英语作文中常用的关联词[5篇范例]

第一篇：英语作文中常用的关联词

1)先后次序关系：

at this time;first;second;at last;next；previously;simultaneously;eventually；last but not least；to begin with；to start with；to end with；finally；seeing...；since then；first of all；afterwards;following this;preceding this.2)因果关系：

because；because of this；being that；another important factor／reason of...； since； as； for； in that...； owing to； due to； for the reason that...； in view of； the reason seems to be obvious;there are about...；for this reason;as a result of this； therefore；...and so...； consequently；as a result； thus； hence； so；so that...； in consequence； as a consequence； accordingly;inevitably;under these conditions;thereupon.3)转折关系：

but；even so；however；though；even though；independent of；reckless of ；despite that； in spite of that； regardless of;yet...；and yet； but unless.4)并列关系：

and;also；too；as well as；either...，or...；both...and...5)(补充)递进关系：

furthermore；moreover；further；In this way ；still； not only...but also...； not...but...； in addition(to)；additionally, much more interesting, more specifically, next, besides； as far as...is concerned;in other words；along this line of consideration；on the one hand...，on the other hand...； even； as a poplar saying goes...；in order to do it...;meanwhile； at the same time； accordingly； In the first place...，in the second place...;equally important;of even greater appeal.6)比较关系：

similarly;in like manner, in comparison with；when compared with；compared with；when in fact...;like...； likewise； similarly important； apart from(doing)...；...rather than...，by doing so ；both„and...;in the same way;not only...but(also).7)对照(不同点)：

yet;still;for all of that;notwithstanding;rather;neither...nor;although;though;but;however;something is just the other way around；yet;conversely； unlike； opposed to;as opposed to ； in contrast(to)； by way of；on the contrary；different from this；as opposed to this； nevertheless;contrary to； whereas； while；but on the other hand.8)举例关系: for example； for instance； in this case;namely； as you know； you may as／say； as he explains； like； such as； a case in point is...;consider...； in particular；including...；for one thing...，for another...；put it simply；stated roughly； as an illustration，I will say...； a good example(of...)would be...；to detail this，I would like to...； It is interesting to note that...；in this situation;as proof;take the case of;take as example(something)； as for;as regards； as to； according to;on this occasion.9)强调关系：

in fact;especially；particularly；moreover；naturally;what is more important； in reality； certainly;of course;indeed;in particular；not to mention...；believe it or not；undeniably;other thing being equal；it is certain／sure that...；to be strict;to be true；by definition;definitely;undoubtedly;without a doubt;in truth, in any event(不论怎样);without reservation(毫无保留地);obviously, not only..but(also...), both...and...10)条件关系:

if；unless;lest；provided that；if it is the case；in this sense；once...；if possible；if necessary；if so；if not all;if anything.11)归纳总结类：

in other words；on the whole;in sum;therefore；hence；in short；in brief；to sum up；in conclusion;in summary； to conclude； the conclusion can be drawn that...;for this reason;in short.12)地点关系：

beyond;opposite to;adjacent to;at the same place;there;over;in the middle;around;in front of;in the distance;farther;here and there;above;below;at the right;between;on this side.13)目的关系：

with this object;for this purpose;in order that;in this way, since;so that;on that account;in case;with a view to;for the same reason.14)重申关系：

in other words;that is to say;as I have said;again;once again.15)结果关系：

accordingly;thus;consequently;hence;therefore;thereupon;inevitably;under these conditions;as a result;as a consequence;because;because of;so that;not only...but(also...);so...as to.16)顺序关系：

first;second;thirdly;next;then;at the outset(在开始时)，following this;at this time;now;at this point;after;afterward;after this;subsequently;lastly;finally;consequently;before this;previously;preceding this;simultaneously;concurrently(同时).17)时间关系：

at once;immediately;at length;in the mean time;meanwhile;at the same time;in the end;then;soon;not long after;later;at once;at last;finally;some time ago;at present;all of a sudden;from this time on;from time to time;since then;when;whenever;next point;a few minutes later;formerly;as;once;since;occasionally;in a moment;shortly;whereupon;previously

写作模板: 辩论式议论文 模版1 Some people believe(argue, recognize, think)that 观点1.But other people take an opposite side.They firmly believe that 观点2.As for me, I agree to the former/latter idea.There are a dozen of reasons behind my belief.First of all, 论据1.More importantly, 论据2.Most important of all, 论据3.In summary, 总结观点.As a college student, I am supposed to 表决心.或 From above, we can predict that 预测.模版2 People hold different views about X.Some people are of the opinion that 观点1, while others point out that 观点2.As far as I am concerned, the former/latter opinion holds more weight.For one thing, 论据1.For another, 论据2.Last but not the least, 论据3.To conclude, 总结观点.As a college student, I am supposed to 表决心.或 From above, we can predict that 预测.模版3 There is no consensus of opinions among people about X（争论的焦点）.Some people are of the view that 观点1, while others take an opposite side, firmly believing that 观点2.As far as I am concerned, the former/latter notion is preferable in many senses.The reasons are obvious.First of all, 论据1.Furthermore, 论据2.Among all of the supporting evidences, one is the strongest.That is, 论据3.A natural conclusion from the above discussion is that总结观点.As a college student, I am supposed to 表决心.或 From above, we can predict that 预测.图表式作文

It is obvious in the graphic/table that the rate/number/amount of Y has undergone dramatic changes.It has gone up/grown/fallen/dropped considerably in recent years(as X

varies).At the point of X1, Y reaches its peak value of „(多少).What is the reason for this change? Mainly there are „(多少)reasons behind the situation reflected in the graphic/table.First of all, „(第一个原因).More importantly, „(第二个原因).Most important of all, „(第三个原因).From the above discussions, we have enough reason to predict what will happen in the near future.The trend described in the graphic/table will continue for quite a long time(if necessary measures are not taken括号里的使用于那些不太好的变化趋势).提纲式作文 1． 对立观点式

A．有人认为X 是好事，赞成X，为什么？ B． 有人认为X 是坏事，反对X，为什么？ C．我的看法。

Some people are in favor of the idea of doing X.They point out the fact that 支持X 的第一个原因。They also argue that 支持X 的另一个原因。

However, other people stand on a different ground.They consider it harmful to do X.They firmly point out that 反

对X 的第一个理由。An example can give the details of this argument: 一个例子。

There is some truth in both arguments.But I think the advantages of X overweigh the disadvantages.In addition to the above-mentioned negative effects it might bring about, X also may X 的有一个坏处。2． 批驳观点式 A．一个错误观点。B． 我不同意。

Many people argue that 错误观点。By saying that, they mean 对这个观点的进一步解释。An example they have presented is that 一个例子。（According to a survey performed by X on a group of Y, almost 80% of them 赞成这个错误观点或者受到这个错误观点的影响）。

There might be some element of truth in these people’s belief.But if we consider it in depth, we will feel no reservation to conclude that 与错误观点相反的观点。There are a number of reasons behind my belief.(以下参照辩论文的议论文写法)。3． 社会问题（现象）式 A．一个社会问题或者现象。B． 产生的原因

C．对社会和我们生活的影响

D． 如何杜绝。（如果是问题的话）E． 前景的预测。

Nowadays, there exists an increasingly serious social/economic/environmental problem.(X has increasingly become a common concern of the public).According to a survey, 调查内容说明这种现象的情况。（或者是一个例子）。

There are a couple of reasons booming this problem/phenomenon.下面参照辩论式议论文的写法。

X has caused substantial impact on the society and our daily life, which has been articulated in the following aspects.参照辩论式议论文的写法。

A dozen of measures are supposed to take to prevent X from bringing us more harm.参照辩论式议论文的写法。

Based on the above discussions, I can easily forecast that more and more people will „„..英语四六级写作绝招 开头万能公式

1． 开头万能公式一：名人名言

有人问了，“我没有记住名言，怎么办？尤其是英语名言？”，很好办：编！

原理：我们看到的东西很多都是创造出来的，包括我们欣赏的文章也是，所以尽管编，但是一定要听起来很有道理呦！而且没准将来我们就是名人呢！对吧？ 经典句型：

A proberb says, “ You are only young once.”（适用于已记住的名言）

It goes without saying that we cannot be young forever.（适用于自编名言）更多经典句型：

As everyone knows, No one can deny that„

2． 开头万能公式二：数字统计

原理：要想更有说服力，就应该用实际的数字来说明。

原则上在议论文当中十不应该出现虚假数字的，可是在考试的时候哪管那三七二十一，但编无妨，只要我有东西写就万事大吉了。所以不妨试用下面的句型：

According to a recent survey, about 78.9% of the college students wanted to further their study after their graduation.看起来这个数字文邹邹的，其实都是编造出来的，下面随便几个题目我们都可以这样编造：

Honesty：根据最近的一项统计调查显示，大学生向老师请假的理由当中78%都是假的。

Travel by Bike：根据最近的一项统计调查显示，85%的人在近距离旅行的时候首选的交通工具是自行车。

Youth：根据最近的一项统计调查显示，在某个大学，学生的课余时间的70%都是在休闲娱乐。

Five-day Work Week Better than Six-day Work?：根据最近的一项统计调查显示，98%的人同意每周五天工作日。更多句型：

A recent statistics shows that „ 结尾万能公式

1． 结尾万能公式一：如此结论

说完了，毕竟要归纳一番，相信各位都有这样的经历，领导长篇大论，到最后终于冒出个“总而言之”之类的话，我们马上停止开小差，等待领导说结束语。也就是说，开头很好，也必然要有一个精彩的结尾，让读者眼前一亮，这样，你就可以拿高分了！比如下面的例子： Obviously（此为过渡短语）, we can draw the conclusion that good manners arise from politeness and respect for others.如果读者很难“显而见之”，但说无妨，就当读者的眼光太浅罢了！更多过渡短语：

to sum up, in conclusion, in brief, on account of this, thus 更多句型：

Thus, it can be concluded that„, Therefore, we can find that„

2． 结尾万能公式二：如此建议

如果说“如此结论”是结尾最没用的废话，那么“如此建议”应该是最有价值的废话了，因为这里虽然也是废话，但是却用了一个很经典的虚拟语气的句型。拽！

Obviously, it is high time that we took some measures to solve the problem.这里的虚拟语气用得很经典，因为考官本来经常考这个句型，而如果我们自己写出来，你说考官会怎么想呢？ 更多句型：

Accordingly, I recommend that some measures be taken.Consequently, to solve the problem, some measures should be taken.写作的“七项基本原则”

一、长短句原则

工作还得一张一驰呢，老让读者读长句，累死人！写一个短小精辟的句子，相反，却可以起到画龙点睛的作用。而且如果我们把短句放在段首或者段末，也可以揭示主题：

As a creature, I eat;as a man, I read.Although one action is to meet the primary need of my body and the other is to satisfy the intellectual need of mind, they are in a way quite similar.如此可见，长短句结合，抑扬顿挫，岂不爽哉？牢记！

强烈建议：在文章第一段（开头）用一长一短，且先长后短；在文章主体部分，要先用一个短句解释主要意思，然后在阐述几个要点的时候采用先短后长的句群形式，定会让主体部分妙笔生辉！文章结尾一般用一长一短就可以了。

二、主题句原则

国有其君，家有其主，文章也要有其主。否则会给人造成“群龙无首”之感！相信各位读过一些破烂文学，故意把主体隐藏在文章之内，结果造成我们稀里糊涂！不知所云！所以奉劝各位一定要写一个主题句，放在文章的开头（保险型）或者结尾，让读者一目了然，必会平安无事！

特别提示：隐藏主体句可是要冒险的！

To begin with, you must work hard at your lessons and be fully prepared before the exam（主题句）.Without sufficient preparation, you can hardly expect to answer all the questions correctly.三、一二三原则

领导讲话总是第一部分、第一点、第二点、第三点、第二部分、第一点„ 如此罗嗦。可毕竟还是条理清楚。考官们看文章也必然要通过这些关键性的“标签”来判定你的文章是否结构清楚，条理自然。破

解方法很简单，只要把下面任何一组的词汇加入到你的几个要点前就清楚了。

1）first, second, third, last（不推荐，原因：俗）

2）firstly, secondly, thirdly, finally（不推荐，原因：俗）3）the first, the second, the third, the last（不推荐，原因：俗）

4）in the first place, in the second place, in the third place, lastly（不推荐，原因：俗）

5）to begin with, then, furthermore, finally（强烈推荐）6）to start with, next, in addition, finally（强烈推荐）7）first and foremost, besides, last but not least（强烈推荐）

8）most important of all, moreover, finally 9）on the one hand, on the other hand（适用于两点的情况）10）for one thing, for another thing（适用于两点的情况）建议：不仅仅在写作中注意，平时说话的时候也应该条理清楚！

四、短语优先原则

写作时，尤其是在考试时，如果使用短语，有两个好处：其

一、用短语会使文章增加亮点，如果老师们看到你的文章太简单，看不到一个自己不认识的短语，必然会看你低一等。相反，如果发现亮点—精彩 的短语，那么你的文章定会得高分了。其

二、关键时刻思维短路，只有凑字数，怎么办？用短语是一个办法！比如： I cannot bear it.可以用短语表达：I cannot put up with it.I want it.可以用短语表达：I am looking forward to it.这样字数明显增加，表达也更准确。

五、多实少虚原则

原因很简单，写文章还是应该写一些实际的东西，不要空话连篇。这就要求一定要多用实词，少用虚词。我这里所说的虚词就是指那些比较大的词。比如我们说一个很好的时候，不应该之说nice这样空洞的词，应该使用一些诸如generous, humorous, interesting, smart, gentle, warm-hearted, hospital 之类的形象词。再比如： 走出房间，general的词是：walk out of the room 但是小偷走出房间应该说：slip out of the room 小姐走出房间应该说：sail out of the room 小孩走出房间应该说：dance out of the room 老人走出房间应该说：stagger out of the room 所以多用实词，少用虚词，文章将会大放异彩！

六、多变句式原则

1）加法（串联）

都希望写下很长的句子，像个老外似的，可就是怕写错，怎么办，最保险的写长句的方法就是这些，可以在任何句子之间加and, 但最好是前后的句子又先后关系或者并列关系。比如说： I enjor music and he is fond of playing guitar.如果是二者并列的，我们可以用一个超级句式：

Not only the fur coat is soft, but it is also warm.其它的短语可以用：

besides, furthermore, likewise, moreover 2）转折（拐弯抹角）

批评某人缺点的时候，我们总习惯先拐弯抹角说说他的优点，然后转入正题，再说缺点，这种方式虽然阴险了点，可毕竟还比较容易让人接受。所以呢，我们说话的时候，只要在要点之前先来点废话，注意二者之间用个专这次就够了。

The car was quite old, yet it was in excellent condition.The coat was thin, but it was warm.更多的短语：

despite that, still, however, nevertheless, in spite of, despite, notwithstanding 3）因果（so, so, so）

昨天在街上我看到了一个女孩，然后我主动搭讪，然后我们去咖啡厅，然后我们认识了，然后我们成为了朋友„可见，讲故事的时候我们总

要追求先后顺序，先什么，后什么，所以然后这个词就变得很常见了。其实这个词表示的是先后或因果关系！The snow began to fall, so we went home.更多短语：

then, therefore, consequently, accordingly, hence, as a result, for this reason, so that 4）失衡句（头重脚轻，或者头轻脚重）

有些人脑袋大，身体小，或者有些人脑袋小，身体大，虽然我们不希望长成这个样子，可如果真的是这样了，也就必然会吸引别人的注意力。文章中如果出现这样的句子，就更会让考官看到你的句子与众不同。其实就是主语从句，表语从句，宾语从句的变形。举例：This is what I can do.Whether he can go with us or not is not sure.同样主语、宾语、表语可以改成如下的复杂成分： When to go, Why he goes away„ 5）附加（多此一举）

如果有了老婆，总会遇到这样的情况，当你再讲某个人的时候，她会插一句说，我昨天见过他；或者说，就是某某某，如果把老婆的话插入到我们的话里面，那就是定语从句和同位语从句或者是插入语。The man whom you met yesterday is a friend of mine.I don’t enjoy that book you are reading.Mr liu, our oral English teacher, is easy-going.其实很简单，同位语--要解释的东西删除后不影响整个句子的构成；定语从句—借用之前的关键词并且用其重新组成一个句子插入其中，但是whom or that 关键词必须要紧跟在先行词之前。6）排比（排山倒海句）

文学作品中最吸引人的地方莫过于此，如果非要让你的文章更加精彩的话，那么我希望你引用一个个的排比句，一个个得对偶句，一个个的不定式，一个个地词，一个个的短语，如此表达将会使文章有排山倒海之势！

Whether your tastes are modern or traditional, sophisticated or simple, there is plenty in London for you.Nowadays, energy can be obtained through various sources such as oil, coal, natural gas, solar heat, the wind and ocean tides.We have got to study hard, to enlarge our scope of knowledge, to realize our potentials and to pay for our life.（气势恢宏）

要想写出如此气势恢宏的句子非用排比不可！

七、挑战极限原则

既然是挑战极限，必然是比较难的，但是并非不可攀！

原理：在学生的文章中，很少发现诸如独立主格的句子，其实也很简单，只要花上5分钟的时间看看就可以领会，它就是分词的一种特殊形式，分词要求主语一致，而独立主格则不然。比如：

The weather being fine, a large number of people went to climb the Western Hills.Africa is the second largest continent, its size being about three times that of China.如果您可一些出这样的句子，不得高分才怪！文章主体段落三大杀手锏

一、举实例

思维短路，举实例！提出一个观点，举实例！提出一个方案，举实例！而且者也是我们揭示一个观点最好的方式，任何情况下，只要我们无法继续文章，不管三七二十一，尽管举例子！

In order to attract more customers, advertisers have adopted every possible stimulative factor in making ads, such as sound, light, colours, cartoon films and human performance.For instance, to advertise a certain food, advertisers will ask an actor or actress to sit at a table and devour the seemingly delicious food while they fime him or her.更多句型：

To take „ as an example, One example is„, Another example is„, for example

二、做比较

方法：写完一个要点，比较与之相似的；又写完一个要点，再比较与之相反的；

世界上没有同样的指纹，没有相同的树叶，文章亦同，只有通过比较，你才会发现二者的相同点（through comparison）和不同点（through contrast）。下面是一些短语： 相似的比较：

in comparison, likewise, similarly, in the same manner 相反的比较：

on the other hand, conversely, whereas, while, instead, nevertheless, in contrast, on the contrary, compared with „, „

三、换言之

没话说了，可以换一句话再说，让你的文章在多一些字，或者文邹邹地说，是让读者更充分的理解你的观点。

实际就是重复重复再重复！下面的句子实际上就三个字 I love you!I am enthusiastic about you.That is to say, I love you.I am wild about you.In other words, I have fallen in love with you.或者上面我们举过的例子： I cannot bear it.可以用短语表达：I cannot put up with it.因此可以这样说：I cannot bear it.That is to say, I cannot put up with it or I am fed up with it.更多短语：

in more difficult language, in simpler words, put it more simply

四六级写作常见句型

（1）用于描写漫画、图表的常用句型 ①As the graph depicts , „

②From the cartoon /picture , we can see that „ ③According to the statistics shown in the first /second graph , ④The table shows / indicates / reveals that „

⑤It can be seen /concluded from the picture / table / figures that „

（2）用于句首提出论题或现象的句型 ①Recently , „has

第二篇：英语作文中名人例子

4008111111 英语作文中名人例子

1.成功 / 英雄 / 困难类（被写的经久不衰！）2.大众观点类：（媒体 / 团体 / 主流）

3.谎言 / 现象本质 / 隐私（这个我也不懂）4.动机类（这个说的优点玄乎）5.改变 / 科技 / 创新类

6.了解自身类 7.选择类

下面就淘选了些经典例子！

1.Bill Gates（比尔盖茨）

When Bill Gates made his decision to drop out from Harvard, he did not care too much of the result.Gates entered Harvard in 1973, and dropped out two years later when he and Allen started the engine of Microsoft.Many people did not understand why Gates gave up such a good opportunity to study in the world’s No.1 University.However, with size comes power, Microsoft dominates the PC market with its operating systems, such as MS-DOS and Windows.Now, Microsoft becomes the biggest software company in the world and Bill Gates becomes the richest man in the world.用于有放弃就会有所得、勇气、懂得把握机会类

2.Thomas Edison（托马斯 爱迪生）

In 1879, after more than 1,000 trials and $40,000, Thomas Edison introduced an inexpensive alternative to candles and gaslight: the incandescent lamp.Using carbonized filaments from cotton thread, his light bulb burned for two days.These bulbs were first installed on the steamship Columbia and have been lighting up the world ever since.用于创造力/科技类、失败是成功之母、努力、成功 / 英雄 / 困难类

3.Mother Teresa（特雷莎修女）

Mother Teresa, winner of the Nobel Peace Prize, dedicated the majority of her life to helping the poorest of the poor in India, thus gaining her the name “Saint of the Gutters.” The devotion towards the poor won her respect throughout the world and the Nobel Peace Prize in 1979.She founded an order of nuns called the Missionaries of Charity in Calcutta, India dedicated to serving the poor.Almost 50 years later, the Missionaries of Charity have grown from 12 sisters in India to over 3,000 in 517 missions throughout 100 countries worldwide.用于大众观点类/善良、品性/

4.Diana Spencer（戴安娜王妃）

Lady Diana Spencer, Princess of Whales, is remembered and respected by people all over the world more for her beauty, kindness, humanity and charitable activities than for her technical skills.不好意思了，戴安娜王妃，我还真不知怎么用你呢..5.Nelson Rolihlahla Mandela（纳尔逊·罗利赫拉赫拉·曼德拉）

Mandela, the South African black political leader and former president, was awarded 1993 Nobel Peace Prize for his efforts to antiracism and antiapartheid.Nelson Mandela is one of the great moral and political leaders of our time: an international hero whose lifelong dedication to the fight against racial oppression in South Africa won him the Nobel Peace Prize and the presidency of his country.Since his triumphant release in 1990 from more than a quarter-century of imprisonment, Mandela has been at the centre of the most compelling and inspiring political drama in the world.As president of the African National Congress and head of South Africa‘s antiapartheid movement, he was instrumental in moving the nation toward multiracial government and majority rule.He is revered everywhere as a vital force in the fight for human rights and racial equality.用于英雄、斗争/大众观点类（非暴力）/

6.Beethoven（贝多芬）

Beethoven, the German Composer, began to lose his hearing in 1801 and was entirely deaf by 1819.However, this obstacle could not keep him from becoming one of the most famous and prolific composers in art history.His music, including 9 symphonies, 5 piano concertos, several senates and so on, formes a transition from classical to romantic composition.用于成功 / 英雄 / 困难类 7.George Bush（乔治 布什）

On January 16, 1991, President Bush ordered the commencement of Operation Desert Storm, a massive U.S.-led military offensive against Iraq in the Persian Gulf.In late 1992, Bush ordered U.S.troops into Somalia, a nation devastated by drought and civil war.The peacekeeping mission would prove the most disastrous since Lebanon, and President Clinton abruptly called it off in 1993.用于成功 / 英雄 / 困难类

8.Jimmy Carter（吉米卡特）

President Carter's policy of placing human rights records at the forefront of America's relationships with other nations contributed to a cooling of Cold War relations in the late 1970s.In 1980, for the first time in seven years, Fidel Castro authorized emigration out of Cuba by the country's citizens.The United States welcomed the Cubans, but later took steps to slow the tide when evidence suggested that Castro was using the refugee flight to empty his prisons.用于成功 / 英雄 / 困难类/斗争、9.Neville Chamberlain（内维尔张伯伦）

In 1938, British Prime Minister Chamberlain signed the Munich Pact with Adolf Hitler, an agreement that gave Czechoslovakia away to Nazi conquest while bringing, as Chamberlain promised, “peace in our time.”

Eleven months after the signing of the Munich Pact, Germany broke the peace in Europe by invading Poland.A solemn Chamberlain had no choice but to declare war, and World War II began in Europe.不喜欢他，不说了...10.Raoul Wallenberg（瓦伦堡）

Raoul Wallenberg was a young Swedish aristocrat.In 1944 he left the safety of his country and entered Budapest.Over the next year he outwitted the Nazis and saved as many as 100,000 Jews(he was not himself Jewish)from the death camps.In 1945 he was arrested by the Russians, charged with spying, and imprisoned in a Russian labor camp.用于道德类/英雄、自救（Conscience is a more powerful motivation than money,fame and power）

11.George Soros--（乔治 索斯洛）the financial crocodile Soros, who at one stage after the fall of the Berlin Wall was providing more assistance to Russia than the US government, believes in practising what he preaches.His Open Society Institute has been pivotal in helping eastern European countries develop democratic societies and market economies.Soros has the advantage of an insider's knowledge of the workings of global capitalism, so his criticism is particularly pointed.Last year, the Soros foundation's network spent nearly half a billion dollars on projects in education, public health and promoting democracy, making it one of the world's largest private donors.用于大众观点类：（媒体 / 团体 / 主流）

12.Paul Revere（保罗）

Our perceptive towards Paul Revere just illustrates this point.According to the romantic legend, he, galloping along of the dark from one farm house to another, alerted the people to the coming British.And of course the story emphasized the courage of one man, made him a hero in our history books.However, his heroism required a matrix of others

who were already well-prepared to mobilize against the oppressor and he was just one part of a pre-arrange plan.Heroes like Revere have no usefulness apart from a society primed to act.用于英雄、斗争/勇敢/合作类Cooperation

13.Henry Ford（亨利 福特）

Henry ford,one of the most influential inventors in the history, was always inattentive in school.Once ,he and a friend took a watch apart to probe the principle behind it.Angry and upset, the teacher punished him both to stay after school.their punishment was to stay until they had fixed the watch.but the teacher did not know young ford’s genius,in ten minutes,this mechanical wizard had repaired the watch and was on this way home.It is imagination that invigorated Ford to make a through inquiry about things he did not know.He once plugged up the spout of a teapot and placed it on the fire.then he waited to see what would happen.the water boiled and, of course, turned to steam.since the steam had no way to escape, the teapot exploded.the explosion cracked a mirror and broke a window.Ford’s year of curiosity and tinkering paid off,when he built his imagination of horseless carriage into reality, the history of transportation was changed forever

用于creativity/curiosity/科技类

15.Alexander Graham Bell（亚历山大 格雷厄姆贝尔）

Not realizing the full impact it would have on society, Alexander Graham Bell introduced the first telephone to an amazed audience at America's Centennial Exposition in Philadelphia in 1876.Within a year, Bell had installed 230 phones and established the Bell Telephone Company, which was later transformed into AT&T.In 1997, 643,000,000,000 calls were made by people in the United States alone.用于英雄/创造、科技/影响力类

考研政治大题答题技巧

普遍适用规则：

在掌握知识量基本相同的情况下，答题技巧的不同可能使总分相差10到20分。政治的考研试卷中大题的分值占百分之六十，而实际上大题也是技巧性最强的题型。下面向大家介绍大题答题四步曲：第一步：仔细审题。找出本题目是关于哪个学科的哪个章节，在草稿纸上写下此章节内所有可能与本题有联系的基本概念及原理。大多数题目是跨章节，甚至跨学科的，要注意思维的发散性。

第二步：解释每一个概念并写出原理的基本内容。如果自己写出的相关概念太多，则视试卷留出的空白捡重要的写，解释概念和原理一般不要超过本题答题空间的二分之一。什么？

太多了？不要怕，答多不扣分。但要注意答题时每个概念和原理要作为一段，字迹要工整清晰。好了，本题目分数的一半你已经拿到了，下面进行第三步。

第三步：联系实际。如果本题是论述题，则根据本题联系实际中的一些现象，给出评价；如果本题是材料题，则材料就是实际，指出材料中的一些问题，也就是将材料用你学过的关于政治的术语再复述一遍。这部分一定要有，而且要作为一个段落，如果字迹工整的话，即使这一段答得驴头不对马嘴，至少也有两分。第四步：总结。这一部分是绝对送分的，但也要有技巧。要将其作为一个段落，如果此题是论述题，则将整个题目再复述一遍，不要忘了在前面加上一个所以；如果此题是材料题，则提倡材料中好的做法，批评材料中坏的做法。

如果答大题时你能熟练地按上面的四步做，大题方面你至少可以比相同水平的其他人多得n分，不信？ 试用历史唯物主义的有关原理说明“以德治国”与“以法治国”的关系及其重要意义(2002年政治重中之重)。首先仔细读题目，题目中已经告诉我们是用马哲中的历史唯物主义的几章的原理，而以法治国和以德治国是邓论中的内容，因此要考虑将两个学科结合起来答题。表面上看题目中有两个基本概念以法治国和以德治国，联系到马哲，以德治国便是是道德问题，是上层建筑；以法治国便是法制问题。如此以来，此题需要答的基本概念和原理有：道德，法制，以德治国，以法治国，上层建筑，道德与法制的关系，以法治国和以德治国的关系。然后联系实际，这一步没关系，只要稍微写两句而且字迹工整便不失大格。最后总结，好像这里把题目重抄一遍不顺口，其实只要稍微一改便行：要把以法治国和以德治国相结合。

下面我们看一下标准答案：

1)历史唯物主义认为道德与法制既有联系又有区别，二者的区别表现在：道德的概念；法制的概念；道德与法制的关系。

2)历史唯物主义又认为，社会的经济基础决定上层建筑的产生、性质和变化；上层建筑反作用于经济基础。社会主义的法律和道德是社会主义上层建筑的重要组成部分，它对经济基础的发展有重大意义。

3)以法治国和以德治国又是相辅相成，不可分割的。以法治国的概念；以德治国的概念；以法治国和以德治国的关系。

4)把以德治国和以法治国紧密的结合起来，是建设有中国特色的社会主义的要求，也是社会主义市场经济的要求。怎么样，是不是感到大题的简单了？上面是我总结的几条关于政治考研的技巧，如果你能真正掌握它，不好意思，你的政治考研分数再也没有希望低于70分了。论述题：

第一步：仔细审题。

建议考生找出本题目是关于哪个科学的哪个章节，在草稿纸上写下此章节内所有可能与本题有联系的基本概念及原理。大多数题目是跨章节，甚至跨学科的，要注意思维的发散性。第二步：解释每一个概念并写出原理的基本内容。如果自己写出的相关概念太多，建议视试卷留出的空白捡重要的写，解释概念和原理一般不要超过本题答题空间的二分之一。什么？太多了？不要怕，答多了不扣分。但考生要注意答题时每个概念和原理要作为一段，字迹要工整清晰。好了，本题目分数的一半你已经拿到了，下面进行第三步。

第三步：联系实际。

如果本题是论述题，建议考生根据本题联系实际中的一些现象，给出评价，如果本题是材料题，则材料就是实际，指出材料中的一些问题，也就是将材料用你学过的关于政治的术语再复述一遍。这部分一定有要有，而且要作为一个段落，字迹工整。

第四步；总结。

这一部分是绝对送分的，但也要有技巧。将其作为一个段落，如果此题是论述题，则将整个题目再复述一遍，不要忘了在前面加上一个所以；如果此题是材料题，则提倡材料中好的做法，批评材料中坏的做法。

上面的四步中好像没有提过辨析题，辨析题就是一个分值较少而且需要判断的论述题，除了判断以外，上面的四步同样适用。但要求考生特别注意的是辨析题的判断，千万不要盲目的说其对错，例如一些题目的前半部分是对的而后半部分产错的，有的题目说的不会面，这些都要指出。材料题：

如何回答政治材料题

一、政治材料分析题的基本特点：

1、提供情境，包含手段和结果，要求从结果的好与坏来判断所运用手段是否合理，并要求提出相应的解决办法。

2、要求规范的答题步骤：先答基本原理，引出配套的方法，进而用方法来分析材料。

3、要求多角度分析所蕴涵的知识。

二、解题的基本思路：

1、从方法入手：先判断材料所持方法（手段）——根据知识体系中原理和方法（手段）的固定搭配得出基本原理。

2、判断方法最主要的依据是材料中的重点语句，对重点语句进行范畴归属判断，进而了解所持手段（方法）。

3、审题时应注意题目的限制性要求，并由此得出知识体系的大范围。

4、应注意材料中的效果，如果效果是积极的，说明所持方法（手段）是正确的；如果效果是消极的，说明所持方法（手段）是错误的。

错误的情况有很多种，最主要有以下几种：（1）与正确方法（手段）相对立；（2）主次颠倒；（3）主次不分；（4）割裂本来存在的联系。

5、应对材料进行层次分析，以便与方法（手段）相对应。找出所包含条件（重点语句），回答时决不能漏掉材料中所包含条件。

三、答题的基本步骤：

1、先回答基本原理

2、其次回答方法（手段）要求

3、把方法细化成几个方面，与材料层次对接，用材料替代原理，一一对应。

四、检查阶段：

1、应注意材料中所包含的条件是否全部用完，如果没有用完，说明前面所述知识点还有缺漏，应补齐。

2、检查重点语句范畴判断是否正确。

3、检查步骤是否完整、规范。是否按照：原理———方法———实践分析的步骤。

五、复习的基本要求：

1、应分层对知识进行整理，分为“是什么”、“为什么”、“怎么办”三部分，其中，“是什么”和“为什么”属于基本原理：“怎么办”属于方法（手段）。

2、“是什么”主要用与范畴判断，用以审题中的思路引入，即材料中重点语句范畴判断，借以得出原理。

3、“为什么”主要指关系、地位和作用、意义等，它是方法（手段）的理论出发点。

4、“怎么办”是掌握知识点的落脚点，也是材料引入的关键。“怎么办”不能停留在课本的水平上，还应与重大时事、党的路线、方针、政策相联系，把党的路线、方针、政策细化、归并入课本的基本点。

5、应对所有知识进行规范化整理，一方面，把所有知识分解为基本原理和基本要求（方法或手段）两大块；另一方面，按大、中、小三个

角度进行整理，“大”指最基本的原理，“中”指课本的具体要求，“小”指党的路线、方针、政策（它是课本具体要求的细化）；第

三、应注意知识之间的内在联系，进行横向整理，以便多角度地思考问题

分析题答题技巧材料分析题在近几年考研政治试卷中所占的分值比较重，需要考生加强训练。

（一）分析题

解答分析题的基本思路和步骤是：

1．仔细审题并抓关键词。大多数分析题是跨章节，甚至跨学科的。答题之前要仔细阅读题干、材料及问题，答题之前要仔细阅读题干、材料及问题，了解题目需要回答什么，为什么要这样回答，怎么回答。要注意思维的发散性。这是做好分析体的第一步，也是最关键的一步。找出本题目是关于哪个学科的哪个章节，在草稿纸上写下此章节内所有可能与本题有联系的基本概念及原理。对跨章节，甚至跨学科的题目，要注意思维的发散性。审题可以运用以下几种方法：

（1）逆向审题法：先搞清楚题目问什么？有几问？然后带着问题阅读材料。这样做可以不必要地重复审题，节省宝贵的考试时间。

（2）寻找关键词：抓关键词语，力求搞清每段材料的中心含义，努力回忆与此相关的课文理论，并注意筛选。

（3）分析层次法：对一大段材料的要分层并弄清每层意思，这种层次性既体现在题干的表述或材料中，也会明确出现在题后的设问中。通过分析，抓住试题的主旨，再按其要求分别回答，这样可以避免遗漏。

2．阅读材料并组织答案。在审清题意的基础上，仔细阅读题干或者材料。阅读时可边阅读边划出材料中带有结论性或倾向性的话语，或者在草稿纸上写下相关信息（注意不要沉溺于细节、事例或者数字），同时搜索、提取大脑中平时储存的相关知识，然后理清思路，组织答案。

3．答题时注意：

（1）凡问现象的问题，首先回答表象，即看到什么，就回答什么，不需太展开，简要回答即可。随后，必须回答现象之后隐含的实质（本质），这才是重点。

（2）凡是“分析”、“评述”的，就需要用原理紧扣材料进行分析。一般的思路是先表述相关原理，然后再联系材料中的现象进行分析、评述，可按是什么、为什么、怎么样的思路组织答案。

（3）回答问题注意层次性，要行文规范，简洁干练，表述准确，答案能紧扣要点，切忌东拉西扯、繁琐冗长。

（二）材料分析题

材料分析在2006年统一归进了分析题中，其形式独特，分值比例大，难度也不小，是考生考研中的一大难点，这里就单独列出再讲述一下其答题技巧。考生在解答材料分析题时要注意两点：一要注重联系实际，材料归纳出来后，用相关的事实理论做依据进行分析。二是结合理论分析问题时，要尽可能全面。材料涉及几个点，答题时就要将这几个点答全，每个点不需要展开太多，但要把基本要点说到。解答材料题时，尤其要注意层次和逻辑，不要自相矛盾，在答案中最好把观点一一罗列出来，便于阅卷教师找到要点。

解答材料式分析题的基本要求：在理论部分，要求准确选择与解题有关的基础知识。这是解

题的主导部分，是命题的出发点、立足点和依据。要准确、简洁地回答出有关理论知识内容。这一部分答好了，就能为下一步解题做好铺垫，使后面的分析论述有理有据。

首先，“掐头取尾”，看题干提示句和题后要求回答的问题。一般的材料题开题就有一句：“下面是一组关于......的材料”，这就给考生在阅读时获取什么样的信息界定了范围，使阅读不再盲目，以获取相关信息为重；然后，再迅速浏览题后问题，问题的要求又进一步缩小了信息取舍的范围，什么是“的”，在这里就确定了。最后，带着问题阅读材料。

其次，仔细而快速地阅读材料。认真研读试题材料，准确把握材料内容，深挖材料内涵。材料分析题的材料灵活多变，无一固定模式。有文字型的、图表型的：文字型的可分为摘自报刊、古籍、文件、人物讲话，也有命题者描述某种现象，提出几种观点的；图表型的有漫画、表格、地图、历史文物图片、函数图等。材料可能是一则，也可能有多则；既有单一类型的，也有文字型、图表型混合的；材料长短也各异，有的十分简短，有的篇幅冗长。不管材料以何种形式出现，认真阅读材料是基础，掌握其中信息是关键。

一般的材料提供信息很多，有主有次，还有重复的，这就提醒考生在做这类试题、阅读材料时，边读边用铅笔将含义相同的归类，并用1、2、3、......标注，对重要的核心句或者关键词，在下面画线，以备答题时直接应用，避免大量的重复阅读，造成无为的浪费。第三，利用获取的信息回答问题。在答题论述时，要求做到观点和材料的统一。这是解题的主体部分，要求考生用选定的基础理论知识，联系题中的材料进行分析论述，把理论与实际、观点与事实结合起来，即做到事理交融，观点统帅材料。要紧扣材料分析，或从材料中提炼出观点，或用观点分析材料，或用材料论证观点。防止就事论事，或就理论谈理论。第四，简短有力地做好小结。在小结部分，要牢牢抓住题意，适可而止。这是答题的结尾部分，是解题的落脚点。在结尾时，或针砭时弊，或点明意义，或联系自身，这些都要从题意出发，恰到好处，总的要求是思路清晰、表述简练、视角丰富，达到用画龙点睛、升华主题的目的就可。

第三篇：英语作文中的通知

英语作文中的通知范文(官方通知,口头通知,书面通知)一.用英语书写正式的官方通知

学校办公室通知，为了迎接“教师节”, 学校准备开会庆祝,校长将要在会上讲话,表彰三好学生(the three-good student),先进班级(the advanced class)和优秀教师(the model teacher),各班还准备了精彩节目.时间:9月9日下午两点(星期三).地点:学校大礼堂.希望全体师生准时到会.注意:1.词数:100左右.2.参考词汇:表彰to be commended

提供参考的通知作文范文: In order to celebrate the Teachers’ Day, a meeting is to be held at the meeting hall at 2:00pm on Wednesday, Sep.9.Our headmaster will make a speech at the meeting.The three-good students, advanced classes and model teachers will be commended.Wonderful performances will be put on for celebration.All the teachers and students are required to attend the meeting on time.The School Office Sep.8, 2005

二.英语书面通知作文示例：

假如你是班长，学校决定对全体学生进行一次体检，请你用英语写一份书面通知。其时间安排和内容如下： 体检地点 市第二人民医院 体检时间 2007年10月19日上午 集合地点和时间 校门口，上午7：30 交通 学校安排汽车接送，本班汽车号码是 粤C—36705 注意事项 体检前空腹

[作文要求] 只能使用5个句子表达全部的内容。[作文评分标准] 句子结构的准确性，信息内容的完整性和连贯性。

提供参考的通知作文范文: Notice Our headmaster has decided that all the students in our school will go to have a physical examination at the No.2 People’s Hospital on the morning of Oct.19, 2007.The school will arrange several buses to take us there.The bus number of our class is Yue C_36705.Please gather at 7:00 am at the school gate.Remember that we are required by the doctor not to eat anything until the examination is over.三.英语中口头通知作文实例：

假如你是班级团支部书记，团委将组织团员星期天去火车站义务劳动，请你向全班同学作口头通知，其时间安排和内容如下：

对象 全体团员 集合时间 7：00 集合地点 学校大门口 出发时间 8：00 其他 自带清洁工具

[作文要求] 只能使用5个句子表达全部的内容。

提供参考的口头通知作文范文： Dear classmates, I’ve something to tell you.The school League Committee has decided to organize a volunteer activity for the League members this weekend---to do general cleaning at the railway station.All the League members are required to gather at the school gate at 7:30 am on Sunday.We are to start for the station at 8:00 am.Please don’t forget to bring along with you cleaning tools.Notice A student concert will be held at 2:30 this Friday afternoon in Rose Music Hall.Those who want to take part in it please remember that it is not allowed to have drinks as well as food there.Besides, what we should keep in mind is that we should not take photos or make noises during the performance, which will surely have a bad effect on it.Finally, all the students can go home after enjoying the wonderful performance.Wish you have a good time there!

第四篇：高一英语关联词

1．表示举例的关联词

for example，for instance,that is to say, namely

2．表示递进关系的关联词句

above all,then,next, finally,furthermore

compared to ,moreover , what’s more

3．表示强调的关联词句

there is no doubt that, it is…that, especially, primarily, chiefly, actually, otherwise, afterall, as a matter of fact,in fact

4.表示比较的关联词

as, too, also, likewise, as well,either,similarly, at the same time, in the same way

5．表示转折的关联词

but, still, on the other hand, on the contrary, although, neverthless, nonetheless， contrary to, and yet, however, conversely, despite, after all, instead

6．表示因果关系的关联词

原因since，as，so，because(of)，due to，owing to，the reason why，in other words，leads to

结果accordingly, as a result, in consequence of, because, consequently, therefore, since, thus, for this purpose, to this end

7．表示结论的关联词

all in all, altogether, finally, in brief, in sum, to sum up ,in conclusion, in short, in summary, on the whole,8．表示作者态度的词 ironically, fortunately, to the disappointment of, unfortuately, strangely enough

9.Addition 此外

in addition，and，similarly，likewise，as well as，besides，furthermore，also，moreover，too，not only … but，even，besides this／that

10．Certainty 确定 obviously，certainly，plainly，of course，undoubtedly

11．Time 时间before，since，as，until，meanwhile，at the moment，when，whenever，as soon as，just as

第五篇：大学生英语作文中语法错误的分析

大学生英语作文中语法错误的分析

大学生在特殊疑问句中最常发生语序错误，如用短语代替句子“How to make the living conditionbetter”，或用正常语序代替倒装语序“Why theliving condition in large cities becomes so bad”。这是典型的用汉语思维应用英语的例子。

3．动词使用错误

英语中的大部分动词有固定的用法，如一些使令性和表建议的动词引导的从句要用虚拟语气，一些动词后只能用不定式，一些动词后只能用动名词，一些动词后只能用去掉to的不定式，一些动词是不及物动词，一些动词是及物动词。研究发现，大学生经常使用且容易出错的动词有suggest，make，give，help，cause，afford，need，develop等。如在“I sug—gest we will build more houses to hold them”、“The gap between the city and the rural areasmake many graduates to be reluctant to leave thegood conditions”、“Only rich people can afford”等句子中，这些动词属英语中的常用动词，教师在课堂上都进行了讲解，但仍有学生混淆其用法。

4．搭配错误

将汉语的思维用于英语写作而造成的搭配错误在大学生的作文中比比皆是，其中主谓搭配错误最为突出，在选取的100篇文章中共出现了128次，有的学生在1篇作文中甚至多次出现这样的错误。如在“Nowadays the housing station isn’t optimistic inlarge cities”、“Buying a house needs a lot of money”、“SO the customers are limited”、“When the livingcondition is higher than before,I think there willbe less people leaving their homeland"等句子中，学生将汉语中的一些表达法原封不动地套用在英语中，导致了错误的发生。

三、对教学的启示

通过对大学生英语学习中存在错误的分析，课题组认为可以通过两个方面的努力来帮助学生避免错误的发生。

首先，许多英语语法错误都属于语际迁移错误。Selinker等语言学家认为，第二语言学习者的语言应当被看作一个内在的语言系统，它是介于第一语言和第二语言之间的过渡语，学习者通过语言迁移、语内迁移、训练迁移、外语学习策略、外语交际策略等手段构建自己的中介语结构。中国学生的外语学习过程是一种新知识的学习过程，学习者大多通过课堂活动学习外语，借助教学手段习得该语言的知识和能力，在此过程中建立起来的中介语体系不可能像母语那样完整和自然，当他们不能用目的语知识有效地进行语言活动时，母语的知识就被用来填补这一空白，故而会发生语际迁移。这对大学英语教学有很大的启发。如果教师能把语言对比、错误分析、文化比较与语言习得有机地结合起来，就能帮助学生有效地利用已知知识实现汉语思维向英语思维的正迁移。因此，教师在讲解英语课文时，应更加注重对课文进行语篇分析。如果在最初的2个学期能引入更多的英语与汉语的对比分析，将对学生英语语法知识的巩固及其运用能力的提高起到有效的促进作用。

其次，从学生出现的语内迁移错误中发现，学生并非不了解一些语法规则。因为如果这些语法以选择题的形式出现，大多数学生毫无困难。由此可以推出，问题的本质在于缺乏实际的练习。SharwoodSmith指出，大部分即席语言运用来自练习。他认为，直接集中精力学习过语法并有很多机会在有意义的语境中联系使用语法的学习者，更有可能把语法规则牢牢地储存在长期记忆中并正确使用。大学生的英语语法错误所暴露出的一个教学弱点是，大学英语的语法教学没有足够的练习与之配合。这里所谓的练习并非指教材中常出现的选择、填

空等枯燥的练习，而是指贴近实际的产出性的口语或写作练习。因此，英语教师应在英语语法授课之后，围绕课文中出现的重点语法现象设计一些练习，使学生能够将所学语法进行实际的运用。这样，语法知识必将在学生的脑海里留下更持久的印记。