英语六级背诵作文50篇[推荐阅读]

第一篇：英语六级背诵作文50篇

01The Language of Music

A painter hangs his or her finished pictures on a wall, and everyone can see it.A composer writes a work, but no one can hear it until it is performed.Professional singers and players have great responsibilities, for the composer is utterly dependent on them.A student of music needs as long and as arduous a training to become a performer as a medical student needs to become a doctor.Most training is concerned with technique, for musicians have to have the muscular proficiency of an athlete ora ballet dancer.Singers practice breathing every day, as their vocal chords would be inadequate without controlled muscular support.String players practice moving the fingers of the left hand up and down, while drawing the bow to and fro with the right arm—two entirely different movements.Singers and instruments have to be able to get every note perfectly in tune.Pianists are spared this particular anxiety,for the notes are already there, waiting for them, and it is the piano tuner’s responsibility to tune the instrument for them.But they have their own difficulties;the hammers that hit the string have to be coaxed not to sound like percussion, and each overlapping tone has to sound clear.This problem of getting clear texture is one that confronts student conductors: they have to learn to know every note of the music and how it should sound, and they have to aim at controlling these sound with fanatical but selfless authority.Technique is of no use unless it is combined with musical knowledge and understanding.Great artists are those who are so thoroughly at home in the language of music that they can enjoy performing works written in any century.02 Schooling and Education

It is commonly believed in United States that school is where people go to get an education.Nevertheless, it has been said that today children interrupt their education to go to school.The distinction between schooling and education implied by this remark is important.Education is much more open-ended and all-inclusive than schooling.Education knows no bounds.It can take place anywhere, whether in the shower or in the job, whether in a kitchen or on a tractor.It includes both the formal learning that takes place in schools and the whole universe of informal learning.The agents of education can range from a revered grandparent to the people debating politics on the radio, from a child to a distinguished scientist.Whereas schooling has a certain predictability, education quite often produces surprises.A chance conversation with a stranger may lead a person to discover how little is known of other religions.People are engaged in education from infancy on.Education, then, is a very broad, inclusive term.It is a lifelong process, a process that starts long before the start of school, and one that should be an integral part of one’s entire life.Schooling, on the other hand, is a specific,formalized process, whose general pattern varies little from one setting to the next.Throughout a country, children arrive at school at approximately the same time, take assigned seats, are taught by an adult, use similar textbooks, do homework, take exams, and so on.The slices of reality that are to be learned,whether they are the alphabet or an understanding of the working of government,have usually been limited by the boundaries of the subject being taught.For example, high school students know that there not likely to find out in their classes the truth about political problems in their communities or what the newest filmmakers are experimenting with.There are definite conditions surrounding the formalized process of schooling.03 The Definition of “Price”

Prices determine how resources are to be used.They are also the means by which products and services that are in limited supply are rationed among buyers.The price system of the United States is a complex network composed of the prices of all the products bought and sold in the economy as well as those of a myriad of services, including labor, professional,transportation, and public-utility services.The interrelationships of all these prices make up the ―system‖ of prices.The price of any particular product or service is linked to a broad, complicated system of prices in which everything seems to depend more or less upon everything else.If one were to ask a group of randomly selected individuals to define ―price‖, many would reply that price is an amount of money paid by the buyer to the seller of a product or service or, in other words that price is the money values of a product or service as agreed upon in a market transaction.This definition is, of course, valid as far as it goes.For a complete understanding of a price in any particular transaction,much more than the amount of money involved must be known.Both the buyer and the seller should be familiar with not only the money amount, but with the amount and quality of the product or service to be exchanged, the time and place at which the exchange will take place and payment will be made, the form of money to be used, the credit terms and discounts that apply to the transaction, guarantees on the product or service, delivery terms, return privileges, and other factors.In other words, both buyer and seller should be fully aware of all the factors that comprise the total ―package‖ being exchanged for the asked-for amount of money in order that they may evaluate a given price.04 Electricity

The modern age is an age of electricity.People are so used to electric lights, radio, televisions, and telephones that it is hard to imagine what life would be like without them.When there is a power failure, people grope about in flickering candlelight, cars hesitate in the streets because there are no traffic lights to guide them, and food spoils in silent refrigerators.Yet, people began to understand how electricity works only a little more than two centuries ago.Nature has apparently been experimenting in this field for million of years.Scientists are discovering more and more that the living world may hold many interesting secrets of electricity that could benefit humanity.All living cell send out tiny pulses of electricity.As the heart beats, it sends out pulses of record;they form an electrocardiogram, which a doctor can study to determine how well the heart is working.The brain, too, sends out brain waves of electricity, which can be recorded in an electroencephalogram.The electric currents generated by most living cells are extremely small – often so small that sensitive instruments are needed to record them.But in some animals, certain muscle cells have become so specialized as electrical generators that they do not work as muscle cells at all.When large numbers of these cell are linked together, the effects can be astonishing.The electric eel is an amazing storage battery.It can seed a jolt of as much as eight hundred volts of electricity through the water in which it live.(An electric house current is only one hundred twenty volts.)As many as four-fifths of all the cells in the electric eel’s body are specialized for generating electricity, and the strength of the shock it can deliver corresponds roughly to length of its body.05 The Beginning of Drama

There are many theories about the beginning of drama in ancient Greece.The on most widely accepted today is based on the assumption that drama evolved from ritual.The argument for this view goes as follows.In the beginning, human beings viewed the natural forces of the world-even the seasonal changes-as unpredictable, and they sought through various means to control these unknown and feared powers.Those measures which appeared to bring the desired results were then retained and repeated until they hardened into fixed rituals.Eventually stories arose which explained or veiled the mysteries of the rites.As time passed some rituals were abandoned,but the stories, later called myths, persisted and provided material for art and drama.Those who believe that drama evolved out of ritual also argue that those rites contained the seed of theater because music,dance, masks, and costumes were almost always used, Furthermore, a suitable site had to be provided for performances and when the entire community did not participate, a clear division was usually made between the “acting area” and the “auditorium.” In addition, there were performers,and, since considerable importance was attached to avoiding mistakes in the enactment of rites, religious leaders usually assumed that task.Wearing masks and costumes, they often impersonated other people, animals, or supernatural beings, and mimed the desired effect-success in hunt or battle, the coming rain, the revival of the Sun-as an actor might.Eventually such dramaticrepresentations were separated from religious activities.Another theory traces the theater's originfrom the human interest in storytelling.According to this vies tales(aboutthe hunt, war, or other feats)are gradually elaborated, at first through theuse of impersonation, action, and dialogue by a narrator and then through theassumption of each of the roles by a different person.A closely related theorytraces theater to those dances that are primarily rhythmical and gymnastic orthat are imitations of animal movements and sounds.06 Television

Television-----the most pervasive andpersuasive of modern technologies, marked by rapid change and growth-is movinginto a new era, an era of extraordinary sophistication and versatility, whichpromises to reshape our lives and our world.It is an electronic revolution ofsorts, made possible by the marriage of television and computer technologies.The word “television”, derivedfrom its Greek(tele: distant)and Latin(visio: sight)roots, can literally beinterpreted as sight from a distance.Very simply put, it works in this way:through a sophisticated system of electronics, television provides thecapability of converting an image(focused on a special photoconductive platewithin a camera)into electronic impulses, which can be sent through a wire orcable.These impulses, when fed into a receiver(television set), can then beelectronically reconstituted into that same image.Television is more than just an electronicsystem, however.It is a means of expression, as well as a vehicle forcommunication, and as such becomes a powerful tool for reaching other humanbeings.The field of television can be divided intotwo categories determined by its means of transmission.First, there isbroadcast television, which reaches the masses through broad-based airwave transmissionof television signals.Second, there is nonbroadcast television, which providesfor the needs of individuals or specific interest groups through controlledtransmission techniques.Traditionally, television has been a mediumof the masses.We are most familiar with broadcast television because it hasbeen with us for about thirty-seven years in a form similar to what existstoday.During those years, it has been controlled, for the most part, by thebroadcast networks, ABC, NBC, and CBS, who have been the major purveyors ofnews, information, and entertainment.These giants of broadcasting haveactually shaped not only television but our perception of it as well.We havecome to look upon the picture tube as a source of entertainment, placing ourrole in this dynamic medium as the passive viewer.07 Andrew Carnegie

Andrew Carnegie, known as the King of Steel,built the steel industry in the United States, and , in the process, became oneof the wealthiest men in America.His success resulted in part from his abilityto sell the product and in part from his policy of expanding during periods ofeconomic decline, when most of his competitors were reducing their investments.Carnegie believed that individuals shouldprogress through hard work, but he also felt strongly that the wealthy shoulduse their fortunes for the benefit of society.He opposed charity, preferringinstead to provide educational opportunities that would allow others to helpthemselves.“He who dies rich, dies disgraced,” he often said.Among his more noteworthy contributions tosociety are those that bear his name, including the Carnegie Institute ofPittsburgh, which has a library, a museum of fine arts, and a museum ofnational history.He also founded a school of technology that is now part ofCarnegie-Mellon University.Other philanthrophic gifts are the CarnegieEndowment for International Peace to promote understanding between nations, theCarnegie Institute of Washington to fund scientific research, and Carnegie Hallto provide a center for the arts.Few Americans have been left untouched byAndrew Carnegie's generosity.His contributions of more than five milliondollars established 2,500 libraries in small communities throughout the countryand formed the nucleus of the public library system that we all enjoy today.08 American Revolution

The American Revolution was not a sudden andviolent overturning of the political and social framework, such as lateroccurred in France and Russia, when both were already independent nations.Significant changes were ushered in, but they were not breathtaking.Whathappened was accelerated evolution rather than outright revolution.During theconflict itself people went on working and praying, marrying and playing.Mostof them were not seriously disturbed by the actual fighting, and many of themore isolated communities scarcely knew that a war was on.America's War of Independence heralded thebirth of three modern nations.One was Canada, which received its first largeinflux of English-speaking population from the thousands of loyalists who fledthere from the United States.Another was Australia, which became a penalcolony now that America was no longer available for prisoners and debtors.Thethird newcomer-the United States-based itself squarely on republicanprinciples.Yet even the political overturn was not sorevolutionary as one might suppose.In some states, notably Connecticut andRhode Island, the war largely ratified a colonial self-rule already existing.British officials, everywhere ousted, were replaced by a home-grown governingclass, which promptly sought a local substitute for king and Parliament.09 Suburbanization

If by “suburb” is meant an urbanmargin that grows more rapidly than its already developed interior, the processof suburbanization began during the emergence of the industrial city in thesecond quarter of the nineteenth century.Before that period the city was asmall highly compact cluster in which people moved about on foot and goods wereconveyed by horse and cart.But the early factories built in the 1840's werelocated along waterways and near railheads at the edges of cities, and housingwas needed for the thousands of people drawn by the prospect of employment.Intime, the factories were surrounded by proliferating mill towns of apartmentsand row houses that abutted the older, main cities.As a defense against thisencroachment and to enlarge their tax bases, the cities appropriated theirindustrial neighbors.In 1854, for example, the city of Philadelphia annexedmost of Philadelphia County.Similar municipal maneuvers took place in Chicagoand in New York.Indeed, most great cities of the United States achieved suchstatus only by incorporating the communities along their borders.With the acceleration of industrial growth came acute urban crowding andaccompanying social stress-conditions that began to approach disastrousproportions when, in 1888, the first commercially successful electric tractionline was developed.Within a few years the horse-drawn trolleys were retiredand electric streetcar networks crisscrossed and connected every major urbanarea, fostering a wave of suburbanization that transformed the compactindustrial city into a dispersed metropolis.This first phase of mass-scalesuburbanization was reinforced by the simultaneous emergence of the urbanMiddle Class, whose desires for homeownership in neighborhoods far from theaging inner city were satisfied by the developers of single-family housingtracts.Types of Speech

Standard usage includes those words andexpressions understood, used, and accepted by a majority of the speakers of alanguage in any situation regardless of the level of formality.As such, thesewords and expressions are well defined and listed in standard dictionaries.Colloquialisms, on the other hand, are familiar words and idioms that areunderstood by almost all speakers of a language and used in informal speech orwriting, but not considered appropriate for more formal situations.Almost allidiomatic expressions are colloquial language.Slang, however, refers to wordsand expressions understood by a large number of speakers but not accepted asgood, formal usage by the majority.Colloquial expressions and even slang maybe found in standard dictionaries but will be so identified.Both colloquialusage and slang are more common in speech than in writing.Colloquial speech often passes into standardspeech.Some slang also passes into standard speech, but other slangexpressions enjoy momentary popularity followed by obscurity.In some cases,the majority never accepts certain slang phrases but nevertheless retains themin their collective memories.Every generation seems to require its own set ofwords to describe familiar objects and events.It has been pointed out by anumber of linguists that three cultural conditions are necessary for thecreation of a large body of slang expressions.First, the introduction andacceptance of new objects and situations in the society;second, a diversepopulation with a large number of subgroups;third, association among thesubgroups and the majority population.Finally, it is worth noting that the terms“standard” “colloquial” and “slang” exist only asabstract labels for scholars who study language.Only a tiny number of thespeakers of any language will be aware that they are using colloquial or slangexpressions.Most speakers of English will, during appropriate situations,select and use all three types of expressions.11 Archaeology

Archaeology is a source of history, not justa bumble auxiliary discipline.Archaeological data are historical documents intheir own right, not mere illustrations to written texts, Just as much as anyother historian, an archaeologist studies and tries to reconstitute the processthat has created the human world in which we livespace.Withcollections expanding, with the needs and functions of museums changing, emptyspace has become a very precious commodity.Probably nowhere in the country is this moretrue than at the Philadelphia Museum of Art, which has needed additional spacefor decades and which received its last significant facelift ten years ago.Because of the space crunch, the Art Museum has become increasingly cautious inconsidering acquisitions and donations of art, in some cases passing upopportunities to strengthen its collections.Deaccessingworks of arthas taken on new importance because of the museum's space problems.Andincreasingly, curators have been forced to juggle gallery space, rotating onemasterpiece into public view while another is sent to storage.Despite the clear need for additionalgallery and storage space, however,“ the museum has no plan, no plan tobreak out of its envelope in the next fifteen years,” according toPhiladelphia Museum of Art's president.Skyscrapers and Environment

In the late 1960's, many people in NorthAmerica turned their attention to environmental problems, and newsteel-and-glass skyscrapers were widely criticized.Ecologists pointed out thata cluster of tall buildings in a city often overburdens public transportationand parking lot capacities.Skyscrapers are also lavish consumers, andwasters, of electric power.In one recent year, the addition of 17 millionsquare feet of skyscraper office space in New York City raised the peak dailydemand for electricity by 120, 000 kilowatts-enough to supply the entire cityof Albany, New York, for a day.Glass-walled skyscrapers can be especiallywasteful.The heat loss(or gain)through a wall of half-inch plate glass ismore than ten times that through a typical masonry wall filled with insulationboard.To lessen the strain on heating and air-conditioning equipment, buildersof skyscrapers have begun to use double-glazed panels of glass, and reflectiveglasses coated with silver or gold mirror films that reduce glare as well asheat gain.However, mirror-walled skyscrapers raise the temperature of thesurrounding air and affect neighboring buildings.Skyscrapers put a severe strain on a city'ssanitation facilities, too.If fully occupied, the two World Trade Centertowers in New York City would alone generate 2.25 million gallons of raw sewageeach year-as much as a city the size of Stanford, Connecticut , which has apopulation of more than 109, 000.A Rare Fossil Record

The preservation of embryos and juveniles isa rate occurrence in the fossil record.The tiny, delicate skeletons areusually scattered by scavengers or destroyed by weathering before they can befossilized.Ichthyosaurs had a higher chance of being preserved than didterrestrial creatures because, as marine animals, they tended to live inenvironments less subject to erosion.Still, their fossilization required asuite of factors: a slow rate of decay of soft tissues, little scavenging byother animals, a lack of swift currents and waves to jumble and carry awaysmall bones, and fairly rapid burial.Given these factors, some areas have becomea treasury of well-preserved ichthyosaur fossils.The deposits at Holzmaden, Germany, presentan interesting case for analysis.The ichthyosaur remains are found in black,bituminous marine shales deposited about 190 million years ago.Over the years,thousands of specimens of marine reptiles, fish and invertebrates have beenrecovered from these rocks.The quality of preservation is outstanding, butwhat is even more impressive is the number of ichthyosaur fossils containingpreserved embryos.Ichthyosaurs with embryos have been reported from 6different levels of the shale in a small area around Holzmaden, suggesting thata specific site was used by large numbers of ichthyosaurs repeatedly over time.The embryos are quite advanced in their physical development;their paddles,for example, are already well formed.One specimen is even preserved in thebirth canal.In addition, the shale contains the remains of many newborns thatare between 20 and 30 inches long.Why are there so many pregnant females andyoung at Holzmaden when they are so rare elsewhere? The quality of preservationis almost unmatched and quarry operations have been carried out carefully withan awareness of the value of the fossils.But these factors do not account forthe interesting question of how there came to be such a concentration ofpregnant ichthyosaurs in a particular place very close to their time of givingbirth.The Nobel Academy

For the last 82years, Sweden's Nobel Academyhas decided who will receive the Nobel Prize in Literature, thereby determiningwho will be elevated from the great and the near great to the immortal.Buttoday the Academy is coming under heavy criticism both from the without andfrom within.Critics contend that the selection of the winners often has lessto do with true writing ability than with the peculiar internal politics of theAcademy and of Sweden itself.According to Ingmar Bjorksten , the culturaleditor for one of the country's two major newspapers, the prize continues torepresent “what people call a very Swedish exercise: reflecting Swedishtastes.”

The Academy has defended itself against suchcharges of provincialism in its selection by asserting that its physicaldistance from the great literary capitals of the world actually serves toprotect the Academy from outside influences.This may well be true, but criticsrespond that this very distance may also be responsible for the Academy'sinability to perceive accurately authentic trends in the literary world.Regardless of concerns over the selectionprocess, however, it seems that the prize will continue to survive both as anindicator of the literature that we most highly praise, and as an elusive goalthat writers seek.If for no other reason, the prize will continue to be desirablefor the financial rewards that accompany it;not only is the cash prize itselfconsiderable, but it also dramatically increases sales of an author's books.16.the war betweenBritain and France

In the late eighteenth century, battles raged in almostevery corner of Europe, as well as in the Middle East, south Africa ,the WestIndies, and Latin America.In reality, however, there was only one major warduring this time, the war between Britain and France.All other battles wereancillary to this larger conflict, and were often at least partially related toits antagonist’ goals and strategies.France sought total domination of Europe.this goal was obstructed by British independence and Britain’s effortsthroughout the continent to thwart Napoleon;through treaties.Britain builtcoalitions(not dissimilar in concept to today’s NATO)guaranteeing Britishparticipation in all major European conflicts.These two antagonists werepoorly matched, insofar as they had very unequal strengths;France waspredominant on land, Britain at sea.The French knew that, short of defeatingthe British navy, their only hope of victory was to close all the ports ofEurope to British ships.Accordingly, France set out to overcome Britain byextending its military domination from Moscow t Lisbon, from Jutland toCalabria.All of this entailed tremendous risk, because France did not have themilitary resources to control this much territory and still protect itself andmaintain order at home.French strategists calculated that a navy of 150 shipswould provide the force necessary to defeat the British navy.Such a forcewould give France a three-to-two advantage over Britain.This advantage wasdeemed necessary because of Britain’s superior sea skills and technology becauseof Britain’s superior sea skills and technology, and also because Britain wouldbe fighting a defensive war, allowing it to win with fewer forces.Napoleonnever lost substantial impediment to his control of Europe.As his force nearedthat goal, Napoleon grew increasingly impatient and began planning an immediateattack.17.Evolution of sleep

Sleep is very ancient.In the electroencephalographicsense we share it with all the primates and almost all the other mammals andbirds: it may extend back as far as the reptiles.There is some evidence that the two types of sleep,dreaming and dreamless, depend on the life-style of the animal, and thatpredators are statistically much more likely to dream than prey, which are inturn much more likely to experience dreamless sleep.In dream sleep, the animalis powerfully immobilized and remarkably unresponsive to external stimuli.Dreamless sleep is much shallower, and we have all witnessed cats or dogscocking their ears to a sound when apparently fast asleep.The fact that deepdream sleep is rare among pray today seems clearly to be a product of naturalselection, and it makes sense that today, when sleep is highly evolved, thestupid animals are less frequently immobilized by deep sleep than the smart ones.But why should they sleep deeply at all? Why should a state of such deepimmobilization ever have evolved?

Perhaps one useful hint about the original function ofsleep is to be found in the fact that dolphins and whales and aquatic mammalsin genera seem to sleep very little.There is, by and large, no place to hidein the ocean.Could it be that, rather than increasing an animal’svulnerability, the University of Florida and Ray Meddis of London Universityhave suggested this to be the case.It is conceivable that animals who are toostupid to be quite on their own initiative are, during periods of high risk,immobilized by the implacable arm of sleep.The point seems particularly clearfor the young of predatory animals.This is an interesting notion and probablyat least partly true.18.Modern American Universities胖胖：）

Before the 1850’s, the United States had anumber of small colleges, most of them dating from colonial days.They weresmall, church connected institutions whose primary concern was to shape themoral character of their students.Throughout Europe, institutions of higherlearning had developed, bearing the ancient name of university.In Germanuniversity was concerned primarily with creating and spreading knowledge, notmorals.Between mid-century and the end of the 1800’s, more than nine thousandyoung Americans, dissatisfied with their training at home, went to Germany foradvanced study.Some of them return to become presidents of venerablecolleges-----Harvard, Yale, Columbia---and transform them into modernuniversities.The new presidents broke all ties with the churches and broughtin a new kind of faculty.Professors were hired for their knowledge of asubject, not because they were of the proper faith and had a strong arm fordisciplining students.The new principle was that a university was to createknowledge as well as pass it on, and this called for a faculty composed ofteacher-scholars.Drilling and learning by rote were replaced by the Germanmethod of lecturing, in which the professor’s own research was presented inclass.Graduate training leading to the Ph.D., an ancient German degreesignifying the highest level of advanced scholarly attainment, was introduced.With the establishment of the seminar system, graduate student learned toquestion, analyze, and conduct their own research.At the same time, the new university greatlyexpanded in size and course offerings, breaking completely out of the old,constricted curriculum of mathematics, classics, rhetoric, and music.Thepresident of Harvard pioneered the elective system, by which students were ableto choose their own course of study.The notion of major fields of studyemerged.The new goal was to make the university relevant to the real pursuitsof the world.Paying close heed to the practical needs of society, the newuniversities trained men and women to work at its tasks, with engineeringstudents being the most characteristic of the new regime.Students were alsotrained as economists, architects, agriculturalists, social welfare workers,and teachers.19.children’s numerical skills怎么还是胖胖：）

people appear to born to compute.Thenumerical skills of children develop so early and so inexorably that it is easyto imagine an internal clock of mathematical maturity guiding their growth.Notlong after learning to walk and talk, they can set the table with impressaccuracy---one knife, one spoon, one fork, for each of the five chairs.Soonthey are capable of nothing that they have placed five knives, spoons and forkson the table and, a bit later, that this amounts to fifteen pieces ofsilverware.Having thus mastered addition, they move on to subtraction.Itseems almost reasonable to expect that if a child were secluded on a desertisland at birth and retrieved seven years later, he or she could enter a secondenter a second-grade mathematics class without any serious problems ofintellectual adjustment.Of course, the truth is not so simple.Thiscentury, the work of cognitive psychologists has illuminated the subtle formsof daily learning on which intellectual progress depends.Children wereobserved as they slowly grasped-----or, as the case might be, bumpedinto-----concepts that adults take for quantity is unchanged as water poursfrom a short glass into a tall thin one.Psychologists have since demonstratedthat young children, asked to count the pencils in a pile, readily report thenumber of blue or red pencils, but must be coaxed into finding the total.Suchstudies have suggested that the rudiments of mathematics are masteredgradually, and with effort.They have also suggested that the very concept ofabstract numbers------the idea of a oneness，a twoness, a threeness that applies to anyclass of objects and is a prerequisite for doing anything more mathematicallydemanding than setting a table-----is itself far from innate The Historical Significanceof American Revolution

The ways of history are so intricate and themotivations of human actions so complex that it is always hazardous to attemptto represent events covering a number of years, a multiplicity of persons, anddistant localities as the expression of one intellectual or social movement;yet the historical process which culminated in the ascent of Thomas Jeffersonto the presidency can be regarded as the outstanding example not only of thebirth of a new way of life but of nationalism as a new way of life.TheAmerican Revolution represents the link between the seventeenth century, inwhich modern England became conscious ofitself, and the awakening of modern Europe at the end of the eighteenthcentury.It may seem strange that the march of history should have had to crossthe Atlantic Ocean, but only in theNorth American colonies could a struggle for civic liberty lead also to thefoundation of a new nation.Here, in the popular rising against a ―tyrannical‖government, the fruits were more than the securing of a freer constitution.They included the growth of a nation born in liberty by the will of the people,not from the roots of common descent, a geographic entity, or the ambitions ofking or dynasty.With the American nation, for the first time, a nation wasborn, not in the dim past of history but before the eyes of the whole world.21 The Origin of Sports

When did sport begin? If sport is, inessence, play, the claim might be made that sport is much older than humankind,for , as we all have observed, the beasts play.Dogs and cats wrestle and playball games.Fishes and birds dance.The apes have simple, pleasurable games.Frolicking infants, school children playing tag, and adult arm wrestlers aredemonstrating strong, transgenerational and transspecies bonds with theuniverse of animals – past, present, and future.Young animals, particularly,tumble, chase, run wrestle, mock, imitate, and laugh(or so it seems)to thepoint of delighted exhaustion.Their play, and ours, appears to serve no otherpurpose than to give pleasure to the players, and apparently, to remove ustemporarily from the anguish of life in earnest.Somephilosophers have claimed that our playfulness is the most noble part of ourbasic nature.In their generous conceptions, play harmlessly and experimentallypermits us to put our creative forces, fantasy, and imagination into action.Play is release from the tedious battles against scarcity and decline which arethe incessant, and inevitable, tragedies of life.This is a grand conceptionthat excites and provokes.The holders of this view claim that the origins ofour highest accomplishments----liturgy, literature, and law----can betraced to a play impulse which, paradoxically, we see most purely enjoyed byyoung beasts and children.Our sports, in this rather happy, nonfatalistic viewof human nature, are more splendid creations of the nondatable, transspeciesplay impulse.22.Collectibles Collectibles have been a part of almostevery culture since ancient times.Whereas some objects have been collected fortheir usefulness, others have been selected for their aesthetic beauty alone.In the United States, the kinds of collectibles currently popular range fromtraditional objects such as stamps, coins, rare books, and art to more recentitems of interest like dolls, bottles, baseball cards, and comic books.Interest in collectibles has increasedenormously during the past decade, in part because some collectibles havedemonstrated their value as investments.Especially during cycles of highinflation, investors try to purchase tangibles that will at least retain theircurrent market values.In general, the most traditional collectibles will besought because they have preserved their value over the years, there is anorganized auction market for them, and they are most easily sold in the eventthat cash is needed.Some examples of the most stable collectibles are oldmasters, Chinese ceramics, stamps, coins, rare books, antique jewelry, silver,porcelain, art by well-known artists, autographs, and period furniture.Otheritems of more recent interest include old photograph records, old magazines,post cards, baseball cards, art glass, dolls, classic cars, old bottles, andcomic books.These relatively new kinds of collectibles may actually appreciatefaster as short-term investments, but may not hold their value as long-terminvestments.Once a collectible has had its initial play, it appreciates at afairly steady rate, supported by an increasing number of enthusiasticcollectors competing for the limited supply of collectibles that becomeincreasingly more difficult to locate.Ford

Although Henry Ford’s name is closelyassociated with the concept of mass production, he should receive equal creditfor introducing labor practices as early as 1913 that would be consideredadvanced even by today’s standards.Safety measures were improved, and the workday was reduced to eight hours, compared with the ten-or twelve-hour day commonat the time.In order to accommodate the shorter work day, the entire factorywas converted from two to three shifts.In addition, sick leaves as well as improvedmedical care for those injured on the job were instituted.The Ford MotorCompany was one of the first factories to develop a technical school to trainspecialized skilled laborers and an English language school for immigrants.Some efforts were even made to hire the handicapped and provide jobs for formerconvicts.The most widely acclaimed innovation was thefive-dollar-a-day minimum wage that was offered in order to recruit and retainthe best mechanics and to discourage the growth of labor unions.Ford explainedthe new wage policy in terms of efficiency and profit sharing.He alsomentioned the fact that his employees would be able to purchase the automobilesthat they produced – in effect creating a market for the product.In order toqualify for the minimum wage, an employee had to establish a decent home anddemonstrate good personal habits, including sobriety, thriftiness,industriousness, and dependability.Although some criticism was directed atFord for involving himself too much in the personal lives of his employees,there can be no doubt that, at a time when immigrants were being takenadvantage of in frightful ways, Henry Ford was helping many people to establishthemselves in America.24．Piano

The ancestry of the piano can be traced tothe early keyboard instruments of the fifteenth and sixteenth centuries---thespinet, the dulcimer, and the virginal.In the seventeenth century the organ,the clavichord, and the harpsichord became the chief instruments of thekeyboard group, a supremacy they maintained until the piano supplanted them atthe end of the eighteenth century.The clavichord’s tone was metallic and neverpowerful;nevertheless, because of the variety of tone possible to it, manycomposers found the clavichord a sympathetic instrument for intimate chambermusic.The harpsichord with its bright, vigorous tone was the favoriteinstrument for supporting the bass of the small orchestra of the period and forconcert use, but the character of the tone could not be varied save bymechanical or structural devices.The piano was perfected in the earlyeighteenth century by a harpsichord maker in Italy(though musicologists pointout several previous instances of theinstrument).This instrument was called a piano e forte(sort and loud), toindicate its dynamic versatility;its strings were struck by a recoiling hammerwith a felt-padded head.The wires were much heavier in the earlierinstruments.A series of mechanical improvements continuing well into thenineteenth century, including the introduction of pedals to sustain tone or tosoften it, the perfection of a metal frame, and steel wire of the finestquality, finally produced an instrument capable of myriad tonal effects from themost delicate harmonies to an almost orchestral fullness of sound, from aliquid, singing tone to a sharp, percussive brilliance.NOTE: Musical Instruments 1.Thestrings(弦乐)1)plectrum: harp,lute, guitar, mandolin;2)keyboard:clavichord, harpsichord, piano;3)bow: violin,viola, cello, double bass.2.The Wood（木管）—winds : piccolo, flute, oboe, clarinet,bassoon, English horn;3.the brass（铜管）: Frenchhorn, trumpet, trombone, cornet, tuba, bugle, saxophone;4.thepercussion（打击组）: kettledrum, bass drum, snare drum, castanet, xylophone, celesta, cymbal, tambourine.25.Movie Music

Accustomed though we are to speaking of thefilms made before 1927 as ―silent‖, the film has never been, in the full senseof the word, silent.From the very beginning, music was regarded as anindispensable accompaniment;when the Lumiere films were shown at the firstpublic film exhibition in the United States in February 1896, they were accompaniedby piano improvisations on popular tunes.At first, the music played bore nospecial relationship to the films;an accompaniment of any kind was sufficient.Within a very short time, however, the incongruity of playing lively music to asolemn film became apparent, and film pianists began to take some care inmatching their pieces to the mood of the film.As movie theaters grew in number andimportance, a violinist, and perhaps a cellist, would be added to the pianistin certain cases, and in the larger movie theaters small orchestras wereformed.For a number of years the selection of music for each film programrested entirely in the hands of the conductor or leader of the orchestra, andvery often the principal qualification for holding such a position was notskill or taste so much as the ownership of a large personal library of musicalpieces.Since the conductor seldom saw the films until the night before theywere to be shown(if indeed, the conductor was lucky enough to see them then), themusical arrangement was normally improvised in the greatest hurry.To help meet this difficulty, filmdistributing companies started the practice of publishing suggestions formusical accompaniments.In 1909, for example, the Edison Company began issuingwith their films such indications of mood as ― pleasant‖, ―sad‖, ―lively‖.Thesuggestions became more explicit, and so emerged the musical cue sheetcontaining indications of mood, the titles of suitable pieces of music, andprecise directions to show where one piece led into the next.Certain films had music especially composedfor them.The most famous of these early special scores was that composed andarranged for D.W Griffith’s film Birth of a Nation, which was released in 1915.Note: 美国通俗音乐分类： 1．Jazz;

1)traditional jazz----a)blues, 代表人物：Billy Holiday

b)ragtime(切分乐曲): 代表人物：Scott Joplin

c)New Orleans jazz(= Dixieland jazz)eg: Louis Armstron

d)swing

eg: Glenn Miller, Duke Ellington, etc.e)bop(=bebop, rebop)eg: Lester Young, Charlie Parker etc.2)modern jazz------a)cool jazz(=progressive jazz)高雅爵士乐。Eg: Kenny G.b)third-stream jazz.Eg: Charles Mingus, John Lewis.c)main stream jazz.d)avant-garde jazz.e)soul jazz.Eg: Sarah Vaughn, EllaFitzgerald

f)Latin jazz.2.gospelmusic 福音音乐，主要源于Nero spirituals.Eg.Dolly Parker, Mahalia Jackson 3.Countryand Western music.Eg.John Denver, Tammy Wynette, Kenny Rogers, etc.4.Rock music-----------a)rock and roll eg: Elvis Prestley(US), the Beatles(UK.)

b)folk rock Eg: Bob Dylon, Michael Jackson,Mariah Carey, Bruce Springsteen, Lionel Riche etc.c)punk rock

d)acid rock

e)rock jazz eg: M.J.McLaughlin

f)Jurassic rock 5.Musicfor easy listening(i.e.light music)

26.International Business andCross-cultural Communication

The increase in international business andin foreign investment has created a need for executives with knowledge offoreign languages and skills in cross-cultural communication.Americans,however, have not been well trained in either area and, consequently, have notenjoyed the same level of success in negotiation in an international arena ashave their foreign counterparts.Negotiating is the process of communicatingback and forth for the purpose of reaching an agreement.It involves persuasionand compromise, but in order to participate in either one, the negotiators mustunderstand the ways in which people are persuaded and how compromise is reachedwithin the culture of the negotiation.In many international business negotiationsabroad, Americans are perceived as wealthy and impersonal.It often appears tothe foreign negotiator that the American represents a largemulti-million-dollar corporation that can afford to pay the price withoutbargaining further.The American negotiator’s role becomes that of animpersonal purveyor of information and cash.In studies of American negotiators abroad,several traits have been identified that may serve to confirm thisstereotypical perception, while undermining the negotiator’s position.Twotraits in particular that cause cross-cultural misunderstanding are directnessand impatience on the part of the American negotiator.Furthermore, Americannegotiators often insist on realizing short-term goals.Foreign negotiators, onthe other hand, may value the relationship established between negotiators andmay be willing to invest time in it for long-term benefits.In order tosolidify the relationship, they may opt for indirect interactions withoutregard for the time involved in getting to know the other negotiator.27.Scientific Theories In science, a theory is a reasonableexplanation of observed events that are related.A theory often involves animaginary model that helps scientists picture the way an observed event couldbe produced.A good example of this is found in the kinetic molecular theory,in which gases are pictured as being made up of many small particles that arein constant motion.A useful theory, in addition to explainingpast observations, helps to predict events that have not as yet been observed.After a theory has been publicized, scientists design experiments to test thetheory.If observations confirm the scientist’s predictions, the theory issupported.If observations do not confirm the predictions, the scientists mustsearch further.There may be a fault in the experiment, or the theory may haveto be revised or rejected.Science involves imagination and creativethinking as well as collecting information and performing experiments.Facts bythemselves are not science.As the mathematician Jules Henri Poincare said,―Science is built with facts just as a house is built with bricks, but acollection of facts cannot be called science any more than a pile of bricks canbe called a house.‖

Most scientists start an investigation byfinding out what other scientists have learned about a particular problem.After known facts have been gathered, the scientist comes to the part of theinvestigation that requires considerable imagination.Possible solutions to theproblem are formulated.These possible solutions are called hypotheses.In a way, any hypothesis is a leap into theunknown.It extends the scientist’s thinking beyond the known facts.Thescientist plans experiments, performs calculations, and makes observations totest hypotheses.Without hypothesis, further investigation lacks purpose anddirection.When hypotheses are confirmed, they are incorporated into theories.28.Changing Roles of PublicEducation

One of the most important socialdevelopments that helped to make possible a shift in thinking about the role ofpublic education was the effect of the baby boom of the 1950's and 1960's onthe schools.In the 1920's, but especially in the Depression conditions of the1930's, the United States experienced a declining birth rate---every thousandwomen aged fifteen to forty-four gave birth to about 118 live children in 1920,89.2 in 1930, 75.8 in 1936, and 80 in 1940.With the growing prosperity broughton by the Second World War and the economic boom that followed it young peoplemarried and established households earlier and began to raise larger familiesthan had their predecessors during the Depression.Birth rates rose to 102 perthousand in 1946,106.2 in 1950, and 118 in 1955.Although economics wasprobably the most important determinant, it is not the only explanation for thebaby boom.The increased value placed on the idea of the family also helps toexplain this rise in birth rates.The baby boomers began streaming into thefirst grade by the mid 1940's and became a flood by 1950.The public schoolsystem suddenly found itself overtaxed.While the number of schoolchildren rosebecause of wartime and postwar conditions, these same conditions made theschools even less prepared to cope with the food.The wartime economy meantthat few new schools were built between 1940 and 1945.Moreover, during the warand in the boom times that followed, large numbers of teachers left theirprofession for better-paying jobs elsewhere in the economy.Therefore in the 1950’s and 1960’s, the babyboom hit an antiquated and inadequate school system.Consequently, the ―custodial rhetoric‖ of the 1930’s and early 1940’s no longer made sense thatis, keeping youths aged sixteen and older out of the labor market by keepingthem in school could no longer be a high priority for an institution unable tofind space and staff to teach younger children aged five to sixteen.With thebaby boom, the focus of educators and of laymen interested in educationinevitably turned toward the lower grades and back to basic academic skills anddiscipline.The system no longer had much interest in offering nontraditional,new, and extra services to older youths.Telecommuting

Telecommuting--substituting the computerfor the trip to the job----has been hailed as a solution to all kinds ofproblems related to office work.For workers it promises freedom from the office,less time wasted in traffic, and help with child-care conflicts.Formanagement, telecommuting helps keep high performers on board, minimizestardiness and absenteeism by eliminating commutes, allows periods of solitudefor high-concentration tasks, and provides scheduling flexibility.In someareas, such as Southern California and Seattle, Washington, local governmentsare encouraging companies to start telecommuting programs in order to reducerush-hour congestion and improve air quality.But these benefits do not come easily.Making a telecommuting program work requires careful planning and anunderstanding of the differences between telecommuting realities and popularimages.Many workers are seduced by rosy illusionsof life as a telecommuter.A computer programmer from New York City moves tothe tranquil Adirondack Mountains and stays in contact with her office viacomputer.A manager comes in to his office three days a week and works at homethe other two.An accountant stays home to care for her sick child;she hooksup her telephone modern connections and does office work between calls to thedoctor.These are powerful images, but they are alimited reflection of reality.Telecommuting workers soon learn that it isalmost impossible to concentrate on work and care for a young child at the sametime.Before a certain age, young children cannot recognize, much less respect,the necessary boundaries between work and family.Additional child support isnecessary if the parent is to get any work done.Management too must separate the myth fromthe reality.Although the media has paid a great deal of attention totelecommuting in most cases it is the employee’s situation, not theavailability of technology that precipitates a telecommuting arrangement.That is partly why, despite the widespreadpress coverage, the number of companies with work-at-home programs or policyguidelines remains small.The origin of Refrigerators

By the mid-nineteenth century, the term―icebox‖ had entered the American language, but ice was still only beginning toaffect the diet of ordinary citizens in the United States.The ice trade grewwith the growth of cities.Ice was used in hotels, taverns, and hospitals, andby some forward-looking city dealers in fresh meat, fresh fish, and butter.After the Civil War(1861-1865),as ice was used to refrigerate freight cars, italso came into household use.Even before 1880,half of the ice sold in NewYork, Philadelphia, and Baltimore, and one-third of that sold in Boston andChicago, went to families for their own use.This had become possible because anew household convenience, the icebox, a precursor of the modern refrigerator,had been invented.Making an efficient icebox was not as easyas we might now suppose.In the early nineteenth century, the knowledge of thephysics of heat, which was essential to a science of refrigeration, wasrudimentary.The commonsense notion that the best icebox was one that preventedthe ice from melting was of course mistaken, for it was the melting of the icethat performed the cooling.Nevertheless, early efforts to economize iceincluded wrapping up the ice in blankets, which kept the ice from doing itsjob.Not until near the end of the nineteenth century did inventors achieve thedelicate balance of insulation and circulation needed for an efficient icebox.But as early as 1803, and ingenious Marylandfarmer, Thomas Moore, had been on the right track.He owned a farm about twentymiles outside the city of Washington, for which the village of Georgetown wasthe market center.When he used an icebox of his own design to transport hisbutter to market, he found that customers would pass up the rapidly melting stuff in the tubs of his competitorsto pay a premium price for his butter, still fresh and hard in neat, one-poundbricks.One advantage of his icebox, Moore explained, was that farmers would nolonger have to travel to market at night in order to keep their produce cool.31 British Columbia

British Columbia is the third largest Canadianprovinces, both in area and population.It is nearly 1.5 times as large asTexas, and extends 800 miles(1,280km)north from the United States border.Itincludes Canada’s entire west coast and the islands just off the coast.Most of British Columbia is mountainous,with long rugged ranges running north and south.Even the coastal islands arethe remains of a mountain range that existed thousands of years ago.During thelast Ice Age, this range was scoured by glaciers until most of it was beneath thesea.Its peaks now show as islands scattered along the coast.The southwestern coastal region has a humidmild marine climate.Sea winds that blow inland from the west are warmed by a current of warm water that flowsthrough the Pacific Ocean.As a result,winter temperatures average above freezing and summers are mild.These warmwestern winds also carry moisture from the ocean.Inland from the coast, the winds from thePacific meet the mountain barriers of the coastal ranges and the Rocky Mountains.As they rise to crossthe mountains, the winds are cooled, and their moisture begins to fall as rain.On some of the western slopes almost 200 inches(500cm)of rain fall each year.More than half of British Columbia isheavily forested.On mountain slopes that receive plentiful rainfall, hugeDouglas firs rise in towering columns.These forest giants often grow to be asmuch as 300 feet(90m)tall, with diameters up to 10 feet(3m).More lumber isproduced from these trees than from any other kind of tree in North America.Hemlock, red cedar, and balsam fir are among the other trees found in BritishColumbia.32 Botany

Botany, the study of plants, occupies apeculiar position in the history of human knowledge.For many thousands ofyears it was the one field of awareness about which humans had anything morethan the vaguest of insights.It is impossible to know today just what ourStone Age ancestors knew about plants, but form what we can observe ofpre-industrial societies that still exist a detailed learning of plants andtheir properties must be extremely ancient.This is logical.Plants are thebasis of the food pyramid for all living things even for other plants.Theyhave always been enormously important to the welfare of people not only for food,but also for clothing, weapons, tools, dyes, medicines, shelter, and a greatmany other purposes.Tribes living today in the jungles of the Amazon recognizeliterally hundreds of plants and know many properties of each.To them, botany,as such, has no name and is probably not even recognized as a special branch of― knowledge‖ at all.Unfortunately, the more industrialized webecome the farther away we move from direct contact with plants, and the lessdistinct our knowledge of botany grows.Yet everyone comes unconsciously on anamazing amount of botanical knowledge, and few people will fail to recognize arose, an apple, or an orchid.When our Neolithic ancestors, living in theMiddle East about 10,000 years ago, discovered that certain grasses could beharvested and their seeds planted for richer yields the next season the firstgreat step in a new association of plants and humans was taken.Grains werediscovered and from them flowed the marvel of agriculture: cultivated crops.From then on, humans would increasingly take their living from the controlledproduction of a few plants, rather than getting a little here and a littlethere from many varieties that grew wild-and the accumulated knowledge of tensof thousands of years of experience and intimacy with plants in the wild wouldbegin to fade away.33 Plankton浮游生物./ 'plжηktэn;`plжηktэn/

Scattered through the seas of the world arebillions of tons of small plants and animals called plankton.Most of theseplants and animals are too small for the human eye to see.They drift aboutlazily with the currents, providing a basic food for many larger animals.Plankton has been described as theequivalent of the grasses that grow on the dry land continents, and thecomparison is an appropriate one.In potential food value, however, planktonfar outweighs that of the land grasses.One scientist has estimated that whilegrasses of the world produce about 49 billion tons of valuable carbohydrateseach year, the sea’s plankton generates more than twice as much.Despite its enormous food potential, littleeffect was made until recently to farm plankton as we farm grasses on land.Nowmarine scientists have at last begun to study this possibility, especially asthe sea’s resources loom even more important as a means of feeding an expandingworld population.No one yet has seriously suggested that ―plankton-burgers‖ may soon become popular around the world.As a possiblefarmed supplementary food source, however, plankton is gaining considerableinterest among marine scientists.One type of plankton that seems to havegreat harvest possibilities is a tiny shrimp-like creature called krill.Growing to two or three inches long, krill provides the major food for thegreat blue whale, the largest animal to ever inhabit the Earth.Realizing thatthis whale may grow to 100 feet and weigh 150 tons at maturity, it is notsurprising that each one devours more than one ton of krill daily.34 Raising Oysters

In the oysters were raised in much the sameway as dirt farmers raised tomatoes-by transplanting them.First, farmersselected the oyster bed, cleared the bottom of old shells and other debris,then scattered clean shells about.Next, they ‖planted‖ fertilized oyster eggs,which within two or three weeks hatched into larvae.The larvae drifted untilthey attached themselves to the clean shells on the bottom.There they remainedand in time grew into baby oysters called seed or spat.The spat grew larger bydrawing in seawater from which they derived microscopic particles of food.Before long, farmers gathered the baby oysters, transplanted them once moreinto another body of water to fatten them up.Until recently the supply of wild oystersand those crudely farmed were more than enough to satisfy people’s needs.Buttoday the delectable seafood is no longer available in abundance.The problemhas become so serious that some oyster beds have vanished entirely.Fortunately, as far back as the early 1900’smarine biologists realized that if new measures were not taken, oysters wouldbecome extinct or at best a luxury food.So they set up well-equippedhatcheries and went to work.But they did not have the proper equipment or theskill to handle the eggs.They did not know when, what, and how to feed thelarvae.And they knew little about the predators that attack and eat babyoysters by the millions.They failed, but they doggedly kept at it.Finally, inthe 1940’s a significant breakthrough was made.The marine biologists discovered that byraising the temperature of the water, they could induce oysters to spawn notonly in the summer but also in the fall, winter, and spring.Later they developed a technique for feeding the larvaeand rearing them to spat.Going still further, they succeeded in breeding newstrains that were resistant to diseases, grew faster and larger, and flourishedin water of different salinities and temperatures.In addition, the cultivatedoysters tasted better!

35.Oil Refining

An important new industry, oil refining,grew after the Civil war.Crude oil, or petroleum – a dark, thick ooze from theearth – had been known for hundreds of years, but little use had ever been madeof it.In the 1850’s Samuel M.Kier, a manufacturer in western Pennsylvania,began collecting the oil from local seepages and refining it into kerosene.Refining, like smelting, is a process of removing impurities from a rawmaterial.Kerosene was used to light lamps.It was acheap substitute for whale oil, which was becoming harder to get.Soon there was a large demand forkerosene.People began to search for new supplies of petroleum.The first oil well was drilled by E.L.Drake, a retired railroad conductor.In 1859 he began drilling in Titusville,Pennsylvania.The whole venture seemed so impractical and foolish thatonlookers called it ― Drake’s Folly‖.But when he had drilled down about 70feet(21 meters), Drake struck oil.His well began to yield 20 barrels of crudeoil a day.News of Drake’s success brought oilprospectors to the scene.By the early 1860’s these wildcatters were drillingfor ― black gold‖ all over western Pennsylvania.The boom rivaled theCalifornia gold rush of 1848 in its excitement and Wild West atmosphere.And itbrought far more wealth to the prospectors than any gold rush.Crude oil could be refined into manyproducts.For some years kerosene continued to be the principal one.It wassold in grocery stores and door-to-door.In the 1880’s refiners learned how tomake other petroleum products such as waxes and lubricating oils.Petroleum wasnot then used to make gasoline or heating oil.36.Plate Tectonics and Sea-floorSpreading

The theory of plate tectonics describes themotions of the lithosphere, the comparatively rigid outer layer of the Earththat includes all the crust and part of the underlying mantle.Thelithosphere(n.[地]岩石圈)is divided into a few dozen platesof various sizes and shapes, in general the plates are in motion with respectto one another.A mid-ocean ridge is a boundary between plates where newlithospheric material is injected from below.As the plates diverge from amid-ocean ridge they slide on a more yielding layer at the base of thelithosphere.Since the size of the Earth is essentiallyconstant, new lithosphere can be created at the mid-ocean ridges only if anequal amount of lithospheric material is consumed elsewhere.The site of thisdestruction is another kind of plate boundary: a subduction zone.There oneplate dives under the edge of another and is reincorporated into the mantle.Both kinds of plate boundary are associated with fault systems, earthquakes andvolcanism, but the kinds of geologic activity observed at the two boundariesare quite different.The idea of sea-floor spreading actuallypreceded the theory of plate tectonics.In its original version, in the early1960’s, it described the creation and destruction of the ocean floor, but itdid not specify rigid lithospheric plates.The hypothesis was substantiatedsoon afterward by the discovery that periodic reversals of the Earth’s magneticfield are recorded in the oceanic crust.As magma rises under the mid-oceanridge, ferromagnetic minerals in the magma become magnetized in the directionof the magma become magnetized in the direction of the geomagnetic field.Whenthe magma cools and solidifies, the direction and the polarity of the field arepreserved in the magnetized volcanic rock.Reversals of the field give rise toa series of magnetic stripes running parallel to the axis of the rift.Theoceanic crust thus serves as a magnetic tape recording of the history of thegeomagnetic field that can be dated independently;the width of the stripesindicates the rate of the sea-floor spreading.37 Icebergs

Icebergs are among nature’s most spectacularcreations, and yet most people have never seen one.A vague air of mysteryenvelops them.They come into being-----somewhere------in faraway, frigidwaters, amid thunderous noise and splashing turbulence, which in most cases noone hears or sees.They exist only a short time and then slowly waste away justas unnoticed.Objects of sheerest beauty they have beencalled.Appearing in an endless variety of shapes, they may be dazzlinglywhite, or they may be glassy blue, green or purple, tinted faintly of in darkerhues.They are graceful, stately, inspiring-----in calm, sunlight seas.But they are also called frightening anddangerous, and that they are----in thenight, in the fog, and in storms.Even in clear weather one is wise to stay asafe distance away from them.Most of their bulk is hidden below the water, sotheir underwater parts may extend out far beyond the visible top.Also, theymay roll over unexpectedly, churning the waters around them.Icebergs are parts of glaciers that breakoff, drift into the water, float about awhile, and finally melt.Icebergsafloat today are made of snowflakes that have fallen over long ages of time.They embody snows that drifted down hundreds, or many thousands, or in somecases maybe a million years ago.The snows fell in polar regions and on coldmountains, where they melted only a little or not at all, and so collected togreat depths over the years and centuries.As each year’s snow accumulation lay on thesurface, evaporation and melting caused the snowflakes slowly to lose theirfeathery points and become tiny grains of ice.When new snow fell on top of theold, it too turned to icy grains.So blankets of snow and ice grains mountedlayer upon layer and were of such great thickness that the weight of the upperlayers compressed the lower ones.With time and pressure from above, the manysmall ice grains joined and changed to larger crystals, and eventually thedeeper crystals merged into a solid mass of ice.38 Topaz

Topaz is a hard, transparent mineral.It isa compound of aluminum, silica, and fluorine.Gem topaz is valuable.Jewelerscall this variety of the stone ―precious topaz‖.The best-known precious topazgems range in color from rich yellow to light brown or pinkish red.Topaz isone of the hardest gem minerals.In the mineral table of hardness, it has arating of 8, which means that a knife cannot cut it, and that topaz willscratch quartz.The golden variety of precious topaz isquite uncommon.Most of the world’s topaz is white or blue.The white and bluecrystals of topaz are large, often weighing thousands of carats.For thisreason, the value of topaz does not depend so much on its size as it does withdiamonds and many other precious stones, where the value increases about fourtimes with each doubling of weight.The value of a topaz is largely determinedby its quality.But color is also important: blue topaz, for instance, is oftenirradiated to deepen and improve its color.Blue topaz is often sold as aquamarine and avariety of brown quartz is widely sold as topaz.The quartz is much less brilliantand more plentiful than true topaz.Most of it is variety of amethyst: thatheat has turned brown.NOTE: topaz/ 'tэupжz;`topжz/ n(a)[U] transparentyellow mineral 黄玉（矿物）.(b)[C] semi-preciousgem cut from this 黄玉;黄宝石.39 The Salinity of Ocean Waters

If the salinity of ocean waters is analyzed,it is found to vary only slightly from place to place.Nevertheless, some ofthese small changes are important.There are three basic processes that cause achange in oceanic salinity.One of these is the subtraction of water from theocean by means of evaporation---conversion of liquid water to water vapor.Inthis manner the salinity is increased, since the salts stay behind.If this iscarried to the extreme, of course, white crystals of salt would be left behind.The opposite of evaporation isprecipitation, such as rain, by which water is added to the ocean.Here theocean is being diluted so that the salinity is decreased.This may occur inareas of high rainfall or in coastal regions where rivers flow into the ocean.Thus salinity may be increased by the subtraction of water by evaporation, ordecreased by the addition of fresh water by precipitation or runoff.Normally, in tropical regions where the sunis very strong, the ocean salinity is somewhat higher than it is in other partsof the world where there is not as much evaporation.Similarly, in coastal regionswhere rivers dilute the sea, salinity is somewhat lower than in other oceanicareas.A third process by which salinity may bealtered is associated with the formation and melting of sea ice.When sea wateris frozen, the dissolved materials are left behind.In this manner, sea waterdirectly materials are left behind.In this manner, sea water directly beneathfreshly formed sea ice has a higher salinity than it did before the iceappeared.Of course, when this ice melts, it will tend to decrease the salinityof the surrounding water.In the Weddell Sea Antarctica, the densestwater in the oceans is formed as a result of this freezing process, whichincreases the salinity of cold water.This heavy water sinks and is found inthe deeper portions of the oceans of the world.NOTE：

salinity/ sэ'linэti;sэ`linэti/

n[U] the high salinity of sea water 海水的高含盐量.-à>>saline / 'seilain;US-li:n;`selin/

1.adj[attrib 作定语](fml 文)containing salt;salty 含盐的;咸的: * a saline lake 盐湖

* saline springs 盐泉

* saline solution, eg as used for gargling,storing contact lenses, etc 盐溶液（如用于漱喉、存放隐形眼镜等）.2.n [U](medical 医)solutionof salt and water 盐水.40 Cohesion-tension Theory

Atmospheric pressure can support a column ofwater up to 10 meters high.But plants can move water much higher;the sequoiatree can pump water to its very top more than 100 meters above the ground.Until the end of the nineteenth century, the movement of water in trees andother tall plants was a mystery.Some botanists hypothesized that the livingcells of plants acted as pumps.But many experiments demonstrated that thestems of plants in which all the cells are killed can still move water toappreciable heights.Other explanations for the movement of water in plantshave been based on root pressure, a push on the water from the roots at thebottom of the plant.But root pressure is not nearly great enough to push waterto the tops of tall trees.Furthermore, the conifers, which are among thetallest trees, have unusually low root pressures.If water is not pumped to the top of a talltree, and if it is not pushed to the top of a tall tree, then we may ask: howdoes it get there? According to the currently accepted cohesion-tension theory,water is pulled there.The pull on a rising column of water in a plant resultsfrom the evaporation of water at the top of the plant.As water is lost fromthe surface of the leaves, a negative pressure, or tension, is created.Theevaporated water is replaced by water moving from inside the plant in unbrokencolumns that extend from the top of a plant to its roots.The same forces thatcreate surface tension in any sample of water are responsible for themaintenance of these unbroken columns of water.When water is confined in tubesof very small bore, the forces of cohesion(the attraction between watermolecules)are so great that the strength of a column of water compares withthe strength of a steel wire of the same diameter.This cohesive strengthpermits columns of water to be pulled to great heights without being broken.41.American black bears

American black bears appear in a variety ofcolors despite their name.In the eastern part of their range, most of thesebrown, red, or even yellow coats.To the north, the black bear is actually grayor white in color.Even in the same litter, both brown and black furred bearsmay be born.Black bears are the smallest of all Americanbears, ranging in length from five to six feet, weighing from three hundred tofive hundred pounds Their eyes and ears are small and their eyesight andhearing are not as good as their sense of smell.Like all bears, the black bear is timid,clumsy, and rarely dangerous , but if attacked, most can climb trees and coverground at great speeds.When angry or frightened, it is a formidable enemy.Black bears feed on leaves, herbs.Fruit,berries, insects, fish, and even larger animals.One of the most interestingcharacteristics of bears, including the black bear, is their winter sleep.Unlike squirrels, woodchucks, and many other woodland animals, bears do notactually hibernate.Although the bear does not during the winter moths,sustaining itself from body fat, its temperature remains almost normal, and itbreathes regularly four or five times per minute.Most black bears live alone, except duringmating season.They prefer to live in caves, hollow logs, or dense thickets.Alittle of one to four cubs is born in January or February after a gestationperiod of six to nine months, and they remain with their mother until they arefully grown or about one and a half years old.Black bears can live as long asthirty years in the wild , and even longer in game preserves set aside forthem.42.Coal-fired power plants

The invention of the incandescent light bulbby Thomas A.Edison in 1879 created a demand for a cheap, readily availablefuel with which to generate large amounts of electric power.Coal seemed to fitthe bill, and it fueled the earliest power stations.(which were set up at theend of the nineteenth century by Edison himself).As more power plants wereconstructed throughout the country, the reliance on coal increased throughoutthe country, the reliance on coal increased.Since the First World War,coal-fired power plants had a combined in the United States each year.In 1986such plants had a combined generating capacity of 289,000 megawatts andconsumed 83 percent of the nearly 900 million tons of coal mined in the countrythat year.Given the uncertainty in the future growth of the nearly 900 milliontons of coal mined in the country that year.Given the uncertainty in thefuture growth of nuclear power and in the supply of oil and natural gas,coal-fired power plants could well provide up to 70 percent of the electricpower in the United States by the end of the century.Yet, in spite of the fact that coal has longbeen a source of electricity and may remain on for many years(coal representsabout 80 percent of United States fossil-fuel reserves), it has actually neverbeen the most desirable fossil fuel for power plants.Coal contains less energyper unit of weight than weight than natural gas or oil;it is difficult totransport, and it is associated with a host of environmental issues, among themacid rain.Since the late 1960’s problems of emission control and wastedisposal have sharply reduced the appeal of coal-fired power plants.The costof ameliorating these environment problems along with the rising cost ofbuilding a facility as large and complex as a coal-fired power plant, have alsomade such plants less attractive from a purely economic perspective.Changes in the technological base ofcoal-fired power plants could restore their attractiveness, however.Whereassome of these changes are intended mainly to increase the productivity ofexisting plants, completely new technologies for burning coal cleanly are alsobeing developed.43.Statistics

There were two widely divergent influenceson the early development of statistical methods.Statistics had a mother whowas dedicated to keeping orderly records of government units(states andstatistics come from the same Latin root status)and a gentlemanly gamblingfather who relied on mathematics to increase his skill at playing the odds ingames of chance.The influence of the mother on the offspring, statistics, isrepresented by counting, measuring, describing, tabulating, ordering, and thetaking of censuses—all of which led to modern descriptive statistics.From theinfluence of the father came modern inferential statistics, which is basedsquarely on theories of probability.Describing collections involves tabulating,depicting and describing collections of data.These data may be quantitativesuch as measures of height, intelligence or grade level------variables that arecharacterized by an underlying continuum---or the data may representqualitative variables, such as sex, college major or personality type.Largemasses of data must generally undergo a process of summarization or reductionbefore they are comprehensible.Descriptive statistics is a tool for describingor summarizing or reducing to comprehensible form the properties of anotherwise unwieldy mass of data.Inferential statistics is a formalized bodyof methods for solving another class of problems that present great of problemscharacteristically involves attempts to make predictions using a sample ofobservations.For example, a school superintendent wishes to determine theproportion of children in a large school system who come to school withoutbreakfast, have been vaccinated for flu, or whatever.Having a little knowledgeof statistics, the superintendent would know that it is unnecessary andinefficient to question each child: the proportion for the sample of as few as100 children.Thus , the purpose of inferential statistics is to predict or estimatecharacteristics of a population from a knowledge of the characteristics of onlya sample of the population.44.Obtaining Fresh water fromicebergs

你好，我是胖胖：——）

The concept of obtaining fresh water fromicebergs that are towed to populated areas and arid regions of the world wasonce treated as a joke more appropriate to cartoons than real life.But now itis being considered quite seriously by many nations, especially sincescientists have warned that the human race will outgrow its fresh water supplyfaster than it runs out of food.Glaciers are a possible source of freshwater that has been overlooked until recently.Three-quarters of the Earth’sfresh water supply is still tied up in glacial ice, a reservoir of untappedfresh water so immense that it could sustain all the rivers of the world for1,000 years.Floating on the oceans every year are 7,659 trillion metric tonsof ice encased in 10000 icebergs that break away from the polar ice caps, morethan ninety percent of them from Antarctica.Huge glaciers that stretch over the shallowcontinental shelf give birth to icebergs throughout the year.Icebergs are notlike sea ice, which is formed when the sea itself freezes, rather, they areformed entirely on land, breaking off when glaciers spread over the sea.Asthey drift away from the polar region, icebergs sometimes move mysteriously ina direction opposite to the wind, pulled by subsurface currents.Because theymelt more slowly than smaller pieces of ice, icebergs have been known to drift asfar north as 35 degrees south of the equator in the Atlantic Ocean.To corralthem and steer them to parts of the world where they are needed would not betoo difficult.The difficulty arises in other technicalmatters, such as the prevention of rapid melting in warmer climates and thefunneling of fresh water to shore in great volume.But even if the icebergslost half of their volume in towing, the water they could provide would be farcheaper than that produced by desalinization, or removing salt from water.45.The source of Energy

A summary of the physical and chemicalnature of life must begin, not on the Earth, but in the Sun;in fact, at theSun’s very center.It is here that is to be found the source of the energy thatthe Sun constantly pours out into space as light and heat.This energy islibrated at the center of the Sun as billions upon billions of nuclei ofhydrogen atoms collide with each other and fuse together to form nuclei ofhelium, and in doing so, release some of the energy that is stored in thenuclei of atoms.The output of light and heat of the Sun requires that some 600million tons of hydrogen be converted into helium in the Sun every second.Thisthe Sun has been doing for several thousands of millions of year.The nuclear energy is released at the Sun’scenter as high-energy gamma radiation, a form of electromagnetic radiation likelight and radio waves, only of very much shorter wavelength.This gammaradiation is absorbed by atoms inside the Sun to be reemitted at slightlylonger wavelengths.This radiation , in its turn is absorbed and reemitted.Asthe energy filters through the layers of the solar interior, it passes throughthe X-ray part of the spectrum eventually becoming light.At this stage, it hasreached what we call the solar surface, and can escape into space without beingabsorbed further by solar atoms.A very small fraction of the Sun’s light andheat is emitted in such directions that after passing unhindered throughinterplanetary space, it hits the Earth.46.Visionby胖胖

Human vision like that of other primates hasevolved in an arboreal environment.In the dense complex world of a tropicalforest, it is more important to see well that to develop an acute sense ofsmell.In the course of evolution members of the primate line have acquiredlarge eyes while the snout has shrunk to give the eye an unimpeded view.Ofmammals only humans and some primates enjoy color vision.The red flag is blackto the bull.Horses live in a monochrome world.light visible to human eyeshowever occupies only a very narrow band in the whole electromagnetic spectrum.Ultraviolet rays are invisible to humans though ants and honeybees aresensitive to them.Humans though ants and honeybees are sensitive to them.Humans have no direct perception of infrared rays unlike the rattlesnake whichhas receptors tuned into wavelengths longer than 0.7 micron.The world wouldlook eerily different if human eyes were sensitive to infrared radiation.Theninstead of the darkness of night, we would be able to move easily in a strangeshadowless world where objects glowed with varying degrees of intensity.Buthuman eyes excel in other ways.They are in fact remarkably discerning in colorgradation.The color sensitivity of normal human vision is rarely surpassedeven by sophisticated technical devices.47 Folk Cultures胖胖提供：）

A folk culture is a small isolated,cohesive, conservative, nearly self-sufficient group that is homogeneous incustom and race with a strong family or clan structure and highly developedrituals.Order is maintained through sanctions based in the religion or familyand interpersonal.Relationships are strong.Tradition is paramount, and changecomes infrequently and slowly.There is relatively little division of laborinto specialized duties.Rather, each person is expected to perform a greatvariety of tasks, though duties may differ between the sexes.Most goods arehandmade and subsistence economy prevails.Individualism is weakly developed infolk cultures as are social classes.Unaltered folk cultures no longer exist inindustrialized countries such as the United States and Canada.Perhaps thenearest modern equivalent in Anglo America is the Amish, a German Americanfarming sect that largely renounces the products and labor saving devices of the industrial age.In Amish areas, horsedrawn buggies still serve as a local transportation device and the faithful arenot permitted to own automobiles.The Amish’s central religious concept ofDemut ―humility‖, clearly reflects theweakness of individualism and social class so typical of folk cultures andthere is a corresponding strength of Amish group identity.Rarely do the Amishmarry outside their sect.The religion, a variety of the Mennonite faith,provides the principal mechanism for maintaining order.By contrast a popular culture is a largeheterogeneous group often highly individualistic and a pronounced manyspecialized professions.Secular institutions of control such as the police andarmy take the place of religion and family in maintaining order, and amoney-based economy prevails.Because of these contrasts, ―popular‖ may beviewed as clearly different from ―folk‖.The popular is replacing the folk inindustrialized countries and in many developing nations.Folk-made objects giveway to their popular equivalent, usually because the popular item is morequickly or cheaply produced, is easier or time saving to use or leads moreprestige to the owner.48 Bacteriaby胖胖：）

Bacteria are extremely small living things.While we measure our own sizes in inches or centimeters, bacterial size ismeasured in microns.One micron is a thousandth of a millimeter: a pinhead isabout a millimeter across.Rod-shaped bacteria are usually from two to fourmicrons long, while rounded ones are generally one micron in diameter.Thus ifyou enlarged a rounded bacterium a thousand times, it would be just about thesize of a pinhead.An adult human magnified by the same amount would be over amile(1.6 kilometer)tall.Even with an ordinary microscope, you mustlook closely to see bacteria.Using a magnification of 100 times, one findsthat bacteria are barely visible as tiny rods or dots.One cannot make outanything of their structure.Using special stains, one can see that somebacteria have attached to them wavy-looking ―hairs‖ called flagella.Othershave only one flagellum.The flagella rotate, pushing the bacteria through thewater.Many bacteria lack flagella and cannot move about by their own power,while others can glide along over surfaces by some little-understood mechanism.From the bacteria point of view, the worldis a very different place from what it is to humans.To a bacterium water is asthick as molasses is to us.Bacteria are so small that they are influenced bythe movements of the chemical molecules around them.Bacteria under themicroscope, even those with no flagella, often bounce about in the water.Thisis because they collide with the watery molecules and are pushed this way andthat.Molecules move so rapidly that within a tenth of a second the moleculesaround a bacteria have all been replaced by new ones;even bacteria withoutflagella are thus constantly exposed to a changing environment.49 Sleep呵呵，还是胖胖：）

Sleet is part of a person’s daily activitycycle.There are several different stages of sleep, and they too occur incycles.If you are an average sleeper, your sleep cycle is as follows.When youfist drift off into slumber, your eyes will roll about a bit, you temperaturewill drop slightly, your muscles will relax, and your breathing well slow andbecome quite regular.Your brain waves slow and become quite regular.Yourbrain waves slow down a bit too, with the alpha rhythm of rather fast waves 1sleep.For the next half hour or so, as you relax more and more, you will driftdown through stage 2 and stage 3 sleep.The lower your stage of sleep.sloweryour brain waves will be.Then about 40to 69 minutes after you lose consciousnessyou will have reached the deepest sleep of all.Your brain will show the largeslow waves that are known as the delta rhythm.This is stage 4 sleep.You do not remain at this deep fourth stageall night long, but instead about 80 minutes after you fall into slumber, yourbrain activity level will increase again slightly.The delta rhythm willdisappear, to be replaced by the activity pattern of brain waves.Your eyeswill begin to dart around under your closed eyelids as if you were looking atsomething occurring in front of you.This period of rapid eye movement lastsfor some 8 to 15 minutes and is called REM sleep.It is during REM sleepperiod, your body will soon relax again, your breathing will slip gently backfrom stage 1 to stage 4 sleep----only to rise once again to the surface of nearconsciousness some 80 minutes later.50.Cells and Temperature

Cells cannot remain alive outside certainlimits of temperature and much narrower limits mark the boundaries of effectivefunctioning.Enzyme systems of mammals and birds are most efficient only withina narrow range around 37C;a departure of a few degrees from this valueseriously impairs their functioning.Even though cells can survive widerfluctuations the integrated actions of bodily systems are impaired.Otheranimals have a wider tolerance for changes of bodily temperature.For centuries it has been recognized thatmammals and birds differ from other animals in the way they regulate bodytemperature.Ways of characterizing the difference have become more accurateand meaningful over time, but popular terminology still reflects the old divisioninto ―warm-blooded‖ and ―cold-blooded‖ species;warm-blooded included mammalsand birds whereas all other creatures were considered cold-blooded.As morespecies were studied, it became evident that this classification wasinadequate.A fence lizard or a desert iguana—each cold-blooded----usually hasa body temperature only a degree or two below that of humans and so is notcold.Therefore the next distinction was made between animals that maintain aconstant body temperature, called home0therms, and those whose body temperaturevaries with their environments, called poikilotherms.But this classificationalso proved inadequate, because among mammals there are many that vary theirbody temperatures during hibernation.Furthermore, many invertebrates that livein the depths of the ocean never experience change in the depths of the oceannever experience change in the chill of the deep water, and their bodytemperatures remain constant.

第二篇：英语六级作文精华

英语六级作文模板

开头万能公式

1． 开头万能公式一：名人名言A proverb says, “ You are only young once.”（适用于已记住的名言）It goes without saying that we cannot be young forever.（适用于自编名言）更多经典句型：As everyone knows, No one can deny that…

2． 开头万能公式二：数字统计

According to a recent survey, about 78.9% of the college students wanted to further their study after their graduation.Honesty：根据最近的一项统计调查显示，大学生向老师请假的理由当中78%都是假的。

Travel by Bike：根据最近的一项统计调查显示，85%的人在近距离旅行的时候首选的交通工具是自行车。

Youth：根据最近的一项统计调查显示，在某个大学，学生的课余时间的70%都是在休闲娱乐。Five-day Work Week Better than Six-day Work?：根据最近的一项统计调查显示，98%的人同意每周五天工作日。

更多句型：

A recent statistics shows that …

结尾万能公式

1． 结尾万能公式一：如此结论

Obviously（此为过渡短语）, we can draw the conclusion that good manners arise from politeness and respect for others.to sum up, in conclusion, in brief, on account of this, thus

更多句型：

Thus, it can be concluded that…, Therefore, we can find that…

2．结尾万能公式二：如此建议

Obviously, it is high time that we took some measures to solve the problem.Accordingly, I recommend that some measures be taken.Consequently, to solve the problem, some measures should be taken.写作的“七项基本原则”

一、长短句原则

二、主题句原则

To begin with, you must work hard at your lessons and be fully prepared before the exam（主题句）.Without sufficient preparation, you can hardly expect to answer all the questions correctly.三、一二三原则

5）to begin with, then, furthermore, finally（强烈推荐）

6）to start with, next, in addition, finally（强烈推荐）

7）first and foremost, besides, last but not least（强烈推荐）

8）most important of all, moreover, finally9）on the one hand, on the other hand（适用于两点的情况）10）for one thing, for another thing（适用于两点的情况）建议：不仅仅在写作中注意，平时说话的时候也应该条理清楚！

说明原因型

模板一：这个模板的中文大意是：在某种场合，发生某种现象，并提供一些相关数据，然后列出这种现象的三个原因，并将三个原因总结为一个最主要原因，最后提出避免这种现象的两个办法。总的来说，利用这个模板写英语作文，是相当容易的，您只要将适当的内容，填写到对应的方括号中，一篇通顺的英语作文即可完成。下面就是这个模板。

Nowadays, there are more and more [某种现象] in [某种场合].It is estimated that [相关数据].Why have there been so many [某种现象]? Maybe the reasons can be listed as follows.The first one is [原因一].Besides, [原因二].The third one is [原因三].To sum up, the main cause of [某种现象] is due to [最主要原因].It is high time that something were done upon it.For one thing, [解决办法一].On the other hand, [解决办法二].All these measures will certainly reduce the number of [某种现象].为便于读者理解，我特意用这个模板，写了一篇关于ghost writer(捉刀代笔的枪手)的示范性小作文，请您观摩一下。

Nowadays, there are more and more [ghost writers / 枪手] in [China's examinations / 中国的考场].It is estimated that [5% examinees are ghost writers / 5%的应试者是枪手].Why have there been so many [ghost writers / 枪手]? Maybe the reasons can be listed as follows.The first one is [hirers' ignorance / 雇主无知].Besides, [hirers' indolence / 雇主懒惰].The third one is [hirers' obtusely / 雇主迟钝].To sum up, the main cause of [ghost writers / 枪手] is due to [hirers' low IQ / 雇主智商低].It is high time that something were done upon it.For one thing, [flagellation / 鞭打].On the other hand,[decapitation / 斩首].All these measures will certainly reduce the number of [ghost writers / 枪手].模板二：

These days we often hear that(1).It is common that(2).Why does such circumstance occur in spite of social protects? For one thing,(3).For another，(4).What is more, since(5), it is natural that(6).To solve the problem is not easy at all，but is worth trying.We should do something such as(7)to improve he present situation ,and I do believe everythingwill be better in the future.相应的作文

Pollution of environment

These days we often hear that(our living conditions are getting more and more serious because of the destruction of our environment).It is common that(many trees and animals are near extinction, and the all-important food chain has been destroyed.).Why does such circumstance occur in spite of social protects? For one thing,(the population of the world is increasing so rapidly that the world has been so crowded.).For another,(the overuse of natural resources has influenced the balance of natural ecology).What is more, since(the industrial revolution), it is natural

That(a great number of factories have been springing up like mushrooms.The smoke and harmful chemicals released from factories also pollute the environment).To solve the problem is not easy at all ,but is worthy.We should do something such as(planting more trees , equipping cars with pollution-control devices and learning to recycling natural resources)to improve the present situation ,and I do believe everything will be better in the future.英语四六级作文35个加分句型

一、~~~ the + ~ est.+ 名词 +(that)+ 主词 + have ever + seen(known/heard/had/read, etc)~~~ the most + 形容词 + 名词 +(that)+ 主词 + have ever + seen(known/ heard/ had/ read, etc)

例句：Helen is the most beautiful girl that I have ever seen.海伦是我所看过最美丽的女孩。

Mr.Chang is the kindest teacher that I have ever had.张老师是我曾经遇到最仁慈的教师。

二、Nothing is + ~~~ er than to + V Nothing is + more + 形容词 + than to + V

例句：Nothing is more important than to receive education.没有比接受教育更重要的事。

三、~~~ cannot emphasize the importance of ~~~ too much.(再怎么强调...的重要性也不为过。)

例句：We cannot emphasize the importance of protecting our eyes too much.我们再怎么强调保护眼睛的重要性也不为过。

四、There is no denying that + S + V...(不可否认的...)

例句：There is no denying that the qualities of our living have gone from bad to worse.不可否认的，我们的生活品质已经每况愈下。

五、It is universally acknowledged that + 句子~~(全世界都知道...)

例句：It is universally acknowledged that trees are indispensable to us.全世界都知道树木对我们是不可或缺的。

六、There is no doubt that + 句子~~(毫无疑问的...)

例句：There is no doubt that our educational system leaves something to be desired.毫无疑问的我们的教育制度令人不满意。

七、An advantage of ~~~ is that + 句子(...的优点是...)

例句：An advantage of using the solar energy is that it won't create(produce)any pollution.用太阳能的优点是它不会制造任何污染。

八、The reason why + 句子 ~~~ is that + 句子(...的原因是...)

例句：The reason why we have to grow trees is that they can provide us with fresh air./ The reason why we have to grow trees is that they can supply fresh air for us.我们必须种树的原因是它们能供应我们新鲜的空气。

九、So + 形容词 + be + 主词 + that + 句子(如此...以致于...)

例句：So precious is time that we can't afford to waste it.时间是如此珍贵，我们经不起浪费它。

十、Adj + as + Subject(主词)+ be, S + V~~~(虽然...)

例句：Rich as our country is, the qualities of our living are by no means satisfactory.{by no means = in no way = on no account 一点也不}

虽然我们的国家富有，我们的生活品质绝对令人不满意。

十一、The + ~er + S + V, ~~~ the + ~er + S + V ~~~

The + more + Adj + S + V, ~~~ the + more + Adj + S + V ~~~(愈...愈...)

例句：The harder you work, the more progress you make.你愈努力，你愈进步。

The more books we read, the more learned we become.我们书读愈多，我们愈有学问。

十二、By +Ving, ~~ can ~~(借着...，..能够..)

例句：By taking exercise, we can always stay healthy.借着做运动，我们能够始终保持健康。

十三、~~~ enable + Object(受词)+ to + V(..使..能够..)

例句：Listening to music enable us to feel relaxed.听音乐使我们能够感觉轻松。

十四、On no account can we+ V ~~~(我们绝对不能...)

例句：On no account can we ignore the value of knowledge.我们绝对不能忽略知识的价值。

十五、It is time + S + 过去式(该是...的时候了)

例句：It is time the authorities concerned took proper steps to solve the traffic problems.该是有关当局采取适当的措施来解决交通问题的时候了。

十六、Those who ~~~(...的人...)

例句：Those who violate traffic regulations should be punished.违反交通规定的人应该受处罚。

十七、There is no one but ~~~(没有人不...)

例句：There is no one but longs to go to college.没有人不渴望上大学。

十八、be + forced/compelled/obliged + to + V(不得不...)

例句：Since the examination is around the corner, I am compelled to givedoing sports.既然考试迫在眉睫，我不得不放弃做运动。

十九、It is conceivable that + 句子(可想而知的)

It is obvious that + 句子(明显的)

It is apparent that + 句子(显然的)

例句：It is conceivable that knowledge plays an important role in our life.可想而知，知识在我们的一生中扮演一个重要的角色。

二十、That is the reason why ~~~(那就是...的原因)

例句：Summer is sultry.That is the reason why I don't like it.夏天很燠热。那就是我不喜欢它的原因。

二十一、For the past+ 时间，S + 现在完成式...(过去...年来，...一直...)

例句：For the past two years, I have been busy preparing for the examination.过去两年来，我一直忙着准备考试。

二十二、Since + S + 过去式，S + 现在完成式。

例句：Since he went to senior high school, he has worked very hard.自从他上高中，他一直很用功。

二十三、It pays to + V ~~~(...是值得的。)

例句：It pays to help others.帮助别人是值得的。

二十四、be based on(以...为基础)

例句：The progress of thee society is based on harmony.社会的进步是以和谐为基础的。

二十五、Spare no effort to + V(不遗余力的)

例句：We should spare no effort to beautify our environment.我们应该不遗余力的美化我们的环境。

二十六、bring home to + 人 + 事(让...明白...事)

例句：We should bring home to people the value of working hard.up

我们应该让人们明白努力的价值。

二十七、be closely related to ~~(与...息息相关)

例句：Taking exercise is closely related to health.做运动与健康息息相关。

二十八、Get into the habit of + Ving = make it a rule to + V(养成...的习惯)We should get into the habit of keeping good hours.我们应该养成早睡早起的习惯。

二十九、Due to/Owing to/Thanks to + N/Ving, ~~~(因为...)

例句：Thanks to his encouragement, I finally realized my dream.因为他的鼓励，我终于实现我的梦想。

三

十、What a + Adj + N + S + V!= How + Adj + a + N + V!(多么...！)例句：What an important thing it is to keep our promise!How important a thing it is to keep our promise!

遵守诺言是多么重要的事！

三

十一、Leave much to be desired(令人不满意)

例句：The condition of our traffic leaves much to be desired.我们的交通状况令人不满意。

三

十二、Have a great influence on ~~~(对...有很大的影响)

例句：Smoking has a great influence on our health.抽烟对我们的健康有很大的影响。

三

十三、do good to(对...有益)，do harm to(对...有害)

例句：Reading does good to our mind.读书对心灵有益。

Overwork does harm to health.工作过度对健康有害。

三

十四、Pose a great threat to ~~(对...造成一大威胁)

例句：Pollution poses a great threat to our existence.污染对我们的生存造成一大威胁。

三

十五、do one's utmost to + V = do one's best(尽全力去...)

例句：We should do our utmost to achieve our goal in life.我们应尽全力去达成我们的人生目标

china finally succeeded in jointing the wto after many's efforts.this event will influence the economy in china greatly.jointing the wto brings china many benefits and opportunities.as a member coutry, china can enjoy many rights that can boost the development of the economy in china.what's more, the chinese people can buy productd of high quality with less pay.every thing has two aspects.joining the wto can also bring us some challenges.for example, some producers may be wiped out because of the intense competition.in addition, it will be more difficult for us to get a job, as the requirement for the employees will become higher.however, this great event does more good than harm to us.what we should do is to improve ourselves to become qualified for certain positions and live a better life.

第三篇：英语六级写作热点话题篇

1.Asking for Leave of Absence

To: Ms.Riddle, an Oral English teacher

From: Sam, a sophomore student in Oral English Class Two

Date: June 18th, 2005

Subject: Asking for Leave of Absence

Dear Ms.Riddle,I’m Sam, a respectful sophomore student of yours in Oral English Class Two.I wonder if I could be excused for absence from your Oral English class this Wednesday morning.Yesterday evening I got a phone call from my cousin, who is now running a small firm in the suburbs of this city.He needs an interpreter for two days but cannot find the most reliable person, so he wants me to have a try.Personally, I regard this as a golden opportunity to put what I have learned in your class into practice, but I need your permission of absence.If you think I may go and help him get over the difficulty, I am confident that I’ll do a good job and both of us will be grateful.Earnestly yours

Sam

2.On Power Shortage

(1).很多城市缺电现象严重

(2).分析原因

(3).提出建议

Recently, every morning when I wake up, I find my air-conditioner automatically turned off.I didn’t understand why at first, but soon I learned that there is a great shortage of electricity supply in our city—my air-conditioner turned off because of a power failure midnight.With the rapidly developing industry and the ever increasing population, demand for electricity supply is soaring.Besides, summers in recent years are much hotter than before, so most working places and households are air-conditioned, which consumes additional electricity.Faced with such a hard nut, we have to find ways to crack it.Above all, in western areas of China, there is surplus of electricity supply.So, cities that are thirsty for electricity may ask for remote help.Then, when we have electricity, we should remember to save it.Set your air-conditioners at 270C and you won’t feel less comfortable than when they are at 260C.In fact, some factories already shift their working hours to avoid the peak time of electricity-consuming.My parents don’t work from Monday through Friday as before—they work from Sunday through Thursday and have/take the following two days off instead.This is also a way out, isn’t it?

3.We Need Humor

(1).幽默可以帮我们解决问题

(2).幽默可以使生活充满快乐

(3).生活中离不开幽默

We Need Humor

A suspicious customer murmured, “I wonder if this milk is fresh.” The quick-witted waiter answered, “Fresh? Three hours ago it was GRASS!”

See? A humorous response may solve your problem.Someone asked a young artist, Did you sell any of your paintings at the art show? No, but I am encouraged, he replied.Somebody stole one.And years later he became world known.Humor may sustain us in hard times and bring happiness in everyday life.Once my neighbor told me that he shaves fifty times a day.Was heOf course not—he is a barber.So, my dear friends, remember, we need humor and try to be humorous in your life.Next time, when you are asked, “How can I stop water from coming into my house?” Say, “Don't pay the water bill.”

4.你的一个熟人下岗了，你给他写一封安慰信，并给他出点主意。以下谚语可以有选择地用于你的信中。

(1).All roads lead to Rome.(2).All things are difficult before they are easy.(3).Nothing is impossible to a willing heart.(4).God helps those who help themselves.My dear aunt,I’m greatly surprised and sad to hear that you’re laid off.But please don’t worry too much.All roads lead to Rome.I believe we will find a way out.I remember when I was a child, I had so many colorful and comfortable sweaters that I became my friends’ envy.Those were all your masterpieces.Recently I made a survey in the city where I’m living now, and found that unique hand-knitted things are much more welcome than mass products.Would you think about taking up knitting as your second career? I know, all things are difficult before they are easy.We will meet some unexpected difficulties in the beginning.But I firmly believe that nothing is impossible to a willing heart.Maybe your product will turn out to be a name and.My dear aunt, please do think about it.I’ll lend you a hand.Take care.Your dearest niece

5.On The Earth or into the Sky?

With the Shenzhou No.6 successfully soaring into the sky and returning to the earth safely, China’s space flight has stepped further forward.But there arises a controversy: does it merit all the large sum of money and efforts(put in to achieve the success)?

Given the poor conditions in rural China, the children not being able to go to school, the husbands struggling to sustain a family, the old having difficulty living a healthy and happy life, some critics hold that the money, which has gone to the research of space flight, should have been taken better advantage of to improve people’s lives in the not so developed areas in China.They wonder what on earth the significance is to these people as far as the space flight is concerned.But tastes differ.Those who approve of space flight maintain that it not only indicates our country’s progress in science and technology but also benefits all of us in that it helps in other scientific areas, Additionally, to compete in the world, we have to invest in space exploration to win worldwide attention and respect.From my point of view, what we should give priority to is people’s lives, as it is the fundamental problem of almost every country.On the other hand, we should keep pace with the world in science and technology, space flight included.Only in this way can we have an advanced and harmonious society to live in.6.Online Education

(1).目前网络教育形成热潮。

(2).我认为这股热潮的原因是.....(3).我对网络教育的评价。

Recently an online activity has become very 'in'.That is online education.68 online education colleges have been established in the past decade in our country.Why could online education be so popular in such a short time? Among other reasons, the quick development of internet should be an essential one, which makes all our dreams of attending class in a distance possible.Another underlying reason is the quick development of both society and technology.Today, modern scienceand technology is developing with lightning speed.To catch up with this development we all feel an urgent and strong desire to study.While on the other hand, due to the great pace of modern society, most people are too busy to study full time at school.Online education just comes to their aids.Personally, I appreciate this new form of education.It’s indeed a helpful complement to the traditional educational means.It can provide different learners with more flexible and versatile ways to learn.Most of all, with online education, we can stick to our jobs and at the same time study and absorb the latest knowledge.英语六级写作精彩佳句

英语六级写作模板常用句型

2010年6月英语六级考试作文范文

2010年6月六级作文解析点评

第四篇：英语六级作文

作文地带-英语作文网

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六级作文模板大全

一、说明原因型模块

Currently, XX has been the order of the day.This does demonstrate the theory —— nothing is more valuable than XX It is clear that(1).If you(2), as a result, your dreams will come true.On the contrary, if you(3).Failure will be following with you.It turns out that all your plan falls through.No one can deny another fact that(4).You don't have to look very far to find out the truth, in respect that we all know(5).It will exert a profound influence upon(6).With reference to my standpoint, I think(7).注释：

1、XX的第一个优点

2、支持XX的做法

3、不支持XX的做法

4、XX的第二个优点

5、举例证明优点二

6、说明XX优点三的影响

相应作文：

The importance of self-confidence Currently, self-confidence has been the order of the day.This does demonstrate the theory —— nothing is more valuable than

self-confidence.It is clear that(self-confidence means trust in one's abilities).If you(are full of self-confidence, it will bring your creative power to play, arouse your enthusiasm for work, and help you overcome difficulties), as a result, your dreams will come true.On the contrary, if you(have no confidence in yourself, there is little possibility that you would ever achieve anything).Failure will be following with you。It turns out that all your plan falls through.No one can deny another fact that(self-confidence gives you light when you are in dark and encouragement when you are dismayed).You don't have to look very far to find out the truth, in respect that we all know(the secret of MMe.Curie lies in perseverance and self-confidence, the latter in particular).It will exert a profound influence upon(the achievement of one's ambitions).With reference to my standpoint, I think(he that can have self-confidence can have what he will).二、说明原因型模块

In recent years, XX has caused a heated debate on(1).The factors for(2).First of all,(3).Then, there comes a case that(4).Moreover,(5).Especially when

(6).Indeed, these unique points can be collected the remind people that(7).In this way, we should behave just like(8).相应作文：

The impact of Television In recent years, with the development of science and technology, 80 percent of all homes in China have satellite TV, offering as many as 50 channels.It has caused a heated debate on(the impact of television on children).Many parents are worried about the impact of so much television on children.The factors for(parents' worry is that children are indulge in television and spend too much time on it.).First of all,(with so many programs to choose from, children are not getting as much exercise as they should).Then, there comes a case that(some studies have show that excessive watching of television by millions of children has lowered their ability to achieve in school).Moreover,(the effect on children's minds are more serious than the effect on children's bodies).Especially when(the children are too small to judge what programs are suit to them).Indeed, these unique points can be connected to remind parents that(they should pay close attention to and responsibilities for supervising their children's TV viewing).In this way, children will not be influenced too deeply.三、说明原因型模块

For most of us today,(1).From above, we can find that the reasons why(2)are as follows.The primary reason, I think, is(3).Second,(4).The third reason, actually, is(5).The significance for(6).Therefore,(7).1、人们针对XX的态度和举措

2、归纳现状

3、第一个原因

4、第二个原因

5、第三个原因

6、重申造成现状的最重要原因

相应作文：

Pollution Most of us today(recognize that environmental pollution has been a greatly serious problem.lots of plants trees corps are destroyed by bad air.many fish die of poisonous water.thousands of people die from eating poisoned fish or breathing in gas.therefore, environmental pollution should be responsible for these diseases that are disabling, or bringing death not only to human beings, but also to wild life.)From above, we can find that the reasons why(environment are polluted more and more seriously)are as follows.the primary reason, I think, is(the reason of harmful substances into nvironment.for example, to prevent insects, farmers make use of great amounts of insecticides, so as to have bumper harvests.however, they pollute air, water and land).Second,(the gas coming from the car engines and factories also make environment polluted badly).the third reason actually is(the result of a growing population in the world.everyday, so much litter and waste are poured out from houses, also pollute the environment).The significance for(controlling pollution)noted that it's high time that more effective measures should be taken.Therefore,(new laws should be passed to limit the amount of pollutants from factories.moreover, in the households, there is an obvious need to reduce litter and waste.let's make our good efforts, and the world will be a safer place

四、说明原因型模块

These days we often hear that(1).It is common that(2).Why does such circumstance occur in spite of social protects? For one thing,(3).For another,(4).What is more, since

(5),it is natural that(6).To solve the problem is not easy at all, but is worth trying.We should do something such as(7)to improve he present situation, and I do believe everything will be better in the future.1、提出论题

2、说明现状

3、理由一

4、理由二

5、理由三

6、理由三引起的后果

7、解决方法

相应作文：

Pollution of environment

These days we often hear that(our living conditions are getting more and more serious because of the destruction of our environment).It is common t

hat(many trees and animals are near extinction, and the all-important food chain has been destroyed.).Why does such circumstance occur in spite of social protects? For one thing,(the population of the world is increasing so rapidly that the world has been so crowded.).For another,(the overuse of natural resources has influenced the balance of natural ecology).What is more, since(the industrial revolution),it is natural that(a great number of factories have been springing up like mushrooms.The smoke and harmful chemicals released from factories also pollute the environment).To solve the problem is not easy at all, but is worthing.We should do something such as(planting more trees, equipping cars with pollution-control devices and learning to recycling natural resources)to improve the present situation, and I do believe everything will be better in the future.www.xiexiebang.com

图表式作文写作模板

It is obvious in the graphic/table that the rate/number/amount of Y has undergone dramatic changes.It has gone up/grown/fallen/dropped considerably in recent years(as X varies).At the point of X1, Y reaches its peak value of……(多少).What is the reason for this change? Mainly there are……(多少)reasons behind the situation reflected in the graphic/table.First of all,……(第一个原因).More importantly,……(第二个原因).Most important of all,……(第三个原因).From the above discussions, we have enough reason to predict what will happen in the near future.The trend

described in the graphic/table will continue for quite a long time(if necessary measures are not taken括号里的使用于那些不太好的变化趋势).提纲式作文写作模板

1、对立观点式

A.有人认为X 是好事，赞成X，为什么？

B.有人认为X 是坏事，反对X，为什么？

C.我的看法。

Some people are in favor of the idea of doing X.They point out the fact that 支持X 的第一个原因。They also argue that 支持X 的另一个原因。However, other people stand on a different ground.They consider it harmful to do X.They firmly point out that 反对X 的第一个理由。An example can give the details of this argument: There is some truth in both arguments.But I think the advantages of X overweigh the disadvantages.In addition to the above-mentioned negative effects it might bring about, X also may X 的有一个坏处。

2、批驳观点式

A．一个错误观点。

B．我不同意。Many people argue that 错误观点。By saying that, they mean 对这个观点的进一步解释。An example they have presented is that 一个例子。(According to a survey performed by X on a group of Y, almost 80% of them 赞成这个错误观点或者受到这个错误观点的影响)。There might be some element of truth in these people's belief.But if we consider it in depth, we will feel no reservation to conclude that 与错误观点相反的观点。There are a number of reasons behind my belief.(以下参照辩论文的议论文写法)。

3、社会问题(现象)式

A．一个社会问题或者现象

B．产生的原因

C．对社会和我们生活的影响

D．如何杜绝。(如果是问题的话)

E．前景的预测。

Nowadays, there exists an increasingly serious social

/economic/environmental problem.(X has increasingly become a common concern of the public).According to a survey, 调查内容说明这种现象的情况。(或者是一个例子)。There are a couple of reasons booming this problem/phenomenon.下面参照辩论式议论文写法。X has caused substantial impact on the society and our daily life, which has been articulated in the following aspects.参照辩论式议论文的写法。A dozen of measures are supposed to take to prevent X from b.作文地带-英语作文网

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第五篇：英语六级作文

团购

My View on Group Buying

①This year’s China is witnessing a group buying fever.As the name indicates, group buying means a large number of individuals make a purchase together so as to receive a higher discount on the particular item.Customers can not only buy various kinds of goods in this way, but also purchase tickets, coupons and services at lower cost.②Popular as it is, complaints have been piling up about it, which reveals the problems occurring during the group buying process.③The first and foremost problem is the fake product, which occurs mostly when buying cosmetics.Many a time did customers feel dismayed at one obviously fake cosmetic which they had expected so much.④What’s worse, the after-sale service is far from completion and satisfaction.On many occasions, customers are denied access to filing their complaints, let alone asking for a refund.⑤ My suggestions to deal with these problems are as follows.To begin with, it is urgent to create a national certification system so that only the qualified sellers can engage in the commercial activities.Secondly, all those who sell fake products and make false advertisements should be punished severely.It is not until these two methods are put into practice that group buying will develop on the right track.1、目前很多人报考研究生。

2、我认为形成这股热潮的原因是……

The Post-graduate Craze

Each year, millions of college students will sit in for the post-graduate entrance examination.More and more students have regarded the pursuing of a master degree as an indispensable part of their education.What is to account for their enthusiasm for a post-graduate diploma? First, it is the demand of the time.In an age of knowledge updating and information explosion, what you have learned in college can hardly meet the demand of society.Talents of high quality who are equipped with the latest knowledge and skill will be needed more than ever.That is why many students will further their studies.Second, we all recognize that the more education you have, the more likely you are to succeed.Compared with those without a master degree, masters will enjoy more preferential treatment, for example, better salaries, more opportunities for promotion and training.A post-graduate degree can guarantee a more promising career.Last but not least, with the graduation of a large number of college students, competition for jobs becomes more and more fierce.One way to gain some advantage over others is to have a higher degree.No wonder millions of students will consider pursuing a post-graduate degree.大学生村官

College Graduates Work as Village Officials

There is no denying the fact that it is a hotly debated topic today how college graduates should choose their careers.Some time ago, it was reported that some college graduates chose to work as village officials.To this people’s attitudes differ sharply.Some hold the positive view while others are against it.As far as I am concerned, I believe that it is a wise choice.On the one hand, college graduates can contribute a lot to the development of the countryside.First, they can apply their professional knowledge there.Secondly, they can introduce new

concepts to the countryside and speed the development of rural culture.As a result, the gap between the city and the countryside can well be bridged.On the other hand, these graduates can benefit a lot from working as village officials.While too many college graduates are fighting for the handful of positions in big cities, these graduates can find themselves a wider stage of development and realize their value.Therefore, college graduates working as village officials is a win-win choice and more graduates should be encouraged to work in the countryside.吸烟

it is almost known to all that smoking is bad for people's health.scientific researchs show that smoking can lead to heart disease,cancer and other problem.the world health organization says diseases linked to smoking kill at least two million five-hundred-thousand persons each year.still,many people find it difficult to stop smoking.one reason is that smoking usually becomes a habitual behaviour,and habits,whether good or bad are not easy to be given up.another reason is the effect of nicotine,the substance found in cigarettes works on people somewhat as drugs do.measures have been taken to help people keep away from the harm of smoking.in many cities,smoking is forbidden in public places.the danger of smoking is warned of everywhere.and newspapers are asked not to publish advertisements for cigarettes.world “no tobacco day” is observed every year as the biggest compaign against smoking.减少校园浪费(Reduce Waste on Campus)

as is known to all, waste on campus has become a more and more serious problem.we can easily see many students dump a lot of food in the garbage can.some students spend thousands of yuan buying fashionable clothes and so on.the negative effects of waste can be shown in the following aspects.in the first place, it makes some students dependent on their parents for money, which is harmful to their development.if they don’t learn to support themselves, they will be “useless people” when they graduate.in the second place, it is not easy for our parents to arrange for our schooling.last but not the least important, there is no denying the fact that our country is still poor.there are many people who cannot go to university and many poor people still need our help.as far as i am concerned, i should set a good example to reduce waste on campus.first of all, i will refrain from wasting anything, from food to stationery.what’s more, i’m determined to call on more schoolmates to fight against waste.only through these measures can we hope to reduce waste on campus

电视广告

nowadays there are more and more advertisements on tv ,they appear either before a tv program or after it ,and sometimes even inserted between episodes of a tv serial plays,and the time of which is becoming longer and longer ,which is so boring ,and many watchers cannot wait but switch to other channels.but why this phenomenahas appeared ,the reason may be two.at the first place ,it is a methodforbusinessmen in such a highly competitive market to make their goods known by customers ,which will improve the sales amounts.at the second place ,it is a chance for the tv station to earn money to support their programs.if i am given the chance to meet the leader of tv station ,i would like to suggest them decreasethe amounts of the advertisements relatively.maybe doing this will lose some profits, but instead,the audience rating will be improved largely.How to Enhance Our Sense of Happiness?

1.人们对于如何提升幸福感有不同的看法

2.幸福感的提升不仅包括物质层面，也包括……

高分范文

How to Enhance Our Sense of Happiness？

Along with the improvement of living standards, people are no longer content with being fed and clothed adequately.They are more concerned about how to enhance their sense of happiness.To a large extent, happiness depends on individuals’ understanding about it.For some people, happiness relies on material basis, without which they can’t live comfortably and decently.For others, they believe that happiness has nothing to do with money.Thus to enhance happiness is not equal to improving one’s material living standards.Instead, people are supposed to confront their life with right attitude, to be active and grateful in order to have a happy life.For my part, money does buy happiness, but only up to the point where it enables one to live comfortably.To boost one’s happiness not only needs the material but also the spiritual enrichment.It encompasses living a meaningful life, utilizing your gifts and your time, living with reflection and objective.计算机

Using a computer every day can have more negative than positive effects on young children.Do you agree or disagree?

I tend to agree that young children can be negatively affected by too mcuh time spent on the computer every day.This is partly because sitting in front of a screen for too long can be damaging to both the eyes and the physical posture of a young child, regardless of what they are using the computer for.However, the main concern is about the type of computer activities that attract children.These are often electronic games that tend to be very intense and rather violent.The player is usually the ‘hero’ of the game and too much exposure can encourage children to be self-centered and insensitive to others.Even when children use a computer for other purposes, such as getting information or emailing friends, it is no substitute for human interaction.Spending time with other children and sharing non-virtual experiences is and important part of a child’s development that cannot be provided by a computer.In spite of this, the obvious benefits of computer skills for young children cannot be denied.Their adult world will be changing constantly in terms of technology and the Internet is the key to all the knowledge and information available in the world today.Therefore it is important that children learn at an early age to use the equipment enthusiastically and with confidence as they will need these skills throughout their studies and working lives.I think the main point is to make sure that young children do not overuse computers.Parents must ensure that their children learn to enjoy other kinds of activity and not simply sit at home, learning to live in a virtual world.