2018高考物理必背：电场

第一篇：2018高考物理必背：电场

2018高考物理必背：电场

【摘要】：高三是非常重要的一年，大家要好好把握住高三阶段，好好学习，备战高考。小编为大家整理了2014高考物理必背，供大家参考，也希望大家好好利用。

电场

1.两种电荷、电荷守恒定律、元电荷：(e=1.60×10-19C);带电体电荷量等于元电荷的整数倍

2.库仑定律：F=kQ1Q2/r2(在真空中){F:点电荷间的作用力(N)，k:静电力常量k=9.0×109N?m2/C2，Q1、Q2:两点电荷的电量(C)，r:两点电荷间的距离(m)，方向在它们的连线上，作用力与反作用力，同种电荷互相排斥，异种电荷互相吸引｝

3.电场强度：E=F/q(定义式、计算式){E:电场强度(N/C)，是矢量(电场的叠加原理)，q：检验电荷的电量(C)｝

4.真空点(源)电荷形成的电场E=kQ/r2 {r：源电荷到该位置的距离(m)，Q：源电荷的电量｝ 5.匀强电场的场强E=UAB/d {UAB:AB两点间的电压(V)，d:AB两点在场强方向的距离(m)｝

6.电场力：F=qE {F:电场力(N)，q:受到电场力的电荷的电量(C)，E:电场强度(N/C)｝

7.电势与电势差：UAB=φA-φB，UAB=WAB/q=-ΔEAB/q

8.电场力做功：WAB=qUAB=Eqd{WAB:带电体由A到B时电场力所做的功(J)，q:带电量(C)，UAB:电场中A、B两点间的电势差(V)(电场力做功与路径无关),E:匀强电场强度,d:两点沿场强方向的距离(m)｝

9.电势能：EA=qφA {EA:带电体在A点的电势能(J)，q:电量(C)，φA:A点的电势(V)｝

10.电势能的变化ΔEAB=EB-EA {带电体在电场中从A位置到B位置时电势能的差值｝

11.电场力做功与电势能变化ΔEAB=-WAB=-qUAB(电势能的增量等于电场力做功的负值)12.电容C=Q/U(定义式,计算式){C:电容(F)，Q:电量(C)，U:电压(两极板电势差)(V)｝

13.平行板电容器的电容C=εS/4πkd(S:两极板正对面积，d:两极板间的垂直距离，ω：介电常数)

常见电容器〔见第二册P111〕

14.带电粒子在电场中的加速(Vo=0)：W=ΔEK或qU=mVt2/2，Vt=(2qU/m)1/2

15.带电粒子沿垂直电场方向以速度Vo进入匀强电场时的偏转(不考虑重力作用的情况下)

类平垂直电场方向:匀速直线运动L=Vot(在带等量异种电荷的平行极板中：E=U/d)

抛运动平行电场方向:初速度为零的匀加速直线运动d=at2/2，a=F/m=qE/m 注:(1)两个完全相同的带电金属小球接触时,电量分配规律:原带异种电荷的先中和后平分,原带同种电荷的总量平分;

(2)电场线从正电荷出发终止于负电荷,电场线不相交,切线方向为场强方向,电场线密处场强大,顺着电场线电势越来越低,电场线与等势线垂直;

(3)常见电场的电场线分布要求熟记〔见图[第二册P98];

(4)电场强度(矢量)与电势(标量)均由电场本身决定,而电场力与电势能还与带电体带的电量多少和电荷正负有关;

(5)处于静电平衡导体是个等势体,表面是个等势面,导体外表面附近的电场线垂直于导体表面，导体内部合场强为零,导体内部没有净电荷,净电荷只分布于导体外表面;

(6)电容单位换算：1F=106μF=1012PF;

(7)电子伏(eV)是能量的单位,1eV=1.60×10-19J;

(8)其它相关内容：静电屏蔽〔见第二册P101〕/示波管、示波器及其应用〔见第二册P114〕等势面〔见第二册P105〕。

【总结】：希望大家在高三阶段不要慌张，多总结，多练习。也希望小编为大家推荐的2014高考物理必背可以帮助大家。

第二篇：高考必背

一、5年高考完形填空高频选项词汇

Group 1

1．accurate adj.准确的，正确的；精确的 2．admire v．钦佩；赞美；崇拜 3．admit v．承认；准许进入；可容纳 4．annoy v．使恼怒，使不高兴 5．adventure n．冒险，奇遇 6．anxiety n．担忧，焦虑；渴望 7．anxious adj.忧虑的，焦急的；渴望的 8．apart adv.相隔，相距；分离；除外

9．appearance n．出现，露面；容貌，外表，外观

10．appoint v．任命，委任；安排；确定(时间、地点)；指定；约定 11．appreciate v．欣赏；感激；理解

12．appreciation n．欣赏；鉴定，评估；感激；理解 13．approach n．途径，方式，方法 v．靠近，接近；建议；要求

14．arrival n．到来，到达；到达者，到达物 15．ashamed adj.惭愧的；害臊的；羞耻的 16．assist v．帮助，协助，援助 17．astonishing adj.惊人的；令人惊讶的

18．attach v．把……固定；重视；系，贴，连接；使附属；使依恋 19．attackvt.&n．攻击，侵害；(疾病等的)突然发作 20．attitude n．态度

21．avoid v．避免，躲开，逃避，回避 22．awkward adj.令人尴尬的，使人难堪的 23．basic adj.基本的，基础的 24．behaviour n．行为，举止 25．believe v．相信，认为

26．besides prep.除……以外(还有……)adv.此外(还)，而且

27．beyond prep.(表示位置)在……较远的一边；超过；迟于 28．blame n．&v．责备；责怪，埋怨 29．boring adj.乏味的，令人厌烦的 30．brave adj.勇敢的 31．broad adj.宽的，宽阔的

32．burden n．(义务、责任等的)重担，负担 v．烦扰；使负重，装载 高考链接

1．(2016·全国卷Ⅰ)Approaching the vehicle，they saw that a woman was trying to get out of the broken window.2．(2016·全国卷Ⅲ)I’m sure I was the last person in the world he wanted to accept assistance from.3．(2015·重庆高考)Alice paid the vet to continue treatment.I grew anxious：what if the family had simply left the cat behind? 4．(2014·湖南高考)Whatever failures I suffer in my life，an ironed shirt tells me I am good at something.Besides，through ironing I’ve learned the method for solving even the most troublesome problems.Group 2

1．calm adj.镇静的，沉着的，平静的 v．镇静，使平静下来 2．care n．照料，保护，忧虑 v．介意……，在乎；关心 3．carefully adv.小心地，仔细地 4．carry v．运送；传送；传递 5．carve vt.刻；雕刻 6．change n．变化；零钱 v．改变，更换；兑换

7．cheat n．&v．骗取，哄骗；作弊，舞弊 8．cheerful adj.兴高采烈的，快活的 9．choice n．选择；抉择

10．circumstance n．条件；环境；状况，情况 11．clap vi.拍手；鼓掌 n．拍手

12．clean vt.打扫，清扫 adj.清洁的，干净的 13．colleague n．同事 14．colour n．颜色 vt.给……涂色，粉饰

15．combine vt.使联合；使结合 16．comfort n．安慰；慰问 v．安慰；慰问，慰藉

17．comforting adj.令人欣慰的；安慰的

18．comfortable adj.舒服的；安逸的；舒服自在的 19．comment n．评论

20．communication n．交际，交往；通讯 21．company n．公司；商号；伙伴 v．陪伴

22．challenge n．挑战(性)v．向……挑战

23．chance n．机会，可能性 24．conclusion n．结论；结局；推论 25．condition n．条件，状况，境况，状态 26．confuse v．使迷惑，混淆，使混乱，搞乱 27．consequence n．结果，后果 28．continue vi.继续，延续

29．contribute v．贡献，捐献；投稿 30．contribution n．贡献 高考链接

1．(2016·全国卷Ⅱ)She gave me a comforting smile，nodded while listening patiently，and then printed out the ticket immediately.2．(2015·广东高考)On the whole，our population is getting older.The changes in our population will have lasting effects on our social development and our way of life.3．(2015·陕西高考)I passed the clean comb back to Dad.He smiled at me and carefully placed his comb on his wallet.4．(2015·福建高考)Kerry had visited her friend and had spent the whole time criticizing her choice of boyfriends，the way she was living，the way she related to her mother，and various other things she felt she needed to express.Group 3

1．convenient adj.便利的，方便的 2．correct v．改正；纠正 adj.正确的，对的；恰当的

3．cost v．值(钱)，花费，使付出代价 n．价格；费用；成本；代价 4．courage n．勇气；胆略；胆量 5．cover n．盖子；罩；封面

v．覆盖，遮盖；掩蔽；行走(一段路程)；占(多少面积、时间)；采访，报道；够付(费用)，足以支付

6．crazy adj.疯狂的；热衷的；着迷的；精神失常的 7．crowd n．人群，一群人，一伙人 vt.拥挤，涌上(心头)8．cure vt.治疗，医治；治愈；纠正，矫正；消除(弊病等)n．治疗；疗法；对策，措施 9．curious adj.好奇的 10．dangerous adj.危险的 11．decade n．十年；十年期

12．decide v．决定，决断；判决；下决心 13．decision n．决定

14．deed n．行为；事迹；行动 15．defend vt.防守；保卫；辩护

16．delay v．&n．拖延，延迟，延期；延误，耽搁 17．deliberately adv.故意地，蓄意地，存心地 18．describe vt.描写，叙述，描述 19．design vt.设计，策划

n．设计，布局；图案，图样，样式 20．destroy vt.破坏，毁坏

21．determine vt.决定；影响；确定

22．determined adj.有决心的，意志坚定的；果断的 23．different adj.不同的，有差异的 24．dig v．挖(洞、沟)，掘 25．digest v．消化，领会

26．direction n．方向；方位；指示 27．dirty adj.脏的；卑劣的 28．disappointment n．失望；沮丧 29．discover vt.发现

30．disturb vt.扰乱；打扰；使焦虑

31．draw v．绘画；绘制；拉，拖；提取，领取(金钱)；吸引；引起 32．dream n．&vt.梦，梦想 高考链接

1．(2016·江苏高考)And at that moment，I made the decision：I will develop and follow a personal growth plan for my life.2．(2016·天津高考)My ten-year-old was growing and changing right before my eyes，into this determined human being with a passion and a mission.3．(2016·全国卷Ⅲ)His words freed me from my bad dreams.4．(2014·湖北高考)The park was crowded，so it took us some time to find an available site.5．(2014·四川高考)She was surprisingly unafraid and seemed to be curious about what he was doing.6．(2014·辽宁高考)Several weeks later，when I described the situation to my friend Ken Hardy，he smiled，“You made a classic mistake.”

Group 4

1．drive v．驾驶，开(车)；驱赶，驱使 2．drop n．滴；少量，微量

v．掉下，落下；变弱，降低，减少；停止；放弃 3．during prep.在……期间 4．eagerly adv.渴望地，热切地 5．earn vt.挣得，赚得，赢得

6．easy adj.容易的，不费力的，舒适的 7．education n．教育，培养 8．effort n．努力

9．embarrass v．使窘迫，使尴尬 10．empty adj.空的 v．(使)变空

11．energy n．精力，能量 12．enjoy vt.欣赏；享受；喜欢 13．enjoyable adj.愉快的；有趣的 14．enter vt.进入；参加；输入 15．entertainment n．娱乐

16．enthusiastic adj.热情的，热心的 17．enthusiastically adv.热情地，热心地

18．entrance n．入口；入场；进入的权利；入学许可；进入 19．environment n．环境 20．envy vt.&n．忌妒；羡慕 21．equal adj.平等的 vt.等于，使等于

n．相等的事物；相同的人 22．equipment n．装备，设备 23．escape n．&vi.逃跑；逃脱 24．even adv.甚至，连(……都)；更 25．eventually adv.最终地 26．examine v．检查

27．excellent adj.极好的，优秀的 28．excite vt.使兴奋，使激动 29．excited adj.感到兴奋的，激动的 30．expect vt.预料；盼望；认为 31．expensive adj.昂贵的 高考链接

1．(2016·全国卷Ⅰ)One thing is for certain—Larry went above and beyond the call of duty by getting so close to the burning vehicle！His efforts most likely saved the woman’s life.2．(2016·四川高考)Maybe your mom would enjoy hearing the story.3．(2016·北京高考)On the 20th of that month，Dr.Welch examined a sick boy，Billy，and knew he had diphtheria，a deadly infectious(传染的)disease mainly affecting children.4．(2015·浙江高考)Some do not respect the companies they work for and talk of feeling tired and empty.5．(2014·天津高考)Every evening I’d eagerly wait for the phone to ring and then tell her every detail of my day.Group 5

1．experiment n．实验 vi.做实验

2．explain vt.解释，说明 3．explode v．爆炸

4．extra adj.额外的，外加的，附加的 adv.特别；额外；外加 5．extremely adv.极其，非常 6．fade vi.褪色，(颜色)消退

7．failure n．失败；失败的人(或事物)8．fair adj.公平的，合理的；(肤色)白晳的；(人)白肤金发的 n．集市；庙会；展览会 9．faith n．信仰；信念；信心 10．fall vi.落(下)，降落；倒下 n．秋季；下跌 11．familiar adj.熟悉的

12．feel v．&n．感觉，觉得；触摸 13．finally adv.最后；终于 14．find vt.找到；发现；感到 15．fine adj.好的；优良的 adv.很好地；精巧地 16．finish v．完成；结束 n．结尾，结局

17．fire n．火；火炉；火灾 vi.开(枪、炮等)，射击；解雇 18．firm n．公司；企业 adj.坚固的，坚定的

19．fond adj.喜爱的，爱好的 20．forbid vt.禁止，不许 21．forget v．忘记；忘掉 22．forgive vt.原谅，宽恕 23．form n．表格；形式；结构 v．形成；建立

24．fortunately adv.幸运地；吉利地 25．fortune n．财产；运气 26．free adj.自由的；空闲的 vt.使自由；解放；释放 27．freedom n．自由

28．freeze vi.结冰；冷藏；(因害怕等)僵住不动 29．frequently adv.经常地；频繁地 30．friendly adj.友好的 高考链接

1．(2016·天津高考)After years of regular treatment，she finally became healthy.2．(2016·北京高考)Conditions were so bad that it was impossible for him to find the trail again.3．(2016·天津高考)She had a firm intention within herself to be the best she could be.4．(2015·广东高考)However,110 years is probably the longest that anyone could hope to live—if he or she is extremely healthy and lucky.5．(2014·新课标全国卷Ⅱ)Joe fell into a huge crevasse(裂缝)in the ice below.6．(2014·陕西高考)Her husband was with her，but there was blood everywhere and the woman was embarrassed and clearly in shock.Fortunately，a lot of people stopped to help out.Group 6

1．friendship n．友谊，友情 2．frighten vt.使惊恐，吓唬 3．front adj.前面的；前部的 n．前面；前部；前线

4．function n．&v．作用，功能；运转，运行 5．future n．将来；未来；前途 adj.将来的；未来的

6．gain vt.赢得；挣得；获得；增加 n．增加；利润；收获 7．game n．游戏；运动；比赛 8．gather v．聚集

9．generally adv.大体上，总的说来

10．generous adj.慷慨大方的，宽厚的，宽宏大量的 11．gift n．赠品；礼物；天赋 12．goal n．(足球)球门；目标 13．graduation n．毕业，毕业典礼 14．gratefully adv.感激地，感谢地 15．greedy adj.贪婪的 16．greet vt.问候；向……致敬 17．grow v．成长，长大 18．guess vi.猜，猜出，想 n．猜测

19．guide n．向导，指南，导游 v．引导

20．guilty adj.有罪的，犯法的；内疚的 21．habit n．习惯 22．half n．一半，半场 23．hand n．手；指针；帮忙，支援 v．递；给；交付，交上 24．happen vi.(偶然)发生，碰巧 25．hard adv.努力地；使劲地；猛烈地 adj.坚硬的；困难的，艰难的 26．hardly adv.几乎不

27．harmful adj.有害的；导致损害的 28．hate vt.&n．恨，讨厌

29．head n．头；头脑；才智；首脑；源头 adj.头部的；主要的；首席的

v．率领；加标题；用头顶；出发；(船等)驶向 30．height n．高，高度 高考链接

1．(2016·全国卷Ⅱ)“What a wonderful lady！” I thought.Rushing out gratefully I called out over my shoulder，“By the way，what’s your name？”

2．(2015·全国卷Ⅱ)They had begun to integrate(融合)the kinds of play and teamwork they had seen the day before into their game.3．(2014·福建高考)And each year he’d shake his head，muttering(嘀咕)something about building self-confidence and working towards a goal.4．(2012·湖北高考)“What about a horn？” he then asked.“Look，this horn is no larger than a matchbox and has many functions.” Attracted by these functions，I bought the horn.Group 7

1．help n．&vt.帮助，帮忙 2．helpless adj.无助的 3．hire vt.租用，雇用 n．租借

4．hit v．击，打；碰撞；使突然想起 5．hold vt.拿；抱；握住；容纳；举行；进行 n．抓住

6．holiday n．假日；假期 7．honest adj.诚实的，正直的 8．hope n．&v．希望 9．hopefully adv.充满希望地

10．hopeless adj.没有希望的，不可救药的 11．however adv.然而，可是

conj.然而，可是，尽管如此；不管用什么方法 12．hurry vi.赶快，匆忙 n．急忙，匆忙

13．impossible adj.不可能的

14．innocent adj.天真无邪的，清白的 15．inspire vt.鼓舞；激励 16．instead adv.代替，顶替 17．instruction n．说明，须知

18．interest n．兴趣，趣味；利息，利益，好处 vt.使发生兴趣

19．interesting adj.有趣的

20．interview n．&vt.采访，会见，面试 21．join v．参加，加入 22．main adj.主要的

23．manner n．方式；态度；举止；礼貌 24．march n．游行，行进，行军 25．mean vt.意思是；打算；意欲 26．memory n．记忆

27．merry adj.欢乐的，愉快的 28．mix v．混合，混淆

29．monitor n．(班级内的)班长；监视器 30．move v．移动；搬动；搬家；使感动 31．national adj.国家的，国有的，民族的 32．nature n．自然界；性质；本性，天性 高考链接

1．(2016·全国卷Ⅲ)I helped him move slowly over the fence.2．(2016·北京高考)Dr.Welch needed medicine as soon as possible to stop other kids from getting sick.However，the closest supply was over 1,000 miles away，in Anchorage.3．(2015·四川高考)I gently placed one on top of the groundhog’s head.Again，not a move.4．(2015·安徽高考)Maybe there is another way out.We need to repair our possessions instead of throwing them away.We also need to rethink our attitudes about spending.5．(2014·新课标全国卷)It was impossible for Joe to climb back or for Simon to pull him up.6．(2014·山东高考)While nursing her ill elder sister throughout the years，Charlotte discovered she had an interest in medicine.Group 8

1．nervous adj.紧张不安的 2．nice adj.友好的，和蔼的 3．noisy adj.喧闹的，嘈杂的 4．normal n．正常 adj.正常的(状态)5．note n．便条，笔记，注释；钞票，纸币；音符，音调 vt.记下，记录；注意

6．notice n．布告，通知；注意 vt.注意到

7．observe v．观察，看到，注意到；遵守；庆祝 8．once n．&adv.一次，一度，从前 conj.一旦

9．only adj.唯一的，仅有的 adv.仅仅，只，才

10．open adj.开着的，未封的，开的 vt.开，打开

11．operation n．手术，操作 12．opinion n．看法，见解 13．optimistic adj.乐观的

14．otherwise adv.要不然，否则，在其他方面 15．outgoing adj.爱交际的，外向的，对人友好的 16．owe vt.欠(债等)，归功于 17．pain n．疼痛，疼 18．painful adj.痛的，痛苦的 19．pass v．传，经过 n．通行证

20．passenger n．乘客，旅客 21．patience n．容忍；耐心 22．pattern n．式样

23．perfect adj.完美的，极好的 vt.使完善

24．picture n．图片；使完美，照片 25．place n．地方 vt.放置

26．plan n．&v．计划，方案

27．play v．玩；打(球)；比赛；扮演，假装 n．玩耍；戏剧

28．pleased adj.高兴的，满意的 29．pleasure n．高兴，愉快，乐事

30．positive adj.乐观的，积极的；肯定的，正电的；阳性的 31．possess vt.占有；拥有 高考链接

1．(2016·江苏高考)While we were eating，Kurt asked me，“John，what is your plan for personal growth？”

2．(2015·北京高考)Someone had left a note under their door during the night.3．(2015·江苏高考)I’m an ambitious writer，and when I started going through chemo(化疗)，even though I’m a very positive person，I lost my drive to write.4．(2014·四川高考)Tom was working out in the field when he noticed her walking around at the edge of the field.5．(2014·浙江高考)He is the only one you have to convince，and he can’t hear you in the back of the room.Group 9

1．poster n．招贴画；海报；巨幅装饰画 2．potential adj.潜在的，可能的 n．可能性，潜在性；潜力，潜能

3．power n．权利，势力；力，动力；电力；强国 4．powerful adj.效力大的，强有力的，强大的 5．practical adj.实际的，实用的 6．practice n．练习

7．praise n．&vt.赞扬，表扬 8．predict v．预言，预告，预测 9．present v．呈现；递交 10．pressure n．压迫；压力；压强 11．preview vt.预习；试演；预演 12．pride n．自豪，骄傲

13．principle n．原理，原则，信条 14．prize n．奖赏，奖品 adj.优秀的；获奖的 15．problem n．问题，难题

16．produce vt.生产；制造；展现；制作 17．progress n．进步，上进 vi.进展，进行

18．prohibit v．禁止，阻止 19．promise n．&vi.答应，允诺 vt.使有可能

20．proud adj.自豪的；骄傲的

21．publish v．出版，发行，公布，发表 22．pull v．拉，拖 n．拉力，引力

23．punish v．惩罚，处罚 24．put vt.放，摆 25．quarrel vi.争吵，吵架 n．口角

26．question vt.询问 n．问题

27．quiet adj.安静的；寂静的 28．quit v．离开，退出；停止；辞职 29．rank n．职衔，军衔 30．reaction n．反应

31．read v．阅读；理解；写着 32．realize vt.认识到，实现 高考链接

1．(2016·全国卷Ⅲ)Football season started in September and all summer long I worked out.I carried my football everywhere for practice.2．(2016·天津高考)Hearing her coughing bitterly one night，I decided to pull her from it all.3．(2014·新课标全国卷Ⅰ)As a matter of fact，we can see this principle at work in people of all ages.4．(2014·北京高考)Mr.Brown thanked her for all the wonderful posters and gave her a professional artist’s set.“Thank you，” she cried.I realized，at that time when I was looking at her excited face，she’d probably never owned anything in her whole life.Group 10

1．reason v．推理；推断 n．理由，原因

2．reasonable adj.合乎情理的 3．recite v．背诵

4．recognize vt.认出，认识；承认；意识到 5．refuse v．拒绝

6．regular adj.规则的，有规律的，定期的 7．reject v．拒绝 n．次品

8．relief n．安慰，欣慰；减轻，缓解；救济 9．repair n．&vt.修理；修补 10．repeat vt.重复；重说，重做 n．重复；副本

11．reply n．回答，答复 12．report n．&v．报道，报告 13．reporter n．记者 14．request n．请求，要求 15．requirement n．需要；要求 16．rescue vt.营救，援救 17．research n．研究，调查 18．respond vi.作答，响应 19．responsibility n．责任，职责 20．responsible adj.有责任的，负责的 21．rest n．休息；剩余部分，其余的人(或物)v．休息，歇息

22．review vt.回顾；复习；评论；检阅 n．评审；复查；复习；评论 23．rule n．规则，规定 v．统治，支配

24．run vi.跑，奔跑；管理，经营，运转；流动 25．safe adj.安全的，平安的 26．same n．同样的人或事 adj.同样的，同一的 27．satisfaction n．满意

28．save vt.救，挽救；节省，积攒

29．scene n．场景，布景；发生地现场；景色 30．scientific adj.科学的

31．search n．&v．搜寻，搜查，寻找 32．seize vt.抓住(时机等)，夺取，抢占 33．seldom adv.很少，不常 34．select vt.选择，挑选；选拔 高考链接

1．(2016·浙江高考)They gave me presents of their favorite artworks which they had refused to sell to tourists.2．(2014·辽宁高考)I felt a little uneasy，but to my relief，I had a good excuse.3．(2014·江西高考)With a smile of satisfaction on his face he said，“There！How does that feel？”“Oh，James，” Mum said.“That’s much better！How did you do it？”

4．(2012·江苏高考)They can also make people feel trapped and forced to answer unwanted calls or reply to unwanted texts.5．(2012·重庆高考)Plants make such good companions：they breathe，they bloom，they respond to care and love.Group 11

1．send v．打发，派遣；送，邮寄

2．sense n．感觉；理解；意识；判断力；感官 v．感觉到

3．set(set，set)vt.释放，安置 n．一套；一副；布景；舞台 4．shelter n．掩蔽；隐蔽处 vt.掩蔽，庇护 5．shock vt.使震惊 n．吃惊，休克

6．sign n．符号，标记；征兆；手势；信号 7．silence n．安静，沉默，寂静 8．similar adj.相似的，相像的，类似的

9．simple adj.简单的，简易的，朴素的，单纯的；完全的 10．single adj.单一的，单个的，单身的 11．situation n．处境，状况 12．skate vi.溜冰，滑冰

13．soon adv.不久，很快，一会儿 14．sorrow n．悲伤，悲痛；伤心事 15．sorry int.对不起，抱歉 adj.难过；懊悔；可怜的 16．special adj.特别的，专门的 17．speech n．演讲

18．speechless adj.(因激动等)说不出话的 19．spiritual adj.精神的；心灵的

20．spread v．延伸；展开，散布，蔓延，传开 21．stage n．舞台；阶段 22．stand n．看台，摊位；立场 v．站立；坐落；忍受

23．start v．开始，着手；出发；创办 24．stay n．&vi.停留，逗留；维持，保持 25．stick vi.粘住，钉住；坚持；卡住 n．木棒(棍)，枝条，小树枝 26．still adj.不动的，平静的 adv.仍然，还，依旧

27．storm n．风暴，暴(风)雨，暴(风)雪 28．strange adj.奇怪的，奇特的；陌生的 29．strength n．力量，力气；强项，长处 30．strong adj.强(壮)的；坚固的；强烈的；坚强的 高考链接

1．(2016·江苏高考)I told him about the many activities in which I was involved.And I went into a speech about how hard I worked and the gains I was making.2．(2016·全国卷Ⅲ)One afternoon，I was crossing the field to go home and saw Miller stuck

going over a fence—which wasn’t hard to climb if you had both arms.3．(2016·全国卷Ⅰ)They told her to stay still until the emergency personnel arrived，but she thought the car was going to explode.4．(2014·广东高考)Parents feel that it is difficult to live with teenagers.Then again，teenagers have similar feelings about their parents.5．(2014·北京高考)“And finally，” said Mr.Brown，the schoolmaster，at the end of the show，“we have a special award.I’m sure you’ve all noticed the wonderful posters.”

Group 12

1．suggestion n．建议；暗示 2．suitable adj.合适的，适宜的 3．suspect n．犯罪嫌疑人 v．怀疑；猜想

4．surprise vt.使惊奇，使诧异 n．惊奇，诧异

5．survive v．幸存，幸免于难；从(困难)中挺过来；挺下来，熬过 6．sympathy n．同情；慰问；赞同，支持 7．talent n．天才，天赋，才能 8．teach v．教书，教学 9．tear n．眼泪，泪水 v．扯破，撕开

10．terrible adj.可怕的；极度的，严重的 11．therefore adv.因此，所以 12．though conj.尽管，虽然 adv.然而，但是

13．thought n．思想；思考，想法 14．through adv.通过，自始至终 15．thus adv.如此，因而，这样 16．tiny adj.极小的，微小的 17．tired adj.疲劳的，累的，厌倦的 18．touch vt.触摸，接触；触动，感动 19．trouble vt.使苦恼，使麻烦 n．困难；疾病；麻烦 20．trust n．&vt.相信，信任 21．try v．尝试，试图，努力 n．尝试

22．unless conj.如果不，除非 23．until prep.&conj.直到……为止

24．unusual adj.不寻常的；异常的；与众不同的 25．usually adv.通常地，平常地 26．wave n．(热、光、声等的)波，波浪 v．挥手，挥动；波动 27．way n．道路，方法，途径 28．wealthy adj.富裕的

29．wedding n．婚礼，结婚，庆典 30．while conj.在……的时候，然而 n．一段时间

31．will n．意志，决心

32．wise adj.英明的，有见识的，有智慧的 33．wonderful adj.精彩的；奇妙的，极好的 34．worried adj.担忧的 高考链接

1．(2016·天津高考)With all she had been through in her ten years，this was the hour of true triumph(成功)．

2．(2016·江苏高考)It was a wise decision.While too many couples grow apart，we were growing together.3．(2015·重庆高考)In that case，eat before the flight，though an empty stomach will prevent you from sleeping.4．(2014·北京高考)I was surprised and thought that she could do something in the comingtalent show.二、5年高考阅读理解高频障碍词汇

Group 1

1．abnormally adv.不正常地

2．absolute adj.完全的，全部的；绝对的；十足的，地道的 3．abundant adj.大量的，丰盛的，充裕的

4．accomplish v．完成(任务)，达到(目的)，实现(计划、诺言等)5．accumulate v．积累，积聚，增加 6．accuracy n．准确(性)，精确(程度)7．accuse v．控告；指责，指控

8．acknowledge v．承认(权威或主张)，告知(信件、礼物等)已收到 9．acquire v．获得，得到，学到 10．adapt v．使适应，使适合；改编

11．adequate adj.充分的，足够的；合格的；合乎需要的 12．adjustment n．调整，适应，调节；修正 13．admission n．准入；接纳；入场费；承认 14．adolescent n．青少年 adj.青春期的，青春的，青少年的 15．adopt v．收养，领养；采用，采取

16．adore v．(不用于进行时)热爱，敬慕，崇拜，钟爱，喜爱 17．adventure n．冒险；奇遇

18．advocate v．拥护，支持；提倡；鼓吹 n．鼓吹者，提倡者，拥护者，辩护人，律师 19．affection n．喜爱，钟爱，挚爱

20．agency n．代理机构，经销处，代理处，机构，(尤指政府内的)局，部，处 21．alcoholic adj.含酒精的 n．酒鬼，酗酒者

22．allergic adj.过敏的；厌恶的；过敏引起的 23．allocate v．拨给，划归，分配

24．alternative adj.可供替代的，两者择一的，供选择的；另类的，非传统的 n．可供选择的事物

25．ambition n．目标，野心，雄心，抱负，追求，夙愿 26．ambulance n．救护车 27．amount n．金额，数量 v．总计 高考链接

1．(2016·浙江高考)Probably the worst type of gossip is the absolute lie.2．(2015·广东高考)In recent years，however，young upper middle-class people in London，have begun to adopt some regional accents，in order to hide their class origins.3．(2015·江苏高考)One of the most important factors that influenced their satisfaction as volunteers was the amount of suffering they experienced in their volunteer positions.4．(2014·北京高考)The bear behaved abnormally，probably because of hunger.Group 2

1．ample adj.足够的；丰裕的，富裕的；宽敞的，面积大的 2．analyze v．分析 3．analysis n．分析；分解 4．ancient adj.古代的，古老的 5．anecdote n．逸事，趣闻 6．anniversary n．周年纪念日 7．annoyvt.(使)烦恼

8．annual adj.每年的，的，一年一次的

9．apparent adj.显而易见的，表面上的，貌似……的，明白的 10．appeal v．呼吁；恳求；上诉，申诉；有吸引力 n．吸引力；上诉，申诉；呼吁

11．applaud v．&n．鼓掌，赞许，赞赏，欢呼，向……鼓掌，向……喝彩，称赞，赞许 12．applicant n．申请人 13．application n．申请，应用

14．approve v．赞成，同意，批准，通过 15．approximately adv.近似地，大约 16．argue vi.争辩，争论 vt.主张，认为

17．argument n．争论，辩论

18．arise vi.起来，升起；出现，呈现，(由……而)引起，(由……)产生 19．arrange v．安排，布置

20．arrangement n．安排，布置，筹划 21．aspect n．方面，外观，外表 22．assess v．评价，评定(性质，质量)23．assessment n．看法，评价 24．assistance n．帮助，援助，支持

25．associate v．联想，联系；结交，交往；使联合，使有联系，把……和……联系在一起 n．合伙人，伙伴，同事 adj.非正式的；副的；联合的 26．association n．协会，社团；联系 27．assume v．假定，假设；承担；呈现 28．assumption n．假定，假设；担任 29．atmosphere n．大气；气氛，环境 30．attempt vt.试图，尝试 n．尝试，努力 高考链接

1．(2016·北京高考)The annual death rate for adult condors has dropped from 38% in 2000 to 5.4% in 2011.2．(2016·全国卷Ⅰ)She arranged for a flight on a small plane to be held for me，re-routed(改道)me through Newark and got me back to the UK even earlier than originally scheduled.3．(2016·全国卷Ⅰ)Silence may be viewed by some cultural groups as extremely uncomfortable；therefore attempts may be made to fill every gap(间隙)with conversation.4．(2015·浙江高考)You can use your active reading skills to analyze and understand graphs just like any other text.5．(2015·四川高考)No one is sure how the ancient Egyptians built the pyramids near Cairo.Group 3

1．attraction n．吸引，爱慕，吸引力；具有吸引力的人或物 2．available adj.可获得的；可得到的；有空的；可用的 3．background n．背景 4．backward(s)adv.向后 5．ban n．禁令，禁止 v．禁止；取缔

6．bare adj.裸露的，光秃秃的，无遮蔽的，无掩护的，勉强的 v．露出，暴露

7．bargain n．(经讨价还价后)成交的商品；廉价货 v．讨价还价

8．bathe vi.洗澡；游泳 n．游泳

9．behalf n．利益；方面；代表，维护

10．behave v．守规矩，行为，表现；做出反应，发生作用；举止规矩有礼，检点 11．beneath prep.在……下方(面)，(指地位等)低于，次于 12．bid v．&n．出价，喊价；命令，吩咐；投标；向(某人)道别 n．喊价，出价；努力争取 13．biography n．传记 14．bless vt.祝福；保佑；赞美

15．block n．大块；(木、石等)块；街区；路障 vt.阻塞；阻挡

16．board n．木板；布告牌；委员会；(政府的)部 v．上(船、火车、飞机等)17．bonus n．奖金；红利；额外津贴 18．boom n．&v．繁荣；轰鸣；激增 n．隆隆声；(营业等的)激增；(经济等的)繁荣 19．botanical adj.植物学的 20．botany n．植物；植物学

21．bounce v．使弹起，蹦，上下晃动 n．弹跳，跳动 22．brake n．闸 vi.刹车

23．branch n．树枝；分枝；分公司，分店；分支部，分支机构，分局 24．brand n．品牌，商标 vt.打烙印于，加污名于

25．break v．打破(断，碎)；损坏，弄坏；打断；中断；摧毁；削弱；使破裂 n．休息；中断；间隔

26．breakthrough n．重大进展，突破 27．breathe vi.呼吸 高考链接

1．(2016·全国卷Ⅲ)A free schedule of events for each term is available by calling the box office at 556－4183.2．(2016·上海高考)I was now fascinated by the idea of poetry，words that had the power to make or break a person’s world.3．(2015·全国卷Ⅱ)Now this former royal palace is open to the public as a major tourist attraction.4．(2014·重庆高考)We should not mistakenly believe that we always behave as a result of some inner disposition.5．(2013·天津高考)They’d get back in the car breathless and energized，smelling fresh from the cold air.Group 4

1．brief adj.简洁的，简短的 2．broad adj.宽广的 3．broadcast vt.广播

4．brochure n．资料(或广告)手册 5．budget n．预算，预算费 v．做预算 adj.廉价的

6．buffet n．自助餐 vt.连续猛击

7．burst v．使爆裂，使破裂；突然发生 n．(感情等的)爆发，破裂，爆炸 8．bury vt.埋，葬；覆盖

9．button n．纽扣；(电铃等的)按钮 v．扣(纽扣)，用纽扣挂住

10．campaign n．运动，战役；参加；发起运动 11．cancel vt.取消，撤销

12．candidate n．候选人，申请人；应试者；被认定适合者 13．cartoon n．动画片，卡通

14．casual adj.偶然的，碰巧的；非正式的；临时的；不定期的 15．cautious adj.小心的，谨慎的 16．ceremony n．典礼，仪式；礼节 17．certificate n．证明，证明书；文凭

18．character n．特征，特性；性格；角色；人物；(汉)字，字体；品格 19．classify v．把……分类，把……归类 20．campaign n．运动；活动；战役 v．参加运动；参加竞选

21．complex adj.难以理解的，复杂的 n．建筑群；复合体

22．compulsory adj.强制的，必须做的，义务的 23．confirm v．确认，确定；证实，证明；批准 24．consult v．请教；查阅；商议；咨询

25．convey v．运输；传送；表达；传递(思想、感情等)26．convince v．使确信，使信服，劝服，说服 27．declare vt.宣言，声称，声明；断言 28．decline v．减少，下降，衰退；谢绝，婉拒 29．decorate vt.装饰，修饰

30．deliver vt.投递，传送(信件，邮包等)；发表，宣布，交付 高考链接

1．(2016·浙江高考)Managing the family budget must have been a very hard task，but she made it look effortless.2．(2016·天津高考)I tried to convince myself that the trouble was with the problem itself，not with me.3．(2014·江西高考)The click of a button allows people miles apart to talk or see each other without even leaving their homes.4．(2014·新课标全国卷Ⅰ)Turin has started a campaign to make such documents，found in libraries and stores around the world，available not just to scholars but to the younger generations of communities from whom the materials were originally collected.5．(2014·四川高考)Research findings have shown that about 20 percent of people can be classified as “night owls” and only 10 percent can be classified as “early birds”—the other 70 percent are in the middle.Group 5 1．editor n．编辑

2．electric adj.电的；电动的

3．emergency n．紧急情况；突发事件 4．especially adv.特别，尤其 5．example n．例子；榜样 6．exchange n．交换，调换；交流 7．expand v．扩大，增加，扩展

8．explicit adj.明确的；清楚的；详述的；坦率的 9．explore v．探险，勘察，考察；探索，探究 10．explorer n．探险者 11．export n．&v．出口，输出

12．expose vt.揭露；露出，显露；使面临 13．express vt.表达；表示；表露 n．特快列车，特快专递

14．extension n．扩大；延伸；扩建；电话分机，分机号码 15．extraordinary adj.非凡的，异乎寻常的 16．fantasticadj.(口语)极好的，美妙的，很棒的 17．fare n．(车或船的)费用，票(价)18．fault n．缺点，毛病；错误 19．feast n．盛宴，宴会，(宗教的)节日 20．federal adj.联邦制的，联邦政府的 21．female adj.女的；女性的；雌性的 n．女人；雌性动物 22．fight n．打仗(架)，战斗 v．与……打架，与……作斗争

23．finance n．资金；财政；财务；金融 vt.为……筹集资金

24．fit adj.健康的；适合的；恰当的 v．(使)适合，合身；装进，可容纳

25．fix vt.使固定；修理；安装；确定，决定；安排 26．flash n．闪光；闪耀；(想法的)突现 v．使闪光；使闪现

27．flexible adj.易弯曲的，柔韧的；灵活的，可变动的 28．fluent adj.流利的，流畅的 29．foggy adj.多雾的

30．follow vt.跟随；接着，沿着，顺着；听懂，理解；遵循；仿效；跟得上 高考链接

1．(2016·江苏高考)Such systems do not need to operate face-to-face，and it’s clear to me that the Internet is expanding the range of my own social prosthetic systems.2．(2016·浙江高考)This book explores the musical interest and needs of children in their daily lives.3．(2016·江苏高考)She intends to fight to make it a woman’s as well as a man’s world.4．(2015·四川高考)And every week he cleaned Old Man McColgin’s chicken house in exchange for manure(肥料)．

5．(2015·北京高考)Furthermore, studies show that finances are the most frequent subject of communication between parents and their college children.Group 6

1．forecast n．&vt.预告 2．fun n．乐趣；乐事；玩笑 3．furniture n．(总称)家具 4．glance vi.匆匆一看；一瞥；扫视 5．glare v．怒目而视 n．瞪眼；刺眼的强光

6．globe n．地球仪；地球；球体 7．glory n．光荣；荣誉；赞颂 8．graduate v．毕业 n．毕业生，研究生

9．grasp v．抓住；紧握；理解，领会 10．grocer n．零售商人；杂货店 11．guarantee n．保证；保证书；担保 v．保证；担保

12．guidance n．引导，指导 13．handle n．柄，把柄 v．处理；应付；拿，触 14．hardship n．困难

15．headline n．(报刊的)大字标题 16．hobby n．业余爱好，嗜好 17．holy adj.神圣的

18．identity n．同一性；一致；身份 19．idiom n．习语，成语 20．ignore v．忽视，不理 21．illegal adj.不合法的，非法的 22．immigration n．移民 23．incident n．事件；冲突 24．income n．收入；收益；所得

25．independent adj.独立的，自主的；有主见的 26．indicate v．表明，显示；象征；暗示；指示；指出 27．information n．信息 28．insert vt.插入 n．(书报或杂志的)插页 29．inspect vt.检查；视察；检阅

30．instant adj.立即的，立刻的；速食的，即食的 高考链接

1．(2016·天津高考)My daughter is a university graduate working toward her master’s degree in English.2．(2016·天津高考)Our Standard Courseguarantees a significant increase in your confidence in a foreign language，with focused teaching in all 4 skill areas—speaking，listening，reading and writing.3．(2016·北京高考)For previous generations，college was a decisive break from parental control；guidance and support needed to come from people of the same age and from within.4．(2016·天津高考)The solution is obvious though perhaps not easy to apply：alwayshandle the most difficult job first.5．(2016·北京高考)The college years are supposed to be a time for important growth in autonomy(自主性)and the development of adult identity.6．(2016·四川高考)Previous studies have also indicated that milk can be excellent for helping sleep because of the calcium content，which helps people to relax.7．(2013·山东高考)But designer Mikhail Belyaev doesn’t think that forgetting to check the weather forecast before heading out should result in you getting wet.Group 7

1．institute n．(研究)所，院，学院 2．insure vt.确保；给……保险 3．intelligence n．智力；情报 4．interrupt v．打扰，打断 5．journalist n．记者，新闻工作者 6．justice n．正义；公正；司法 7．magic adj.有魔力的 n．魔法；魔力；魅力

8．mature adj.成熟的，成年人的；深思熟虑的，慎重的 9．measure v．测量，衡量，量度为 n．量度尺寸；措施

10．merchant adj.商业的；商人的 n．商人；生意人

11．minister n．部长；牧师 12．mineral n．矿物质，矿物

13．motivation n．动机；动力；积极性 14．nutrition n．营养

15．occupation n．职业，工作；消遣；占用 16．particular adj.特殊的，个别的 17．pedestrian n．步行者，行人 18．permanent adj.永久的，永恒的

19．plain adj.清楚的，明显的；普通的；朴素的；坦诚的 n．平原，旷野

20．policy n．政策，方针 21．precious adj.宝贵的，珍贵的 22．previous adj.先前的，以往的 23．primary adj.首要的；初级的

24．process n．过程，程序；步骤；方法；工艺流程，工序 v．处理，加工

25．professionn．职业，专业 26．profit n．利润，收益，益处 27．pronunciation n．发音 28．punctual adj.准时的

29．purchase v．&n.买，购买，采购

30．random adj.随意的，任意的，未经事先考虑的 高考链接

1．(2016·江苏高考)A third reason is that social intelligence develops in children before their general cognitive(认知的)skills，at least when compared with chimps.2．(2016·全国卷Ⅰ)Nurses should recognize their own personal and cultural construction of silence so that a patient’s silence is not interrupted too early or allowed to go on unnecessarily.3．(2016·浙江高考)Each time the bowl of rice is pushed over the table edge，it falls to the ground—and，in the process，it brings out important evidence about how physical objects interact(相互作用)．

4．(2015·全国卷Ⅱ)Students who take a gap year are often more mature and responsible.5．(2014·辽宁高考)Travis is the manager of G&G where he is responsible for forty employees(雇员)and profits(利润)of over 2 million per year.6．(2013·北京高考)Sometimes a few celebrities can get a little justice.Still，even stars who enjoy full justice often complain about how hard their lives are.They are tired of being famous already.Group 8

1．range n．范围；一系列；射程；山脉 v．变化；变动；排列，排序；徘徊；漫步 2．react v．起反应，有影响；反抗 3．reception n．接待，招待会 4．reform v．&n．改革，改进

5．refresh v．更新；使恢复精力；提醒；使想起 6．register n．登记簿 v．登记

7．relate vi.有关；涉及 8．represent vt.代表 9．reputation n．名声，名誉 10．resist v．抵抗；抵挡 11．standard n．&adj.标准(的)12．strike v．敲，打，撞，击；打动，感动；擦火柴；侵袭 n．罢工

13．studio n．工作室，演播室 14．survive v．幸存，存活，幸免于，比……活得长 15．target n．目标，对象，靶子 v．把……作为攻击目标，把……对准 16．tradition n．传统，风俗，惯例

17．trick n．诡计，骗局，恶作剧；戏法；诀窍 vt.欺骗，欺诈

18．typical adj.典型的，有代表性的 19．understanding n．领会；理解；谅解

20．urge v．敦促，催促，力劝；强烈主张；鼓励；促使 n．强烈欲望；冲动

21．vacant adj.空缺的，未被占用的；空闲的，茫然的 22．vain adj.自负的，自视过高的，徒劳的，无效的 23．value n．价值；重要性 vt.评价；重视；估价

24．violence n．暴力；猛烈，剧烈 25．visual adj.视觉的

26．vital adj.必不可少的，极其重要的；维持生命活动所必需的；充满活力的 27．weigh vt.称……的重量；权衡 28．welfare n．福利

29．withdraw v．撤回，撤离；收回；缩回；使退出；提取 30．witness v．&n．目击者，证人；目击，目睹，亲身经历 高考链接

1．(2016·全国卷Ⅲ)But when you share a story with your friends，you care a lot more how they react.2．(2016·江苏高考)There are several reasons to believe that the urges to help，inform and share are not taught，but naturally possessed in young children.3．(2016·江苏高考)The barefoot kid who just a few years previously had been living in poverty，surrounded by criminals and violence，had written a new chapter in the history of sports.4．(2015·浙江高考)The circle is divided into sections，and each section represents a fraction of the data.5．(2015·浙江高考)In most cities the sky looks as though it has been emptied of stars，leaving behind a vacant haze(霾)that mirrors our fear of the dark.三、5年高考常考动词短语

1．add up to加起来是……；表示 add to增加；加入，加到 add...to...把……加到……上 add up加起来 add that...补充说……

2．can’t bear doing/to do sth.不能忍受做某事

can’t bear sb./sb.’s doing/to do sth.不能忍受某人做某事 bear a heavy burden肩负重担

bear responsibility/the blame承担责任/受责备 3．break out爆发 break in打断；破门而入 break into闯入；强行闯入 break away from脱离

break down(机器、车辆)出毛病；摧毁；分解 break through突破

break off折断；中断；突然停止 break up解散；破碎

4．bring up培养；抚养；教育；提出；呕吐 bring about引起；产生；导致；带来 bring sth.back归还；使想起某事

bring down带下，运下，搬下；使倒下；使倒台；使降低 bring in引入；赚(钱)5．call on拜访(某人)；号召 call at停靠；(短时间)访问 call for需要；要求；邀请；提倡 call in召集；召来

call up给……打电话；召集；使想起 6．come along跟着来；快点 come out出来；出版 come true实现

come back to life苏醒过来

come to the point说到要点，触及问题实质 come about发生，造成 come across偶遇

come to light为人所知，显露 come up走近；上升；被提出 come on快点；开始 come over过来

come up with提出；想出 7．come into use开始被使用

come into sight/view出现在眼前；映入眼帘 come into power/office就职，上台执政 come into existence开始存在；形成

come into effect/force/operation开始生效/执行/实施 8．cut down削减；砍倒 cut in插嘴；超车；插入 cut up切碎；抨击 cut out删除

cut through刺穿；抄近路走过 cut off切断；中断；使死亡 9．die out灭亡；逐渐消失 die away(声音、光线等)逐渐消失 die of/from因……而死 die down减弱；平息 die off相继死亡

be dying for很想要；渴望 be dying to do sth.极想做某事 10．come to an end结束 put/bring sth.to an end结束……

make(both)ends meet使收支相抵；量入为出 put an end to sth.结束/终结某事 11．fit in相适应

fit in with与……合得来；适应 fit sb.for sth.使某人胜任某事 12．get in touch with同……取得联系 get up起床 get back回来；取回 get on上车 get over克服；度过 get off下车 get together相聚

get on/along well with与……相处融洽 get into进入；陷入 get into trouble陷入麻烦 get in a word插话 get rid of摆脱；除掉

get through通过；接通(电话)；完成；度过，熬过 get to到达

get about/around/round传开，传出去 get across使理解 get away离开

get down to(doing)sth.开始认真做某事 get out离开；出版；泄露 get hold of抓住 13．give up放弃 give in屈服；投降 give out用完；耗尽 give away分发；捐赠；泄露 give off放出，散发出 give back归还；恢复

give way to给……让路；对……让步 14．go ahead继续；干吧 go by(时间)过去；经过(地点)go out(灯、火)熄灭

go on sth.以……为依据；根据……来判断 go on to do sth.接着做另外的事 go over检查；复习

go through通过；经历；仔细检查 go about开始着手；到处走动；传开 go against违背 go back回到；追溯 go for运用于，应用于 go in for参加；爱好 go with与……相配

go without没有……而勉强应付 go up上升，上涨 go down下降，下沉

15．help(sb.)out帮助(某人)摆脱困境；使(某人)脱离困境 help sb.with/to do sth.帮助某人某事/做某事 can’t help doing sth.忍不住做某事 can’t help but do只得做；不得不做

help yourself(to sth.)随便自己动手(夹菜吃、用……等)16．hold up举起；阻滞(交通等)；耽搁 hold back阻止；抑制

hold one’s breath憋住气，屏息 hold out坚持；拿出

17．keep on doing sth.继续/反复做某事 keep up坚持

keep up with跟上；与……保持联系 keep back保留；阻止；隐瞒 keep away from远离 keep out of使……不进入 keep one’s word遵守诺言 keep in touch with与……保持联系 keep silent保持沉默

keep/prevent/stop...from doing sth.制止(防止)……做某事 keep off使……远离

18．lead to导致；造成；通向…… lead sb.to do sth.使某人做某事 lead/live a．..life过……的生活 lead...into...把……领进…… lead the way引路；带路

19．live on靠……生活，以……为主食 live through经历 live up to不辜负；履行 live with忍受，容忍 20．look up抬头；查阅 look out小心 look into调查 look forward to盼望 look through仔细看；浏览 look up to尊敬 look down upon瞧不起 look like看起来像 look on...as把……看作 look after照顾 look for寻找

look back回顾；回头看 21．make a dive for向……猛冲 make an apology to向……道歉 be made up of由……组成

make up组成；化妆，打扮；和解；编造 make up for弥补，补偿 make room for给……腾地方 make up one’s mind下决心 make use of利用 make one’s way前进 make progress取得进步 make repairs修理 make a promise许诺 make a living谋生 make the best of充分利用 make out认出；理解 make it成功；及时达到

22．perform the role of扮演……角色 perform a．..role in在……中起……作用 perform an operation进行手术

perform one’s duty/promise尽责任/履行承诺 23．pick out挑出；辨别出

pick up拾起，捡起；收拾；整理；(偶然)学会；用车接某人；收听到；身体好转 pick off摘除

24．prefer A to B 喜欢A而不喜欢B prefer doing A to doing B 宁愿做A而不愿做B prefer(sb.)to do sth.宁愿(某人)做某事 prefer to do A rather than do B 宁愿做A而不愿做B 25．pull away离开；脱身；拉掉 pull down拆毁；摧毁

pull in(车辆)进站停靠；靠边停靠 pull out(of sth.)驶出；脱离，退出 pull through康复，痊愈

26．put away放好；把……收起来 put down记下；平息 put out扑灭；出版

put up举起；建造；张贴；投宿 put up with(＝stand/bear)忍受 put on穿上；上演；增加 put off延期，拖延

put through完成；接通(电话)put forward提出建议；拨快(钟等)put aside节省；储蓄；储存 27．rely on依靠，依赖；指望

rely on sb.to do sth.指望/相信某人做某事 rely on(doing)sth.依赖/信任/指望(做)某事 rely on it that...相信……；指望……

28．remind sb.of sth./sb.提醒某人某事/想起某人 remind sb.to do sth.提醒某人做某事 remind(sb.)that/how/what...提醒(某人)…… 29．run out of...用完……；用尽…… run out用完

run across跑着穿过；偶然碰到 run after追逐；追求 run away跑掉；逃避 run into撞上；遇到

30．make sense有意义；有道理；讲得通 make sense of理解；明白 make no sense没道理；没意义

31．set about doing sth.(＝set out to do sth.)开始做某事；着手做某事 set out出发；开始 set up建立；树立；设立 set sb.free释放某人

set fire to/set...on fire放火烧…… set an example to为……树立榜样 set down记下；放下；登记 set forward提出；促进 set off引爆；出发；动身 set aside搁置，把……放在一旁 32．settle down安顿下来；定居 settle down to do sth.开始认真对待做某事 settle in(使)适应(新环境)settle on决定；选定 that’s settled一言为定 33．show...in带或领……进来 show sb.into领某人进入 show sb.out领某人出去

show sb.around/round sp.领某人参观某地 show sb.to the door送某人到门口 show off炫耀；显示 show up出现

34．take up占用(时间、空间)；从事 take...out拿出去 take place发生 take the place of代替

take one’s place就座；代替某人的职位 take it easy别着急 take off脱掉；起飞；成功 take part in参加

take pride in以……而自豪 take away(from)(从)……拿走 take in欺骗；摄取

take on雇用；承担(责任)；呈现(品质、面貌)take over接管

35．turn up出现；开大(音量)；到达 turn against反对；背叛 turn on打开(电灯等)turn off关上(电灯等)turn down开小(音量)turn over翻转 turn in交出；上交 turn to求助于；翻到；转向 turn into变成 turn out结果是；生产 36．动词＋for account for解释，说明

answer for对……负责，担保…… allow for考虑到 ask for要求，请求 enter for报名参加 head for朝……行进 hunt for搜索，寻找 wait for等待，等候 37．动词＋to amount to总计

attend to处理；对付；照料 belong to属于

contribute to有助于，导致 see to照看；注意；负责

correspond to/with与……相符，与……一致 resign oneself to听从……，顺从…… relate to与……有联系，与……有关联 cater to迎合，满足

appeal to对……有吸引力；上诉；恳求 subscribe to订阅；赞成，同意 apply to申请，请求 38．动词＋out drop out退出；脱离；辍学 figure out想清楚，弄明白；计算出 fill out填写(表格等)sell out售完

wear out耗尽；使筋疲力尽；穿破 stand out出色，杰出 leave out省略；遗漏；忽略 39．动词＋with deal with对付，处理；涉及 do with处理 meet with偶遇 cope with应付，处理 40．动词＋on act on根据(建议、信息等)行事 count on依赖，依靠 decide on选定

depend on依赖，依靠，取决于 focus on集中于

insist on坚持要求，坚持认为 rely on指望，信赖 41．动词＋up clear up放晴；清理；整理；澄清；解决 tie up绑好 fasten up固定好 speak up大声说 blow up使充气；爆炸 save up储存；节省 tidy up收拾干净 speed up加速 lock up锁好 42．动词＋through pass through穿过，通过

come through(重病后)康复；(消息或信息)传来 43．动词＋mind change one’s mind改变主意

make up one’s mind下定决心；决定 bear/keep...in mind记住…… call/bring...to mind回忆起…… read one’s mind看出某人的心思 44．动词＋breath hold one’s breath屏住气；屏息 take a deep breath(＝breathe deeply)深呼吸 lose one’s breath喘不过气来

catch one’s breath喘口气；歇口气；恢复正常呼吸 45．动词＋difference make a difference有影响；起(重要)作用

make some/no difference(to...)(对……)有/没作用或影响 tell the difference(between...and...)辨别/区分(……与……)的不同 46．动词＋sb.＋of sth.cure sb.of sth.治好某人的病 accuse sb.of sth.指控某人某事 cheat sb.of sth.骗取某人某物 inform sb.of sth.通知某人某事 convince sb.of sth.使某人相信某事 rob sb.of sth.抢劫某人某物 47．动词＋habit form the habit of/fall into the habit of/get into the habit of养成……的习惯 be in the habit of有……的习惯 get out of the habit of改掉……的习惯

四、5年高考常考熟词生义

1．absent adj.茫然的，恍惚的(熟义：adj.缺席的)She looked at the picture in an absent way.2．ache v．渴望(熟义：v.&n．疼痛)Having left for ages，he was aching for home.3．address vt.发表演说(熟义：n.地址；v.写地址)The president will address his speech at 3：00 pm.4．against prep.映衬(熟义：prep.逆着，反对；倚，靠；碰)The picture looks nice against the white wall.5．attend v．看护；治疗；陪同(熟义：v.出席；参加)The nurse attended to him day and night.6．availableadj.(人)有空的(熟义：adj.可得到的；可找到的)The professor is now available.7．blank adj.没表情的；空虚的；没兴趣的(熟义：adj.空白的；n.空白)The stranger returned my greeting with a blank look.8．blue adj.忧伤的(熟义：adj.&n．蓝色)His songs always make me feel blue.9．cloudy adj.不明朗的，不清晰的(熟义：adj.阴的，多云的)Who will take his place still remains cloudy.10．coach v．辅导，指导(熟义：n.教练)She coached me in playing football.11．count vt.有价值，重要(熟义：n.&v．计算，数)It is not how much you read but what you read that counts.12．course n．一道菜(熟义：n.课程；过程)The courses vary with seasons.13．cross adj.生气的(熟义：v.跨越，横穿；n.十字)Don’t be cross with him—after all，he is a child.14．desert v．抛弃，离弃(熟义：n.沙漠)He deserted his wife and children and went abroad.15．develop v．冲印(熟义：v.发展；开发；研制)Did you have the films developed? 16．disabled adj.有障碍的，失去功能的(熟义：adj.有残疾的，无能力的)One more look and he noticed flames shooting out from under the disabled vehicle.(2016·全国卷Ⅰ)17．drive v．迫使某人(做不好的事)(熟义：v.驾驶)Hunger drove her to steal.18．divorce v．使分离；使脱离(熟义：v.与某人离婚)You can’t divorce science from ethical questions.19．draw v．获得，取得，推断出(熟义：v.画；拖；拉)What moral are we to draw from the story? 20．express n．快车(熟义：v.表达)Is there an express from Nanjing to Shanghai? 21．encourage v．促进，助长，刺激(熟义：vt.鼓励；激励)Good health encourages clear thinking.22．escape v．被忘掉；被忽视(熟义：v.逃跑；逃脱)The name escapes me for the moment.23．explode v．勃然大怒；大发雷霆(熟义：v.爆炸；爆裂)I’m about to explode！He broke his promise again.24．exploit v．利用(熟义：v.开发；开采；剥削)You must exploit every opportunity to learn English.25．fail v．不足；缺乏(熟义：v.失败)Last year the rain failed and many crops died.26．foreign adj.不熟悉的(熟义：adj.外国的；外交的)The subject is foreign to all of us.27．fresh adj.无经验的(熟义：adj.新鲜的)She is quite fresh to the work.28．gain v．(钟表)快(熟义：v.获得；赢得)Don’tworry.My watch gains.We still have time.29．ground n．理由(熟义：n.地面)He has strong grounds for more money.30．govern vt.影响；支配(熟义：v.管理；控制)The law of supply and demand governs the prices of goods.31．hit n．成功；红极一时的人或事(熟义：v.击中，打击)Tuhao is quite a hit of this year.32．illadj.&adv.坏的/地(熟义：adj.生病的)It’s no good speaking ill of others.33．interest n．利益；股份(熟义：n.兴趣)Our family has interests in the business.34．invite v．吸引(熟义：v.邀请)Don’t leave the window open—it’s inviting thieves to enter.35．inspire v．启发(熟义：v.激励；鼓舞)His best music was inspired by the memory of his mother.36．jump n．&v．大幅度上涨(熟义：v.&n．跳跃)Last week the price of goods jumped.37．kid v．开玩笑；欺骗(熟义：n.小孩)Take it easy.I’m just kidding.38．kill v．消磨(时间)(熟义：v.杀掉；害死)That guy hangs around all day long，killing time.39．losevi.(钟表)慢(熟义：v.失去；丢掉)Please hurry！My watch loses 10 minutes.40．last adj.最不可能的(熟义：adj.最后的)He is the last man I want to see.41．mean adj.自私的，卑鄙的，吝啬的(熟义：v.意思是，意味着)It’s mean of you to eat up all the apples.42．note v．注意，指出，特别提到(熟义：n.笔记)I noted that her hands were dirty.43．openadj.(问题、议事等)未解决的(熟义：v.开；adj.开着的，打开的)They left the matter open.44．operate vi.起作用(熟义：vi.运转；操作；做手术)The medicine operated quickly.45．part v．分手；放弃；卖掉(熟义：n.部分；零件；角色)In order to raise money，he had to part with some of his most treasured possessions.46．pleasant adj.和蔼可亲的，友善的(熟义：adj.令人愉快的)He’s always been very pleasant to me.47．position n．立场；观点(熟义：n.位置；职位)What’s your position on the problem? 48．promise v．有……的希望；使……有可能(熟义：v.&n．许诺)The dark clouds promise rain.49．rate v．对……作出评价；被认为，被评价为(熟义：n.比率；速度)These potatoes rate among the best.50．read v．理解；领会(熟义：v.阅读)I didn’t read mother’s thoughts at that time.51．reflect v．沉思；思考(on/upon)(熟义：v.映出；反射)I need time to reflect on your offer.52．safe adj.谨慎的；小心的(熟义：adj.安全的)He is a safe man.You can count on him.53．say vt.假定；显示；表明(熟义：vt.说)Say that war breaks out，what will you do? 54．shoulder v．承担(熟义：n.肩膀)Young people should learn to shoulder the blame.55．spring v．跳，跃；突然出现(熟义：n.春天；泉水)Fast food restaurants are springing up all over the city.56．strength n．强项，优点，优势(熟义：n.力气)Maths is not my strength.57．walk n．行业(熟义：v.&n．行走；步行)This society welcomes people from all walks of life.58．wear vt.表露，流露，面带(熟义：vt.穿戴)The girl always wears a happy smile.59．weigh v．权衡；斟酌(熟义：v.称……的重量；重达)Please weigh the advantages and disadvantages of doing this！

五、5年高考写作经典句式

1．I am writing to tell you/express...我写信是想告诉你(您)……

I am writing to ask you to do me a favor/pay attention to...我写信是想请您帮助我/关注……

(2016·全国卷Ⅰ)I’m writing to tell you something about my plan for the coming summer vacation.(书信)(2016·全国卷Ⅲ)I’m writing to express my regret at being unable to go to the bookstore with you next weekend，which I have promised.(电子邮件)(2013·重庆高考)I’m a student from Chongqing，China.I am writing to askyou to pay attention to the situation of Finless Porpoises.(求助信)2．with的复合结构

(2014·江苏高考)With English words getting popular in both media and daily life，a Chinese dictionary has included 239 of them.(议论文)3．what...will be like……是什么样子

(2014·新课标全国卷Ⅱ)I often imagine what my life will be like in the future.(说明文)4．In the picture，we can see...从这幅图中，我们可以看出……

(2015·福建高考)In the picture，we can see a boy in worn clothes，sitting at a shabby wooden table with a pile of books on it.(图画作文)5．In Picture 1...while Picture 2 shows...在图一中，……然而图二却展示了……

(2013·江苏高考)In Picture 1，a man is trying to put up a banner on a lonely tree surrounded by stumps，but in vain，while Picture 2 shows a couple happily planting trees.(图画作文)6．I think the picture is telling us that...我认为这幅图是在告诉我们……

(2013·北京高考)I think the picture is telling us that there is usually a difference between one’s dream and reality.(图画作文)7．使用现在分词短语作状语

(2016·北京高考)A week before Earth Day，posters were put up around our school，calling upon us to join in the actions for a greener earth.(图画作文)8．使用不定式作状语

(2013·江西高考)In order to encourage the students to take outdoor exercise，our school organized a mountain-climbing on April 10.(记叙文)9．使用动名词作主语

(2016·江苏高考)On-line voting becomes increasingly popular，and many competitions get people involved in it.(议论文)10．借助“There is a famous saying that...”引用名言

(2013·四川高考)There is a famous saying that“Good habits lead to good endings.”，which shows the importance of habits.(说明文)11．主语＋feel＋it a great honor to do sth.对……来说，做……是一件荣耀的事情

(2013·天津高考)I am very glad and feel it a great honor to run for the vice president of the English club.(演讲稿)12．How is everything going on?近来一切进展如何？

(2016·全国卷Ⅲ)How is everything going on with you？(电子邮件)13．How I wish I．..我多么希望……(2013·山东高考)How I wish I would read and reply to your e-mail as soon as I received it.(电子邮件)14．It is universally acknowledged that...众所周知……

(2013·辽宁高考)It is universally acknowledged that the Mid-Autumn Festival falls on the 15th of the eighth month of our Chinese lunar calendar.(说明文)15．I would really like to...because...我想……因为……

(2015·安徽高考)I would really like to interview him because he is not only the first Chinese to go to space but also one of the greatest astronauts in the world.(想象性作文)16．主语would like to invite sb.to...……想邀请某人去……

(2015·全国卷Ⅱ)I’d like to invite you to join us for a visit to the nearby nursing home next Saturday for the Double Ninth Festival.(邀请信)17．There is no doubt that...毫无疑问……

(2013·四川高考)There is no doubt that a healthy everyday habit helps to build up our body.(说明文)

1．be about to...when...即将做……就在这时……

(2014·福建高考)I was about to give up when my best friend encouraged me to go on.(议论文)2．使用限制性定语从句

(2014·江西高考)In addition，you should respect all the teachers who unselfishly help you to gain much knowledge.(发言稿)3．使用虚拟语气

(2015·安徽高考)If I could interview him，I would ask him what made him an astronaut and how he was trained.(想象性作文)4．Memories rushed to my mind when...当……时候，众多记忆蜂拥而至。

(2014·山东高考)Memories rushed to my mind when I saw this topic.(议论文)5．It shows a common phenomenon nowadays that...它展示了当今一个普遍现象：……

(2013·福建高考)It shows a common phenomenon nowadays that children are the focus of families，shouldering the hope of their parents.(图画作文)6．The message conveyed here is clear：...这儿所传达出的信息十分清晰：……

(2013·江苏高考)The message conveyed here is clear：“Actions speak louder than words.”(图画作文)7．It is more meaningful to do...做……更有意义

(2013·江苏高考)Instead of shouting empty slogans，it is more meaningful to donate books and sports goods to children in need.(图画作文)8．It occurred to sb.that...某人突然想到……

(2013·陕西高考)It occurred to me that I should give the rooms a thorough cleaning.(记叙文)9．使用副词作评注性状语，如amazingly(令人惊讶地)，obviously(明显地)，importantly(重要地)，happily(高兴地)，surprisingly(令人吃惊地)等。

(2015·广东高考)Amazingly，she earned respect from her students，all of whom later grew to be confident，considerate and well-behaved.(议论文)(2013·四川高考)Obviously，a good habit can help us to speed up to reach our destinations.(说明文)(2013·天津高考)More importantly，I am a person full of passion for a variety of things.(演讲稿)10．使用as引导的定语从句

(2016·天津高考)As scheduled，we participated in several instructive activities.(发言稿)(2013·四川高考)As we can see，cultivating a good habit is so important that I would like to introduce one kind of good learning habit—keeping a learning diary every day.(说明文)11．I think I can be qualified for...for the following reasons.由于以下原因，我认为我能胜任……

(2013·天津高考)I think I can be qualified for the president for the following reasons.(演讲稿)12．使用非限制性定语从句

(2016·江苏高考)It makes no difference from ordinary voting events，in which candidates go around to seek supports.(议论文)(2015·全国卷Ⅱ)We’ll also spend some fun time together singing，dancing and playing games，which we hope will make them happy.(电子邮件)13．If you were me，you would...如果你是我，你会……

(2013·山东高考)I believe that if you were me，you wouldmake the same choice.(电子邮件)14．be interested in the announcement/advertisement/position of...posted/advertised on...对于登载在……上的通告/广告/职位感兴趣

(2012·新课标全国卷)I am interested in the announcement of the summer camp posted on the Internet.(申请信)15．If the situation remains the same，...如果形势依旧如此……

(2013·重庆高考)If the situation remains the same，within 10 years，Yangtze Finless Porpoises will become extinct forever.(求助信)16．keep quiet about...对……保持沉默

(2012·大纲全国卷Ⅱ)We want to give him a surprise，so please keep quiet about it.(邀请信)

1．使用what引导的主语从句

(2015·湖南高考)What impressed me most was that I failed in an English exam，feeling extremely upset and disappointed.(说明文)2．wish从句中使用虚拟语气

(2014·新课标全国卷Ⅰ)Besides，I wish there would not be too many students in a class.(应用文)3．so...that...如此……以至于……

(2016·北京高考)We did so well that we were invited to share our idea and experience with all the students of our school.(图画作文)(2014·山东高考)At the beginning，learning English seemed so difficult that I wanted to give up without even trying.(议论文)4．while连接两个并列句

(2013·福建高考)The son，well dressed，waves proudly in the middle while the father behind bends forward to hold the jacket and the mother in front rolls out the carpet，sweating.(图画作文)5．使用选择疑问句

(2013·江苏高考)Should we just pay lip service or take practical measures to protect the earth？The answer is definitely the latter.(图画作文)6．It is not so easy for sb.to do sth.对某人来说做某事不容易

(2013·北京高考)Everyone has his dream.However，it is not so easy for people to realizetheir dreams every time.(图画作文)7．使用过去分词短语作后置定语

(2015·全国卷Ⅰ)It carries articles written by foreign friends about the cultures of their home countries.(书信)(2013·陕西高考)Firstly I collected all the books，newspapers and other things scattered in the rooms and put them in place.(记叙文)8．find＋宾语＋宾语补足语

(2013·北京高考)Just the next morning，I found my mother not feeling well.(记叙文)9．时间名词作连词

(2013·北京高考)The moment my father came back home，my mother told him what had happened.(记叙文)10．使用现在分词短语作状语

(2015·北京高考)Looking at the figurines，we were all very excited.(记叙文)(2013·江西高考)All the way we were chatting，singing and laughing，enjoying the fresh air and the beautiful scenery.(记叙文)11．使用独立主格结构

(2013·江西高考)Some falling behind，others would come and offer help.(记叙文)12．It was＋时间段＋before...多长时间后……

(2013·江西高考)It was about 2 hours before we all reached the top.(记叙文)13．not...until...直到……才……

(2013·安徽高考)If I ride a bike，I’ll always keep to the right and never cross a road until the traffic light turns green.(说明文)14．主语＋regard it as one’s duty to do sth.把做某事当作某人的义务

(2013·安徽高考)Meanwhile，I will regard it as my duty to help keep our environment clean and healthy.(说明文)15．使用最高级

(2016·四川高考)Summer vacation is the longest of the year...I think summer is certainly more fun than the other three seasons.I like summer best.(说明文)16．使用方式状语by doing sth.(2013·四川高考)We can start the habit by writing learning summary and recording something impressive and meaningful.(说明文)17．祈使句＋and＋陈述句

(2013·四川高考)Keep it in mind and gradually we can gain this good learning habit and benefit from it.(说明文)(2013·北京高考)Another try，and they may gain what they dream of.(图画作文)18．no matter＋疑问词

(2015·福建高考)The moral of the story is：spare no effort to acquire knowledge and never get discouraged easily no matter how difficult the situation may be.(图画作文)(2013·辽宁高考)Usually，no matter how far away or how busy we are，we will try to come home for the celebration.(说明文)19．用such as列举事例

(2013·辽宁高考)In addition to these traditional activities，we have a wider range of choices such as travelling and visiting our relatives or friends.(说明文)20．使用同位语解释说明前面的名词

(2016·北京高考)As for my favorite figure in Chinese history it must be Wei Yuan，a great thinker in the late Qing Dynasty.(说明文)21．be＋形容词＋enough to do sth.足够……能做某事

(2013·天津高考)If I am lucky enough to be elected，I will make every effort to serve for the benefits of students and our club.(演讲稿)22．使用插入语I am sure，I think等

(2013·天津高考)I will organize various activities in our university，such as holding lectures and English parties，which，I am sure，will be beneficial to improving students’ English.(演讲稿)23．使用so that引导的结果状语从句

(2016·全国卷Ⅲ)We can set out early so that we will have more time to read and select books.(电子邮件)24．It is likely that...有可能……

(2013·山东高考)It is likely that I will work as a volunteer for the school as a teaching assistant.(电子邮件)25．not...but...不是……而是……

(2016·江苏高考)To be honest，voters sometimes feel annoyed，not because they hate voting，but because they are divided between emotion and fairness.(议论文)(2016·江苏高考)Voting of this kind does not depend on the strong points of the competitors，but rather on how many social-networking resources they have.(议论文)26．多种时态的综合运用

(2012·新课标全国卷)I’ve been learning English for 10 years，and I speak fluent English.(申请信)27．on one’s doing...一……就……

(2012·大纲全国卷Ⅱ)On his arriving，we will light the candles and sing “Happy Birthday” together for him.(邀请信)28．as soon as possible尽可能快地

(2013·重庆高考)Besides，sewage emissions should be reduced as soon as possible.(求助信)29．It is another effective way to do sth.做……是另外一种有效方式。

(2013·重庆高考)What’s more，it is another effective way to appeal to the news media along the middle-lower reaches of the Yangtze River for a joint interview to publicize the importance of porpoise conservation.(求助信)30．Would you please do...您能否做……

(2015·全国卷Ⅰ)Would you please write something about the culture in your part of the United States？(约稿信)(2013·新课标全国卷Ⅰ)Would you please meet my uncle at the airport and take him to his hotel since this is his first visit to the U．S.？(求助信)

1．so long as只要

(2014·山东高考)So long as we hold fast to our ideals and never give up，we are bound to achieve success.(议论文)2．not only...but also...的倒装句

(2015·广东高考)As for its functions，not onlycan the technique be used to predict major diseases，but it also enables people to foresee the examinees’ food preference.(说明文)(2014·广东高考)As far as I am concerned，not only will her generosity help those in need realize their dreams and rebuild faith in life，but also it will motivate more people to participate in such a good deed.(议论文)3．in a word总之

(2014·新课标全国卷Ⅱ)In a word，my life will be much richer and more colorful.(说明文)(2014·山东高考)In a word，not only does the proverb enable me to face up to the difficulties bravely，but also it contributes much to keeping confident all the time.(议论文)4．encourage/inspire sb.to do sth.instead of doing sth.鼓励/激励某人做……而不是做……

(2013·福建高考)Parents should encourage their children to overcome difficulties and inspire them to develop by themselves instead of doing everything for them.(图画作文)5．only in this way引起的倒装句

(2013·福建高考)Only in this way can they grow up to be independent and become truly successful.(图画作文)6．“only＋状语从句”引起的倒装句

(2013·江苏高考)Only when we match our words with actions can we make a difference in whatever we hope to accomplish.(图画作文)7．as far as...is concerned就……而言

(2013·北京高考)As far as I am concerned，people need to learn to accept the reality and keep on

第三篇：2019高考英语必背

1.感谢信

假设你是李华，梁教授去年六月推荐你去悉尼大学深造，现在你已经被悉尼大学化学学院录取，请写封信向梁教授表示感谢。【优秀满分范文】

Dear Professor Liang, I am writing to extend my gratitude to you because with your help I am now a student of Chemistry Department of Sydney University.Last June, when I applied to become a graduate student of Sydney University, you really gave me a lot of valuable help.You not only wrote a recommendation（推荐）for me to Professor Wells who works in the Sydney University but also gave me careful and patient instructions on how to fill the application forms and write the application letters.It is your unreserved(无保留的）help that enables me to obtain this splendid（极好的）opportunity of further education.For the following two years I will study hard to reciprocate（回报）your sincere help and expectations with excellent grades.Yours truly, Zhang Ying

2.道歉信

假设你是李华，因弟弟生病住院，你不能参加你好友下星期四晚的生日晚会，请写一封道歉信解释原因，并祝福他生日快乐。【优秀满分范文】 Dear Sarah, I am terribly sorry to tell you that I am unable to attend your birthday party next Thursday evening.That is owing to（因为）the fact that（同位语从句）my younger brother suddenly fell ill and was taken to a hospital this morning.I have to go there immediately and take care of him.As told by the doctor in charge, it will take around five days for him to recover and I have asked my boss for a leave.I really regret that I cannot go to celebrate your birthday personally and would miss the perfect chance of enjoying myself with all our old friends.I have chosen a small gift for you and will send it to you tomorrow to show my best wishes.Besides, please give my regards to our friends when you meet them at the party.Cordially,（sincerely）

Li Hua

3.申请信

假定你是李华，将于今年七月从新星外语学校毕业。你从报纸上得知B B公司要招聘一名英文秘书，你很感兴趣，要写一封求职信，包括下列要点： 1．年龄：18．

2.学习情况：班级前5，英语口语好 3．兴趣和特长：打字快，喜欢阅读，听音乐 4．性格特点：积极向上 注意：1．词数100左右；

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2．可适当增加细节，以使行为连贯；

3．开头语和结束语己为你写好。【优秀满分范文】 Dear Sir/ Madam, I learned from the newspaper that your company needs an English secretary.I’m really interested in this position so I am writing to apply for it.I’m18 years old and will graduate from Xinxing Foreign Languages School this July.I’m an excellent student, among the top 5 in my class of 50 students.I’m good at English, especially spoken English.I often use the computer and I type very fast.In my spare time, I read a lot.Poems are my favorite.I enjoy music very much too.Being an active young person, I like sports and outdoor activities.Besides, I’m easy to get along with and I like to make friends.I hope I may be granted（授予）an interview, when I can explain my qualifications（资格，条件）more fully.I am looking forward to your reply.Sincerely/Yours，LiHua

4.通知

假如你是校学生会主席。新年即将到来，为了帮助你校的外国留学生更好地了解中国文化，学生会将为他们举办一个新年晚会。请你根据以下提示，用英语向他们发出口头通知。时间：下周五6：00—8：00 地点：教学楼101室

内容：1．唱中国歌 2．比赛用筷子 3．学习包饺子

注意：1．词数不少于50；2．可适当增加细节，以使行文连贯；3．开头和结尾已给出，不计入总词数【优秀满分范文】

Good afternoon, everyone.May I have your attention, please? I’m the chairman of the Students’ Union.As the New Year is around the corner（即将到来）, we are going to hold a New Year party for you, which is intended to enable you to have a better understanding of Chinese culture.During the party, not only can you sing a Chinese song, but you will also compete with each other to see how skilled you are at using chopsticks.What’s more, you’ll learn at the party how to make dumplings.Sounds great.doesn’t it? The party is scheduled（计划于）in Room 101of the Teaching Building from 6:00 p.m.to 8:00 p.m.next Friday.Please make sure you won’t miss it.Thank you for your attention.5.邀请信

你们班同学打算周六去爬香山。请给外教Chris写一封英文信，邀请他参加此次活动。具体内容如下： 1.时间：8am—5 pm； 2.集合地点：校门口； 3.交通工具：公交车；

4.携带物品：雨具，午餐，相机。注意：1.词数不少于50；

2.可适当增加细节，以使行文连贯；

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3.开头和结尾已给出，不计入总词数。【优秀满分范文】 Dear Chris，I’m writing to tell you that we intend to climb the Fragrant Hill this Saturday and I sincerely invite you to go with us on behalf of our class.We are supposed to gather at the school gate and set out at 8:00 am sharp.The bus will serve as our transportation.We will climb to the top of the hill and enjoy our picnic lunch there, so please take some food with you as lunch.At about 2:00 pm.We will go down the hill along another path and return to our school at about5.00pm.You may equip yourself with a camera to record the beautiful scenery and an umbrella or a raincoat is also necessary in case you are caught in a rain.Please spare some time to join us.Your participation can surely add color to our trip and we are all looking forward to your involvement.Yours, Joe

6.建议信

假定你是李华，你所喜爱的Global Mirror周报创刊五周年之际征集读者意见．请你依据以下内容给主编写封信，内容主要包括：

1．说明你是该报的忠实读者

2．说明该报优点：1)兼顾国内外新闻 2)介绍名人成功故事 3．提出建议： 刊登指导英语学习的文章 注意：1．词数100左右，开头语己为你写好； 2.可以适当增加细节，以使行文连贯。【优秀满分范文】 Dear Editor-in-Chief, Congratulations on the 5th anniversary of Global Mirror!I’m a regular reader of your newspaper.I like it so much that I hardly miss any copy.There are many advantages of Global Mirror.Firstly, Global Mirror covers both national and international news.By simply turning the pages, I can know all important things that have happened both home and abroad.Besides, the success stories of world-famous people are also attractive to me, which help me learn a lot from them.In a word, thanks to Global Mirror, we are well-informed and keep up with the changing world.As a young student, I wish that I can be a master of English language.Therefore, I suggest that Global Mirror provide articles about English learning for us.Finally, I hope that Global Mirror will become more and more popular.Thank you for your time!

Sincerely yours，Li Hua

7.求助信

假设你是李华，你的美国朋友Tom上个月来到北京学习。七月份你将去北京参加暑期中学生英语演讲比赛(speech contest)，你在资料搜集、语言运用等方面遇到了困难。请根据以下要点给Tom写一封电子邮件： 1.询问Tom的生活和学习情况；

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2.谈谈你的困难并请Tom帮忙； 3.告诉Tom你打算赛后去看他。注意: 1.词数:120—150；

2.可适当增加细节，以使行文连贯。【优秀满分范文】 Dear Tom，How is it going these days? I keep wondering how you feel about your school life in Beijing.Have you got used to the life in China? Are you enjoying your life? I hope you are.Let me tell you a piece of good news: I’m going to take part in an English speech contest of middle school students in July in the coming summer vacation.So I’m busy preparing for it.But now I have some difficulty in collecting useful information and using proper English word to express my thoughts.Besides, I really want to improve my spoken English, especially the pronunciation and intonation（语调）.Of course, as a native English speaker, you can give me some suggestions.In addition, I’m going to visit you after the contest.I’m sure we will have a wonderful time together in Beijing!I can hardly wait to see you!I am looking forward to your early reply.Yours, Li Hua

8.投诉信

你是李华，两周前你从网上一套书虫系列读物（Bookworm Series）昨天才到货，且包装破损，数量不足。请就此向网店客服写邮件投诉。要点如下： 1.介绍购物情况 2.反映存在问题 3.提出解决方案 注意：

1.词数100词左右

2.可适当增加细节，使行文连贯 3.开头结尾已给出，不计入总词 可能用到的生词：投诉complaint n.【优秀满分范文】 To whom it may concern, I am one of your customers(顾客).I ordered（订购）a set of(一套)Bookworm Series on your website two weeks ago, but I didn’t receive them until yesterday.And much to my disappointment, the books were so poorly packed up that the cover of one book was torn.To make matters worse, it is not a complete set, as I found one book missing I am sorry to have received such poor service, and I believe I have every right to ask you to deal with this problem.I hope that you either return my money or deliver a new set of books to me.Besides, I’d like to be informed of the process of your dealing with my complaint.Looking forward to your reply.4 / 14

Sincerely, Li Hua

9.祝贺信

假如你是李华，你的好友魏芳在中学生英语演讲比赛中荣获一等奖。请你根据以下内容，给她写一封祝贺信。

内容包括：1.表达你的愉悦心情；2.向她表示祝贺； 3.请她介绍成功的经验。

注意：1.词数100左右； 2.开头和结尾已为你写好，但不计入总词数；3.可适当增加细节，以使行文连贯。

参考词汇：英语演讲比赛 the English Speech Contest 【优秀满分范文】 Dear Wei Fang, I hear that you have won first prize in the English Speech Contest of Middle School Students, so I’m writing to give my sincere congratulations.You don’t know how excited I was when I heard the good news.As your best friend, I am proud of you!Your pronunciation and fluent English left me with deep impression.It came as no surprise to me that you won the contest.Could you share with me how you improve your spoken English? Your experience will be of great help to me in learning.I will be grateful if you can write me back and give me your advice.I am looking forward to your early reply.Yours, Li Hua

10.求职信

假如你是李华，从报纸上看到中老年英语培训机构Mid．Senior ESCH面向高中毕业生招聘暑期兼职辅导员，负责学员课间服务事项。请根据下面的广告内容用英语写一份求职信。ASSISITANTS WANTED Valuable chances are open for high school graduates who are good at English．Their work is to tend the senior students during the break．

Requirements attached：1．Good at English．2．Experienced priority． Contact us by e-mail：Ｅnglishtec@163．com．

注意：1．短文词数100字左右；2．不能使用真实姓名和学校名称； 【优秀满分范文】 Dear Director: I’d like to apply for the post of assistant which was advertised in the newspaper.I found this position quite appealing to me.I’ve just graduated from high school.Luckily I am good at English and I can speak English fluently.In addition, I have previous experience.During my stay in middle school, I used to be a volunteer and looked after the old people in a nursing home on weekends.In short, I believe my experience and fluent oral English will be a great help for me in doing the work.I’m available for interview at any time.It would be appreciated if I can get your offer.5 / 14

Sincerely, Li Hua

英语写作八个“万能利”

1、挣钱

We can make some pocket money to buy some meaningful and educational books.2、培养兴趣、开阔视野

Only by doing so can we cultivate our interests and broaden our horizons.3、提高能力（交际、交流）

Not only our communication ability but also our interpersonal skills can be polished and improved.4、交朋友

We can make some close friends to share with each other our own life experience.5、利用时间

We will be able to make the most of our everyday time to do some valuable things.6、享受生活

It gives you an opportunity to enjoy your life from a different point of view.7、有意义、有趣

It is not only meaningful but also entertaining.8、面对挑战、克服困难、达成目标、实现梦想

It can teach us how to face challenges, overcome difficulties, achieve our goals and realize our dream.书面表达常用词组

首先，尤其重要的，最重要的 above all 偶然，无意中 by accident 对（于）…很积极 be active in 合计为 add up to 承让错误 admit one's mistake 接受某人的建议 take / follow one's advice 就…提出建议 give advice on 建议某人做某事 advice sb.to do sth.后天 the day after tomorrow 毕竟；终究 after all 违心 against one's will 在…岁时 at the age of 实现目标 achieve one's aim 在空中；悬而未决 in the air 在户外，在露天里 in the open air 在机场 at the airport 火警 the fire alarm 满腔怒火 be filled with anger 因某人之言行而生气 be angry at sth.生某人的气 be angry with sb.通知 make an announcement 相继地，按顺序地 one after another 相互，彼此（三者或三者以上之间）one another 相互（指两者之间）each other 没有回答 give no answer 为…而担心 be anxious about

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急于做某事 be anxious to do sth.分开住 live apart 除了 apart from 因某事向某人认错或道歉 make/offer an apology to sb for sth.与某人争论某事 argue with sb.about sth.放在一边 lay sth.aside 请某人指点 / 帮助 ask sb.for advice / help 惊讶于… be astonished at sth.以前，曾经 at one time 注意 pay attention to 对…抱正确的态度 take a correct attitude towards sth.引起（注意，兴趣等）attract one's attention 仰卧／仰泳 lie / swim on one's back 重感冒 a bad cold 两件行李 two pieces of baggage 保持／失去平衡 keep / lose one's balance 在舞会上 at the ball 洗冷水澡 have / take a cold bath 阵亡 be killed in battle 在海滩 on the beach 整理床铺 make the bed 以…开始 begin with 在…起始，开始 at the beginning of 自始自终 from beginning to end 形成…局面；产生 come into being 安全带 a safety belt 三思而后行。Second thoughts are best.尽力，尽最大的努力 do / try one's best 尽量利用，善用 make the best of 一切顺利，万事如意 all the best 黑体地，粗体地 in bold 出身于农民家庭 be born in a peasant's family 鞠躬 make a bow 动动脑子 use one's brains 打破纪录 break the record 深吸一口气 take a deep breath 屏息；憋住气 hold one's breath 上气不接下气 out of breath 刷牙 brush one's teeth 突然哭起来 burst into tears 突然一阵大笑 a burst of laughter

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要不是 but for 呼救声 a call for help 保持镇静（别慌）keep calm 保持安静（别吵）keep quiet 保持不动（别动）keep still 保持沉默（别说话）keep silent 夏令营 a summer camp 去野营 go camping 情不自禁… cannot help doing 打牌 play cards 照顾，保管 take care of 医疗护理 medical care 假若那样的话 in that case 以防万一 in case 下倾盆大雨 rain cats and dogs 赶上（或超过）catch up with 偶然 by chance 免费 free of charge 主管，在掌管之下 in charge 由…负责 in the charge of 掌管，负责 take charge 高兴起来 cheer up 童年时 in one's childhood 挑选，选择 make a choice 圣诞节时 at Christmas 去做礼拜 go to church 烟头 cigarette end 为…鼓掌 give sb.a clap 接近get close to 一块桌布 a table cloth 一套衣服 a suit of clothes 童装 children's clothing 集邮 collect stamps 产生，发生 come about（偶然）遇见或发现 come across 走过来；长出，发芽，上升；抬头 come up 共同，共有 in common 参加比赛 compete in a contest 举办音乐会 give a concert 条件是 on condition that 祝贺某人 congratulate sb.on sth./ 14

相反地 on the contrary 失控 out of control 与…谈话；交谈 have a conversation with sb.在…期间／过程中 in / during the course of 被…覆盖 be covered with 因某事和某人发脾气 be cross with sb.at sth.划掉 cross out 对…残忍 be cruel to sb.立方米 cubic meter 对…感到好奇 be curious about sth.对…造成巨大损害 do great damage to 处境危险 in danger 过时 out of date 在不久前，前几天 the other day 对…充耳不闻 be deaf to sth.对付，应付 deal with 负债 in debt 还清债务 out of debt 做出决定 make a decision 做好事 do good deeds 付诸行动，生效 do the deed 直到深夜 deep into the night 沉思 deep in thought

作文核心词汇复习总结

一、如何写长难句How to develop complex sentences.1.写出key words，确认中心骨架 2.逻辑排列，logical arrangements 3.加工润色，colorize 例句：大部分学生相信业余工作会使他们有更多机会发展人际交往能力，这对他们未来找工作是非常有好处的。

Most of(A majority of)students believe(hold the view)that part-time jobs can provide them with opportunities机会to/and develop(improve/better)communication ability能力(social abilities/interpersonal skills人际关系技巧),which is good for(is beneficial to有益于)their looking for jobs(job-hunting求职)in the future(after their graduation).二、拓展长句的三大方法

The most important factor因素 we have to take into consideration is sth./that… The most important thing I want to talk about is that…sth./ that… It is also of great importance to pay close attention to…that Besides what is mentioned above上述的,it is necessary to think about…

In addition to除…之外 what is talked about above, I want to tell you sth.about… 1.写引导词：包括起承转合例(让句子变得高端)

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起: in the first place首先, first and foremost首要的, to begin/start with 承: second(ly),in the second place, furthermore而且,此外, moreover而且,此外, what’s more, in addition另外, besides 转:but, however, on the contrary与此相反, in contrast/comparison相比之下, nonetheless虽然如此,但是;nevertheless尽管如此,然而;合: last but not least最后同样重要的，so, therefore，in conclusion最后，综上所述, to conclude最后, in a/one word, in general, 例: for instance, for example, such as，When it comes to....说起… 经典引导句型

There is no doubt that/in saying that… It is known to us all that, It is well-known that…

It is apparent/obvious显然的 that…it is not hard to understand that… It is not too much to say that…

It is commonly/widely/generally agreed that…(acknowledged公认的 that…/ believed that)2.写插入语(让句子变得客观)that is to say to a certain extent在某种程度上，to some degree在一定程度上，to a larger degree在很大程度上 for one reason or another因为某种原因, to put it in another way换言之 directly or indirectly 直接或间接 in other words 换句话说 as a matter of fact 事实上

例：English is, to a large degree, important.be后

Computer, directly or indirectly, influences our life.行前

Computer can, as a matter of fact, influence our life.助行间

例句：It is known to us all that, English is, to a large degree, very important due to that English is becoming a global/world language./is becoming more and more(increasingly)popular

There is no doubt in saying that computer, directly or indirectly, to a large degree, influences our life primarily owing to that(computer can make our work and study faster)computer can improve the efficiency of our work and study.It is hard to understand that doing part-time job can, to a large extent, broaden our horizon in that we can understand more about the society by knowing a lot of people.3.写从句(让句子变得漫长)名词性定语从句:that, who 时间状语从句:before, when, after, during 地点状语从句:where)原因状语从句:because, because of that..primarily/mainly owing to that, partly/partially due to that, in that 例： I like you in that you are very kind.10 / 14

假设状语从句:if, on condition that… in case that…

三、精选核心单词 1.好坏与权衡：

reap a lot of benefits from 从…中收获很多

advantage, disadvantage

every coin has its two sides, every thing has two sides

2.允许与禁止：

allow(all+low): allow sb.to do sth.permit(per+mit,): permit sb.to do, sb.is permitted to do sth., ask for the permission from…

forbid禁止: forbid sb.to do…, sth.is forbidden by…

3.学校与课程 ：

in university, on campus, major in主修, minor in辅修，English course, optional course选修课, required/compulsory course必修课

4.考虑与因素：

take sth.into consideration/account

sth.is the decisive决定性的/ an essential/ the most important factor

5.提及与谈到：

Talking about(the importance of English, three factors should be considered.)

When it comes to(the importance of English, three factors should be considered.)

6.分歧与主张，There is no agreement on the issue问题 that…

some people hold the view that…, some others hold an opposite view that…

so far as I am concerned,...in my opinion, from my perspective，7.反对与拥护：

advocate主张: We advocate the change of the policy.support the idea that

argue/hold/maintain/deem/that…

8.当今与形势

decade: in recent decades，nowadays, currently, at the present day/time

with the development of science and technology/economy/culture/society

information technology, more and more people are paying attention to…

close/due attention should be paid to

9.喜好与厌恶

prefer: prefer to do, prefer to do…rather than do, it is my preference, sth.is preferred.people are reluctant to do…不情愿做某事

10.现象与原因：

phenomenon现象 phenomena复数

lead to, cause，So what are the reasons behind this phenomenon?

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the reasons behind the phenomenon are as follows

11.影响与趋势：

tend to趋向于

tendency : There is a growing tendency for people to work at home instead of in offices.effects: exert effects on

bring negative/positive influence on带来负面/积极影响

do good/harm to

12.感激与宽恕

be thankful/grateful to sb.for..to express one’s gratitude to…

I am writing to you to tell you…/to express my thanks…

forgive excuse pardon me for what I did

13.举例与说明

for instance, such as…

as far as I am concerned以我为例

14.效率与改善

affect effect

effective efficient efficiency: To make it more efficient/effective.to enhance/improve sth.15.联系与期待

Email: e-mail me at the address:

contact me by the number of…

should there be anything I can help you, never hesitate犹豫 to call me.I am looking forward to hearing from you;an immediate reply will be fully appreciated.16.沉溺与控制：

sth.is prevalent普遍的

become addicted to沉溺于abandon/addict oneself to

sth.is under control

prevent sb.from doing sth.cancel, fight against

17.付出与回报：

No pains, no gains.take pains to do sth.尽力做某事

reward n./vt.报酬，奖赏 rewarding值得的

Learning English is painstaking and challenging but rewarding.reap a lot of benefits from…

be benefited to do sth.18.活动娱乐

recreation activities娱乐活动

Physical training体育

take part in/participate in

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entertainment entertain

19.种类与改变

vary vt./vi改变

very

various: various kinds of，a variety of, a great number of

20.心里与身体

physically身体上

spiritually精神上

psychologically心理上, psychology心理

mentally心理上, mental health

例：沉溺于网络对身心有害。

Becoming addicted to internet is physically harmful and mentally unhealthy.21.建议与要求

I suggest that you should…

My suggestion is that people should…

It is important that you should…

essential significant necessary

Due/close attention should be paid to that…

22.个性与美德

be optimistic/pessimistic/open-minded

/easy-going/extrovert/introvert

hardworking, diligent(diligence), lazy(laziness), cautious, kind-hearted, warm-hearted, ready to help others, cold-blooded

23.环境与污染

environment pollution, environment protection

ecological balance生态平衡 ecology生态

strike the balance between human society and nature

threaten vt./vi.威胁

pose a threat to human beings对人类构成威胁

punishment, punished, rewarded

例：English may be the most important factor in deciding which countries are leaders in the future.The language of the most advanced management and technology is undoubtedly English.Sth/to do sth/doing sth may be the most important factor to sth/in deciding sth.The sth of sth is undoubtedly sth.The way to do sth is undoubtedly to do sth.Being able to do sth is the key to sth/ doing sth.高考英语话题作文常用词汇

1.话题:朋友/友谊?

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常用词汇:? get to know sb.认识某人 know sb.really well 熟知某人 make friends with sb.和某人交朋友 a strong personality 一个很强的个性 personal matters 隐私 friendship 友谊 friendly 友好的 a close friend 一个亲密的朋友 trust each other 相互信任 precious 珍贵的 worthy 有价值的 understanding 通情达理的 share…with sb.与……分享…… be loyal to 对……忠诚 keep in touch with sb.与……保持联系 keep company with sb.和……结交 stay best friends with sb.和……保持很好的友谊

2.话题:语言学习? 常用词汇:words and expressions 生词和习惯用语 vocabulary词汇量 spelling拼写 pronunciation发音 custom习俗 idiom习语 stress强调 intonation语调 list列表 recite背诵 learning学习approach方法 revision复习discuss讨论 discussion讨论 game比赛,游戏 group组 team work合作 make notes做笔记attend a lecture参加讲座 life-long learning终生学习communicate with交流 teach oneself自学 pick up习得 take a course上课 make preparations做准备 make full use of 充分利用 refer to a dictionary查字典? keep a diary记日记 consult an expert 咨询专家? 3.话题:旅游? 常用词汇: Tour旅行,观光 view 风景,视野 travel/trip/visit 旅游 tourist 游客 tourism 旅游业 scenery风景 board 上/船、飞机等 sightseeing 观光 adventure冒险 attractive 有吸引力的 hiking远足 local当地的 luggage行李 souvenir 纪念品 traveler 旅行者 voyage 航行 visa签证 go on a tour去旅行 tourism wave 旅游热 tourist attractions 旅游景点 a busy/low season for tourism 旅游旺/淡季 make a holiday trip 度假旅行 places of interest 名胜

4.话题:文化遗产? 常用词汇:? culture文化 cultural relics文化遗产 ruins废墟 value价值 valuable贵重的 worth值得 design设计 favorite特别受喜爱的 historic有历史意义的 holy神圣的?memorable难忘的 mountainous多山的 primitive原始的 remote遥远的 sacred神圣的 spectacular壮丽的 wonderful美妙的 belong to属于 survive幸存 date back to/from追溯到 has a history of 有……的历史 protect…from…保护…… the past civilization 过去的文明 one of the wonders 奇迹之一 historic relics 历史遗产 tourist attraction 旅游热点? 5.话题:现代技术? 常用词汇:? Science and technology 科学技术 computer电脑 Internet网络 computer games 电脑游戏 email 电子邮件 information信息 message消息 screen屏幕 mouse鼠标 ? apply应用 application应用 invent 发明 invention发明 electronic电子的 laptop手提电脑 equipment设备 ?equip…with 装备software软件 data数据 database数据库 robot机器人 satellite卫星 battery 电池 chip芯片 digital 数据的 fax 传真 portable手提的 engineer工程师? update更新 download下载 net网 network 网络系统 virus病毒 access进入 scan浏览 store sound and picture digitally自动贮存声音和图片 deal with处理 the latest version of the software最新版的软件 surf the Internet

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第四篇：高考必背古诗词

蜀道难——李白

噫吁嚱！危乎高哉！蜀道之难，难于上青天。蚕丛及鱼凫，开国何茫然！

尔来四万八千岁，不与秦塞通人烟。西当太白有鸟道，可以横绝峨眉颠。地崩山摧壮士死，然后天梯石栈相钩连。上有六龙回日之高标，下有冲波逆折之回川。黄鹤之飞尚不得过，猿猱欲度愁攀援。青泥何盘盘，百步九折萦岩峦。

唉呀呀多么危险多么高峻伟岸！蜀道真太难攀简直难于上青天。

传说中蚕丛和鱼凫建立了蜀国，开国的年代实在久远无法详谈。

自从那时至今约有四万八千年，秦蜀被秦岭所阻从不沟通往返。

西边太白山有飞鸟能过的小道。从那小路走可横渡峨眉山顶端。

山崩地裂蜀国五壮士被压死了，两地才有天梯栈道开始相通连。

上有挡住太阳神六龙车的山巅，下有激浪排空纡回曲折的大川。

善于高飞的黄鹤尚且无法飞过，即使猢狲要想翻过也愁于攀援。

青泥岭多么曲折绕着山峦盘旋，百步之内萦绕岩峦转九个弯弯。

扪参历井仰胁息，以手抚膺坐长叹。问君西游何时还？畏途巉岩不可攀。但见悲鸟号古木，雄飞雌从绕林间。又闻子规啼夜月，愁空山。

蜀道之难，难于上青天，使人听此凋朱颜。连峰去天不盈尺，枯松倒挂倚绝壁。飞湍瀑流争喧豗，砯崖转石万壑雷。其险也如此，嗟尔远道之人胡为乎来哉！

剑阁峥嵘而崔嵬，一夫当关，万夫莫开。所守或匪亲，化为狼与豺。朝避猛虎，夕避长蛇。磨牙吮血，杀人如麻。

锦城虽云乐，不如早还家。

蜀道之难，难于上青天，侧身西望长咨嗟！

登高——杜甫 风急天高猿啸哀，渚清沙白鸟飞回。无边落木萧萧下，不尽长江滚滚来。万里悲秋常作客，百年多病独登台。艰难苦恨繁霜鬓，潦倒新停浊酒杯。

锦瑟——李商隐 锦瑟无端五十弦，一弦一柱思华年。庄生晓梦迷蝴蝶，望帝春心托杜鹃。沧海月明珠有泪，可以摸到参井星叫人仰首屏息，用手抚胸惊恐不已徒有声长叹。

好朋友请问你西游何时回还？可怕的岩山栈道实在难以登攀！

只见那悲鸟在古树上哀鸣啼叫；雄雌相随飞翔在原始森林之间。

月夜听到的是杜鹃悲惨的啼声，令人愁思绵绵呵这荒荡的空山！

蜀道真难走简直难于上青天，叫人听到这些怎么不脸色突变？

山峰座座相连离天还不到一尺；枯松老枝倒挂倚贴在绝壁之间。

漩涡飞转瀑布飞泻争相喧闹着；水石相击转动像万壑鸣雷一般。

那去处恶劣艰险到了这种地步；唉呀呀你这个远方而来的客人，为了什么要来到这个险要地方？

剑阁那地方崇峻巍峨高入云端，只要一人把守千军万马难攻占。驻守的官员若不是皇家的近亲；难免要变为豺狼踞此为非造反。清晨你要提心吊胆地躲避猛虎；傍晚你要警觉防范长蛇的灾难。豺狼虎豹磨牙吮血真叫人不安；毒蛇猛兽杀人如麻即令你胆寒。锦官城虽然说是个快乐的所在；如此险恶还不如早早地把家还。蜀道太难走呵简直难于上青天；侧身西望令人不免感慨与长叹！

天高风急，秋气肃杀，猿啼哀啸，十分悲凉； 清清河州，白白沙岸，鸥鹭低空回翔。落叶飘零，无边无际，纷纷扬扬，萧萧而下； 奔流不尽的长江，汹涌澎湃，滚滚奔腾而来。我万里漂泊，常年客居他乡，对此秋景更觉悲伤； 有生以来，疾病缠身，今日独自登临高台。时世艰难，生活困苦，我常恨鬓如霜白； 浊酒销忧，却怎奈潦倒以至需要停酒。

锦瑟有五十条弦的说法，本来没什么来由（意指本来就是25弦）但即使这样它的每一弦，每一音节足以表达对美好年华的思念。庄周其实知道自己只是向往那自由自在的蝴蝶。望帝那美好的心灵作为可以感动杜鹃。大海里明月的影子像是眼泪化成的珍珠。

蓝田日暖玉生烟。此情可待成追忆，只是当时已惘然。

虞美人——李煜 春花秋月何时了？ 往事知多少。小楼昨夜又东风，故国不堪回首月明中。雕栏玉砌应犹在，只是朱颜改。

问君能有几多愁，恰似一江春水向东流。

蝶恋花——晏殊 槛菊愁烟兰泣露。

罗幕轻寒，燕子双飞去。明月不谙离别苦，斜光到晓穿朱户。昨夜西风凋碧树。独上高楼，望尽天涯路。

欲寄彩笺兼尺素，山长水阔知何处？

雨霖铃——柳永 寒蝉凄切，对长亭晚，骤雨初歇。都门帐饮无绪，留恋处、兰舟催发。执手相看泪眼，竟无语凝噎。

念去去、千里烟波，暮霭沉沉楚天阔。多情自古伤离别，更那堪、冷落清秋节！今宵酒醒何处？ 杨柳岸、晓风残月。

此去经年，应是良辰好景虚设。

便纵有千种风情，更与何人说！

只有在彼时彼地的蓝田才能生成犹如生烟似的良玉。那些美好的事和年代，只能留在回忆中。

而在当时那些人看来那些事都只是平常罢了，却并不珍惜。

春花秋月的美好时光，何时了结。

因为一看到春花秋月，就有无数往事涌上心头，想到在南唐时欣赏春花秋月的美好日子，不堪回首，所以怕看见春花秋月在东风吹拂的明月之夜，金陵的故国生活不堪回顾了。那里宫殿的雕栏玉砌应该还在，只是人的容貌因愁苦变得憔悴了。

倘若要问有多少愁苦，恰恰像一江春水的向东流去，无穷无尽。

栏杆外，菊花被轻烟笼罩，好像含着愁；兰叶上挂着露珠，好象在哭泣。

罗幕闲垂，空气微冷；一双燕子飞去了。明月不知道离别的愁苦。

斜斜地把月光照进屋子里，直到天明。

昨天夜里，秋风吹落碧树的叶子。我独自登上高楼，看路消失在天涯。

想寄一封信。但是山水迢迢，我想念的人在哪里呢？

秋后的蝉叫得是那样地凄凉而急促，面对着长亭，正是傍晚时分，一阵急雨刚停住。在京都城外设帐饯(jiàn，本义：设酒食送行)别，却没有畅饮的心绪，正在依依不舍的时候，船上的人已催着出发。

握着手互相瞧着对方泪光闪闪的眼睛，直到最后也无言相对，千言万语都噎在喉间说不出来。

想到这回去南方，这一程又一程，千里迢迢，一片烟波，那夜雾沉沉的楚地天空竟是一望无边。

自古以来多情的人最伤心的是离别，更何况又逢这萧瑟冷落的秋季，这离愁哪能经受得了！谁知我今夜酒醒时身在何处？

怕是只有杨柳岸边，面对凄厉的晨风和黎明的残月了。这一去长年相别，（相爱的人不在一起，）我料想即使遇到好天气、好风景，也如同虚设。

即使有满腹的情意，又再同谁去诉说呢？

声声慢——李清照 寻寻觅觅，冷冷清清，凄凄惨惨戚戚。

乍暖换寒时候，最难将息。三杯两盏淡酒，怎敌他、晚来风急！雁过也，正伤心，却是旧相识。满地黄花堆积，憔悴损，如今有谁堪摘？ 守着窗儿，独自怎生得黑！梧桐更兼细雨，到黄昏、点点滴滴。这次第，怎一个愁字了得！

琵琶行——白居易

浔阳江头夜送客，枫叶荻花秋瑟瑟。

主人下马客在船，举酒欲饮无管弦。

醉不成欢惨将别，别时茫茫江浸月。

忽闻水上琵琶声，主人忘归客不发。

寻声暗问弹者谁，琵琶声停欲语迟。

移船相近邀相见，添酒回灯重开宴。

千呼万唤始出来，犹抱琵琶半遮面。

转轴拨弦三两声，未成曲调先有情。

弦弦掩抑声声思，似诉平生不得意；

低眉信手续续弹，说尽心中无限事。

轻拢慢捻抹复挑，初为《霓裳》后《绿腰》。

大弦嘈嘈如急雨，小弦切切如私语。

嘈嘈切切错杂弹，大珠小珠落玉盘。间关莺语花底滑，幽咽泉流冰下难。

冰泉冷涩弦凝绝，凝绝不通声暂歇。别有幽愁暗恨生，此时无声胜有声。银瓶乍破水浆迸，铁骑突出刀枪鸣。曲终收拨当心画，四弦一声如裂帛。东船西舫悄无言，唯见江心秋月白。沉吟放拨插弦中，整顿衣裳起敛容。自言本是京城女，家在虾há蟆má陵下住。

独处陋室若有所失地东寻西觅，眼前只剩下冷冷清清，于是凄凉、惨痛、悲戚之情一齐涌来。深秋骤热又骤冷的时候，最难以调养静息。喝几杯清淡的薄酒，怎能抵挡晚上大而急的寒风。正在伤心之时，传书的大雁飞过去了，却原来是以前就相识的。

地上到处是零落的黄花，憔悴枯损，没有人有摘花的兴致。

守在窗子边，孤孤单单的，怎样捱到天黑啊！细雨打在梧桐上，一直下到黄昏时分，绵绵细雨还是发出点点滴滴的声音。这种光景，一个愁字怎么能概括得了！

秋夜我到浔阳江头送一位归客，冷风吹着枫叶和芦花秋声瑟瑟。我下马和客人在船上饯别设宴，举起酒杯要饮却无助兴的音乐。酒喝得不痛快更伤心将要分别，临别时夜茫茫江水倒映着明月。忽听得江面上传来琵琶清脆声；我忘却了回归，客人也不想动身。

寻声轻轻探问弹琵琶的是何人？琵琶停了许久却迟迟没有动静。

我们移船靠近邀请她出来相见；叫下人添酒回灯重新摆起酒宴。千呼万唤她才不情愿地走出来，还怀抱琵琶半遮着脸面。转紧琴轴拨动琴弦试弹了几声；尚未成曲调那形态就非常有情。弦弦凄楚悲切声音隐含着沉思；似乎在诉说着她平生的不得志；她低着头随手连续地弹个不停；用琴声把心中无限的往事说尽。轻轻地拢，慢慢地捻，一会儿抹，一会儿挑。初弹《霓裳羽衣曲》接着再弹《六幺》。

大弦浑宏悠长嘈嘈如暴风骤雨；小弦和缓幽细切切如有人私语。嘈嘈声切切声互为交错地弹奏；就像大珠小珠一串串掉落玉盘。琵琶声一会儿像花底下宛转流畅的鸟鸣声，一会儿又像水在冰下流动受阻艰涩低沉、呜咽断续的声音。

好像水泉冷涩琵琶声开始凝结，凝结而不通畅声音渐渐地中断。像另有一种愁思幽恨暗暗滋生；此时闷闷无声却比有声更动人。突然间好像银瓶撞破水浆四溅；又好像铁甲骑兵厮杀刀枪齐鸣。一曲终了她对准琴弦中心划拨；四弦一声轰鸣好像撕裂了布帛。东船西舫人们都静悄悄地聆听；只见江心之中映着白白秋月影。她沉吟着收起拨片插在琴弦中；整顿衣裳依然显出庄重的颜容。她说我原是京城负有盛名的歌女；老家住在长安城东南的虾蟆陵。

十三学得琵琶成，名属教坊第一部。曲罢曾教善才伏，妆成每被秋娘妒。

五陵年少争缠头，一曲红绡不知数。

钿(diàn)头云篦击节碎，血色罗裙翻酒污。今年欢笑复明年，秋月春风等闲度。

弟走从军阿姨死，暮去朝来颜色故。

门前冷落鞍马稀，老大嫁作商人妇。

商人重利轻别离，前月浮梁买茶去。

去来江口守空船，绕船月明江水寒。

夜深忽梦少年事，梦啼妆泪红阑干。

我闻琵琶已叹息，又闻此语重唧唧。

同是天涯沦落人，相逢何必曾相识。

我从去年辞帝京，谪居卧病浔阳城。

浔阳地僻无音乐，终岁不闻丝竹声。

住近湓江地低湿，黄芦苦竹绕宅生。

其间旦暮闻何物？杜鹃啼血猿哀鸣。

春江花朝秋月夜，往往取酒还独倾。

岂无山歌与村笛，呕ōu哑yā嘲哳难为听。

zhāo zhā 今夜闻君琵琶语，如听仙乐耳暂明。

莫辞更坐弹一曲，为君翻作琵琶行。

感我此言良久立，却坐促弦弦转急。

凄凄不似向前声，满座重闻皆掩泣。

座中泣下谁最多？江州司马青衫湿。

↑—————————————————————

念奴娇·赤壁怀古——苏轼 大江东去，浪淘尽、千古风流人物。故垒西边，人道是、三国周郎赤壁。乱石穿空，惊涛拍岸，卷起千堆雪。江山如画，一时多少豪杰。

遥想公瑾当年，小乔初嫁了，雄姿英发。羽扇纶巾，谈笑间、弹奏琵琶技艺十三岁就已学成；教坊乐团第一队中列有我姓名。每曲弹罢都令艺术大师们叹服；每次妆成都被同行歌妓们嫉妒。京都豪富子弟争先恐后来献彩；弹完一曲收来的红绡不知其数。钿头银篦打节拍常常断裂粉碎；红色罗裙被酒渍染污也不后悔。年复一年都在欢笑打闹中度过；秋去春来美好的时光白白消磨。兄弟从军姊妹死家道已经破败；暮去朝来我也渐渐地年老色衰。门前车马减少光顾者落落稀稀；青春已逝我只得嫁给商人为妻。商人重利不重情常常轻易别离；上个月他去浮梁做茶叶的生意。他去了留下我在江口孤守空船；秋月与我作伴绕舱的秋水凄寒。更深夜阑常梦少年时作乐狂欢；梦中哭醒涕泪纵横污损了粉颜。我听琵琶的悲泣早已摇头叹息；又听到她这番诉说更叫我悲凄。我们俩同是天涯沦落的可悲人；今日相逢何必问是否曾经相识！自从去年我离开繁华长安京城；被贬居住在浔阳江畔常常卧病。浔阳这地方荒凉偏僻没有音乐；一年到头听不到管弦的乐器声。住在湓江这个低洼潮湿的地方；第宅周围黄芦和苦竹缭绕丛生。在这里早晚能听到的是什么呢？尽是杜鹃猿猴那些悲凄的哀鸣。

春江花朝秋江月夜那样好光景；也无可奈何常常取酒独酌独饮。难道这里就没有山歌和村笛吗？只是那音调嘶哑粗涩实在难听。

今晚我听你弹奏琵琶诉说衷情，就像听到仙乐眼也亮来耳也明。请你不要推辞坐下来再弹一曲；我要为你创作一首新诗《琵琶行》。

被我的话所感动她站立了好久；回身坐下再转紧琴弦拨出急声。凄凄切切不再像刚才那种声音；在座的人重听都掩面哭泣不停。要问在座之中谁流的眼泪最多？我江州司马泪水湿透青衫衣襟！

————————————————————《必修四》↑

长江向东流去，波浪滚滚，千古的英雄人物都（随着长江水）逝去。那旧营垒的西边，人们说（那）就是三国时候周瑜（作战的）赤壁。陡峭不平的石壁直刺天空，大浪拍击着江岸，激起一堆堆雪白的浪花。江山像一幅奇丽的图画，那个时代汇集了多少英雄豪杰。

遥想当年的周瑜，小乔刚嫁给他，他正年轻有为，威武的仪表，英姿奋发。（他）手握羽扇，头戴纶巾，谈笑之间，墙虏灰飞烟灭。

故国神游，多情应笑我，早生华发。人间如梦，一樽还酹江月

永遇乐·京口北固亭怀古——辛弃疾 千古江山，英雄无觅。孙仲谋处。舞榭(xiè)歌台，风流总被，雨打风吹去。斜阳草树，寻常巷陌，人道寄奴曾住。想当年： 金戈铁马，气吞万里如虎。元嘉草草，封狼居胥（xū），赢得仓皇北顾。

四十三年，望中犹记，烽火扬州路。

可堪回首，佛（bì）狸（lí）祠（cí）下，一片神鸦社鼓。

凭谁问：廉颇老矣，尚能饭否?

↑—————————————————————

长亭送别——王实甫 【端正好】

碧云天，黄花地，西风紧 北雁南飞。晓来谁染霜林醉？ 总是离人泪。

【滚绣球】

恨见得迟，怨归去得疾。柳丝长玉骢难系，恨不倩疏林挂住斜晖。马儿迍迍的行，车儿快快的随，却告了相思回避，破题儿又早别离。听得道一声“去也”，松了金钏；遥望见十里长亭，（就把）强敌的战船烧得灰飞烟灭。

（此时此刻），（我）怀想三国旧事，凭吊古人，应该笑我自己多情善感，头发早早地都变白了。人生在世就象一场梦一样，我还是倒一杯酒来祭奠江上的明月吧！

历经千古的江山，再也难找到像孙权那样的英雄。昔日的舞榭歌台、显赫人物，都被风吹雨打化为土。斜阳照着长满草树的普通小巷，人们说那是当年刘裕曾经住过的地方。回想当年，他领军北伐、收复失地的时候是何等的威猛！然而刘裕的儿子刘义隆好大喜功，仓促北伐，却反而让北魏太武帝拓跋焘乘机挥师南下，兵抵长江北岸而返，遭到对手的重创。我回到南方已经有四十三年了，看着中原仍然记得扬州路上烽火连天的战乱场景。怎么能回首啊，当年拓跋焘的行宫外竟有百姓在那里祭祀，乌鸦啄食祭品，人们过着社日，只把他当作一位神祗来供奉，而不知道这里曾是一个皇帝的行宫。还有谁会问，廉颇老了，饭量还好吗？

————————————————————《必修二》↑

碧蓝的天空，开满了菊花的大地，西风猛烈吹，大雁从北往南飞。

清晨，是谁把经霜的枫林染红了？ 那总是离人的眼泪。

恨相见得太迟，怨离别得太快。柳丝虽长，却难系住远行人的马，恨不能使疏林一直挂住那斜阳。

张生的马慢慢地走 我和车紧紧地跟随，刚刚结束了相思之苦，却又早开始了别离之愁。听他说“要走了”，人顿时消瘦下来；远远地望见十里长亭，减了玉肌：此恨谁知？

【一煞】

青山隔送行，疏林不做美，淡烟暮霭相遮蔽。夕阳古道无人语。禾黍秋风听马嘶。我为甚么懒上车儿内，来时甚急，去后何迟？

【收尾】

四围山色中，一鞭残照里。遍人间烦恼填胸臆，量这些大小车儿如何载得起？

渔父——《楚辞》 屈原既放，游于江潭，行吟泽畔，颜色憔悴，形容枯槁。

渔父见而问之曰：“ 子非三闾大夫与？ 何故至于斯？” 屈原曰：“

举世皆浊我独清，众人皆醉我独醒，是以见放。”

渔父曰：“圣人不凝滞于物，而能与世推移。世人皆浊，何不淈其泥而扬其波？

众人皆醉，何不饣甫其糟而歠其醨？ 何故深思高举，自令放为？”

屈原曰：“吾闻之，新沐者必弹冠，新浴者必振衣。

安能以身之察察，受物之汶汶者乎？ 宁赴湘流，葬于江鱼之腹中。

安能以皓皓之白，而蒙世俗之尘埃乎？” 渔父莞尔而笑，鼓枻而去，乃歌曰：“沧浪之水清兮，可以濯吾缨； 沧浪之水浊兮，可以濯吾足。” 遂去，不复与言。

↑————————————————————

人更消瘦了：这离愁别恨有谁能理解？

青山阻隔我送行，疏林挡住我目光，淡淡炊烟和那傍晚的雾气相互掩映。残阳斜照的古道没有人声，秋风吹过庄稼传来马的嘶鸣。我为什么懒得上车呢，来的时候多么急切，别离独回却又多么迟缓？

四周群山中，一马远去残阳里。整个人间的烦恼都填在我胸中，估量这样大的小车子怎么能载得起呢？

屈原被放逐以后，来往於江潭之间，在水边且走且叹息，看起来憔悴枯瘦，一副病态愁容。渔夫看到了就问他： “你不是三闾大夫吗？

为什麼会流落到这个地方来呢？” 屈原回答说：“

全天下的人都污浊了，只有我是清白的，所有的人都昏醉了，只有我是清醒的。所以就被放逐了。”

渔夫说：“一个才德兼备的人是不会执著拘泥於外物的，而且能够配合时局转变作为。全天下都污浊了，为什麼不跟著同流合污呢？

所有人都昏醉了，为什麼不跟著饮酒享乐呢？ 为什麼要思虑得那麼深远，表现得那麼清高，而使自己遭到放逐呢？”

屈原回答说：“我听说刚洗过头的人一定要把帽子拍乾净才戴上；刚洗过澡的人，一定要把衣服抖乾净才穿上。怎麼可以用洁净的身体去承受污秽的东西呢？ 宁可投身到湘江的流水中，葬身在江中的鱼肚里； 怎麼可以用清白的人格，去蒙受人世间的尘土呢？” 渔夫微微一笑，敲击著船板要离开了，一面唱著歌说：“沧浪的水清澈的话啊，可用来洗我的帽带，沧浪的水污浊的话啊，可用来洗我的双脚！” 然后就离去了，不再和屈原说话。

—————————————————————《必修五》↑

第五篇：高考必背古诗词

高考古诗文必备篇目

（一）古文（23篇）

1.子路、曾皙、冉有、公西华侍坐——《论语》

子路、曾晳、冉有、公西华侍坐。子曰：‚以吾一日长乎尔，毋吾以也。居则曰：‘不吾知也！’如或知尔，则何以哉？‛

子路率尔而对曰：‚千乘之国，摄乎大国之间，加之以师旅，因之以饥馑；由也为之，比及三年，可使有勇，且知方也。‛

夫子哂之。

‚求，尔何知？‛

对曰：‚方六七十，如五六十，求也为之，比及三年，可使足民。如其礼乐，以俟君子。‛

‚赤，尔何如？‛

对曰：‚非曰能之，愿学焉。宗庙之事，如会同，端章甫，愿为小相焉。‛

‚点，尔何如？‛

鼓瑟希，铿尔，舍瑟而作，对曰：‚异乎三子者之撰。‛

子曰：‚何伤乎？亦各言其志也！‛

曰：‚莫春者，春服既成，冠者五六人，童子六七人，浴乎沂，风乎舞雩，咏而归。‛

夫子喟然叹曰：‚吾与点也！‛

三子者出，曾晳后。曾晳曰：‚夫三子者之言何如？‛

子曰：‚亦各言其志也已矣！‛

曰：‚夫子何哂由也？‛

曰：‚为国以礼，其言不让，是故哂之。唯求则非邦也与？安见方六七十如五六十而非邦也者？唯赤则非邦也与？宗庙会同，非诸侯而何？赤也为之小，孰能为之大？‛

2.生于忧患，死于安乐——《孟子》

故天将降大任于是人也，必先苦其心志，劳其筋骨，饿其体肤，空乏其身，行拂乱其所为，所以动心忍性，曾益其所不能。人恒过，然后能改。困于心，衡于虑，而后作；征于色，发于声，而后喻。入则无法家拂士，出则无敌国外患者，国恒亡。然后知生于忧患，而死于安乐也。

3.劝学——《荀子》

君子曰:学不可以已。青，取之于蓝，而青于蓝;冰，水为之，而寒于水。木直中绳。輮以为轮，其曲中规。虽有槁暴，不复挺者，輮使之然也。故木受绳则直，金就砺则利，君子博学而日参省乎己，则知明而行无过矣。吾尝终日而思矣，不如须臾之所学也;吾尝跂而望矣，不如登高之博见也。登高而招，臂非加长也，而见者远;顺风而呼，声非加疾也，而闻者彰。假舆马者，非利足也，而致千里;假舟楫者，非能水也，而绝江河，君子生非异也，善假于物也。积土成山，风雨兴焉;积水成渊，蛟龙生焉;积善成德，而神明自得，圣心备焉。故不积跬步，无以至千里;不积小流，无以成江海。骐骥一跃，不能十步;驽马十驾，功在不舍。锲而舍之，朽木不折;锲而不舍，金石可镂。蚓无爪牙之利，筋骨之强，上食埃土，下饮黄泉，用心一也。蟹六跪而二螯，非蛇鳝之穴无可寄托者，用心躁也。

4.曹刿论战——《左传》

十年春，齐师伐我。公将战。曹刿请见。其乡人曰：‚肉食者谋之，又何间焉？‛刿曰：‚肉食者鄙，未能远谋。‛乃入见。问：‚何以战？‛公曰：‚衣食所安，弗敢专也，必以分人。‛对曰：‚小惠未徧，民弗从也。‛公曰：‚牺牲玉帛，弗敢加也，必以信。‛对曰：‚小信未孚，神弗福也。‛公曰：‚小大之狱，虽不能察，必以情。‛对曰：‚忠之属也，可以一战。战则请从。‛

公与之乘，战于长勺。公将鼓之。刿曰：‚未可。‛齐人三鼓。刿曰：‚可矣。‛齐师败绩。公将驰之。刿曰：‚未可。‛下视其辙，登轼而望之，曰：‚可矣!‛遂逐齐师。既克，公问其故。对曰：‚夫战，勇气也。一鼓作气，再而衰，三而竭；彼竭我盈，故克之。夫大国，难测也，惧有伏焉。吾视其辙乱，望其旗靡，故逐之。‛

5.烛之武退秦师——《左传》

夜缒而出，见秦伯，曰：“秦、晋围郑，郑既知亡矣。若亡郑而有益于君，敢以烦执事。越国以鄙远，君知其难也，焉用亡郑以陪邻？邻之厚，君之薄也。若舍郑以为东道主，行李之往来，共其乏困，君亦无所害。且君尝为晋君赐矣，许君焦、瑕，朝济而夕设版焉，君之所知也。夫晋，何厌之有？既东封郑，又欲肆其西封，若不阙秦，将焉取之？阙秦以利晋，唯君图之。”秦伯说，与郑人盟。使杞子、逢孙、杨孙戍之，乃还。

6.邹忌讽齐王纳谏——《战国策》

邹忌修八尺有余，形貌昳丽。朝服衣冠，窥镜，谓其妻曰:‚我孰与城北徐公美?‛其妻曰:‚君美甚，徐公何能及公也!‛城北徐公，齐国之美丽者也。忌不自信，而复问其妾曰:‚吾孰与徐公美?‛妾曰:‚徐公何能及君也!‛旦日，客从外来，与坐谈，问之客曰:‚吾与徐公孰美?‛客曰:‚徐公不若君之美也!‛明日，徐公来。孰视之，自以为不如;窥镜而自视，又弗如远甚。暮寝而思之曰:‚吾妻之美我者，私我也;妾之美我者，畏我也;客之美我者，欲有求于我也。‛ 于是入朝见威王曰:‚臣诚知不如徐公美，臣之妻私臣，臣之妾畏臣，臣之客欲有求于臣，皆以美于徐公。今齐地方千里，百二十城，宫妇左右，莫不私王;朝廷之臣，莫不畏王;四境之内，莫不有求于王。由此观之，王之蔽甚矣!‛王曰:‚善。‛乃下令:‚群臣吏民，能面刺寡人之过者，受上赏;上书谏寡人者，受中赏;能谤议于市朝，闻寡人之耳者，受下赏。‛ 令初下，群臣进谏，门庭若市。数月之后，时时而间进。期年之后，虽欲言，无可进者。燕、赵、韩、魏闻之，皆朝于齐。此所谓战胜于朝廷

7.逍遥游——《庄子》

北冥有鱼，其名为鲲。鲲之大，不知其几千里也。化而为鸟，其名为鹏。鹏之背，不知其几千里也，怒而飞，其翼若垂天之云。是鸟也，海运则将徙于南冥。南冥者，天池也。《齐谐》者，志怪者也。《谐》之言曰：‚鹏之徙于南冥也，水击三千里，抟扶摇而上者九万里，去以六月息者也。‛野马也，尘埃也，生物之以息相吹也。天之苍苍，其正色邪？其远而无所至极邪？其视下也，亦若是则已矣。且夫水之积也不厚，则其负大舟也无力。覆杯水于坳堂之上，则芥为之舟；置杯焉则胶，水浅而舟大也。风之积也不厚，则其负大翼也无力。故九万里，则风斯在下矣，面后乃今培风；背负青天而莫之夭阏者，而后乃今将图南。

蜩与学鸠笑之曰：‚我决起而飞，抢榆枋而止，时则不至，而控于地而已矣，奚以之九万里而南为？‛适莽苍者，三餐而反，腹犹果然；适百里者宿舂粮，适千里者，三月聚粮。之二虫又何知？

8.鸿门宴——《史记》

楚左尹项伯者，项羽季父也，素善留侯张良。张良是时从沛公，项伯乃夜驰之沛公军，私见张良，具告以事，欲呼张良与俱去，曰：‚毋从俱死也。‛张良曰：‚臣为韩王送沛公，沛公今事有急，亡去不义，不可不语。‛良乃入，具告沛公。沛公大惊，曰：‚为之奈何?‛张良曰：‚谁为大王为此计者?‛曰：‚鲰生说我曰：‘距关，毋内诸侯，秦地可尽王也。’故听之。‛良曰：‚料大王士卒足以当项王乎？‛沛公默然，曰：‚固不如也。且为之奈何？‛张良曰：‚请往谓项伯，言沛公不敢背项王也。‛沛公曰：‚君安与项伯有故？‛张良曰：‚秦时与臣游，项伯杀人，臣活之；今事有急，故幸来告良。‛沛公曰：‚孰与君少长？‛良曰：‚长于臣。‛沛公曰：‚君为我呼入，吾得兄事之。‛张良出，要项伯。项伯即入见沛公。沛公奉卮酒为寿，约为婚姻，曰：‚吾入关，秋毫不敢有所近，籍吏民，封府库，而待将军。所以遣将守关者，备他盗之出入与非常也。日夜望将军至，岂敢反乎！愿伯具言臣之不敢倍德也。‛项伯许诺，谓沛公曰：‚旦日不可不蚤自来谢项王。‛沛公曰：‚诺。‛于是项伯复夜去，至军中，具以沛公言报项王，因言曰：‚沛公不先破关中，公岂敢入乎？今人有大功而击之，不义也。不如因善遇之。‛项王许诺。沛公旦日从百余骑来见项王，至鸿门，谢曰：‚臣与将军戮力而攻秦，将军战河北，臣战河南，然不自意能先入关破秦，得复见将军于此。今者有小人之言，令将军与臣有郤……‛项王曰：‚此沛公左司马曹无伤言之。不然，籍何以至此？‛项王即日因留沛公与饮。项王、项伯东向坐；亚父南向坐，枣亚父者，范增也；沛公北向坐；张良西向侍。范增数目项王，举所佩玉玦以示之者三，项王默然不应。范增起，出召项庄，谓曰：‚君王为人不忍。若入前为寿，寿毕，请以剑舞，因击沛公于坐，杀之。不者，若属皆且为所虏！‛庄则入为寿。寿毕，曰：‚君王与沛公饮，军中无以为乐，请以剑舞。‛项王曰：‚诺。‛项庄拔剑起舞。项伯亦拔剑起舞，常以身翼蔽沛公，庄不得击。

9.出师表——诸葛亮

先帝创业未半而中道崩殂，今天下三分，益州疲弊，此诚危急存亡之秋也。然侍卫之臣不懈于内，忠志之士忘身于外者，盖追先帝之殊遇，欲报之于陛下也。诚宜开张圣听，以光先帝遗德，恢弘志士之气，不宜妄自菲薄，引喻失义，以塞忠谏之路也。

宫中府中，俱为一体，陟罚臧否，不宜异同。若有作奸犯科及为忠善者，宜付有司论其刑赏，以昭陛下平明之理，不宜偏私，使内外异法也。

侍中侍郎郭攸之、费祎、董允等，此皆良实，志虑忠纯，是以先帝简拔以遗陛下。愚以为宫中之事，事无大小，悉以咨之，然后施行，必能裨补阙漏，有所广益。

将军向宠，性行淑均，晓畅军事，试用于昔日，先帝称之曰能，是以众议举宠为督。愚以为营中之事，悉以咨之，必能使行阵和睦，优劣得所。

亲贤臣，远小人，此先汉所以兴隆也；亲小人，远贤臣，此后汉所以倾颓也。先帝在时，每与臣论此事，未尝不叹息痛恨于桓、灵也。侍中、尚书、长史、参军，此悉贞良死节之臣，愿陛下亲之信之，则汉室之隆，可计日而待也。

臣本布衣，躬耕于南阳，苟全性命于乱世，不求闻达于诸侯。先帝不以臣卑鄙，猥自枉屈，三顾臣于草庐之中，咨臣以当世之事，由是感激，遂许先帝以驱驰。后值倾覆，受任于败军之际，奉命于危难之间，尔来二十有一年矣。

先帝知臣谨慎，故临崩寄臣以大事也。受命以来，夙夜忧叹，恐托付不效，以伤先帝之明，故五月渡泸，深入不毛。今南方已定，兵甲已足，当奖率三军，北定中原，庶竭驽钝，攘除奸凶，兴复汉室，还于旧都。此臣所以报先帝而忠陛下之职分也。至于斟酌损益，进尽忠言，则攸之、祎、允之任也。

愿陛下托臣以讨贼兴复之效，不效则治臣之罪，以告先帝之灵。若无兴德之言，则责攸之、祎、允等之慢，以彰其咎；陛下亦宜自谋，以咨诹善道，察纳雅言，深追先帝遗诏。臣不胜受恩感激。

今当远离，临表涕零，不知所言。

10.陈情表——李密

臣密言:臣以险衅，夙遭闵凶。生孩六月，慈父见背。行年四岁，舅夺母志。祖母刘，愍臣孤弱，躬亲抚养。臣少多疾病，九岁不行，零丁孤苦，至于成立。既无叔伯，终鲜兄弟。门衰祚薄，晚有儿息。外无期功强近之亲，内无应门五尺 之童，茕茕孑立，形影相吊。而刘夙婴疾病，常在床蓐。臣侍汤药，未尝废离。逮奉圣朝，沐浴清化。前太守臣逵，察臣孝廉。后刺史臣荣，举臣秀才。臣 以供养无主，辞不赴命。诏书特下，拜臣郎中，寻蒙国恩，除臣洗马。猥以微贱，当侍东宫，非臣陨首所能上报。臣具以表闻，辞不就职。诏书切峻，责臣逋慢，郡县逼迫，催臣上道。州司临门，急于星火。臣欲奉诏奔驰，则以刘病日笃，欲 苟顺私情，则告诉不许。臣之进退，实为狼狈。伏惟圣朝以孝治天下，凡在故老，犹蒙矜育，况臣孤苦，特为尤甚。且臣少 事伪朝，历职郎署，本图宦达，不矜名节。今臣亡国贱俘，至微至陋，过蒙拔擢，宠命优渥，岂敢盘桓，有所希冀?但以刘日薄西山，气息奄奄，人命危浅，朝不 虑夕。臣无祖母，无以至今日，祖母无臣，无以终馀年。母孙二人，更相为命，是以区区不能废远。

11.桃花源记——陶潜

晋太元中，武陵人捕鱼为业。缘溪行，忘路之远近。忽逢桃花林，夹岸数百步，中无杂树，芳草鲜美，落英缤纷。渔人甚异之，复前行，欲穷其林。

林尽水源，便得一山，山有小口，仿佛若有光。便舍船，从口入。初极狭，才通人。复行数十步，豁然开朗。土地平旷，屋舍俨然，有良田美池桑竹之属。阡陌交通，鸡犬相闻。其中往来种作，男女衣着，悉如外人。黄发垂髫，并怡然自乐。

见渔人，乃大惊，问所从来。具答之。便要还家，设酒杀鸡作食。村中闻有此人，咸来问讯。自云先世避秦时乱，率妻子邑人来此绝境，不复出焉，遂与外人间隔。问今是何世，乃不知有汉，无论魏晋。此人一一为具言所闻，皆叹惋。余人各复延至其家，皆出酒食。停数日，辞去。此中人语云：‚不足为外人道也。‛

既出，得其船，便扶向路，处处志之。及郡下，诣太守,说如此。太守即遣人随其往，寻向所志，遂迷，不复得路。南阳刘子骥，高尚士也，闻之，欣然规往。未果，寻病终。后遂无问津者。

12.归去来兮辞——陶潜

归去来兮，田园将芜，胡不归!既自以心为形役，奚惆怅而独悲?悟已往之不谏，知来者之可追。实迷途其未远，觉今是而昨非。舟遥遥以轻飏，风飘飘而吹衣。问征夫以前路，恨晨光之熹微。乃瞻衡宇，载欣载奔。僮仆欢迎，稚子候门。三径就荒，松菊犹存。携幼入室，有酒盈樽。引壶觞以自酌，眄庭柯以怡颜。倚南窗以寄傲，审容膝之易安。园日涉以成趣，门虽设而常关。策扶老以流憩，时矫首而遐观。云无心以出岫，鸟倦飞而知还。景翳翳以将入，抚孤松而盘桓。归去来兮，请息交以绝游。世与我而相违，复驾言兮焉求?悦亲戚之情话，乐琴书以消忧。农人告余以春及，将有事于西畴。或命巾车，或棹孤舟。既窈窕以寻壑，亦崎岖而经丘。木欣欣以向荣，泉涓涓而始流。善万物之得时，感吾生之行休。已矣乎!寓形宇内复几时!曷不委心任去留?胡为乎遑遑欲何之?富贵非吾愿，帝乡不可期。怀良辰以孤往，或植杖而耘耔。登东皋以舒啸，临清流而赋诗。聊乘化以归尽，乐夫天命复奚疑!13.兰亭集序——王羲之

永和九年，岁在癸丑，暮春之初，会于会稽山阴之兰亭，修禊事也。群贤毕至，少长咸集。此地有崇山峻岭，茂林修竹；又有清流激湍，映带左右，引以为流觞曲水，列坐其次。虽无丝竹管弦之盛，一觞一咏，亦足以畅叙幽情。是日也，天朗气清，惠风和畅，仰观宇宙之大，俯察品类之盛，所以游目骋怀，足以极视听之娱，信可乐也。夫人之相与，俯仰一世，或取诸怀抱，悟言一室之内；或因寄所托，放浪形骸之外。虽趣舍万殊，静躁不同，当其欣于所遇，暂得于己，快然自足，曾不知老之将至。及其所之既倦，情随事迁，感慨系之矣。向之所欣，俯仰之间，已为陈迹，犹不能不以之兴怀。况修短随化，终期于尽。古人云：‚死生亦大矣。‛岂不痛哉！

14.滕王阁序——王勃

豫章故郡，洪都新府。星分翼轸，地接衡庐。襟三江而带五湖，控蛮荆而引瓯越。物华天宝，龙光射牛斗之墟；人杰地灵，徐孺下陈蕃之榻。雄州雾列，俊彩星驰。台隍枕夷夏之交，宾主尽东南之美。都督阎公之雅望，綮戟遥临；宇文新州之懿范，襜帷暂驻。十旬休暇，胜友如云。千里逢迎，高朋满座。腾蛟起凤，孟学士之词宗；紫电青霜，王将军之武库。家君作宰，路出名区。童子何知？躬逢胜饯。时维九月，序属三秋。潦水尽而寒潭清，烟光凝而暮山紫。俨骖騑于上路，访风景于崇阿。临帝子之长洲，得仙人之旧馆。层峦耸翠，上出重霄；飞阁流丹，下临无地。鹤汀凫渚，穷岛屿之萦回；桂殿兰宫，列冈峦之体势。披绣闼，俯雕甍，山原旷其盈视，川泽纡其骇瞩。闾阎扑地，钟鸣鼎食之家；舸舰迷津，青雀黄龙之舳。虹销雨霁，彩彻区明。落霞与孤鹜齐飞，秋水共长天一色。渔舟唱晚，响穷彭蠡之滨，雁阵惊寒，声断衡阳之浦。

15.师说——韩愈

嗟乎！师道之不传也久矣！欲人之无惑也难矣！古之圣人，其出人也远矣，犹且从师而问焉；今之众人，其下圣人也亦远矣，而耻学于师。是故圣益圣，愚益愚。圣人之所以为圣，愚人之所以为愚，其皆出于此乎？爱其子，择师而教之；于其身也，则耻师焉，惑矣。彼童子之师，授之书而习其句读者，非吾所谓传其道解其惑者也。句读之不知，惑之不解，或师焉，或不焉，小学而大遗，吾未见其明也。巫医乐师百工之人，不耻相师。士大夫之族，曰师曰弟子云者，则群聚而笑之。问之，则曰：“彼与彼年相若也，道相似也。位卑则足羞，官盛则近谀。”呜呼！师道之不复可知矣。巫医乐师百工之人，君子不齿，今其智乃反不能及，其可怪也欤！

16.陋室铭——刘禹锡

山不在高，有仙则名。水不在深，有龙则灵。斯是陋室，惟吾德馨。苔痕上阶绿，草色入帘青。谈笑有鸿儒，往来无白丁。可以调素琴，阅金经。无丝竹之乱耳，无案牍之劳形。南阳诸葛庐，西蜀子云亭。孔子云：‚何陋之有？‛

17.小石潭记——柳宗元

从小丘西行百二十步，隔篁竹，闻水声，如鸣佩环，心乐之。伐竹取道，下见小潭，水尤清洌。全石以为底，近岸，卷石底以出，为坻，为屿，为嵁，为岩。青树翠蔓，蒙络摇缀，参差披拂。

潭中鱼可百许头，皆若空游无所依。日光下彻，影布石上，佁然不动；俶尔远逝，往来翕忽。似与游者相乐。

潭西南而望，斗折蛇行，明灭可见。其岸势犬牙差互，不可知其源。

坐潭上，四面竹树环合，寂寥无人，凄神寒骨，悄怆幽邃。以其境过清，不可久居，乃记之而去。

同游者：吴武陵，龚古，余弟宗玄。隶而从者，崔氏二小生：曰恕己，曰奉壹。

18.阿房宫赋——杜牧

一人之心，千万人之心也。秦爱纷奢，人亦念其家。奈何取之尽锱铢，用之如泥沙?使负栋之柱，多于南亩之农夫;架梁之椽，多于机上之工女;钉头磷磷，多于在庾之粟粒;瓦缝参差，多于周身之帛缕;直栏横槛，多于九土之城郭;管弦呕哑，多于市人之言语。使天下之人，不敢言而敢怒。独夫之心，日益骄固。戍卒叫，函谷举，楚人一炬，可怜焦土!呜呼!灭六国者，六国也，非秦也。族秦者，秦也，非天下也。嗟乎!使六国各爱其人，则足以拒秦;使秦复爱六国之人，则递三世可至万世而为君，谁得而族灭也?秦人不暇自哀，而后人哀之;后人哀之而不鉴之，亦使后人而复哀后人也。

19.岳阳楼记——范仲淹

庆历四年春，滕子京谪守巴陵郡。越明年，政通人和，百废具兴。乃重修岳阳楼，增其旧制，刻唐贤今人诗赋于其上。属予作文以记之。予观夫巴陵胜状，在洞庭一湖。衔远山，吞长江，浩浩汤汤，横无际涯；朝晖夕阴，气象万千。此则岳阳楼之大观也。前人之述备矣。然则北通巫峡，南极潇湘，迁客骚人，多会于此，览物之情，得无异乎？ 若夫霪雨霏霏，连月不开，阴风怒号，浊浪排空；日星隐耀，山岳潜形；商旅不行，樯倾楫摧；薄暮冥冥，虎啸猿啼。登斯楼也，则有去国怀乡，忧谗畏讥，满目萧然，感极而悲者矣。至若春和景明，波澜不惊，上下天光，一碧万顷；沙鸥翔集，锦鳞游泳；岸芷汀兰，郁郁青青。而或长烟一空，皓月千里，浮光跃金，静影沉璧，渔歌互答，此乐何极！登斯楼也，则有心旷神怡，宠辱偕忘，把酒临风，其喜洋洋者矣。嗟夫！予尝求古仁人之心，或异二者之为，何哉？不以物喜，不以己悲；居庙堂之高则忧其民；处江湖之远则忧其君。是进亦忧，退亦忧。然则何时而乐耶？其必曰‚先天下之忧而忧，后天下之乐而乐‛乎。噫！微斯人，吾谁与归？ 时六年九月十五日。

20.醉翁亭记——欧阳修

环滁皆山也。其西南诸峰，林壑尤美。望之蔚然而深秀者，琅琊也。山行六七里，渐闻 水声潺潺，而泄出于两峰之间者，酿泉也。峰回路转，有亭翼然临于泉上者，醉翁亭也。作 亭者谁？山之僧智仙也。名之者谁？太守自谓也。太守与客来饮于此，饮少辄醉，而年又最 高，故自号曰‚醉翁‛也。醉翁之意不在酒，在乎山水之间也。山水之乐，得之心而寓之酒 也。若夫日出而林霏开，云归而岩穴暝，晦明变化者，山间之朝暮也。野芳发而幽香，佳木 秀而繁阴，风霜高洁，水落而石出者，山间之四时也。朝而往，暮而归，四时之景不同，而 乐亦无穷也。至于负者歌于滁，行者休于树，前者呼，后者应，伛偻提携，往来而不绝者，滁人游 也。临溪而渔，溪深而鱼肥；酿泉为酒，泉香而酒冽；山肴野蔌，杂然而前陈者，太守宴 也。宴酣之乐，非丝非竹，射者中，弈者胜，觥筹交错，坐起而喧哗者，众宾欢也。苍然白 发，颓乎其中者，太守醉也。已而夕阳在山，人影散乱，太守归而宾客从也。树林阴翳，鸣声上下，游人去而禽鸟乐 也。然而禽鸟知山林之乐，而不知人之乐；人知从太守游而乐，而不知太守之乐其乐也。醉 能同其乐，醒能述其文者，太守也。太守谓谁？庐陵欧阳修也。

21.前赤壁赋——苏轼

壬戌之秋，七月既望，苏子与客泛舟游于赤壁之下。清风徐来，水波不兴。举酒属客，诵明月之诗，歌窈窕之章。少焉，月出于东山之上，徘徊于斗牛之间。白露横江，水光接天。纵一苇之所如，凌万顷之茫然。浩浩乎如冯虚御风，而不知其所止；飘飘乎如遗世独立，羽化而登仙。

于是饮酒乐甚，扣舷而歌之。歌曰：‚桂棹兮兰桨，击空明兮溯流光。渺渺兮于怀，望美人兮天一方。‛客有吹洞萧者，倚歌而和之，其声呜呜然：如怨如慕，如泣如诉；余音袅袅，不绝如缕；舞幽壑之潜蛟，泣孤舟之嫠妇。

苏子愀然，正襟危坐，而问客曰：‚何为其然也？‛客曰：‚月明星稀，乌鹊南飞，此非曹孟德之诗乎？西望夏口，东望武昌。山川相缪，郁乎苍苍；此非孟德之困于周郎者乎？方其破荆州，下江陵，顺流而东也，舳舻千里，旌旗蔽空，酾酒临江，横槊赋诗；固一世之雄也，而今安在哉？况吾与子，渔樵于江渚之上，侣鱼虾而友糜鹿，驾一叶之扁舟，举匏樽以相属；寄蜉蝣与天地，渺沧海之一粟。哀吾生之须臾，羡长江之无穷；挟飞仙以遨游，抱明月而长终；——知不可乎骤得，托遗响于悲风。‛

22.游褒禅山记——王安石

于是余有叹焉:古人之观于天地、山川、草木、虫鱼、鸟兽，往往有得，以其求思之深，而无不在也。夫夷以近，则游者众;险以远，则至者少。而世之奇伟、瑰怪、非常之观，常在于险远，而人之所罕至焉，故非有志者不能至也。有志矣，不随以止也，然力不足者亦不能至也。有志与力，而又不随以怠，至于幽暗昏惑而无物以相之，亦不能至也。然力足以至焉而不至，于人为可讥，而在己为有悔;尽吾志也，而不能至者，可以无悔矣，其孰能讥之乎?此余之所得也!23.爱莲说——周敦颐 水陆草木之花，可爱者甚蕃。晋陶渊明独爱菊；自李唐来，世人盛爱牡丹；予独爱莲之出淤泥而不染，濯清涟而不妖，中通外直，不蔓不枝，香远益清，亭亭静植，可远观而不可亵玩焉。予谓菊，花之隐逸者也；牡丹，花之富贵者也；莲，花之君子者也。噫！菊之爱，陶后鲜有闻；莲之爱，同予者何人；牡丹之爱，宜乎众矣。

（二）诗词曲（22首）

1.氓——《诗经》

氓之蚩蚩，抱布贸丝。匪来贸丝，来即我谋。送子涉淇，至于顿丘。匪我愆期，子无良媒。将子无怒，秋以为期。

乘彼垝垣，以望复关。不见复关，泣涕涟涟。既见复关，载笑载言。尔卜尔筮，体无咎言。以尔车来，以我贿迁。

桑之未落，其叶沃若。于嗟鸠兮！无食桑葚。于嗟女兮！无与士耽。士之耽兮，犹可说也。女之耽兮，不可说也。

桑之落矣，其黄而陨。自我徂尔，三岁食贫。淇水汤汤，渐车帷裳。女也不爽，士贰其行。士也罔极，二三其德。

三岁为妇，靡室劳矣。夙兴夜寐，靡有朝矣。言既遂矣，至于暴矣。兄弟不知，咥其笑矣。静言思之，躬自悼矣。

及尔偕老，老使我怨。淇则有岸，隰则有泮。总角之宴，言笑晏晏，信誓旦旦，不思其反。反是不思，亦已焉哉！

2.国殇——屈原

操吴戈兮被犀甲，车错毂兮短兵接。旌蔽日兮敌若云，矢交坠兮士争先。凌余阵兮躐余行，左骖殪兮右刃伤。霾两轮兮絷四马，援玉枹兮击鸣鼓。天时怼兮威灵怒，严杀尽兮弃原野。出不入兮往不反，平原忽兮路超远。带长剑兮挟秦弓，首身离兮心不惩。诚既勇兮又以武，终刚强兮不可凌。身既死兮神以灵，子魂魄兮为鬼雄。3.归园田居（其一）——陶潜 少无适俗韵，性本爱丘山。误落尘网中，一去十三年。羁鸟恋旧林，池鱼思故渊。开荒南野际，抱拙归园田。方宅十馀亩，草屋八九间。榆柳荫后檐，桃李罗堂前。暧暧远人村，依依墟里烟。狗吠深巷中，鸡鸣桑树颠。户庭无尘杂，虚室有馀闲。久在樊笼里，复得返自然。

4.虞美人——李煜

少无适俗韵，性本爱丘山。误落尘网中，一去十三年。羁鸟恋旧林，池鱼思故渊。开荒南野际，抱拙归园田。方宅十馀亩，草屋八九间。榆柳荫后檐，桃李罗堂前。暧暧远人村，依依墟里烟。狗吠深巷中，鸡鸣桑树颠。户庭无尘杂，虚室有馀闲。久在樊笼里，复得返自然。

5.送杜少府之任蜀州——王勃 城阙辅三秦，风烟望五津。

与君离别意，同是宦游人。

海内存知己，天涯若比邻。

无为在岐路，儿女共沾巾。

6.梦游天姥吟留别——李白

海客谈瀛洲，烟涛微茫信难求，越人语天姥，云霞明灭或可睹。天姥连天向天横，势拔五岳掩赤城。天台一万八千丈，对此欲倒东南倾。我欲因之梦吴越，一夜飞渡镜湖月。湖月照我影，送我至剡溪。谢公宿外今尚在，渌水荡漾清猿啼。脚著谢公屐，身登青云梯。半壁见海日，空中闻天鸡。千岩万转路不定，迷花倚石忽已暝。熊咆龙吟殷岩泉，栗深林兮惊层巅。云青青兮欲雨，水澹澹兮生烟。列缺霹雳，丘峦崩摧，洞天石扉，訇然中开。青冥浩荡不见底，日月照耀金银台。霓为衣兮风为马，云之君兮纷纷而来下。虎鼓瑟兮鸾回车，仙之人兮列如麻。忽魂悸以魄动，怳惊起而长嗟。惟觉时之枕席，失向来之烟霞。世间行乐亦如此，古来万事东流水。别君去兮何时还？且放白鹿青崖间，须行即骑访名山。安能摧眉折腰事权贵，使我不得开心颜。

7.闻王昌龄左迁龙标遥有此寄——李白

杨花落尽子规啼，闻道龙标过五溪。我寄愁心与明月，随风直到夜郎西！

8.春夜喜雨——杜甫

好雨知时节，当春乃发生。随风潜入夜，润物细无声。野径云俱黑，江船火独明。晓看红湿处，花重锦官城。9.蜀相——杜甫

丞相祠堂何处寻？锦官城外柏森森。

映阶碧草自春色，隔叶黄鹂空好音。

三顾频烦天下计，两朝开济老臣心。

出师未捷身先死，长使英雄泪满襟。10.登高——杜甫

风急天高猿啸哀，渚清沙白鸟飞回。无边落木萧萧下，不尽长江滚滚来。万里悲秋常作客，百年多病独登台。艰难苦恨繁霜鬓，潦倒新停浊酒杯。

11.琵琶行——白居易

浔阳江头夜送客，枫叶荻花秋瑟瑟。主人下马客在船，举酒欲饮无管弦。醉不成欢惨将别，别时茫茫江浸月。忽闻水上琵琶声，主人忘归客不发。寻声暗问弹者谁？琵琶声停欲语迟。移船相近邀相见，添酒回灯重开宴。千呼万唤始出来，犹抱琵琶半遮面。转轴拨弦三两声，未成曲调先有情。弦弦掩抑声声思，似诉平生不得志。低眉信手续续弹，说尽心中无限事。轻拢慢捻抹复挑，初为霓裳后六幺。大弦嘈嘈如急雨，小弦切切如私语。嘈嘈切切错杂弹，大珠小珠落玉盘。间关莺语花底滑，幽咽泉流冰下难。冰泉冷涩弦凝绝，凝绝不通声暂歇。别有幽愁暗恨生，此时无声胜有声。银瓶乍破水浆迸，铁骑突出刀枪鸣。曲终收拨当心画，四弦一声如裂帛。东船西舫悄无言，唯见江心秋月白。沉吟放拨插弦中，整顿衣裳起敛容。自言本是京城女，家在虾蟆陵下住。十三学得琵琶成，名属教坊第一部。曲罢常教善才伏，妆成每被秋娘妒。五陵年少争缠头，一曲红绡不知数。钿头云篦击节碎，血色罗裙翻酒污。今年欢笑复明年，秋月春风等闲度。弟走从军阿姨死，暮去朝来颜色故。门前冷落车马稀，老大嫁作商人妇。商人重利轻别离，前月浮梁买茶去。去来江口守空船，绕舱明月江水寒。夜深忽梦少年事，梦啼妆泪红阑干。我闻琵琶已叹息，又闻此语重唧唧。同是天涯沦落人，相逢何必曾相识。我从去年辞帝京，谪居卧病浔阳城。浔阳地僻无音乐，终岁不闻丝竹声。住近湓江地低湿，黄芦苦竹绕宅生。其间旦暮闻何物？杜鹃啼血猿哀鸣。春江花朝秋月夜，往往取酒还独倾。岂无山歌与村笛？呕哑嘲哳难为听。今夜闻君琵琶语，如听仙乐耳暂明。莫辞更坐弹一曲，为君翻作琵琶行。感我此言良久立，却坐促弦弦转急。凄凄不似向前声，满座重闻皆掩泣。座中泣下谁最多，江州司马青衫湿。

12.泊秦淮——杜牧

烟笼寒水月笼沙，夜泊秦淮近酒家。商女不知亡国恨，隔江犹唱后庭花。

13.苏幕遮——范仲淹 碧云天，黄叶地。秋色连波，波上寒烟翠。山映斜阳天接水。芳草无情，更在斜阳外。黯乡魂，追旅思。夜夜除非，好梦留人睡。明月楼高休独倚。酒入愁肠，化作相思泪。14.念奴娇·赤壁怀古——苏轼

大江东去，浪淘尽，千古风流人物。故垒西边，人道是，三国周郎赤壁。乱石穿空，惊涛拍岸，卷起千堆雪。江山如画，一时多少豪杰。遥想公谨当年，小乔初嫁了，雄姿英发。羽扇纶巾，谈笑间，樯橹灰飞烟灭。故国神游，多情应笑我，早生华发。人生如梦，一尊还酹江月。

15.定**——苏轼

莫听穿林打叶声，何妨吟啸且徐行。竹杖芒鞋轻胜马，谁怕？一蓑烟雨任平生。

料峭春风吹酒醒，微冷，山头斜照却相迎。回首向来萧瑟处，归去，也无风雨也无晴。

16.声声慢——李清照

寻寻觅觅，冷冷清清，凄凄惨惨戚戚。乍暖还寒时候，最难将息。三杯两盏淡酒，怎敌他晚来风急！雁过也，正伤心，却是旧时相识。

满地黄花堆积，憔悴损，如今有谁堪摘？守着窗儿独自，怎生得黑！梧桐更兼细雨，到黄昏点点滴滴。这次第，怎一个愁字了得！

17.书愤——陆游

早岁那知世事艰，中原北望气如山。楼船夜雪瓜洲渡，铁马秋风大散关。塞上长城空自许，镜中衰鬓已先斑。出师一表真名世，千载谁堪伯仲间!18.钗头凤——陆游

红酥手，黄縢酒，满城春色宫墙柳。东风恶，欢情薄。一怀愁绪，几年离索。错，错，错！

春如旧，人空瘦，泪痕红浥鲛绡透。桃花落，闲池阁。山盟虽在，锦书难托。莫，莫，莫！

19.永遇乐·京口北固亭怀古——辛弃疾

千古江山，英雄无觅孙仲谋处。舞榭歌台，风流总被,雨打风吹去。斜阳草树，寻常巷陌，人道寄奴曾住。想当年，金戈铁马，气吞万里如虎。

元嘉草草，封狼居胥，赢得仓皇北顾。四十三年，望中犹记，烽火扬州路。可堪回首，佛狸祠下，一片神鸦社鼓。凭谁问:廉颇老矣，尚能饭否? 20.菩萨蛮——辛弃疾

郁孤台下清江水，中间多少行人泪？西北望长安，可怜无数山。青山遮不住，毕竟东流去。江晚正愁余，山深闻鹧鸪。21.窦娥冤——关汉卿

有日月朝暮悬，有鬼神掌著生死权。天地也只合把清浊分辨，可怎生糊突了盗跖颜渊。为善的受贫穷更命短，造恶的享富贵又寿延。天地也做得个怕硬欺软，却原来也这般顺水推舟。地也，你不分好歹难为地；天也，你错勘贤愚枉做天！哎，只落得两泪涟涟。

22.沁园春·长沙——毛泽东 独立寒秋，湘江北去，橘子洲头。

看万山红遍，层林尽染；漫江碧透，百舸争流。鹰击长空，鱼翔浅底，万类霜天竞自由。怅寥廓，问苍茫大地，谁主沉浮？ 携来百侣曾游，忆往昔峥嵘岁月稠。

恰同学少年，风华正茂；书生意气，挥斥方遒。指点江山，激扬文字，粪土当年万户侯。曾记否，到中流击水，浪遏飞舟？