任务型教学法在大学英语听力中的运用

第一篇：任务型教学法在大学英语听力中的运用

任务型教学法在大学英语听力中的运用

【摘要】提高学生的英语听力能力是当前大学英语课程教学改革的重难点之一。任务型教学法是交际法的进一步发展，运用于大学听力课程中，能够更好的解决听力课堂上存在的一些问题，让学生通过实践，主动的积极地参与到课堂活动中，提高自己学习的能力。在大学英语听力教学中运用任务型教学法，通过前期任务，任务环和语言点的学习提高听力能力。

【关键词】任务型教学法；大学英语听力引言

随着我国改革开放的不断发展，对于英语教学的要求也越来越高。听力作为语言的输入部分，一直都是大学英语教学中的薄弱部分，很多学生都觉得听力课上的十分吃力。目前，在很多学校中对听力的教学方式仍然是先听力一遍录音，然后教师提问，学生回答。如果学生回答不出来，就再听一遍录音。这种单一的教学方式既不能有效的教学，又不能调动学生的积极性。久而久之，学生对听力学习就失去了兴趣。在现代的教学法中，要求以学生为主体，教师只是教学的指导者。笔者认为运用任务型教学法能够很好地实现这一要求，同时也能够调动起学生学习听力的积极性。任务教学法概述

在20世纪80年代，任务型教学法盛行于美国，英国，澳大利亚等国。许多国家的语言学家都对任务型教学法进行了研究，这些语言学家也对“任务”这一词下了很多定义，如：Long, Breen, Prabhu.Long 认为任务是个人为自己或者他人承担的无偿的或者是有偿的一项工作。换言之，“任务”就是人们在日常生活，工作，娱乐中所做的事情。Breen 则认为任务是指有实施语言学习为目的的一系列工作计划，其中的语言学习包括从简单的练习到复杂的活动，例如：小组解决问题或者情景问题以及决策制定。Prabhu 认为任务是一种活动，该活动要求学者经过所知的信息到多重思考从而所得出结果，教师字在活动中主要控制和规范思考的过程。

对于任务型教学法现在普遍认为其主要功能是为课堂活动提供一个目的以及使语言教学更有交际性。

任务型教学法作为一种比较先进，全面的新型教学法，有着许多特点：强调通过目的语来学习交流；为学生提供一个机会，让学生不仅将注意力在语言本身同时也集中在学习过程中；加强学者作为课堂中一个重要贡献部分的自身经历；使课堂上的语言学习与课堂外的语言活动联系起来等。

3听力教学中的问题

3.1教师的教学方式没效果

首先，教师对听力教学的观点也会影响教学效果。

尽管所有教师都认为语言教师掌握运用在语言教学中教学理论，但是绝大多数教师对于听力教学的理论知识不够。而教学经验是教学方法的主要来源。因此这些教师就不能最大限度的使用好教学材料。总所周知，教师的听力教学是基于教学原则上的。那些没有使用听力原则的听力材料会使教学变得枯燥。一方面，教师们没有时间为学生选择一些相关的听力材料。另一方面，教师们发现与教学材料相关的资源不多。过犹不及，很多老师都在研究如何使用听力方法却忽视了学生的喜好。同样也会使得教学变得索然无味。

其次，教师的教学方式也会影响教学效果。

如果学生做不出课本上的听力练习题，教师就只是重复地播放听力材料。而这些听力练习题通常是填空，连线。那么可以说，教师缺乏有效的教学方法。他们只会听力教学的简单方法。对于听力教学方法这个问题，基本上所有教师一致认为是教师的教学方法不能满足学生学习的需求。听力教师只能教授书本上的材料。不难看出，填空，连线这类的练习并不适合听力教学的每个单元。

3.2学生对听力课缺少学习兴趣

由于教师的听力教学方式没有效果，很少使用有效的教学方法。只有一些简单的固定的方法在听力课堂上不断的重复，使得学生对于听力课逐渐的失去了兴趣，最终导致很多大学生遇到听力课就逃课的现象。任务型听力在大学英语课堂的设计和实施

4.1任务型听力的教学目的

任务型听力的教学目的包括听懂材料内容和运用听力材料，教师设计任务目的时不仅要考虑到学生对新知识的接受程度，而且要考虑到听力材料的现实作用，听力材料要具有代表性和现实性。在21世纪，新闻听力在日常生活中扮演了十分重要的角色。因此，教师要精心的挑选听力材料。同时，也要注意听力材料的难度。设计任务是应该注意由简到难，循循渐进，由初级任务到高级任务的过渡。值得注意的是各个任务都有关联性，能够组成一个任务链，这个任务链的基本要求就是要使学生产生学习兴趣，让学生在不断的主动地参与到教师交给的任务的同时，感受到学习的快乐，掌握学习的方法。在设计任务的时候，教师要考虑到全班同学各个不同的英语听力层次，智力能力，要根据不同的现实情况把握好任务的形式，难度和趣味性，使学生都能积极地完成任务。

4.2任务型教学在大学听力中的具体运用

根据Wills的理论，任务型教学法可分为三个阶段：前期任务、任务环和语言点。

在大学听力教学中前期任务即是，教师首先呈现出与听力材料相关的话题，首先引起学生的学习兴趣，根据材料的难度和学生的能力，讲解单词和短语。接着教师就需要分布学习任务。此时的前期任务主要可以分为两个步骤。第一步：听前回答。教师根据听力材料，学生听力能力，设计一些问题，让学生听前思考，激发学生的兴趣和大胆预测的能力。第二步：听前预测。让学生根据试卷上的题目等文字材料找出少许背景知识，猜测听力材料的文本类型。

在任务环这个阶段，教师要指导学生抓住主题句、关键词和信号词。比如，主题句通常出现在文章的开头，因此要仔细听材料的前几句话，了解文章的主旨思想。在出现转折词时，要注意其后的内容。转折词是一类信号词。教师也要指导学生在听的同时做简单的笔记。许多学生能大概听懂文章的意思，但是对文章细节性内容记不住。对于这一问题，就需要教师多训练学生做笔记的方法和能力。将文章中关键的部分，比如时间，数字，转折后或对比性内容。完成听力后，教师应该要求学生围绕着听力材料从各个方面对材料进行分析，请几位做的比较好的学生分享自己的听力技巧，对听力材料的层次、结构进行讨论分析。

在语言点这个方面，教师可以让学生在听完材料后提出听力过程中的难点障碍，然后教师有针对性的进行讲解和练习。结论

任务型教学法是当代的新型教学法，是对交际法的继承和发展。传统的听力教学方式使的学生对听力学习失去了兴趣，感觉学习是件十分枯燥的事情。而任务型教学法把培养学生的学习能力作为教学目的之一。任务型教学法的优势在于能够在学习之前调动起学生的积极性，能够更加有效率的学习，能够让学生享受到学习的成果和快乐。任务型教学法所拥有的这些优点使之成为大学英语听力教学中的有效方法。通过前期任务、任务环以及语言点这三个步骤，切实有效的提高学生的听力能力，传授学生的听力学习方法，培养学生自主学习的能力。

参考文献：

[1]甘玲玲.2013.任务型教学法在大学英语听力教学中的运用[J].百色学院学（26）：3

[2]李艺.2009.大学英语听力教学中的任务型教学法探究[J].外语教学与研究（12）：12-13

[3]石海莹.2007.高中英语听力教学中存在的问题及解决办法[J].内蒙古师范大学学报,(6):55-56

[4]张超清,李晓东.2009 任务型教学法在大学听力课中的运用[J].经济研究导刊,(26)

第二篇：任务型教学法在写作中的运用

任务型教学法在写作中的运用

初中英语7B Unit4 Main Task Amazing Things，是一节写作教学课，是本单元的中心任务，它也是检测学生综合运用本单元知识的一个这重要手段。我为本课设定了一个原则，那就是将任务型教学法时时贯穿于课堂中。任务型语言教学是指以意义为中心,以完成交际任务为教学目标的外语教学方法。我在设计教学任务时，对本单元知识进行了整合。新课标中指出，“教师要善于结合实际教学需要，灵活地和有创造性地使用教材的内容、编排顺序、教学方法等方面进行适当的取舍或调整”。一个好的任务型活动应该具有系列性，即在同一个话题下开展不同的活动，下一个活动在前一个活动的结果中产生。经重新整合过的教学内容，更好的体现了任务与任务之间环环相连，所有的活动始终围绕大的中心原则展开。我想通过展示以下不同的教学活动过程来谈一下我的课后反思与启示。课后反思

在明确了教学目标后，我精心设计了有效的活动，积极创设能让学生主动交流的语言环境，把课堂还给学生，让学生们积极主动起来，让他们用英语积极交流。紧扣教材，又抛开教材，然后再回到教材。让每个学生进入活动角色，积极用英语思维，通过小组合作，把书本知识内化为实实在在的语言交际能力。

由于本单元主要讲的是有趣的事物和人，学生对此都很感兴趣，而且前面也学了有关知识。因此，课堂开始就以旧知识导入教材，然后回到书本上的内容，书本上的内容简单做一个问答，就处理掉。对话如下： S: Do you think ants and tortoises are amazing animals? T: Yes, I think so S: Why do you think that? T: Because ants can carry things much heavier than themselves and tortoises can live up to 150 years old.S: Do you want to learn more about amazing things? T: Yes, we do.S: Ok, now let’s take a look at our English books.本课书本上提供的信息较多，而且生词也很多，但是为了留更多的时间给写作，这就需要将课文中的知识提前处理好，所以课前就安排了学生认真预习，早读课上教师就文中的知识提了几个简单的问题。问题如下： 1.How tall is the man? 2.3.How long is the history of the computer? 然后，引出本课时的目标，写作。教师呈现写作要求，学生首先自己思考和同伴讨论，确定时态、人称和分段。然后，学生站起来回答思路，自己动手写。第三步，相互交换，互相批改；第四步，教师投影批改，同时表扬写的好的地方，改正错误的地方；第五步，欣赏范文，背诵，然后，重写一遍。也就是： 1.学生自己思考写作思路 2.学生讨论，教师点评，动手写 3.投影批改，表扬和改正 4.欣赏范文，拓宽知识面 5.巩固知识，重写一遍

在后来的作文批改中，学生基本上掌握了写作的思路，能够很好的将任务完成，而且作文中错误率也比较少，语言表达也更加精密，准确，有逻辑性。

可见在任务型教学中，五步教学法有着“可靠”与“安全”的作用。在教师控制下，学生所做的事情是教师可以“预知”的，学生的表现也更加受到教师的影响。因此，教师应该将新的教学法和以前的任务型教学法相结合，适时改变自己的教学观念，注重课堂教学质量提高，激发学生学习兴趣，不断提高自己的应变能力和扩大自己的知识面。

英语任务型语言教学是一种以任务为中心的英语教学法,它是师生通过用英语对话、交流和意义创生等方式, 让学生完成一系列根据其发展需求而设计的教学任务,使学生通过用英语做事情去达到学习目标,实现跨文化交流和创新。英语任务型语言教学强调以各种各样的英语学习任务为基础,学生在完成任务过程中必须有思考的过程,即学生首先 要考虑如何完成学习任务,而不是如何学会英语语言形式，它把英语语言应用的基本理念转化为具有实践意义的课堂教学方式。任务型语言教学的核心思想是:学生在完成真实、有意义的任务中学习和使用语言。在任务型学习活动中,学生通 过做事情来感受语言、体验语言、使用语言,并在这些过程中 学习语言。这种语言学习途径有利于提高语言学习的效果。任务型学习活动有较明确的目的,因而有利于激发学生的学习动机。学生在完成任务的过程中容易看到成就,体验成 功,从而能够进一步提高学习积极性, 同时能感到自我的不足,有助于激发自我探究、自我完善的欲望,启动不断学习语 言的内动力。任务型学习活动需要学生在完成任务的过程 中积极思考、决策、应变,因此有利于培养学生的分析问题和 解决问题的能力及思维能力。在任务学习活动中,学生往往 不仅仅使用一种语言技能或一项语法知识,而是综合运用多 种技能和知识,从而有助于学生综合语言能力的发展。任务 型学习活动与生活和工作中的活动相似,因此有利于学生为 真实交际作准备。点评

本节课任务与任务之间相互关联，并体现层层递进。随着课堂进程的发展，任务在其语言知识的难度上、内容的拓展上、能力的训练上、意义的启发上都体现了渐进性、发展性。渐进性、发展性的任务设计能使整节课教学任务的完成一气呵成，水到渠成。几点思考：

1．如何处理班额大、学生多，教师指导有困难的问题；如何提高学习有困难的学生对活动的兴趣和参与率。注重结合对任务结果的评价鼓励更多的学生积极参与、合作学习；重视学生课外任务(如：Report/Talk)的完成情况（没有轮到的学生怎么检查），特别是在完成过程中的参与程度和合作精神等，是作为综合评价的重要组成部分。

2．在小组讨论中，个别学生包揽全局，或语言水平低的学生跟不上活动节奏时应采取什么措施，即教师如何在有限的时间里深入课堂，有效地关注学生完成任务的过程和参与程度。

3．本堂课能基本上围绕课文中的话题，在一项大任务中通过完成各项小任务来渗透听说读写各项技能的训练。但如何解决讨论内容及表达方式单一及学生思维狭窄的问题；如何能不设框架，尽量让学生按自己的思路去完成任务，应是我们今后值得尝试和思考的课题。4．任务实施前的准备是课上还是课下做，需要多长时间，生词和语言现象如何处理，怎样在语法和词汇中体现任务型教学的理念，初中生能力有限，学生之间有一定的个体差异，教师如何为他们完成任务提供适当且必要的帮助，以及如何把握任务的难度等都有待进一步探讨和研究。

5．在设计任务时，我们更偏重于活动型（比较适合善于形象思维，想象力丰富的初一学生），今后如何设计更深层次的解决问题型的任务，使学生体验用英语解决问题的成就感，从而进一步增强学好英语的信心，是我们今后努力的方向。

第三篇：任务型教学法在初中英语听力教学中的应用

任务型教学法在初中英语听力教学中的应用

【摘要】在日常交际中，听占有十分重要的地位。Rost认为，语言习得主要通过获得大量的可理解输入来实现，而听是获得可理解语言输入的最重要的渠道。但是，目前我国的初中英语听力教学仍不尽人意，还存在着许多问题。任务型教学是以具体的任务为学习动机或动力，以完成任务的过程为学习的过程，以展示任务成果的方式来体现教学成就的一种教学方法。

本研究通过课堂观察和教学进一步探讨了任务型教学应用于初中听力教学。基于Willis的任务型教学模式和Underwood的听力教学模式理论，笔者将两者结合并应用于初中听力教学中，建立了任务型听力教学模式，将任务型教学法应用于听力教学中。试图解决现阶段初中英语听力教学中存在的两个主要问题：第一，听力教材中的问题；第二，教学模式单一的问题。针对第一个问题，本研究按照任务型教学法中任务设计的原则，重新整合教材并设计多种真适实可行的学习任务，从而解决教材中部分内容过难学生不易完成、不感兴趣等问题。第二个问题的解决也就是任务型教学法的应用。本研究将任务划分为听前，听中，以及听后三个部分。每一部分按照任务设计的原则安排了多项任务，从而解决了传统听力教学模式单一的问题。

通过任务型教学法在听力教学中的应用，作者希望为初中英语听力教师提供些许参考，最终对英语听力教学产生帮助，从而提高听力课堂的有效性。

【关键词】任务；任务型教学法；英语听力教学

i

CONTENTS

Abstract.....................................................................................................................................i

摘要..............................................................................................................................................ii

I.Introduction.......................................................................................................................1 II.Literature review........................................................................................................1

2.1 The studies of listening comprehension.......................................................1 2.2 The studies of the application of Task-Based Approach to listening...............................................................................................................2

III.The current problems in English listening teaching......................3

3.1 The problems of teaching materials...............................................................4 3.2 The problems of classroom teaching models.................................4

IV.The Application of the Task-Based Approach to the English Listening Class...........................................................................................................5

4.1The Principles for designing tasks in listening...........................................5 4.2 The steps for designing task-based teaching model in listening class.................................................................................................6

V.Conclusion.......................................................................................................................10 References..............................................................................................................................11 Acknowledgments..............................................................................................13

The Application of “Task-Based Approach” to the Listening

Class in Junior High School

Ⅰ.Introduction There are four abilities in the acquisition of language, which are listening, speaking, reading and writing, but listening is the most difficult one among them.Most students are not interested in it, and at the same time, most students always lose confidence in dealing with the listening comprehension questions, because they think that their English is very poor.Therefore, it’s necessary to review the current situation and existing problems of listening comprehension and combine the Task-Based Approach with the English Listening teaching.The Task-Based Approach as a new teaching approach of language appeared in the western world in the 1980s, and it emphasizes “learning by doing”.Compared with traditional teaching methods, the Task-Based Approach can not only motivate the students 'interest, but can also help students to improve their English listening ability in the process of learning English.And then by this approach the students’ learning efficiency and English application ability can be improved through cooperative learning and self-learning.II.Literature review 2.1The studies of listening comprehension Listening is a cognitive activity and language skills, and plays an important role in our daily life and language learning, and at the same time, listening comprehension has increasingly become an important criterion to measure the level of learners’ language study(Long, 1993).But according to our longtime observation and study on the teaching practice, the traditional English listening teaching methods used in china inhibit the students’ listening ability to improve.Listening comprehension research includes five aspects, they are listening materials, speakers, tasks, learners and listening processes(Richards and Platt, 1992).The degree of difficulty about the listening material and listeners’ familiarity;the rate of speech, voice, expression of speakers;the type of listening task;the internal and

1External factors of learners;the processes of listening comprehension also can affect learners to understand the listening materials.Among them, there are some important aspects to affect listening, such as the level of language, memory, emotional factors, and background knowledge of learners.The most important thing is the study of the process of listening comprehension, which is an internal mental process, and the way learners to deal with language inputting and understanding it.The researchers of domestic and abroad reached a consensus in this area and hold that the process of language understanding is a process of language producing, and this process includes three stages, which are perception, resolution and application.At the perception stage, the input language is analysised and synthesised preliminary by the brain.At the resolving stage, the brain produces a series of proposition which is the foundation of listening comprehension.At the application stage, the new semantics proposition activates the existing propositions and knowledge in the brain which can form the updated discourse meaning and knowledge systems.The psychological factors are very important for students to understand the listening materials, and these factors are showed through the attitude of learners, such as their interest, self-confidence, the level of effort and anxiety.Learners’ mental states will affect their learning behavior and learning result directly.Negative mental states, such as anxiety, tension, slack, disgust, fear, and so on, will hinder their learning potential to perform normally.In order to help students overcome the negative sentiment in the listening process, cultivating their learning interest and making them in a good mental state is a good way.Therefore, teachers should analyze the reasons why students have so many negative emotions in their teaching practice, and also teacher should create a relaxed and positive atmosphere for students to learn and activate students' learning interests so that they always put them in a state of excitement.2.2 The studies of the application of Task-Based Approach to listening class The Task-Based Approach appeared in the 1980s.It aims to language teaching

real and classroom socialization.The Task-Based Approach is a task or an activity for a particular purpose(Crookes, 1989).In educational curricula, it is mainly used to collect data for research.In the process of language learning, task is a communication activity, and also a kind of language practice which emphasizes “learning by doing“.The core of the Task-Based Approach is the ”learner-centered“ and ”people-oriented“, and the theoretical basis is the ”constructivist".The task is composed of five parts, which are the teaching aims, inputs, forms of activities, the role of teachers and students, and the environment(Nunan, 1989).The Task-Based Approach emphasizes that learners not only focus on the language, but also focus on the process of language learning, and it emphasizes the interaction and cooperation in the process of learning, and also emphasizes the process and results.Task-Based Approach use the relatively realistic tasks to make students complete the task in group discussion or role-playing and other activities, and then strengthen the interaction between teachers and students, motivate students’ learning interest, mobilize the students' positive emotional factors, and cultivate students’ awareness and cognitive abilities.At the same time, Task-Based approach also inspires the students to share their individual experience since they have to complete their task in groups, and then train them to understand, operate and use language.Extensive, in-depth, and complex language using has been fully reflected through the process of completing a task.Therefore, the Task-Based Approach has its own unique merits from its teaching aims or from its teaching model, because the Task-Based Approach not only has the advantages of traditional teaching methods but also has the advantages of the communicative teaching approach.There are three stages of the Task-Based Approach, which are pre-task, task-cycle and post-task(Willis, 1996).The pre-task is the preparation stage;the task-cycle is the implementation stage, and post-task is the acceptance and improvement stage.And these three stages influence with each other.Ⅲ.The current problems in English listening teaching For the current application of Task-Based Approach, the first task is to find the

problems of the listening teaching, which are two major problems in the teaching of learning comprehension.One is in the materials, the other is in the teaching models.3.1 The problems in teaching materials In the listening teaching of English in junior high school, the most important problem that troubles teachers lies in the listening materials.And there are two main problems in the listening materials.Firstly, the listening materials usually used by teachers are written language rather than spoken English, so it is difficult for English learners to understand.Certainly, one can not deny that there is a lot of spontaneous teacher-talk during class, but it is not enough to improve learners’ English listening ability.Secondly, the contents of the materials often do not match the real life.Many listening comprehension books usually include many long passages rather than dialogue and most of them beyond the learners’ ability.After listening, they have to do some comprehension exercises, usually multiple-choice.This teaching approach provides a certain type of practice, but it is not related to our real life.So the course of the listening comprehension is so boring to students.There is no doubt that the English leaner can not improve their listening ability.3.2 The Problems of Classroom Teaching Model In junior high school, most teachers usually prepare listening materials before starting listening class.They usually use a similar way to teach, they often play the tape several times, if students can not understand or memory the main idea of the listening materials, teachers often repeat the materials again and again.And teachers help students by explaining the difficult sentences.Finally, teachers usually check and correct the answers students have done, this is not a class of listening but a class of testing students’ memory, so most of the students are very tired after class.These methods of teaching not only fail to improve students’ listening ability but also make them lose confidence and interest of listening.This kind of class ignores students’ motivation to learn, and never be able to arouse students’ interest, also depresses the atmosphere and the fillings of students.The most important problem is that students do not have any chance to communicate in natural languages, let alone knowing about

the characteristics about real-life communication.From the method of teaching their teacher using, students don’t get any comments from their teacher, as a result this teaching method is not satisfied by many English learners.Ⅳ.The Application of the Task-Based Approach to the English Listening Class There are many problems about English listening teaching, especially in rural areas.To solve these problems the Task-Based Approach should be applied to the English listening class.This teaching approach is very important and useful to arouse English teachers’ awareness in order to change these old methods and improve the level of teaching.Task-Based Approach claims that effective learning is not in instruction, but experiential.Task-Based Language Teaching is characterized as collaboration, authenticity, focusing on process and students’ participation, and learning by using it, which is just a sign of modern education(Wang Yanghong, 2004:33-50).4.1 The principles for designing tasks in listening If the teachers want to use the Task-Based Approach in English teaching, they must solve the problem about the teaching materials, and this thesis will introduce three principles for designing of listening tasks.4.1.1 The task should be fun One of the advantages of Task-Based Approach is using the interesting communicative activities to stimulate students’ learning enthusiasm.Therefore, in order to improve the students’ English listening ability, teachers usually design a lot of fun tasks for them, which can arouse students’ motivation of learning.Usually, these interesting games are easy to design.For example, many teacher use pictures and let students describe them before listening, also some teacher permit students to communicate freely in class.These activities are very useful for teacher to help students improve their English learning ability.4.1.2 The difficulty level of tasks should be appropriate The difficulty level of tasks should be appropriate.If the difficulty level of the

task is beyond the students’ ability, it will lead to the entire classroom teaching fail, and then dampen the learners’ enthusiasm.Therefore, when teachers design the listening tasks, the difficulty level is very important.There is a lot of factors that can affect the listening difficulty level, but they often fall into three types:（1）The type of language used.The contents of the listening materials should match the real life.Therefore teacher should use the spoken language rather than written language in class.(2)The purpose for listening.Teachers should prepare some questions for students before listening, and ask students to finish them after listening.(3)The context of listening.Many students can’t understand the listening material because of without background knowledge.So teachers should provide enough background information to students.4.1.3 Learning by Doing

Actually, learning by doing is gaining knowledge from practice, which emphasizes to take students as a center.Teachers should guide the students to learn the language by performing a specific task.What’s more, student can achieve and enrich the learning experiences and strategies through designing some special-purpose language activities and completing some specific communicative tasks.Therefore, they can enjoy the joy of success.Students have to master the language used in the classroom communication, although they still have to learn grammar and memorizing vocabulary.If one wants to master the knowledge of the language, he/she should depend on himself, rather than teachers.Long(1933)believe that “ a Task-Based Approach sees the language process as one of learning through doing—it is primarily engaging in meaning that the students’ system is encouraged to develop”.4.2 The steps for designing task-based teaching model in listening class

The traditional model of teaching has affected the validity of the listening class.The nature of the Task-Based Learning is the process of learning by doing, and the students are engaged in natural language learning through experience and expectation.In the process of listening, what teacher needs to do first is to provide opportunities

and designing process.And teachers have to make the process of leaning more effective, in different stages, students can master certain skills of learning by with a specific purpose and working in different sub-tasks.According to the listening teaching model of Underwood’s and Willis’ model of the task-based instruction, the author tries to establish a task-based listening teaching model.Taking “Unit 8, anything else?” as an example(Chinese Ministry of Education, 2002)4.2.1 Pre-listening stage The principal function of tasks and exercises at this stage is to provide orientation to the input topic and to activate learners’ own knowledge and frames of reference(Keith and Helen, 2002:321-328).This target can be achieved through a variety of ways: using pictures, open discussion, reading a text on the same subject, prediction of the content, or doing some language practice, such as identifying related words or a group of pre-listening problems.In addition, teachers may also need to introduce a number of important topics related words and phrases which the leaner don’t know before.The first and foremost, teacher have to come up with an interesting topic which is related to the task.The teachers should know that all the students understand what the task involves and what its goal is.At this stage, Wang(2002)provides students with the following activities to finish.(1)Prediction

Studies show that good learners usually have good prediction.In order to help students become good listeners, the teachers try to help the learners become better predictors.This teaching method can help the students to improve their ability of listening.In order to improve the students’ listening ability, teachers often give students some topics to discuss before start listening, and teachers usually use different activities to encourage students predicting what they will listen to.Many times, the listening materials contain some pictures.Students can usually predict about what they will listen to according to them.(2)Set the Scene

Another type of pre-reading activities for students is to set the scene.It is more

difficult to leaner to listen to in class than in real life.Because in our daily life, we know clearly what we talk and why we talk when we communicate with each other.However, in the classroom, we just passively listen to a lot of listening material and it does not match to real life, so it is difficult for us to understand.Therefore, teacher should provide enough background information to the English learners to activate the schema of the learners, so the students will prepare to understand what they will listen to.For example, teacher provides a picture to students, and asks them to look at it.By doing so, the schema of related scene can be activated, and thus will make the listening task easier.4.2.2 while-listening stage Crookes argues that the while-listening stage is the most difficult for the teacher to control.Because at this stage students can came across many difficulties, for example, they don’t understand what they have listened to, so some student may give up going on listening.However, if the teacher provides students with some background information, students will not lose confidence while listening.Another important thing is that if the teacher provides students with a goal or task it can help the learners to focus on the listening materials.Teacher should design different kinds of tasks for students while they are listening to a passage.A few examples are as follows.(1)Listening for the gist.At this stage, firstly, teachers should make students understand what they should know from the listening material while listening.In our daily life, we have no chance to listen to something several times.Many times, although we can’t catch every single word the speakers said, we can understand them from the gist of what they said.Therefore it is importance for teachers to prepare some questions for students before start listening, and these questions must be related to the listening materials, and then make students understand the gist of the listening materials by these questions.If teacher use this way in listening class, students will cultivate a good habit of how to practice listening, and they will know that they only focus on the gist of listening materials rather than every single word.This not only can arouse their interesting but

also can help them improve their ability of communication in our real life.(2)Taking notes while listening.Because students can’t remember all the information they have heard after listening, teacher should ask them make notes whiling listening, which can help them understand the materials clearly.Certainly, teachers should make students understand how to make notes.For example, if the listening material is about some one, teachers will ask students to focus on some important information as follows: What does he/she do? How old is he/she? What does he/she like? So students can complete some tasks through taking notes.Using this approach can improve the students’ listening ability, so teacher should make students cultivate a good habit of taking notes.(3)Listening and filling When we do listening practice, we always do some questions about blank filling.We are very familiar with it.And this question is very difficult for students to finish.So teacher give students some tips about it.For example, teachers ask students to read the uncompleted passage before listening, and then finish the blank while listening.Also teachers should let students know how to focus on the details.For example, function words are almost unstressed and therefore some times difficult for students to hear, so teachers always help students infer them according to the whole passage.Using this ways can help students improve their ability of listening comprehension.Here is an example.Tom has _____________________.Lily has____________________.Her father is a_________________.He is a _____________________.4.2.3 Post-listening stage Post learning activities comprise a range of follow-up possibilities, including lexical and grammatical development, role play, writing practice various tasks and so on(Keith and Helen, 2001:321-328)

(1)gap-filling At this sage, firstly, teachers give students an incomplete summary of the text that students will listen to.This kind of practice is also very difficult for students.Firstly, the students have to make notes while listening.And then teachers give students some minutes to tidy up their taking notes.Finally, students have to complete the summary according to their own notes.However, they can use their own words, rather than original words from the listening materials to complete the summary.This is good activity for students to practice their listening.(2)Picking up the discussions on the pre-listening.At this stage, instead of other kinds of questions, open-ended questions can be discussed.Teachers always divide the students into small groups.These questions are prepared by teacher before start listening.Certainly, the answers of some questions have been discussed before listening.For example, why do you like Beijing? Do you want to study abroad? Why? Many times, some views of students are similar to the author, so they can complete the questions easily.Another type of questions students can’t discuss before listening but only be inferred from the text.So teachers give students some minutes to prepare and divide them into small groups to share their individual views.This way can improve their study efficiency.V.Conclusion Task-Based approach shows that the teaching aims and teaching functions have been transformed.The Task-Based Approach has become a respectable new teaching approach through the 20 years of exploration and practice.It gives teachers and students a new challenge and innovation.Moreover, it stimulates students' interest and motivation, and gives students a new feeling and sense of accomplishment.At the same time, the Task-Based Approach also continue to be improved and perfected in practice.Each teaching approach has its merits and demerits, however, it is extremely important for teachers to mobilize the students’ interest in learning and to design proper tasks for students to participate in the act of listening.References ［1］Anderson and Lynch.Listening[M].London: Oxford University Press,1988.［2］Bruner.Child’s talk: Learning to Use Language[M].New York: Norton,1983.［3］Crookes.Task and language learning: Integrating theory and practice[M].Clevedon: Multilingual Matters,2000.［4］Keith Johnson and Helen Johnson.Encyclopedic Dictionary of Applied Linguistics Handbook for Language Teaching[J].Foreign Language Teaching and Research,2001(2):321-328 ［5］Long.Input, Interaction and Second Language Acquisition PhD [D],Los Angels:University of California,1993.［6］MC Dough.Research methods for English language teachers [M].Beijing:Foreign Language Teaching and Research Press,1981.［7］Nunan.Communicative Tasks and the Language Curriculum TESOL Quarterly[J].Research methods for english language teachers,1998(2): 279-295.［8］O’Malley.Learning Strategies in Second Language Acquisition[M].Shanghai:Shanghai Foreign Language Education Press,1998.［9］Prabhu.Second language pedagogy[M].Oxford:Oxford University Press,1987.［10］Richards and Rodgers.Approaches and methods in language teaching[M].Cambridge:Cambridge University Press,2002.［11］Richards and Platt.Longman dictionary of language teaching[M].Beijing: Foreign Language Teaching and Research Press,1992.［12］Sheerin.Listening comprehension: Teaching or testing[J].English Language Teaching,1987(2):42-43.［13］Skehan, P.Tasks type and task processing condition as influences on foreign language Performance[J].Language Teaching Research ,1998(4):185-211 ［14］Ur.Discussion on listening comprehension[M].Cambridge: Cambridge University Press,1996.［15］Underwood.Have you heard?[ M].Oxford: Oxford University Press,1999.［16］Wang Qiang.A Course in English Language Teaching[M].Beijing: Higher Education

press,2000.［17］Willis.A Flexible Framework for Task-Based Learning[J].Change in Language Teaching 1996(2)52-62.［18］蔡兰珍.任务型教学法在大学英语写作中的应用[J].外语界，2002,（4）：41-46.［19］成晓光.对我国课程标准的思考[J].外语与外语教学,1995,(2):23-250.［20］方申萍.译述第二语言听力理解中的学习策略培训[J].国外外语教学,2000,(4):21-45.［21］丰玉芳.任务型语言教学在英语教学中的应用[J].外语与外语教学，2004,(6):35-380.［22］葛文山.简论任务型教学模式在基础英语中的实施[J].中小学英语教学,2003,(2):28-300.［23］国家教育部.英语新课程标准[M].北京:北京师范大学出版社，2001.［24］国家教育部.Go for it[M].北京:人民教育出版社,2002.［25］廖晓青.Bangalore交际教学简介[J].国外外语教学,2002,(2):24-280.［26］李敏.任务型教学在中学英语听力教学中的运用[D].甘肃：教育学院英语学科教育,2005.［27］魏永红.任务型语言教学在英语教学中的应用[J].外语与外语学,2004,(6):35-50.Acknowledgements

My deep gratitude first goes to my tutor, Mr.Liu, who has given me a lot of enlightening instructions in my paper and guides me through the process of writing this essay.He always takes pains to read my papers and gives me valuable advice.Without his guidance and valuable suggestions, the completion of this essay would not have been possible.I really appreciate his unreserved help and will keep it in mind forever.Sincere thanks also go to the others teachers who taught me during my four years of college life.They have greatly benefited my intellectual growth through their inspiring lectures.I am also grateful to my dear roommates and friends who have offered me a lot of helpful suggestions and valuable reference books.Finally, I want to express my sincere thanks to my family for their support, encouragement and understanding they have given me for these years.

第四篇：任务型教学法在英语阅读教学中的运用

任务型教学法在英语阅读教学中的运用

王武

江阴市璜塘综合高级中学

摘要：任务型语言教学是指以意义为中心，以完成交际任务为教学目标的外语教学方法。任务的类型为真实性和教学型交际任务。任务的设计应由简到繁，由易到难，层层深入。本文以高一英语新教材精读课实际课堂教学任务的设计为例，从任务的类型、教学模式的设计和结构等几个方面探讨了如何在英语教学中渗透任务型语言教学理念，以达到强化教学内容的实践性，提高语言交际能力的目的。

关键词：任务型语言教学；真实性教学任务；教学型交际任务。

近年来，一些理论和实践研究表明，在中学英语阅读课堂中使用任务型教学法能够有效地保证学习者的阅读效果。任务型教学是建立在二语习得研究基础上的一个具有重要影响的语言教学模式，它以具体的任务为学习动力和动机，以完成任务的过程为学习过程，以展示任务成果的方式来体现教学的成就。强调“从做中学”的一个活动过程。在英语阅读教学中，很多老师努力地教，不仅教学生阅读的方法技巧，也教包含在其中的语法；学生们也在努力地学。可是，学生的掌握情况并不乐观。今天记住了，明天忘。一段时间以后，学生就失去了学习英语的兴趣。经过分析，造成这种现象的原因是多方面的。也许最根本的一点是：教师在课堂上进行语言教学时，让学生记忆孤立的单词、脱离语境的句子、枯燥乏味的语法规则，而没有根据具体的目标设计出各项能将词汇、语法和功能有机结合起来的交际活动。任务型教学的意义在于：在活动中使学生掌握如何运用适当的语言把要求做的事做好。英语课堂教学中通过“变化互动”的各项活动，即任务，学生在完成任务过程中进行对话互动，进而产生语言习得。

任务教学一般分为两种类型：真实性的交际任务和教学型的交际任务。前者指学生能在外部世界碰到的任务，或在日常真实生活中运用语言的活动。如：Ask the way to the post office;Leave a message on someone’s answer machine.真实生活任务型教学强调直接通过课堂让学生用英语完成各种真实的生活、学习、工作等任务（即做各种事情），从而培养学生运用英语的能力（用英语做事的能力）。后者指学习语言知识的活动，即为教学而设计的活动，虽然学习者在外部世界中不大可能碰到这些活动，但任务的实施能促进语言的学习，如拿着某城市的地图用英语向你的同学解释如何从你的学校步行到某一医院等。任务型

教学要求教学活动有利于学生学习语言知识，发展语言技能，从而提高语言实际运用能力，倡导以语言运用能力为目的的语言知识教学。下面我将谈谈任务型教学模式的设计和结构。

一、任务型教学模式设计和结构

这种教学模式遵循着人们认识事物的一般规律，从易到难，层层深入。通常由环节构成：

“课堂导入”环节。在导入中，应注意强调导入与任务的相关性。如在高中英语第一册（上）Unit5的课文教学前，可以由中国著名大导演张艺谋导入其导演的影片《英雄》或《一个都不能少》等。“参与任务”环节：任务呈现。这是任务型课堂教学所特有的教学环节，让学生从一开始就明确要完成的任务，然后在任务的驱动下学习语言知识，进行技能训练，置于任务情景的氛围中，有利于强化学习兴趣和动力，让学生处于一种主动、积极的能力状态，触发学生完成任务的迫切需要。

“学习新知”环节。学生具备这种心理倾向就自然而然进入本环节。“学习新知”就是学习的内容围绕本课教学目标和要求进行。但任务型教学强调知识教学与任务相关，知识本身是完成任务所必需的而学生在此前缺乏的。

“巩固新知”环节。师生共同合作，结合任务进行对话、交流、讲座，熟练到自动化程度，从而达到“巩固新知”的目的。

“操练运用”环节。这一环节是学生掌握新以后，形成知识迁移，达到“活学活用”目的。在这一环节中，教师既可以给学生提供一些相关任务，又可以让学生结合自己的学习要求设计一些与他们生活、学习贴近的活动情景，目的是更好激发学习兴趣，提高学生的学习积极性，语言能力、交际能力和文化能力三者都得到很好地锻炼，从而真正掌握一门语言。

二、应用实例。

下面我以SEFC Book ⅠUnit 3 ‘Adventure Travel” 一课为例，说明任务的设计以及在课堂教学中的应用。我设计了5项task—oriented 的活动。

Task1: Today we’re going to deal with the topic “ Travel ”.Do you like travelling ? Why or why not ? Where would you most like to travel? Why? 任务1分析：这是一个导入步骤，目的是想激发学生对主题或任务的关注和兴趣，使学生一开始就处于一种主动，积极的任务情景氛围中。在这一阶段，教师要使所设计的问题尽量贴近本课涉及的主要内容，即强调导入与任务的相关性。

Task2 : Look at the topic in our text“Adventure Travel ” and try to predict the content of the text.What’s adventure travel ? 任务2分析：学生的兴趣被激发起来之后，就可以直接进入今天的主题或任务，即对标题的预测。在这一活动中，讨论只是一种形式，而进行预测这一阅读技巧的训练才是活动的实质。

Task3: Discuss in groups: Why do people travel? What can you tell about hiking from the passage? What can you tell about rafting from the passage ? Discuss what will happen if people do not follow them.任务3分析：分组竞赛的组织方式使课堂气氛紧张、热烈、活跃。

Task4: Each group reports the discussion result to the whole class.Compare the items each group provides.Then make a comparison between the items you mention and these mentioned in the text.任务4分析：通过讨论比较，学生扩大了知识面，对于hiking and rafting两种冒险旅行有人全面的了解，对课文内容加深了理解，学生的口头表达能力在不知不觉中得到了提高。Task5: Compare hiking and rafting , write their similarities and differences.If you want to climb mountains or go cycling or go rolling or rock climbing or skee or jogging or golf or bowling or bungee jumping or dive or sail or downhill snowboarding or camp.Discuss their tips.Encourage the Ss to guess the meanings of words, 任务5分析：教师有必要给学生提供创新和实践的机会，这部分可以作为学生创新的内容。在这一阶段中，学生将所学的知识和形成的语言交际技能灵活运用到实际生活大家关心的热点问题上，转化为真实生活中运用英语的能力。这是学习语言的最终目的，也是任务型教学的主要宗旨。通过大讨论使学生的积极性、创造性都得到了很大程度的发挥。

三、结语

任务型教学法的实施对教师提出了很高的要求，如要设计出适当的任务把阅读目标融合进去，既不影响交际又能保证学生在任务过程中注意到这个重点和阅读目标，对任务设计的要求比较高。所以教师自身素质是实施任务型教学模式的关键。这种教学法的理论得到了许多成功实践的论证，在中学英语教学中有很高的应用价值。它反映出外语教学目标与功能的转变，体现了英语教学关注学生，以学生为中心，注重语言习得与运用，与新课程标准所倡导的理念是一致的。

参考文献： 何安平：新课程理念与初中英语课程改革[M]。吉林：东北师范大学出版社，2002。2 Nunan.D.Designing Tasks for the communicative classroom[M].Cambridge: Cambridge University Press,1989.3 Willis, J.A Framework for task—based Learning [M].London:Long—man, 1996.4 Skehan, P.Individual Differences in second-language learning [M].London: Edward Amold1989

第五篇：任务型教学法在初中英语阅读教学中的运用

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