外国文学史论文 -浅析《傲慢与偏见》中的爱情婚姻观

第一篇：外国文学史论文 -浅析《傲慢与偏见》中的爱情婚姻观

浅析《傲慢与偏见》中的爱情婚姻观

摘要：《傲慢与偏见》这部小说通过对伊利莎白及其姐妹、朋友对终身大事的不同处理，反映了中产阶级家庭出身的女性对婚姻爱情问题的不同态度，刻画了当时社会的婚恋世相，也借此表达了作者本人的婚姻观：即以财产为目的的婚姻是没有幸福的，结婚不考虑财产是愚蠢的，讲究门第的包办婚姻不堪忍受，把婚姻当儿戏毫不足取，而强调幸福美满的婚姻要以理智和真挚的感情为基础，这也具有很大的现实意义。

关键词：婚姻 爱情 正确的爱情观 幸福的内涵

小说发生在英国乡村，贝纳特家的五个女儿待嫁闺中，两位贵族先生的出现，民兵团的到来，给他们原本平静的田园生活带来了一些不平凡因子。而开头那句“每一个有钱的单身汉，都得娶一位太太，这就像一条举世公认的真理。”反映了当时的社会情况。小说中“母亲”形象的班纳特太太给人留下了深刻的印象。作者将她描述为：“一个智力贫乏，孤陋寡闻，喜怒无常的女人。她生平最大的事就是把女儿们嫁出去。”贯穿整部小说的几个婚姻故事，既有关于伊丽莎白好友夏洛特的，又有关于她自己姐妹的婚姻，但仔细思考看来，这几个婚姻故事其实都是为了与伊丽莎白的爱情和婚姻形成对比和映衬。

下面简要介绍下其中的四段婚姻：

一、夏洛特•卢卡斯的婚姻——最现实的婚姻

夏洛特是伊丽莎白最要好的朋友，但她们在婚姻上却有不同的的选择。和伊利莎白一样，夏洛特没有财富，貌不惊人，但很有头脑，也可称得上精明。她认为“婚姻生活是否幸福，完全是个机会问题。”作为一个已经二十七岁的女人，她对婚姻的选择完全是出于现实的考虑。当她第一次遇见柯林斯的时候，她就见识了他的愚蠢，而且当他向她求婚时，她也清楚地知道“柯林斯肯定不是个通情达理的人，也不叫人喜欢”。但是她还是立刻答应了，因为“婚姻一直是她的目标，至于找什么样的男人，婚后生活怎样，则不太看重，对于受过良好教育但财产不多的年轻女子来说，嫁人是唯一的一条体面的路，而且尽管能否得到幸福毫无把握，嫁人也一定是她们最惬意的可以免于贫困的避难所”。夏洛特为了金钱而结婚，通过婚姻她仅仅得到一个富有的人，从而有了经济上的安全感。婚姻对他们来说可谓是一项任务，但他们都从婚姻中得到了自己想要的东西：夏洛特得到了安定富足的生活；柯林斯也得到了一个温暖的家，这是他们对婚姻的理解。

二、莉迪亚.贝内特的婚姻——最荒唐的婚姻

莉迪亚和维克汉姆的结合可说是荒唐至极。莉迪亚对维克汉姆的爱慕完全是由于对方“俊朗的面庞、标致的身材还有迷人的谈吐”。他们的关系完全是建立在情欲与外表上，没有任何爱情基础，可以说是既不实际，也不浪漫。他们的婚姻是有条件的，是在达西的帮助下两人才勉强结了婚。但他们只顾眼前快活，不断挥霍，靠接济支付账单，这样的爱情注定不能长久。

三、简•贝内特的婚姻——最“美满”的婚姻

简和宾利的婚姻被认为是最美满。贝内特家的大女儿简温柔可爱，漂亮大方，对人总是往好的一面去想。她的这些迷人气质完全吸引了年轻英俊、潇洒富有的宾利。两人相互吸引和爱慕，虽是曲折，最终他们也抛弃了身份地位的重重阻碍走到了一起。这是一桩令人艳羡的婚姻。然而，我觉得这美好的背后是潜伏着一定危机性的。简和宾利男才女貌，彼此相配，任何人看来，他们都是最适合。但在我看来，他们的婚姻，爱情不是最主要的基础，最主要的是一种吸引力。宾利为简的美貌和善良所吸引，简为宾利的英俊潇洒和绅士风度所吸引，他们之间的爱更多表现为一种相互之间的仰慕之情。婚姻是一份复杂的契约，双方必须有足够的爱的基础来维持这份契约。而简和宾利之间的爱情太过平淡，太过于理所当然，以至于不够刻骨铭心，让我感觉不太安稳，似乎潜藏着一丝丝危险的气息。

四、伊丽莎白•贝内特的婚姻——最让人羡慕的婚姻

钱钟书先生将婚姻比喻成一座围城，“城外的人想冲进去，城里的人想逃出来。”但是我觉得这个婚姻理论是不适合达西和伊丽莎白的。他们之间的婚姻是以曲折跌宕却又刻骨铭心的爱情为基础的。伊丽莎白和达西一开始就给对方留下了不好的印象。伊丽莎白认为达西傲慢无礼，而达西也因为伊丽莎白所处的社会阶层和她那些不甚体面的亲戚而忽视了她的优点和美德。后来，达西终于认识到伊丽莎白的可贵之处，展开追求，不气不馁，终于在经过一次求婚的失败，一封信的自白，消除了伊丽莎白对自己的偏见和误解，从而两人走到了一起。

以第一次求婚为界，使伊丽莎白和达西在思想上有了改变。伊丽莎白因为达西的信，认识到了自己的偏见；达西因为伊丽莎白的话，认识到了自己的傲慢。如果伊丽莎白对于达西的第一次求婚没有拒绝的话，可能达西对于她的迷恋并不会持久。如果没有拒绝时的对话，达西还是那个虽然家财万贯，虽然一表人材，但太过傲慢的高高在上的人。对于这样的人，伊丽莎白即使因为一时冲动而同意嫁给了他，在不久的将来，伊丽莎白仍会后悔的。而如果没有拒绝后的那封信，伊丽莎白仍旧是那个虽然开朗，美丽，直率，却太过主观和偏见的人，对于这样的人，达西不久便会厌倦的。也因为有这些波折，他们之间的爱情才显得更加珍贵，更加深刻。

爱是冲动，是失去理智，是意气用事，任由自己癫狂，爱情本身就是疯狂。然而，又有多少人能为爱疯狂呢？现实是残酷的，婚姻不等于爱情，以至于“死生契阔，与子相悦；执子之手，与子偕老。”这个理想离我们越来越远。达西和伊丽莎白的婚姻是最幸福的，除了刻骨铭心的爱情，还有一个必要条件，那就是达西雄厚的财富。金钱在他们的婚姻中一点也不世俗，这份财富给他们的爱以阳光和养分，他们的婚姻是最让人羡慕的。如果婚姻是这样一座围城，那么谁会不愿意被困在这样一座城中，被爱围困何尝不是一种幸福呢？

幸福是一种主观感受。一个人的婚姻是否幸福，与他对婚姻的态度有关。有人为爱结婚，有人为情欲结婚，有人为财富结婚，也有人为结婚而结婚。《傲慢与偏见》向我们展示了不同的婚姻观，也让我们思考，怎样的婚姻才是我们想要的，怎样的婚姻才是适合自己的。

当今社会，随着外来文化的影响，物质生活的提高，自由恋爱的倡导，人们思想的解锢，特别是金钱与权力在更广的领域影响人们生活及闪婚、闪离不断上演的情况下，我们年轻人应当树立什么样的爱情观，不能不令人认真思考和认真对待。

大家可以先看一份调查表：中国青年报社会调查中心联合腾讯网新闻调查中心，对8932名青年进行了一次调查。调查显示，67.9％的青年认为与上一辈相比，爱情在人们心目中的地位在下降，但40.0％的青年认为他们这一辈更追求真爱；85.5％的青年认为这一辈人更看重对方的经济条件，也有59.0％的青年相信一见钟情。

我个人认为，真正的爱情必须以诚挚的感情为基础。诚挚的感情，是以共同的生活经历、共同的兴趣爱好、彼此心心相通、共同的想着对方为外在表现的。虽然感情可以经过后天培养，但总不如从一开始就彼此相悦的感情。有了这种感情，就不会因金钱的多寡、权力的大小、地位的升降、生死的不测，而抛弃对所爱的人的责任。这样的爱情才会更牢固，更美满，更幸福。相反，为了追逐金钱、为了追逐地位、为了追逐门户、为了追逐名誉，而只顾自己的感受，不管对方的意愿，就不可能真正为对方负责，最终可能因事态发生变化，而出现感情破裂，给生活带来阴影，最终造成爱情的不幸。

从另一方面来讲，爱情又不单单是男女两个人之间的事情，而是两个家庭，不同的生活习惯之间的磨合，并且还是关系到社会是否和谐稳定的大问题。如果两个人相敬相爱，白头到老，不仅自己幸福，而且因为有了稳固的家庭婚姻，社会也就少去了劝解、判离婚的问题，也就少去了家庭不断重组的问题，社会就较为和谐稳定。如果不是这样，而是为了个人的爱，插足他人的家庭，不但会给他人带来伤害，也会给社会带来诸多不稳定的因素，从现代社会情杀的案子日益增多中可窥一斑。同时，幸福的家庭对孩子的健康成长也是有很大影响的，有谁想让自己的孩子一开始就看到的是不断的争吵，破裂的家庭而得不到父母双方的疼爱呢？因此，不论是为了我们自己还是我们的父母或者是孩子，我们都应该认真对待感情，抛开虚浮的外表，找到属于自己的真实爱情。

对金钱、地位、权力的追求，在一定程度上能够给予我们物质上的满足，但心灵、精神上的满足才是最重要、最难能可贵的而且我们也绝不是为金钱、地位、权力而活的。珍视感情，坚守爱情，呵护婚姻，永远值得我们赞颂！参考文献

1http://bbs.xj71.com/frame.php?frameon=yes&referer=http%3A//bbs.xj71.com/viewthread.php%3Ftid%3D6974 2 http://wenku.baidu.com/view/013bc1d8a58da0116c174913.html 毕宇宏;;《傲慢与偏见》中的五桩婚姻[J];赤峰学院学报(汉文哲学社会科学版);2010年02期

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On the Disposal of Cultural Differences in the Translation 112 译者主体性视角下的翻译策略—杨氏夫妇《聊斋志异》英译本个案研究 113 《了不起的盖茨比》中乔丹•贝克的人物分析 114 英文电影片名汉译的创造性叛逆原则 115 文本狂欢与女性主义理想：《马戏团之夜》之狂欢化理论解读 116 The Narrative Strategies of O.Henry’s Short Stories 117 《傲慢与偏见》中的对立与统一

论罗伯特•佩恩•沃伦《国王的人马》中对真理与自我认知的追求 119 论广告定位中的文化冲突及对策

浅析《理智与情感》中简奥斯汀的婚姻观 121 论《一个温和的建议》中的黑色幽默 122 广告英语中的隐喻研究

从麦琪的礼物中折射出欧亨利对已故妻子的爱 124 《远离尘嚣》中女主角的情感变迁研究 125 英语中的性别歧视

The Translation of English Film Title 127 小说《小公主》主人公萨拉的性格魅力 128 中国梦和美国梦的对比分析

英语报刊新闻标题的特点及解读 130 中西方丧葬文化的对比研究

分析《傲慢与偏见》与《简爱》中觉醒的女性意识 132 An Application of Schema Theory in Interpreting 133 探讨图式理论对英语专业四级阅读中的指导作用

The Study of Strategies on Cosmetic Marketing based on Female Consumption Psychology 135 On the Application of Newmark’s Theory in Tourism English Translation 136 弗吉尼亚•伍尔夫《到灯塔去》两性意象的象征研究 137 霍桑的罪恶观在《红字》中的体现 138 《宠儿》女主人公赛斯人物形象分析 139 《了不起的盖茨比》中的象征 140 广告英语及其翻译

简析《卡斯特桥市长》中亨查德的悲剧命运 142 英语委婉语负面影响研究

A Survey of the Manifestations of “Babel” in the Movie Babel 144

作为失败者的淑：双性同体视角 146 中美价值观比较

浅析奥斯丁的女性意识

A Comparison between Scarlett O’Hara and Jane Eyre from the Perspective of Feminism 149 分析苔丝悲剧的形成原因

论《弗兰肯斯坦》中怪物悲剧的必然性 151 A Comparison of the English Color Terms 152 从认知的角度来看主动语态在商务信函中的语用功能 153 美国梦的幻灭——追问盖茨比命运的悲剧性根源 154 《小王子》中的象征意蕴的分析 155 从《小王子》看成人世界的身份危机 156 中西方祭祀文化之异同

157 海明威的“冰山原则”与其短篇小说的人物对话 158 任务型教学在初中英语的实施情况研究

159 Characteristics of Interpretation and Roles of Interpreters 160 探索《小王子》中主人公的性格

161 负迁移在词汇层面上对中国学生的英语作为第二语言写作的影响 162 《小城畸人》里的象征主义手法分析

163 简•奥斯汀《诺桑觉寺》中人物对爱情和婚姻的不同态度 164 《吉姆爷》的生态女性主义解读 165 简单原则：《瓦尔登湖》的主题分析 166 呼啸山庄之人性的泯灭

167 英语歌曲在英语教学中的应用 168 《红字》中海斯特性格分析

169 合作原则视角下探析广告语篇中省略的会话含意 170 英语基本味觉词“甜/苦”的隐喻机制 171 旅游与文化

172 从中西文化差异的角度浅析商宴之道

173 《园会》中男性人物性格作用分析 174 艾米莉狄金森死亡诗歌的解读 175 简析比喻在《围城》中的运用

176 美国牛仔形象演变和西部电影发展的研究 177 论象征主义在《喜福会》中的体现

178 Verification of Soft Term in Letter of Credit 179 On the Gothic Feature of Edgar Allan Poe’s The Black Cat 180 美国基督新教与中国儒家的伦理道德的比较 181 笛福《鲁宾逊漂流记》中鲁宾逊形象解析 182 初中英语口语教学的课堂管理

183 On the Translation of Children’s Literature in the Light of the Skopostheory:A Case Study of The dventures of Tom Sawyer 184 试析《弗兰肯斯坦》中的哥特风格

185 从《印度之行》看福斯特的人文主义思想观 186 从《盲人》中的“血性意识”看劳伦斯的文明观 187 中美礼貌用语的跨文化对比分析 188 “红”、“黄”汉英联想意义对比研究

189 论赫尔曼•梅尔维尔《白鲸》中的象征主义 190 从文化差异角度谈国际商务谈判中的语言技巧 191 论修辞在广告语中的运用和翻译 192 中国传统文化中特色词语的翻译

193 析乔治艾略特在《织工马南》中的语言特色

194 从《去吧，摩西》中的“熊”看福克纳对人性的探讨 195 论《傲慢与偏见》中的爱情观和婚姻观 196 从植物词看英汉文化差异

197 分析《基辅怨》中雅柯夫的“受难”主题

198 路易莎•梅•奥尔科特《小妇人》中的女性话语 199 浅析伍尔夫意识流小说中的叙事时间

200 Tradition and Beyond—Reading The Diviners as a Bildungsroman

第三篇：论文 分析《傲慢与偏见》中的爱情观和婚姻观

中

南

大 学

高等教育自学考试本科生毕业论文

论文题目: Views on love and marriage in “Pride and Prejudice”

分析《傲慢与偏见》中的爱情观和婚姻观

学生姓名：罗

考籍号：910108300488 年级专业：2007级英语 指导老师及职称：汤春华 学 院：中南大学科培中心

湖南·长沙 提交日期：2010年4月

Contents

Abstract...............................................................................................................................................1 Keywords............................................................................................................................................1 Introduction........................................................................................................................................3

1、Jane Austen and the Background of Pride and Prejudice............................................3 1.1 Jane Austen................................................................................................................3 1.2 The Background of Pride and Prejudice......................................................................4

2、Four Marriages and Ideals on Love and Marriage Shown in Pride and Prejudice......5 2.1 Four Marriages in Pride and Prejudice........................................................................5 2.1.1 Collins and Charlotte’s Marriage.............................................................................5 2.1.2 Lydia and Wickham’s Marriage...............................................................................7 2.1.3 Jane and Mr.Bingley’s Marriage.............................................................................7 2.1.4 Darcy and Elizabeth’s Marriage...............................................................................8 3.Austen’s Concept about Love and Marriage............................................................12

4、Conclusion.................................................................................................................................14 References.......................................................................................................................16 Acknowledgements.........................................................................................................19

Abstract “Pride and Prejudice” is Austen's masterpiece which described four different marriages and love.Until today, this novel is still very popular among many readers and arouses people's observation and unlimited thinking of marriage.This paper aims to probe into the views on love and marriage in ―Pride and Prejudice‖.That is: love and marriage are associated with, but not totally lie on the property and social status.The marriage which is based on the love, mutual understanding and mutual respect is a true happy marriage.Austen not only opposes marriage for money, but also is against the hasty marriage.She attaches great importance to ideal marriage and regards the feelings between men and women as the cornerstone of the ideal marriage.Keywords ―Pride and Prejudice‖;viewpoint of love;viewpoint of marriage;

摘 要

《傲慢与偏见》是奥斯汀的代表作，小说以讽刺为基调描写了四种不同形态的婚姻观和爱情观，时至今日，这部小说仍然吸引着众多读者，引发了人们对婚姻的观察和无限思考。本文就是通过对这四段婚姻的详细的分析，来探讨《傲慢与偏见》中的爱情观和婚姻观。笔者认为：爱情婚姻与财产和社会地位相互关联，但绝不能仅取于它，以爱情、相互理解及相互尊重为基础的婚姻才是幸福的婚姻。奥斯汀既反对为金钱而结婚，也反对草率结婚。她强调理想婚姻的重要性，并把男女双方感情作为缔结理想婚姻的基石。

关键词

《傲慢与偏见》；爱情观；婚姻观;

Introduction

Jane Austen humorously described the marriage in the “Pride and Prejudice” and a series of marriage-related activities in a relaxed manner.The novel consisted of how man picking their wives, how the young women choosing their future husbands and how their mothers selecting their son-in-low in many wonderful scenes.By studying the marital relationship, the authors strive to portray several different marriage and love relations.Although they had got married, the happiness of marriage is differs.This was because Austen's novels the marriage was involving not only the feelings, but also social status and money.“The bachelor who own property must marry a wife, it has become a universally recognized truth.” [6], But that really is a truth? In this paper, the novel's four marriages vividly reflected the British town life and the world state of human of 18 century to the early 19th century in a conservative and isolated state.1.Jane Austen and the Background of Pride and Prejudice

1.1.Jane Austen Jane Austen(1775 – 1817，)was one of the most outstanding writer who described the middle-class in the south of England with realism.From a unique female perspective, she left six immortal works.Her works were full of rich comedy conflicts in humorous and satirical style, so they were regarded as “the art of simplicity”.In Jane Austen's works, the content was not very wide and all were related to the life of a few middle-class families.The theme was about love and marriage between men and women.In the “Simple” works of Jane Austen, they showed us, truly and accurately, the social life and interrelationship and described the social state, marriage as well as political and economic relations between middle-class women at that time.And she expressed her views on marriage, directly or indirectly, by analyzing these phenomena.She believed that marriage just for money was wrong, but marriage of no money was stupid.She also frankly disclosed the inseparable relationship between marriages, property and family status.In her novel, as long as a woman who was intelligent, decent, 3

educated, and patient could overcome social barriers, she would receive the ideal happy marriage.Austen was born in a middle-class family of a small village in England, so the people and things in her works were all connected with this environment which was very familiar to her.It is difficult for readers to find the sufferings of those working people who lived at the bottom of the society at that time.At the same time, the important events, such as the French Revolution and Industrial Revolution, were little.Her narrative was always inseparable from the party, walk, talk, dance......Although this written style received some people's criticism, she still stick to it.She once said that she was ―sculpt on two inches of ivory‖.Austen was never married, but the marriage is the eternal theme of her writings.In her works, the marriage status of middle-class people was alive.1.2.The Background of Pride and Prejudice In this great book, the author amply demonstrated her view on love and marriage.In order to analyze these points of view, we should firstly start from the background of her great works.―At that time, according to the social conditions in Britain, a good marriage for a young woman was critical.This phenomenon was closely associated with the British society and the status of women in the society.In the 19th century, women were not well respected compared with the ones in the present society.There was no equality between woman and man.Women were considered to be inferior to men in terms of intelligence and capacity.The central life of women was forced to be staying at home.Their roles were to deal with the family affairs, such as taking care of the children and serving for the husband.‖(Zhu Hong, P34, 1995)

People at that time thought that women should be submissive to their husbands.The virtues of women were patience and deference.They must recognize their inherent inferiority to men, so they must restrict their abilities without question.Although the status of women was low, few of them expressed dissatisfaction about their own destiny.At that time, many middle-class young women had three ways out: getting married, staying at home as old maids or working as the family female teachers.The income of a family female teacher was very low, and the status was low as well.It was very difficult for them to change or swap out of this status, no one would like to be a maid forever, therefore, for young

women, especially those who did not have enough properties, getting married was the only good way for them to gain respect, stability and social status.Austen fully criticized some bad phenomena at that time in her work Pride and Prejudice and took some perfect points about marriage and loved to demonstrate her own view on love and marriage.2.The Four Marriages and the Ideas on Love and Marriage shown in Pride and Prejudice The story showed the ordinary life, feelings of the ordinary people.They were organized in a harmonious order under the author's skillful arrangement.The work mainly described four marriages.Two of them were main and assisted by the other two assistant marriages.―Darcy and Elizabeth’s love and marriage was the main theme of this work.After undergoing many setbacks, Darcy’s arrogance and Elizabeth’s prejudice eventually eliminates, the lovers finally got married.The marriage of Elizabeth’s sister Jane and Darcy’s friend Bingley was another clue.They deeply loved each other, but they were multi—blocked, after their departure, Jane missed Bingley very much.The two marriages reflected the other point of view in positive way that marriage should be based on true love, which was the ideal marry in the author’s opinion.The stories seem to be the ordinary lives, feelings and persons linked up in a harmonious order under the others meticulous concepts.However, the marriage between Charlotte and Collins was a negative example with the marriage between Lydia and Wickham, which helped to make the plots more tortuous and richer.‖(Zhu Hong, P12, 1985)

2.1.Four Marriages in Pride and Prejudice 2.1.1.Collins and Charlotte’s Marriage The article mentioned little of Charlotte, however, her image was very full.Charlotte was woman who is well-educated, intelligent and admired much by Elizabeth.But she was in financial difficulties.If she did not get married, she could only live in her brother's home to be a spinster.When Kosslyn had been rejected by Elizabeth and turned to propose to

Charlotte • Lucas, She agreed without the least hesitation and still stick to marry him though she knew that Collins was a man who was neither wise nor pleasant, and very boring and that Mr.Collins did not love her and his so-called love for her was imaginary because for her “ the marriage may not make the women to be too happy, but it is always the best safe for the women, and it can ensure them not to be affected by cold and hunger.” In “Pride and Prejudice” Austen described mostly happy marriage, which often aroused the reader's controversy, because they thought that it is too unrealistic to be true.Collins and Charlotte’s marriage made a brutal footnote for Elizabeth’s romantic and happy love.Indeed we can learn that Austen was on a critical opinion of the society at that time from the fate of Charlotte: In the male-dominated society, unmarried women had no future.Elizabeth was an idealist, she would not marry a fool for money(Kosslyn)and also not to marry a man she did not love(such as the Darcy at the beginning of the story);however Charlotte who was six years older than Elizabeth and had little property was a pragmatist.In order to avoid becoming a spinster, who would suffer gossip in the society, she must make full use of any possible opportunity to get married.As Austen said, the reason that Charlotte was willing to marry him was completely for the purpose of property.She also confessed to Elizabeth: “You know I am not a romantic.Moreover I had never been this kind of person.I only ask for a comfortable home.As with Mr.Collins's character, family relations and social status, I am convinced that my chance of happiness is as fair as most people can boast on entering them marriage state ”(......I am not romantic you know.I never was.I ask only a comfortable home;and considering Mr.Collins’s character, connections, and situation in life, I am convinced that my chance of happiness is as fair as most people can boast on entering them marriage state.)And even after their marriage, Charlotte always felt that “If forget Mr.Collins, the inside and outside of the house is indeed a very comfortable place ”.This was their marriage, which was held together through a pure relation of money and wealth.To some extend, this kind of marriages is actually a social tragedy that is concealed under the gorgeous cover.Through describing such a marriage, Jane• Austen wanted to tell the readers a common point in British society at that time that the most critical factor in marriage is not love, but money.Actually, it was more than in the United Kingdom at that time, even in today's society, this view is very popular, and can be accepted by most people.That was an era in which love was exiled.We could not blame Charlotte and the vast majority of

“Charlottes” too much because it was not entirely their false perhaps in real life love can not defeat the bread forever.2.1.2.Lydia and Wickham’s Marriage

The second marriage is between Bennett’s third daughter Lydia and Wickham, the son of the housekeeper.Originally he was well-treated by his family and friends.However, he came down in the world because of his misbehavior.He got into debt, so he wanted to get money, became rich and changed his social status through marriage which was also a way to approach the talents.He was a man without any responsibility.He does nothing except assailing a woman with obscenities.In his opinion, love was only recreation.For his purpose, he enticed Lydia and got her love easily, for she was young, innocent and vainglorious, and loved to go ease and hated to work hard, and was spoilt by her mother.Getting love and praise of a boy was her dream.So when Wickham wanted to attain to his aim－getting wealth by love and exalting her beauty hypocritically, she forgot who she was and felt she was the most beautiful and happiest girl in the world.Their love did not get the permission from the parents, so then they eloped.When Elizabeth heard the news, she believed that their love was a false.Wickham would not marry Lydia, because she is not charming and had nothing to attract him, who did not love her but loved the wealth of her family.The marriage was admitted with the help of Darcy.Their marriage was considered to be a scandal in Bennett’s family.But Mrs.Bennet was not disgraceful to this marriage.When Collins got the news, he was very angry and reacted to the marriage to revenge his early failure of proposal to her.This marriage was one without love.They didn’t have the real meaning of marriage.They only wanted to satisfy their aspiration.So we can say this is a kind of impromptu love and marriage without true love and responsibility.Such couples only seek the experience of marriage but not everlasting and unchanging one.Of course, such kind of marriage is doomed to be a tragedy.2.1.3.Jane and Mr.Bingley’s Marriage In the novel, Bingley and Jane never stopped pursuing their true love although there were so many obstacles between them.Fortunately, with the help of Darcy and Elizabeth, they finally got married and had a happy life.Bingley and Jane had many similarities in their

characters, which was the main reason to the success of their marriage.They possessed personal attractiveness and dignity, social graces, and a measure of good sense.They all had good breeding, but lacked insight, strength, and self-confidence.They didn’t show their insides easily to the public because they cared the social criticism too much.For Jane, she always concealed her true feelings, which gave others an illusion that she didn’t love Bingley.For Bingley, he yielded easily to criticism of Jane’s social position and easily accepted the suggestions of his sisters and Darcy, which almost consumed the felicity between Jane and him.Frankly speaking, the outside forces facilitated their marriage.According to the relationship between Bingley and Jane, love and respect were the basic factors of their successful and happy marriage.With many similarities in character, people can understand each other easily.Most important of all, the couple with common interest can live together in a happy life.Because they understand, help and support between them.They didn’t care the defects of their partners and even they didn’t see any faults in each other.Just as the old saying goes, ―Birds of a feather flock together, people of a mind fall into the same group.‖

2.1.4.Darcy and Elizabeth’s Marriage Elizabeth was the actress in the “Pride and Prejudice”.Her love and marriage was the main thread running through the entire novel.At the beginning of the “recognized the truth” mentioned in the novel, all the girls in the middle-class families wanted to marry a good man.But Elizabeth had a different interpretation for a “good husband”.She believed that a husband not only need have certain number of family property but also must respect women, and at the same time there must be mutual understanding between them.Mr.Collins was the first suitor to Elizabeth.Elizabeth was surprised at first, but soon turned down Collins's proposal of marriage because she did not love Collins and could not fall in love with him.Elizabeth was impressed by Wickham’s elegant behavior and demeanor, but she still did not want to choose him to be her husband.She told her aunt that she could handle the relationship between her and Wickham and she would not fall in love with Wickham.Collins was secular cavity too, but smart without a common language with Elizabeth.Wickham is not rich man and lack of morality.Despite later Elizabeth discovered the true

face of Wickham.It did not affect the principle of Elizabeth optional husband.Wickham's exposure to poverty let him outside the scope of Elizabeth's choice of husband.But later why did Elizabeth reject Darcy who is a handsome wealthy man? Elizabeth clearly stated her answer: “Why, with so evident a design of offending and insulting me, you choose to tell me that you liked me against your will, against your reason, and even against your character? Was not this some excuse for incivility, if I was uncivil? ”(Austen, 2004:139).Of course, she had prejudice for Darcy and Wickham fabricated lies about Darcy, which had a certain impact on Elizabeth’ refusal to Darcy's marriage proposal, but the most important reason was that Elizabeth hated Darcy for their arrogant attitude.Elizabeth rejected the arrogant Darcy, but Darcy accepted the humble.Their marriage was based on Darcy's property and their love.The composition of property and the love marriage was the two indispensable important factors.When her sister Jane asked Elizabeth t how long she had fallen in love with Darcy, she replied: “It has been coming on so gradually that I hardly know when it began, but I believe I must date it from my first seeing his beautiful grounds at Pemberly.”(Austen, 2004:275)On the one hand, it revealed Elizabeth’s mockery.On the other hand, it also reflected her inner thoughts.It was this statement which reflected her attitude for money, marriage and life: The marriage based on no money was undesirable.So she visited Darcy’s luxurious Pember Lee Garden.After visiting the Manor, she felt that to be the Pember Lee Gardens hostess was quite good.From a psychological sense, it was a direct reflection of her inner thoughts.She was Bonnet’s second daughter, an active, intelligent and smart girl.She had a middle-class family background and had not been affected by the formal education belonging to those aristocratic young girls, so she was not good at music and painting, but she had read many books which made her knowledgeable and perceptive.The most important aspect was that she was a lady with dignity and upbringing.Darcy was a tall man with good manner.He was handsome, rich and powerful.So he was the ideal husband of most girls.He had grown up in the surroundings with strong sense of power, so he was always selfish and arrogant and had a critical look at each individual, except the family members.He was not concerned about anyone else, and looked down upon anyone else.Therefore, when he first arrived in the village, he found all the persons were beyond his imagination.Although every girl was young and lovely, he has no interest in young girls

except Elizabeth.But actually, at first he didn’t put an eye on Elizabeth.Gradually, he had to admit that Elizabeth was beautiful, distinct and popular, although he insisted that Elizabeth hadn't the same social status as him.Darcy was rational because he has a strong sense of power, which agreed on the reality at that time.Although he expressed his love to Elizabeth, he couldn't help showing his arrogance, which made Elizabeth have misconception and prejudice on Darcy.Darcy loved Elizabeth, but looked down upon her social status.He considered that he had been lowing himself and doing something against his will, personalities and even moral standard.He thinks that his marriage would certainly succeed and Elizabeth was waiting for him to propose marriage.Therefore, even he was irresistible to the flooding feelings, and condescends to Elizabeth.He still remembered the gap between them.Clearly, the rational aspect of Darcy’s personality performed on the realities of society.When he talked about his feelings of love, he also expressed the arrogance of these fully feelings, which resulted in the arousing resentment of Elizabeth;she rejected his marriage proposal, and angrily accused his insolence.The rational aspect of the heroine Elizabeth showed her clear, calm and actually stressful personality.Compared with her stupid mother, the smooth and lazy father, the shallow-minded, self-willed sister with feather head, Elizabeth was one with ideal mind.She was elegant like her sister Jane, but more intellectually.She also advised her sister to see through the stupidity and nonsense of those camouflage honest persons.Unconsciously, they were fascinated by each other for the physical attraction, and this led to the experience of passion in a loving relationship.In regard to Darcy, he initially did not think Elizabeth was beautiful enough, and scorned her low relatives and vulgar family members despite his later passion for Elizabeth.Darcy loved Elizabeth’s charming appearance and intelligence.His admiration for Elizabeth was obvious in the following details.When Elizabeth went to look after her sister Jane on foot, Miss Bingley made fun of her and her family at the back.Even Miss Bingley said to Darcy, ―I am afraid….that this adventure has rather lessened your admiration for her fine eyes‖.But Darcy replied: ―Not at all, they are brightened by the exercise‖.At Pemberley when Miss Bingley noticed that Darcy admired Elizabeth, she intended to confuse Elizabeth and made her show some feeling that might harm her in Darcy’s opinion.But it meant nothing to Darcy.She continued to criticize Elizabeth’s appearance, behavior and dress.Darcy could no longer control himself

and said: ―For many months I have considered her as one of the best looking women I have consider her as one of the best looking women in my acquaintance‖.The intimacy component was formed after the prejudice was relieved.For Elizabeth, there are three elements causing her prejudice against Darcy—Darcy’s humiliation of her at the Meryton assembly by his aloof manner and superiority;and her suspicion of his responsibility for Mr.Bingley’s sudden migration to London which would ruin her sister’s chance of happiness.So when he made his proposal to Elizabeth, he heard her say: ―I had not known you a month before I felt that you were the last man in the world whom I could ever be induced to marry‖.Shocked and humiliated by Elizabeth’s refusal, the arrogant Darcy finally learned his lessons from Elizabeth.Upright as he actually was, Darcy wrote letter to Elizabeth, reveals the true character of Wickham and his true perception of Jane’s manner to Bingley.It was at this moment that Elizabeth contemplated the whole thing and she turned ―absolutely ashamed of herself‖, and the prejudice was relieved.Elizabeth at this point moved from strong hospitality to benevolent neutrality, but ―she could not approve him;or refusal, or feel the slightest inclination ever to see him again‖.The commitment component was formed after Elizabeth accept Darcy’s proposal.Only on the condition that Elizabeth saw the altered new Darcy, could she accept him as her man, who she respected and who respected her and her family.When Darcy meets Elizabeth at Pemberly unexpectedly, he entered into conversation with Mr.Gardiner.Elizabeth’s uncle, and asked permission for his sister to call upon Elizabeth.When Elizabeth told him that Lydia has run away with Wickham, he didn’t despise her but brought about the marriage by giving Wickham money.He started to stand on the level of equality to propose Elizabeth and he succeeded.After dispelling all misunderstandings, all three components of love——intimacy, passion, and commitment are formed.3.Austen’s Concept about Love and Marriage

Jane Austen is a writer who regards novel writing as a sophisticated art.With a cool hand, she always has her imagination and passion under control.With great details drawn from everyday life and activities, the pictures of her characters are vividly portrayed and everyone comes alive.With simple language and conversing dialogues, her novels are surprisingly realistic.When she converted the disorderly reality into an orderly artistic unity, she pays much attention to the formal qualities of composition, to the design, and to the subordination of the parts to the whole.Her plots appear natural, unforced.They were developed easily and unhurriedly under the author’s perfect control.All the characters have their place in the plot and contribute to the main story.At her best, she keeps balance between facts and form as no other English novelist has ever done.Jane Austen is one of the few novelists who have managed fully to satisfy the requirements in the art of novel writing.Compared with other writers, Jane Austen defined hers stories within a narrow sphere.The subject matters, the character range, the social setting and plots are all restrict to the late 18th century England.Everything in her novels reminds us of a quiet, uneventful and contented life of the English country.Jane Austen believed that a man’s relation to his wife and children is at least as important a part of his life as his belief and career, and reveals him fundamentally, so she characterizes readers a human being not at moments of crisis, but in the most trivial incidents of everyday life, such as their personal relations, human beings with their families and neighbors, etc.As a result, her novels have a universal significance.Jane Austen’s main concern is about human beings in their personal relationship.As a result her novels have a universal significance.From her point of view, life is made up of small things and human nature reveals itself in them as fully as in big ones and a man’s relationship to his wife and children is at least as important a part of his life as his concerns about his belief and career, which reveals his moral quality more accurately and truthfully.So when Jane Austen writes she would describe human being in the most trivial incidents of everyday life rather than at moments of crisis.She wrote within a narrow sphere.The subject matter, the character range, the social settings and plots are all restricted to the provincial life of the late 18th century England.Her attention would go to three or four landed gentle

families with their daily routine life: relationships with members of their own family and with their friends, dancing parties, tea parties, picnics, barbecues and gossips.As a realistic writer, she considers it her duty to express in her words a serious criticism of life and to expose the weakness and illusions of mankind.In her style she is a neoclassicism advocator, upholding those traditional ideas of order, reason, proportion and graceful in novel writing.The interest of Jane Austen is to study human being in their relations with other people in daily life, so her novels concern about the relationship between men and women in love.Stories of love and marriage provide the framework for all her novels and in which women are always taken as the major characters.In their pursuit of a happy marriage, they could be grouped into three categories: those who marry for money, position and property, those who marry just for passion and those who marry for love which is based on consideration of both the person’s personal merit and his economical and social status.So in her novels the point that money is not the only thing in the consideration of marriage but it plays a very important role found best reflection there.Austen’s this view towards marriage is still very popular nowadays.There are a lot of novels talking about marriage in Britain, but scarcely an author could be like Austen, exposing the money-essence of capitalism marriage system so deeply.In brief, it is money that determines everybody’s life and fate, especially marriage.As for it was pragmatic meaning, it could be forceful and penetrating.No wonder that David Dax，a western Marxism critic said, in the aspect of exposing ―the economics of human beings’ behavior‖, Jane Austen, ―to some extent, had been a Marxist before Marx’s being born.4.Conclusion As in any good love story, the lovers must elude and overcome numerous stumbling blocks, beginning with the tensions caused by the lovers’ own personal qualities.Elizabeth’s pride makes her misjudge Darcy on the basis of a poor first impression, while Darcy’s prejudice against Elizabeth’s poor social standing blinds him, for a time, to her many virtues.Of course, one could also say that Elizabeth is guilty of prejudice and Darcy of pride: the title cuts both ways.Austen, meanwhile, poses countless smaller obstacles to the realization of the love between Elizabeth and Darcy, including Lady Catherine’s attempt to control her nephew, Miss Bingley’s snobbery, Mrs.Bennet’s idiocy, and Wickham’s deceit.In each case, anxieties about social connections, or the desire for better social connections, interfere with the workings of love.Darcy and Elizabeth’s realization of a mutual and tender love seems to imply that Austen views love as something independent of these social forces, as something that can be captured if only an individual is able to escape the warping effects of hierarchical society.Austen does sound some more realist(or, one could say, cynical)notes about love, using the character of Charlotte Lucas, who marries the buffoon Mr.Collins for his money, to demonstrate that the heart does not always dictate marriage.Yet with her central characters, Austen suggests that true love is a force separate from society and one that can conquer even the most difficult of circumstances.The title tells the major concern of the novel: pride and prejudice.Pride is the character flaw that causes Elizabeth to dislike Darcy upon their first meeting.Yet Elizabeth herself also suffers from the same flaw;her pride in her own ability to analyze character is such that she refuses to reevaluate Darcy in the face of evidence in his favor.The concept of pride can be defined into two ways: positive and negative.Possessing positive or right pride is to have self-respect, honor, and integrity.On the other hand, wrong or negative pride is defined as showing arrogant or disdainful conduct and haughtiness.Mr.Darcy displays the positive side of pride while Mr.Bennet possesses wrong or negative pride, and a lack of pride itself in some cases.Darcy is responsible for his sister, himself, his estate, and his family name.He takes pride in these things and does anything he can to protect them.But Mr.Bennet who is a father of five daughters, a husband, and the holder of reputable conduct in the family, does

not take pride in his family or takes his responsibility;Mr.Bennet ridicules the members of his family instead of controlling their unruly actions.Pride and Prejudice depicts a society in which a woman’s reputation is of the utmost importance.A woman is expected to behave in certain ways.Stepping outside the social norms makes her vulnerable to ostracism.This theme appears in the novel, when Elizabeth walks to Netherfield and arrives with muddy skirts, to the shock of the reputation-conscious Miss Bingley and her friends.At other points, the ill-mannered, ridiculous behavior of Mrs.Bennet gives her a bad reputation with the more refined(and snobbish)Darcy and Bingley.Austen pokes gentle fun at the snobs in these examples, but later in the novel, when Lydia elopes with Wickham and lives with him out of wedlock, the author treats reputation as a very serious matter.By becoming Wickham’s lover without benefit of marriage, Lydia clearly places herself outside the social pale, and her disgrace threatens the entire Bennet family.Love is wonderful.The distance between two hearts is not necessarily because physical proximity or separation may change.But youth and love are the most likely to disappear under the sun of things.A woman can be deeply loved by a man in her all life.Is that a kind of happy? Or, a woman in her life missed a man who deeply loved her.What kind of regrets? Pride and Prejudice are the two points in our common human weaknesses.The human nature is too easily distorted, alienated.If not carefully or falling into blindness, you will loss of justice and reason.Meanwhile it was manipulated by emotions and it will go wrong.Elizabeth and Darcy is only one representative.The origin, property, status, education, once stained with upper edge, it is easy arrogance of the illnesses contracted on the poor, low, vulgar person disdained eyes;while the low status, property, few people, for humanity a kind of self-esteem, places biased against the pride of the superior person, which naturally is another distortion of arrogance.In “Pride and Prejudice”, although it is a battle of wits and means shining love sitcoms, actually tells us a truth, that is a solid love is the cornerstone of marriage.In order to property, money and status of marriage is wrong;while marriage does not take into account the factors mentioned above is also foolish.Love and similar interests are the basic factors of a successful and happy marriage.With many similarities in character, people can understand each other easily.Most important of all, the couple with similar interests can live together with a happy life, because there are

understandings, helps and supporting between them.They don’t care the defects of their partners and even they don’t see any faults in each other.Just as the old saying going, ―Birds of a feather flock together, people of a mind fill into the same group.‖

References：

[1] Alan Macfarlane.Marriage and Love in England1300-1800[M].Oxford: Basil Blackwell, 1986 [2]于 欣.Money and Marriage——The Matrimonial Value Orientation in Pride and Prejudice[J].科教文汇，2006，（6）: 132-133.[3]李维屏.乔伊斯的美学思想和艺术[M].上海：上海外语教育出版社，2000 [4][英]狄更斯著.孙法理译.双城记[M].南京：译林出版社，1996.6，第一版，序言 [5]Austen.Jane 林立译Pride and Prejudice[M].北京：航空工业出版社，2007.[6] 简·奥斯汀著.孙 致礼 译.傲慢与偏见[M].上海：上海译文出版社，1900 [7] 陈忠实.白鹿原[M].北京：人民文学出版社，1993

Acknowledgements I would like to express my gratitude to all those who helped me during the writing of this thesis.I gratefully acknowledge the help of my supervisor, Miss.Tang who has offered me valuable suggestions in the academic studies.In the preparation of the thesis，she has spent much time reading through each draft and provided me with inspiring advice.Without her patient instruction, insightful criticism and expert guidance, the completion of this thesis would not have been possible.I also owe a special debt of gratitude to all the professors in The Central South of University, from whose devoted teaching and enlightening lectures I have benefited a lot and academically prepared for the thesis.I should finally like to express my gratitude to my beloved parents who have always been helping me out of difficulties and supporting without a word of complaint.

第四篇：外国文学史选修课论文

姓名：李白

学号：5201314

班级：辅助三班

评《伊利亚特》

《伊利亚特》是古希腊文学中最经典的作品之一，是《荷马史诗》的构成部分。

《伊利亚特》是荷马史诗中直接描写特洛伊战争的英雄史诗。希腊联军主将阿喀琉斯因喜爱的一个女俘被统帅阿伽门农夺走，愤而退出战斗，特洛伊人乘机大破希腊联军。在危急关头，阿喀琉斯的好友帕特洛克罗斯穿上阿喀琉斯的盔甲上阵，被特洛伊大将赫克托尔杀死。阿喀琉斯悔恨已极，重上战场，杀死赫克托尔。特洛伊老国王夜入阿喀琉斯大帐要回儿子尸体。史诗在赫克托尔的葬礼中结束。

在古希腊时代，战争不仅是英雄们为部落而战，大显身手建功的机会，另一方面也因为战争的残酷，由此给人们带来的种种灾难和忧虑。甚至变成了各部落贵族间以争夺财富和奴隶的掠夺行为。凡有战争，必定会出英雄，就如“乱世出豪杰”一般。我想，未必是战争塑造了英雄，因为英雄的许多品质与能力是与生俱来的或是在战争之前的成长岁月中就早已积淀起来的，但战争却让这些英雄身上的光华得到一种契机以最耀眼盛大的姿态绽放出来，被一代代人传颂，而在这个过程中，人们又将他们身上的美无限扩大，不再去介怀他们的不足，最终成就了他们最光辉的形象。不可否认，他们无疑是英雄，他们的名字能够名垂千古，必定是有他们的勇气、英武、谋略作为最坚固的基石在背后支撑着的。此时的英雄已不仅仅是代表一个个人，更是一个人们精神的追求与寄托。

特洛伊战争的战场上主角是人，它尽情展现了他们的喜怒哀乐、悲欢离合，但诸神却又一直在白云缭绕之间用他们不朽的双眼注视着这一切，也干涉着战争的进程。冥冥之中是注定无法逃脱的命运，帕特洛克罗斯被赫克托尔刺死，赫克托尔又倒在了特洛伊城门前阿基琉斯的长枪下。这是人类生命的脆弱与无奈，但即使这样，人们依旧不会放弃搏击命运的勇气和力量。即使已经知道有些东西自己无力掌控，即使知道天上的诸神已然宣判自己的死刑，依旧不失英雄本色，在死神面前舞剑冲杀，最后一次绽放出自己的光芒，展现给诸神给世人，留证这一生的光彩。作者虽然偏向于希腊，但是对两位英雄都采取了肯定的态度，赞美了两位英雄为部落而战不畏牺牲的英勇精神。

书中描写的郝克托尔性格内向，稳重，且遇事比较冷静，富有人情味。当他在战场上面对阿基琉斯的时候，他曾经于阿基琉斯相约：无论成败，对方都应该将战败者的尸体交给死者的家属，决不残忍的侮辱，给家属一个安慰。但是相比之下阿基琉斯则显得过于自尊，任性而固执。面对郝可托尔的约定，他凶狠的说道：狮子和人之间是没有条约而言的；狼和绵羊永远不可能有信誓。通过这些语言明确的宣告：战争中不是你死就是我亡的结局，即使战斗结束，也必将不会是郝可托尔所期待的那样有善果。当郝可托尔被阿基琉斯一枪穿过咽喉死亡后，残忍的阿基琉斯竟然剔穿了他的脚筋，用皮带将他系上战车，然后扬鞭驱策战马在郝克托尔的家人面前奔驰，任由郝可托尔的尸体在地上拖曳，翻滚。面对众人的哭泣阿基琉斯在胜利中洋洋得意。他不仅杀死了赫克托尔，还要对他进行死后的羞辱。虽然他是处于对挚友死亡的无限悲痛的情感，可是他完全不考虑当初赫克托尔失去妹妹的心情也说明了他的任性和残忍。

命运永远是不可抗拒和不可避免的。现世中的人不再相信命运，因为他们都把神话和童话故事留给了孩子。其实成人更应该了解神话，不为命运，只为拥有更美好的愿望和更高水准的精神追求。在希腊神话中，史诗给我们提供了众多偶像级的人物，比如勇猛的阿基琉斯，美貌的海伦，坚强稳重的赫克托尔，这些人才值得我们去追逐，去崇拜。即使你喜欢暴力，阿基琉斯的愤怒一样可以满足你，另外，他的教训还可以告诉我们，任性的暴力只会给自己带来灾难和悲剧。

评《俄狄浦斯王》

《俄狄浦斯王》是古希腊索福克勒斯的戏剧代表作之一，是古希腊悲剧的典范作品。

这部被亚里士多德评为“十全十美的悲剧”的著作，取决于希腊一个神话传说：太阳神阿波罗曾经预示拜王拉伊俄斯必将死于儿子之手，而他的妻子也将被其子迎娶，为了避免悲剧，儿子一出生，他便命令牧羊人将其抛弃荒山，牧羊人不忍心，将其送给了科林索斯国王的仆人，仆人将其送给了科林索斯国王，取名俄狄浦斯，长大后的的俄狄浦斯在太阳神庙中被预示将弑父娶母，因此连夜离开了科林索斯，他在逃亡过程中经过了三岔路口时遇到了他亲生的父亲，由于起了争执，他失手将起父亲杀死，此时他并不知道那个已经死亡的老人就是他的父亲，在拜城郊时他猜中了斯芬克斯之迷，并娶了起前国王的妻子，也就是他的母亲，此时此刻，俄狄浦斯已经完全应验了阿波罗的预示，只是他并不知道。他的遭遇表明,人越是企图通过理性与自由意志摆脱人悲剧性的处境,就越是制造了更大的灾难。人越是企图自我拯救,就越是陷入毁灭与虚无的深渊。人越是企图解开所有的谜底，就越会变得无知。有限的,有限的“理性和道德都不是精神的最后宿地。” 对于那些企图以理性与自由意志执著地追求自己所肯定的价值和穷尽世界的无限与永恒的英雄们,悲剧的命运是注定的。

古希腊人是敬畏命运的，命运总是变幻无常，无法预测，许多人因此而浑浑噩噩打发日子，不敢直面惨淡的人生、无力承受命运的重轭，他们或者蒙蔽双眼及时行乐，或者犯下过错却想逃避惩罚。正如俄狄浦斯的母亲伊俄卡斯忒所说：“偶然控制着我们，未来的事又看不清楚，我们为什么惧怕呢？最好尽可能随随便便的生活。别害怕你会玷污你母亲的婚姻；许多人曾在梦中娶过母亲；但是那些不以为意的人却安乐的生活。”索福克勒斯在悲剧的最后也写到：当我们等着瞧那最末的日子的时候，不要说一个凡人是幸福的，在他还没有跨过生命的界限，还没有得到痛苦的解脱之前。当俄狄浦斯意识到他的遭遇是命中注定时,他也就理解了人的有限性。承认了人的有限性,也就承认了世界的无限性。在世界的无限性中,包含着他性拯救意识。俄狄浦斯一方面执著地追求自己所肯定的价值,另一方面又在不自觉中摧毁了他所肯定的价值。在摧毁他所肯定价值的一刹那,他触摸到了所肯定价值的极限,看到了它被否定的可能性,意识到了人性中的魔性。也就在这一刹那,他意识到了世界的无限。

俄狄浦斯王的抗争让人认识到了人的命运其实就在自我书写的过程中,而不是结局。作者一方面表现人不屈不挠的抗争精神，一方面也表现人类心智的局限和命运的强悍有力。命运所代表的世界的无限性是人们永远都欲超越的梦想。而在这种永恒的超越中,人性一次又一次的得以升华。

从古至今，人们都太想做命运的主人，却常常一不小心就做了命运的奴隶。我们的老师和家人灌输给我们的观念是：命运掌握在自己的手里，人定胜天。大到整个人类社会都是提倡这样的一种价值观，人要充分发挥主观能动性，努力改变不利于自身发展的状况。本以为，知道将来的事情就可以掌握命运的方向，不想，却像是被命运愚弄了一番，最终还是无法逃脱。

在我们看来，命运，总是充满了太多的偶然，用我们这些有限理性认知能力永远无法了解。当我们知道了结果，就像伊奥卡斯特那样，想要改变它，殚精竭虑的来对付那个预言，让自己的一生都为它而忧愁，将自己一生的计划都围绕着那个所谓的命运，那我们就真的成为奴隶，受到命运的辖制了。

俄狄浦斯的人生结局却告诉我们：命运是一种强大而又神秘可怕的力量，人在强大的命运面前是渺小的，是无能为力去改变任何事的。命运怎样，这不是我们现在该担心的事情，就是想也想不明白。我们所能够做的，是在顺应命运的安排的时候，调整好自己的心境，去好好的生活下去。

第五篇：(全英文论文)分析傲慢与偏见中伊丽莎白和卢卡斯的婚姻观

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