玉肌：此恨谁知？

【一煞】

青山隔送行，疏林不做美，淡烟暮霭相遮蔽。夕阳古道无人语。禾黍秋风听马嘶。我为甚么懒上车儿内，来时甚急，去后何迟？

【收尾】

四围山色中，一鞭残照里。遍人间烦恼填胸臆，量这些大小车儿如何载得起？

渔父——《楚辞》 屈原既放，游于江潭，行吟泽畔，颜色憔悴，形容枯槁。

渔父见而问之曰：“ 子非三闾大夫与？ 何故至于斯？” 屈原曰：“

举世皆浊我独清，众人皆醉我独醒，是以见放。”

渔父曰：“圣人不凝滞于物，而能与世推移。世人皆浊，何不淈其泥而扬其波？

众人皆醉，何不饣甫其糟而歠其醨？ 何故深思高举，自令放为？”

屈原曰：“吾闻之，新沐者必弹冠，新浴者必振衣。

安能以身之察察，受物之汶汶者乎？ 宁赴湘流，葬于江鱼之腹中。

安能以皓皓之白，而蒙世俗之尘埃乎？” 渔父莞尔而笑，鼓枻而去，乃歌曰：“沧浪之水清兮，可以濯吾缨； 沧浪之水浊兮，可以濯吾足。” 遂去，不复与言。

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人更消瘦了：这离愁别恨有谁能理解？

青山阻隔我送行，疏林挡住我目光，淡淡炊烟和那傍晚的雾气相互掩映。残阳斜照的古道没有人声，秋风吹过庄稼传来马的嘶鸣。我为什么懒得上车呢，来的时候多么急切，别离独回却又多么迟缓？

四周群山中，一马远去残阳里。整个人间的烦恼都填在我胸中，估量这样大的小车子怎么能载得起呢？

屈原被放逐以后，来往於江潭之间，在水边且走且叹息，看起来憔悴枯瘦，一副病态愁容。渔夫看到了就问他： “你不是三闾大夫吗？

为什麼会流落到这个地方来呢？” 屈原回答说：“

全天下的人都污浊了，只有我是清白的，所有的人都昏醉了，只有我是清醒的。所以就被放逐了。”

渔夫说：“一个才德兼备的人是不会执著拘泥於外物的，而且能够配合时局转变作为。全天下都污浊了，为什麼不跟著同流合污呢？

所有人都昏醉了，为什麼不跟著饮酒享乐呢？ 为什麼要思虑得那麼深远，表现得那麼清高，而使自己遭到放逐呢？”

屈原回答说：“我听说刚洗过头的人一定要把帽子拍乾净才戴上；刚洗过澡的人，一定要把衣服抖乾净才穿上。怎麼可以用洁净的身体去承受污秽的东西呢？ 宁可投身到湘江的流水中，葬身在江中的鱼肚里； 怎麼可以用清白的人格，去蒙受人世间的尘土呢？” 渔夫微微一笑，敲击著船板要离开了，一面唱著歌说：“沧浪的水清澈的话啊，可用来洗我的帽带，沧浪的水污浊的话啊，可用来洗我的双脚！” 然后就离去了，不再和屈原说话。

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