第一篇:浅谈财会教学的步骤及其教学成果实现
浅谈财会教学的步骤及其教学成果实现
摘 要:随着社会会计培训机构的兴起,会计类专业人才数量不断激增,也给中职院校财会专业毕业生的就业和择业带来了巨大的压力。怎样在激烈的竞争中凸显中职院校财会专业学生的专业优势是至关重要的,在鼓励学生勤学苦读的同时,学校在教学知识的系统性和专业性,以及教学方法的理论结合实践方面也做出适当的调整和改变,力求让中职院校的学生掌握实际财会工作的具体内容和应用细节,从而提高学生的就业率及竞争力。
关键词:财会教学 步骤 教学成果 实现
目前中职院校的财会教学尽管努力在教学方法方面改革和创新,但是改革及创新力度仍然跟不上经济社会的演变进程,财会教学也没能真正走出传统教学套路,每年毕业的学生数量在逐年增加,但是能够立即从事本专业工作的却十分有限。究其原因,主要是由于学生理论知识尽管学的很宽,但是专业和精准程度都普遍不高,缺乏实际操作技能。因此,为适应经济社会对财会专业的就业新形势的要求,改进传统财会职业教育的教学方法及教学模式已经势在必行。
1、财会基础理论教学与课堂实践运用相结合中职院校的教学与普通中等院校的教学存在着本质的区别,这种本质的区别是教学侧重点不同的主要因素,普通院校注重的是基础知识的全面化普及,而中职院校教学重点在于各专业实际动手操作能力的培养,而财会人员的工作性质决定了这个工作岗位本身对于实际操作能力的要求很高,因此中职院校财会教学的基本点就要侧重理论与实际相结合,不但注重书本上概念和理论的教学,更要联系实践,二者结合起来进行讲解。例如,会计核算的程序,从会计原始凭证的取得到凭证整理分类,又是怎样运用会计基础中所学到的基本概念和方法来进行操作。教师可以选取若干个有代表性的原始凭证样本,在课堂上先讲解原始凭证的概念,再将原始凭证样本进行一一展示,使学生能够通过亲眼所见的真实凭证或是仿真凭证来进行理解书本上的概念。下一步编制会计凭证,教师首先要让学生理解并熟记会计科目的分类及其具体科目,这样在课堂上讲到会计凭证的编制时,向学生展示会计凭证的空白样本和根据一个原始凭证上的信息填制好的会计凭证,再将两者放在一起进行比较,将会计凭证空白样本发给每个学生一张,展示一张新的原始凭证,让学生通过之前的比较学习,亲自动手操作并编制会计凭证,学生编制完成后,教师再将正确的编制凭证向学生进行展示和讲解,通过这种理论联系实践的方法,指导学生更正错误的概念理解,并找到正确的方法,从而可以亲手将一个原始凭证上的会计信息整理并编制成一个完整且正确的会计凭证。这种方法的运用最好配合多媒体的教学模式,这样在展示和教学过程中可以提高教学的效率,进而形成了既能提高教学成果又不会耽误教学课时安排的进度。
2、通过案例讲解和分析提高学生综合理解能力
案例教学的模式也是模拟教学模式中的一种,是指导学生将所学到的财会知识通过模拟演练的形式进行综合运用,以测验学生对知识技能的实践水平的重要方法,这种方法的侧重点在于培养学生的实际分析及解决财会问题的能力。采用案例教学的具体方法,可以将学生分成几个不同的小组,每个小组给予相同的题目进行分析和讨论,让每个小组的学生针对同一个问题进行研讨,并作出总结报告,教师再对每个小组的研讨结论进行点评,找到学生结论中存在的漏洞,针对漏洞出现的原因进行深入讲解,让学生通过实践理解企业财会工作中的实际问题和解决方法,从而达到提升学生综合理解问题及掌握有效方法和途径解决问题的作用。另外,教师可以再教学中采用企业实际发生的经济业务作为基础案例进行仿真场景的营造,并配备相关的帐、证、表等实物,让学生分别从业务员的角度、单位负责人的角度以及出纳、会计等角度来进行实际业务流程的操作。通过对产品进出库凭证的处理、到出纳涉及的进出账目结算、企业材料涉及的成本如何核算、以及产生的利润该怎样分配等等,只要是企业会计工作相关的流程和实务工作都进行一定的模拟训练,使学生在课堂上就对将来工作时的岗位责任和工作流程有个明确的认识和了解,并通过会计职业道德的渗透和监督职能的要求的贯彻,使学生认识并掌握会计各相关岗位的职能和业务流程,从而起到消除理论和实践之间的断层的作用。
3、增强教学务实性并组织学生深入社会实践
目前我国许多企业财会人员的分工并不是十分细致,有的企业将财会人员分为成本会计、总办会计、税务会计等,但有的企业的会计就要包揽所有的工作,这对学生综合能力提出了更高层次的要求,那就是学生不但要掌握好会计职能的基本要求,同时还要学会如何报税、如何与工商、银行等与财会相关的机构打交道。教师针对这些问题,可以通过模拟实务教学的形式,将会计理论教学与模拟实验结合起来用以提高学生的综合职业素养,搜集一些现实工作当中涉及的政府职能部门的工作流程、企业会计的要求等相关的案例材料,让学生进行分析和学习,使学生在脑海中形成一个系统的画面,便于学生将理论知识与实际案例进行融会贯通,从而提升学生工作应用能力。这种教学模式不但有利于学生对理论知识的全面理解,还锻炼了学生思考和解决问题的能力,同时还能培养学生的团队协作能力,使学生在将来的工作中占据主动,在处理复杂多变的实务工作时更加得心应手。这种教学模式既提升了教学成果,也为学生将来的职业发展奠定了基础。对于即将进入实习期的学生,教师应给予学生更多的精神支持,鼓励学生积极地参与社会实践活动,通过了解社会和参与实践,培养实际工作应用能力,为将来的就业打下坚实的基础。通过中职院校教师们的不懈努力,一定可以培养出一批又一批适应职业发展需要,有技能有文化有素养的财会实用型人才。
参考文献:
[1]石爱华.财会教学中如何实施创新教学[J].中国体卫艺教育,2011(2).[2]陈琼.中职财会实践教学的问题及其对策[J].职业,2011(6).[3]付鲜艳.中职财会专业教学改革初探[J].科学咨询,2011(7).
第二篇:成语故事教学步骤
成语故事
一、千字文
女慕贞洁 男效才良 知过必改 得能莫忘 罔谈彼短 靡恃己长信使可复 器欲难量 墨悲丝染 诗赞羔羊
二、巧记成语
最瘦的人——瘦骨嶙峋最大的嘴——气吞山河
最高的人——顶天立地最大的声响——惊天动地
最有学问的人——学富五年最好的年份——风调雨顺
最年轻的老人——鹤发童颜最结实的墙——铜墙铁壁
谚语
三、怎样对成语故事进行分类呢?
内容上分类:
1、寓言故事成语:画蛇添足、滥竽充数等。
2、历史故事成语:望梅止渴、纸上谈兵等。
3、神话故事成语:精卫填海、夸父追日等。
字数上分类:
四字成语故事居多。如:三顾茅庐、惊弓之鸟等。
三字成语故事。如:下马威、东道主等。
五字成语故事。如:庐山真面目、十八般武艺等。
六字成语故事:如:上气不接下气等。
四、例文
八仙过海
1、这个成语故事是个(神话)故事。
2、八仙过海比喻各自有一套办法或本领去完成任务。
望梅止渴
1、这个成语故事是个(历史)故事。
2、望梅止渴这个成语说明(用空想安慰自己或他人。)
买椟还珠
1、这个成语故事是个(寓言)故事。
2、这个故事告诉我们:不要做目光短浅,取舍不当的人
五、读写链接
1.选择两个或者三个成语,让学生了解掌握其意义。
2.创编一个成语故事,可以是现代社会发生的或者身边发生的事。
3.要求不改变成语原意,大胆想象,故事完整。注意有细节描写。
第三篇:教学实施步骤
教学实施步骤:
一、确定项目目标,提出工作任务
(1)任务提出:教师展示任务及加工后任务成品,提出总体目标。(2)总体目标分解成若干子任务:
1.熟悉和掌握数控车床切削加工工艺及编制加工工艺过程卡 2.掌握数控车床切削加工零件的程序编制
3.掌握数控车床操作及加工调试及数控车床操作
4.复习数控车床的几个复合指令格式,画出复合切削路径并注解
(3)人员分组。根据学生性别、掌握专业知识的程度、个人特质,将不同层次的学生搭配分组,首先将本班学生分成六个小组,小组成员基数拟定为3-5人,由各小组成员讨论决定各小组负责人。
二、计划
学生针对该项目任务制订一个工作计划。教师根据需要给学生提供咨询。工作计划的内容包括各个工作步骤介绍、小组安排、权责分配、时间安排等。制订工作计划有助于培养学生独立设计项目实施的具体内容和方法以及自主分配项目任务的能力。
三、决策
六个小组分别开展技术信息搜集,如刀具参数、加工手册、使用说明书等技术资料和工作任务调研。在此基础上,各小组分别独立地开展工作,首先各小组复熟悉和掌握数控车床切削加工工艺及编制加工工艺过程卡。然后制订加工工艺过程卡和数控加工刀具卡片,形成各自的决策后,在大组内进行信息汇总,分析各小组的决策内容,探讨并调整,从而形成本大组的优化方案。
四、执行
以小组的形式,根据步骤3中确定的加工方案,编制数控加工程序,并将程序输人斯 沃数控仿真软件,在仿真软件下模拟机床的起动与关闭、程序的输入、工件的装夹、刀具的选择与安装、对刀、空运行、程序的调试、零件加工等操作过程,以提高实际操作数控车床的熟练程度,并提前预见在实际操作过程中可能出现的问题。最后由小组讨论,并经教师审核后,将调试好的程序拿到数控加工车间,实际操作加工。在实际加工过程中随时将当前结果与项目目标进行比较,并适时修改决策方案。
五、评价
评价分为两个步骤。(1)成果汇报
汇报内容包括任务分工,计划与决策过程,重点汇报实施过程中加工质量的控制与测 量方法,产品是否合格。(2)评价
评价形式包括小组自评、组间互评、组间交流、教师总结,内容包括加工的检验、项目过程中出现的错误及解决的方法、成功之处等。
成绩评定:成绩评定分为三部分,第一部分是现场操作规范评分,由教师根据现场操 作给定,这部分占20%;第二部分是成果汇报得分,由其他各组及教师根据汇报情况给 定,这部分占20%;第三部分为项目结果得分,根据对项目执行结果的检验评定,这部分 占60%。
六、迁移
第四篇:高尔夫教学步骤
高尔夫教学步骤
1、击球准备
重心从腋下穿过膝盖落到前脚掌上,最是最佳的检查重心的方法。
可以看到埃尔斯的左肩比右肩高,但最重要的是脊柱与双肩仍然是垂直的。
2、起杆位置
注意手的位置和与身体的距离。如果手太靠近身体则更可能出现由内到外的挥杆轨迹,如果手与身体的距离太远则更可能出现由外向内的挥杆轨迹。
注意手的位置,不要离身体太远,注意手臂与身体的关系。
3、上杆位置
注意此时双手的位置在身体的正面,高度大概在胸口的位置。这个位置可以让双臂与身体保持好的连接,使身体力量更好的传导到杆头。
此时球杆在方框内非常重要,保持手腕灵活,这是获得杆头速度的重要因素。如果手腕很难做出这样动作,需要重新检查握杆。
4、顶点位置
红圈是头的位置,大家关注最多的一个点。红线是臀部的位置,这条线在挥杆中尤为重要,从后侧观察臀部应该一直没有离开这条线,当臀部离开这条线时,说明身体比击球准备是更靠近球了,容易出现“相克”的失误,为了弥补这个错误经常会做出向上蹬地并抬高左肩的动作,同时伴随着手臂的左拉动作,因为身体被卡住无法转动。
蓝圈是手在顶点时的位置,请注意看手与双臂的关系两条蓝线,蓝圈应该在两条蓝线中间,这时手臂仍保持与身体的关系。
他的脊柱角度与击球准备时相同,这时如果脊柱与地面垂直了则说明脊柱发生了逆转,改变了脊柱角度。右髋的位置也没有发生改变,初学者常见的错误是右髋向右侧侧移超出黄线,这会让挥杆变得极其不稳定并且损失距离。
5、下杆位置
此时可以明显的看到埃尔斯的髋部转动非常主动,并且保持着髋与肩膀的扭力。
身体带动下杆,球杆与手臂的角度仍然保持。
6、释放位置
注意黄圈手的位置,请与起杆位置联想在一起。双手回到起杆位置保证了方正的杆头轨迹。大多数由外向内的挥杆此时手与身体的距离都更远。球杆的位置在两只小臂之间,几乎与平行线平行。
开始释放手腕角度以获得更多的杆头速度。
7、击球位置
此时我们可以看到埃尔斯两块臀部,髋部与肩膀的扭力仍然存在。注意看手臂与球杆的角度,很多业余球友都认为此时手臂和球杆是一条直线,其实这个角度可以让我们获得更多的杆头速度。
这一刻是真理产生的瞬间,可以看到埃尔斯的左肩、左髋、手、杆头在一条直线上。
8、送杆位置
注意埃尔斯的头部保持的很好。
注意手的位置和身体的关系,与起杆位置联想在一起。注意左髋以及左腿和黄线的关系,好的送杆来自于身体的充分转动而非手臂向目标方向的挥动。
9、前挥位置
注意球杆前挥的平面,与上杆时的平面联想在一起。
注意埃尔斯的头部仍然保持的很好,身体充分转动,手臂自然挥起。
10、收杆位置
注意绿圈重心的位置更靠近左脚的后脚跟。收杆的角度或者有没有收杆已经与球的飞行结果没有关系,不需要过于刻意的追求。
释放身体角度,头部在这时随身体自然抬高。很多业余球友对“死不抬头”的理解是此时仍不抬头。“死不抬头”止于前挥位置。如果您热爱打高尔夫,正计划学打高尔夫,希望找到专业靠谱的高球生活指南 及志同道合的高球伙伴,诚意邀请您关注——
全国领先+专业权威的高尔夫微信平台: 「高尔夫教学」
第五篇:语言学教学步骤
来源:《英语语言学概论》课程组
发布时间:2007-5-6 21:42:00 已经阅读293次
Lecture one Chapter 1 Introduction
I.Objectives: Ss are to know the following from this lecture
1.What linguistics is
2.The scope of linguistics
3.Some important distinctions in linguistics
II.Procedures
A.Get to know each other(5’)
B.Introduce the book as well as the authors(10’)C.Requirements and evaluation of the course(5’)D.New Contents:
1.What linguistics is(20’)
2.The scope of linguistics(25’)
(1)The core of linguistics:
a.Phonetics
b.Phonology
c.Morphology
d.Syntax
e.Semantics
f.Pragmatics
(2)Interdisciplinary branches of linguistic study
a.Scociolinguistics
b.Psycholinguistics
c.Applied Linguistics
3.Some important distinctions in linguistics(23’)
(1)prescriptive vs.descriptive
(2)synchronic vs.diachronic
(3)speech vs.writing
E.Home work(2’)
(1)Qs 1-5(Pp.7-9)(oral)
(2)Gather information about Saussure and Chomsky
(3)Prepare the rest of 1.1.3
Lecture 2
Chapter 1 Introduction
I.Objectives: Ss are to know the following from this lecture
1.other important distinctions in linguistics
2.The definition of language
3.Some functions of language II.Procedures
A.Review questions(15’):
1.How do you understand that “linguistics is the scientific study of language”?
2.What's the difference between phonetics and phonology?
3.What's the difference between semantics and pragmatics?
4.Why is speech considered as the primary medium of human language?
B.New Contents:
1.other important distinctions in linguistics(25’):
(4)Langue Vs.Parole
(5)Competence Vs.performance
(6)Traditional grammar Vs.modern linguistics
2.The definition of language(15'):
a.The definition
b.How to understand the definition
3.Some of the functions of language(33'):
a.Informative
b.Interrogative
c.Interpersonal
d.Performative
e.Directive
f.Emotive
g.Expressive
h.Phatic
i.Recreational
j.Metalingual
C.Home work(2’)
1.Pp.12 6(written)
2.Prepare the rest of the chapter.Lecture 3
Chapter 1 Introduction
I.Objectives: Ss are to know the following from this lecture
1.Some design features of language
2.Some theories as to the origin of language II.Procedures
A.Review questions(15’):
1.What’s the difference between langue and parole?
2.What’s the difference between competence and performance?
3.What’s the difference between the distinction of langue Vs.parole and that of competence Vs.performance?
4.Please name and explain with examples some functions of language.B.New Contents:
1.Five design features of language(25’):
a.Arbitrariness
b.Productivity
c.Displacement
d.Duality
e.Cultural transmission
2.Some theories as to the origin of language(15):
a.The Divine-Origin Theory
b.The Invention Theory:
1.The Bow-wow theory
2.The Pooh-pooh theory
3.The “Yo-he-ho” theory
4.The Ding-dong theory
c.the evolutionary theory
1.Children are born with both thought and language.2.The development of the physical apparatus for speech.3.It is labor that created the necessity for language.C.Home work(2’)
1.P.12, Q8(oral)
2.Prepare 2.1&2.2.Lecture 4 Chapter 2 Phonology
I.Objectives: Ss are to know the following from this lecture
1.The phonic medium of language
2.The branches of phonetics
3.Organs of speech
4.Orthographic representation of speech sounds
5.Classification of English speech sounds II.Procedures
A.Review questions(10’):
Give examples to show the following features that make human language different from animal communication system:
1.Arbitrariness
2.Productivity
3.Duality
4.Displacement
5.Cultural transmission
B.New Contents:
1.The concept of phonic medium of language and speech sounds(10’)
a.The phonic medium of language
b.Speech sounds
2.Three branches of phonetics(10’):
a.articulatory phonetics
b.acoustic phonetics
c.auditory phonetics
3.Organs of speech(15’)
a.the pharyngeal cavity
b.the oral cavity
c.the nasal cavity
4.Classification of English speech sounds(43)
a.consonants Vs.vowels
b.Consonants
c.vowels
C.Home work(2’)
1.P.31: 2-5(oral)
2.P.31: 6(written)
3.Prepare 2.3: Phonology
Lecture 5 Chapter 2 2.3 Phonology
I.Objectives: Ss are to know the following from this lecture
1.The differences between phonology and phonetics
2.The concepts of phone, phoneme, allophone, phonemic contrast, complementary distribution, and minimal pair
3.Some rules in phonology
4.Some suprasegmental features II.Procedures
A.Review questions(10’):
1.In what ways can English consonants be classified?
2.In what ways can English vowels be classified?
B.New Contents:
1.Phonology and Phonetics(10’)
a.Phonology
b.Differences between Phonology and Phonetics
2.Phone, Phoneme, and Allophone(15’):
a.Phone
b.Phoneme
c.Allophone
3.Phonemic contrast, complementary distribution, and minimal pair(20’)
a.Phonemic contrast
b.complementary distribution
c.minimal pair
d.Minimal set
4.Some rules in phonology(15’)
a.Sequential rules
b.Assimilation rule
c.Deletion rule
5.Suprasegmental features(18’)
a.Stress
b.Tone
c.Intonation
C.Home work(2’)
1.Review
2.P.31: 7-10(oral)
3.Prepare Chapter 3
Lecture 6
Chapter 3 Morphology
I.Objectives
Ss are to know the following through this lecture:
1.Types of Morphemes a.Prefix/suffix
b.Free/bound c.Derivational morpheme/inflectional morpheme 2.English word formation a.derivation b.compound II.Procedures
A.Review question s(10’)
1.How are English consonants classified? 2.How are English Vowels classified?
B.New Contents(77’)
1.definition 2.types of Morphemes a.Prefix/suffix b.Free/bound c.Derivational morpheme/inflectional morpheme 3.English word formation a.derivation b.compound a)grammatical category b).stress c).meaning 4.contrast between English and Chinese word formation
C.Summary(1’)
III.Home work(2’)
1.Review 2.Pp.40 Ex.1-4(oral)3.Prepare Chapter 5
Lecture 7
Chapter 5 Semantics(5.1-2)
I.Objectives: Ss are to know the following from this lecture
1.The scope of phonetics
2.A brief history of semantics
3.4 views concerning the study of meaning
4.Classification of meaning II.Procedures
A.Review questions(10’):
Q1.What’s the difference between phonetics and phonology?
Q2.Define the following terms:
a.phoneme
b.allophone
c.minimal pair
B.New Contents:
1.The scope of semantics(10’)
a.Definition
b.Scope
2.A brief history of semantics(10’): preparatory
a.etymological
b.structuralist
c.pluralist
3.4 views concerning the study of meaning(43’)
a.the naming theory
b.the conceptualist view
c.contextualism
d.behaviorism
4.Classification of meaning(15)
a.Grice's
b.Kitty's
c.Leech's
C.Home work(2’)
1.Review
2.Q1, Pp82.(oral)
3.Prepare 5.3: Lexical meaning
Lecture 8
Chapter 5 Semantics(5.3)
I.Objectives: Ss are to know the following from this lecture
1.The distinction between sense and reference
2.Major sense relations on the lexical level
a.synonymy
b.polysemy
c.homonymy
d.hyponymy
e.antonymy II.Procedures
A.Review question(10’):
What are the major views concerning the study of meaning?
B.New Contents:
1.Sense and reference(20’)
a.sense
b.reference
c.sense Vs.reference
2.Major sense relations on the lexical level(58’):
a.Synonymy
i.dialectal
ii.stylistic
iii.differing in their emotive or evaluative meaning
iv.collocational
v.semantically different
b.polysemy
c.homonymy
d.hyponymy
e.antonymy
i.gradable antonyms
ii.complementary antonyms
iii.relational opposites
C.Home work(2’)
1.Review
2.Qs 2-4, Pp82.(oral)
3.Prepare 5.4: Sense relations between sentences
Lecture 9
Chapter 5 Semantics(5.4/5.5)
I.Objectives: Ss are to know the following from this lecture
1.Major sense relations between sentences:
a.X is synonymous with Y
b.X is inconsistent with Y
c.X entails Y
d.X presupposes Y
e.X is a contradiction
f.X is semantically anomalous
2.Major presupposition triggers
II.Procedures
A.Review questions(10’):
1.What’s the difference between sense and reference?
2.What are the major sense relations on the lexical level? Explain.B.New Contents:
1.Major sense relations on the syntactic level(35’):
a.X is synonymous with Y
b.X is inconsistent with Y
c.X entails Y
d.X presupposes Y
A brief introduction of presupposition triggers
1)definite descriptions
2)factive verbs
3)implicative verbs
4)change of state verbs
5)iteratives
6)verbs of judging
7)adverbial clauses of time
8)cleft sentences
9)structures and expressions indicating comparison
10)counterfactual conditionals
11)non-restrictive attributive clauses
12)questions
e.X is a contradiction
f.X is semantically anomalous
2.Componential analysis(23’):
1.Definition
2.Examples
3.Classification of semantic features
4.Abstraction of semantic features
5.Strong Points
6.Weak Points
3.Predication analysis(20’)
1.Sentence Meaning
2.Grammatical meaning
3.Selection Restriction
4.Predication Analysis
5.Examples
6.More Examples
7.CA+PN
8.Strong points of formalization of meaning
9.Weak points of formalization of meaning
C.Home work(2’)
1.Review
2.P82: 2-5(written)
3.Prepare 6: Pragmatics
Lecture 10 Chapter 6 Pragmatics 6.1 Some Basic Notions
I.Objectives: Ss are to know the following from this lecture
1.definition of pragmatics
2.difference between pragmatics and semantics
3.context
4.difference between sentence meaning and utterance meaning
II.Procedures
A.Review question(10’):
1.Define the following 2 terms:
(1)Componential analysis
(2)Predication analysis
2.What does a predication consist of?
B.New Contents:
1.Definition(25’):
1.different definitons
2.common place
3.topics in pragmatics
4.origin and development of pragmatics
2.pragmatics vs.semantics(15’)
1.research methods
2.scope
3.key in the distinction
3.Context(15’)
1.definiton
2.cognitive context
3.importance of context
4.examples
4.Sentence meaning vs.utterance meaning(23’)
1.Sentence vs.utterance
2.sentence meaning vs.utterance meaning
3.examples
4.more examples
C.Home work(2’)
1.Review
2.Pp.94: Ex.1-3(oral)
3.Prepare 6.2
Lecture 11 Chapter 6 Pragmatics 6.2 Speech Act Theory
I.Objectives: Ss are to know the following from this lecture
1.Austin’s model of speech acts
2.Searle’s classification of speech acts
3.Speech act theory and indirectness of speech
II.Procedures
A.Review question(15’):
1.What’s the difference between pragmatics and semantics?
2.What’s the difference between sentence meaning and utterance meaning?
• 3.Try to think of contexts in which the following sentence can be used for other purposes than just stating a fact: •
“The final examination is drawing near.”
B.New Contents:
1.Austin’s model of speech acts
(35’)
1.Origin of the theory
2.Examples of performatives
3.Main idea
4.Felicity/Happiness conditions
5.Grammatical and lexical criteria
6.Counter examples
7.More counter examples
8.Cancellation of the distinction
9.Development of the theory
10.“Three act” model
11.Example
12.Austin’s classification of IA
13.Austin’s Place
2.Searle’s classification of speech acts(25’)
1.Criteria for the classification
2.5/6 types of IA
3.Speech act theory and indirect speech(13’)
1.Indirectness of speech
2.Examples
3.Speech act theory and indirect speech
C.Home work(2’)•
1.Review • 2.Pp.94: Ex.4-6(oral)• 3.Prepare 6.3
Lecture 12 Chapter 6 Pragmatics 6.3 Principle of Conversation
I.Objectives
Ss are to know the following through this lecture:
1.The main ideas of CP 2.The flouting of the maxims and conversational implicature 3.The flouting of the maxims and rhetoric 4.Development of CP II.Procedures
A.Review questions(10’)
1.According to Austin, what are the three acts a person is possibly performing while making an utterance.Explain with the following example: “Oh!What nice apples!”
2.Explain with examples the five types of illocutionary act classified by Searle:(1)representatives
(2)directives
(3)commissives(4)expressives(5)declarations
B.New Contents:
1.CP Proper(25’)
1.Origin of the theory 2.Main idea 3.CP explained 4.The maxims
2.The flouting of the maxims and conversational implicature(35’)
1.Main idea 2.Examples 3.Exercises 4.More exercises 5.Features of conversational implicature
3.Flouting of the maxims and rhetoric(10’)
1.Main idea 2.Examples 3.More Example
4.Post-Gricean Developments(8’)1.Some weak points of CP 2.Post-Gricean developments
C.Summary(1’)
III.Home work(1’)
1.Review 2.Pp.94: Ex.7(written)
3.Prepare Chapter 7
Lecture 13
Chapter 7 Language Change
I.Objectives
Ss are to know the following through this lecture: 1.Changes at different levels of language a.sound b.grammar c.vocabulary 2.Recent change in normal English usage 3.Causes of language change
II.Procedures
A.Review question(10’)
What are the four maxims of the CP? Try to give your own examples to show how flouting of these maims gives rise to conversational implicature.B.New Contents(77’)
1.Sound change 2.morphological and syntactic change a.change in “agreement” rule
b.change in negation rule c.process of simplification d.loss of inflections 3.Vocabulary change a.addition of new words b.loss of words c.changes in the meaning of words 4.Some recent trends
1).Moving towards greater informality 2).The influence of American English 3).The influence of science and technology
a.space travel b.computer and internet language
c.ecology 5.Causes of language change 1).The rapid development of science and technology 2).Social and political changes and political needs 3).The way children acquire the language 4).Economy of memory 5).The desire to be intelligible
C.Summary(1’)
III.Home work(2’)
1.Review 2.Pp.109: 1-8(oral)3.Prepare Chapter 8(1-2)
Lecture 14
Chapter 8 Language and Society(8.1-8.2)
I.Objectives
Ss are to know the following through this lecture: 1.The scope of sociolinguistics a.The relatedness between language and society b.Speech community and speech variety c.Two approaches to sociolinguistic studies 2.Varieties of language a.dialectal varieties
b.register c.degree of formality II.Procedures
A.Review question(20’)
1.Define the following 4 terms: 1)bound morpheme 2)free morpheme 3)derivational morpheme 4)inflectional morpheme
2.List as many as possible methods for the addition of new words.3.What are the 3 processes for semantic change of words?
B.New Contents(67’)
1.The scope of sociolinguistics a.The relatedness between language and society b.Speech community and speech variety c.Two approaches to sociolinguistic studies 2.Varieties of language a.dialectal varieties 1).regional dialect 2).sociolect 3).language and gender 4).language and age 5).idiolect 6).ethnic dialect b.register c.degree of formality
C.Summary(1’)
III.Home work(2’)
1.Review 2.Pp.126 Ex.1-6(oral)3.Prepare Chapter 8(3-5)
Lecture 15
Chapter 8 Language and Society(8.3-8.5)
I.Objectives
Ss are to know the following through this lecture: 1.standard dialect 2.pidgin and Creole 3.bilingualism and diglossia
II.Procedures
A.Review question(15’)
1.What are the ways that language is related with society? 2.List as many dialectal varieties as possible.3.What are the three social variables that determine the register? What is each concerned with?
B.New Contents(72’)
1.standard dialect a.definition b.features 2.pidgin and Creole a.pidgin 1).definition 2).features b.Creole 1).definition 2).features 3.bilingualism and diglossia a.bilingualism b.diglossia
C.Summary(1’)
III.Home work(2’)
1.Review 2.Pp.126 Ex.7-8(oral)3.Prepare Chapter 9(1-4)
Lecture 16
Chapter 9 Language and Culture(9.1-4)
I.Objectives
Ss are to know the following through this lecture: 1.the scope of the study 2.what culture is 3.the relationship between language and culture 4.Sapir-Whorf hypothesis
II.Procedures
A.Review question(15’)Define the following 4 terms: 1.Pidgin 2.Creole 3.Bilingualism 4.diglossia
B.New Contents(72’)
1.the scope of the study a.language and culture b.language and thought 2.what culture is a.definition b.culture Vs.nature 3.the relationship between language and culture a.example b.specific relationships c.summary 4.Sapir-Whorf hypothesis a.definition b.weak version c.strong version d.comment
C.Summary(1’)
III.Home work(2’)
1.Review 2.Pp.141 Ex.1-2(oral)3.Prepare Chapter 9(5-8)
Lecture 17
Chapter 9 Language and Culture(9.5-9.8)
I.Objectives
Ss are to know the following through this lecture:
1.linguistic evident of cultural differences 2.significance of cultural teaching and learning 3.cultural overlap and diffusion 4.intercultural communication
II.Procedures
A.Review question(15’)
Define the term: Sapir-Whorf hypothesis
B.New Contents(72’)
1.linguistic evident of cultural differences a.greetings and terms of address b.thanks and compliments c.color word d.privacy and taboos e.rounding off numbers f.words and cultural-specific connotations g.cultural-related idioms, proverbs and metaphors 2.significance of cultural teaching and learning 3.cultural overlap and diffusion a.cultural imperialism b.linguistic imperialism c.linguistic nationalism 4.intercultural communication
C.Summary(1’)
III.Home work(2’)
1.Review 2.Pp.141: 3-6(oral)3.Get prepared for the exam