第一篇：大学英语四级辅导小结
大学英语四级辅导小结
自二零一二年十月十六日至二零一二年十二月十三日，我院开设的大学英语四级辅导班面向全校，对报名的三百多名学生进行了历时两个月的辅导。此次辅导分为两个阶段：第一阶段各个辅导教师分模块（写作、快速阅读、听力、深度阅读、翻译）进行辅导，旨在加强学生基本应试能力；第二阶段主要讲解模拟题（要求学生每两天完成一套模拟题，在课堂上精讲与点拨结合讲解），旨在进一步提升学生的应试技巧。此次大学英语四级辅导班的开设对提升我校学生英语四级应试能力的整体水平有一定作用，但因为是首次承办，缺乏经验，尚存在不足与问题，主要体现在以下几个方面：
一、辅导教师都是英语专业毕业，都未曾参加此类考试，又缺
乏培训，所以在四级辅导方面显得缺乏专业性，学生缺乏认同感和积极性；
二、学生普遍反映每周两次的周期太长，学生容易懈怠；
三、学生基础较差，仅靠短期辅导很难有显著提高。针对以上问题和不足，我建议从以下几点着手整改： 首先，应在开课前对辅导教师进行培训，请有经验的四级辅导老师予以指点和教导。重视对辅导教师专业性的提升，这是最核心的，也是最重要的。因为只有教师队伍强大了，学生才更愿意跟着走，教学效果也就有了保障；
其次，建议由每周两次、一次两小时改为每周一、三、五，一次一小时，周六一次、一次两小时（但是由于教师负担加重，为避免其积极性减弱，最好在课时费上相应提高），让学生根据自己的弱点有针对性地自主选择模块听课。这样既解决了学生因周期太长而放松懈怠的问题，又能节省不必要的时间上的浪费。最后，针对学生普遍基础差、而短期内无法显著提升的问题，建议从大一抓起、从日常英语教学抓起，即将四级应试技巧贯穿在每一节大学英语课堂上，注重四级题型与课后练习题的对接，在课堂上反复强调做题方法，让学生提早适应四级英语题型、提早掌握技巧。本人在模块教学阶段中专门负责听力模块，得到的经验和教训是：传统的直接将听力技巧“灌”给学生的教学方法是不理想的，应当从学生角度揣摩教学思路，教学思路和解题思路是一致的，正确的方法应是引导学生自己探索听力技巧，再加上适当的点拨，这样学生才能印象深刻，才能学以致用；其次，应在平时的听力教学中将听力课本中的内容与四级听力题型对接，反复强调听力做题方法与技巧。
以上就是本人对此次开设英语四级辅导班的小结。总而言之，此次开课因缺乏实践经验尚存在不足，有待于提高，建议从加强教师培训、调整课时制度以及将四级应试与平时课堂内容结合起来这几个方面着手，进一步完善我校英语四级辅导体系，争取进步，为我校英语四级通过率提供长足保障。
第二篇：2012大学英语四级考试写作辅导
2012大学英语四级考试写作辅导
记叙文的思路与练习
记叙文是以叙述人物的经历和事物的发展变化过程为主要表现形式的一种文体。记叙文既可以以写人为主，又可以以写事为主。写记叙文要注意记叙文的“六大要素”即：
时间（When）—— 何时发生，有没有具体时间？
地点（Where）—— 何地发生，有没有地点变化？
人物（Who）—— 何人参与，谁是主角？
事件（What）—— 发生了什么，有何特点？
原因（Why）—— 事件的起因？
结果（How）—— 事件的经过及结局？
一般说来，在一篇记叙文中这六大要素是缺一不可的。
记叙文的思路就围绕这六大要素充分展开。
【例】四级考试中，只出现过一次专门的记叙文体裁的写作，即“An Early Morning Walk”（1988.6.），2003年6月出现过包含记叙文的作文，即“An Eye-Witness Account of a Traffic Accident”。
对于“An Early Morning Walk”，知道命题要求后，我们就要开始构思了。
When：题目已规定了是“清晨”，在这个时候，“我”去散步。
Where：到哪儿散步？去公园？在校园里？在街上（街上空气不好，还是不去！）。
Who：在公园里看到晨练的人：中老年人、年轻人、小孩子;在校园里看到读书背单词的学生。
What：人们热火朝天地做操，随音乐跳舞，打球，等等。
Why：清晨空气清新，适合锻炼;一日之际在于晨，背背书，读读单词。
当然，由这个题目可以令人想到很多东西，因篇幅所限，我们做了删减。
An Early Morning Walk
One morning I got up very early，and everything around was very quiet.The sun had just risen，shining brilliantly and everything seemed to be covered with a layer of golden silk.There were only some birds singing occasionally in the tall trees.I strolled along the street toward the park，breathing the fresh air and feeling extremely happy.When I arrived at the park，I found，to my surprise，that there were so many people there.Men and women，boys and girls，all were enjoying themselves in their various activities.Some were doing morning exercises，some were playing badminton and some old people were having their tea while talking to each other cheerfully.I wandered around the park.To my delight，I found a few middle-school students talking to each other in English in one corner of the park.I went up and spoke to them in English.We soon became friends.I was very glad to find another opportunity to practice my spoken English.On the way home，I realized that an early morning walk really was good and healthful.Taking early morning walks makes one healthy and wise.【点评】文章按照时间顺序（in chronological order），第一句话点明时间（One morning）、人物（第一人称“I”），并简要描述了早晨的特点（What was the setting），接着第二段第一句话交代地点（in the park），然后介绍公园里人们及作者的活动（What was happening），最后在文章结尾点题，即，归纳中心思想——Taking early morning walks makes one healthy and wise.仅仅189个单词既满足了记叙文的“六大要素”，又有明确的中心思想和生动的细节，行文方式符合要求。
1.以“A Most Unlucky Day”为题，想想该怎么写。注意：题目的中心词是“unlucky”。
When：
Where：
Who：
What：
Why：
How：
参考思路
When：哪一天是最倒霉的日子？考前的晚上？公布成绩的日子？周末？
Where：在大街上违章停车？在学校？在商场？在经常光顾的地方——食堂、餐厅、麦当劳、图书馆、溜冰场、投影厅？
Who：是我倒霉？是好友？你？那个蛋白质室友？
What：拿到罚单？上课上班迟到？失恋？被窃？四级没过？
Why：倒霉嘛，无非是运气不好，睡过头了、态度恶劣、偷懒、不刻苦…
How：一团糟，挨批，心情极度沮丧，不过也无所谓嘛…
想完之后，我们再花点儿功夫将关联的东西挑出来，别忘了本文的中心是“unlucky”。
根据以下提示叙述一场交通事故：1）用第一人称;2）短语提示：drive home at about 30 kilometers an hour;it was dark;a small girl chased a dog;not hit her but hit a car in the other direction3）写出作者对此交通意外的感想。
参考范文
Last night I was driving home from work.I had an accident.I was following behind a truck，driving at about 30 kilometers an hour.I was watching the traffic carefully because it was getting dark.Suddenly a small girl ran onto the road from the left.She was chasing a dog and she wasn’t paying any attention to the traffic.I immediately applied the brakes and turned the steering wheel quickly to the right.The girl jumped towards the side of the road as soon as she saw my car.Fortunately I did not hit her，but I hit a car coming in the other direction.Luckily I was not driving very fast so the damage was not serious.It is better to damage a car than to injure a young child，I thought to myself.B： 以第一人称写一篇记叙文，讲述在旅行中经历的一件小事。
第三篇：大学英语四级考试写作辅导教程
记叙文的思路与练习
记叙文是以叙述人物的经历和事物的发展变化过程为主要表现形式的一种文体。记叙文既可以以写人为主，又可以以写事为主。写记叙文要注意记叙文的“六大要素”即：时间(When)—— 何时发生，有没有具体时间?
地点(Where)—— 何地发生，有没有地点变化?
人物(Who)—— 何人参与，谁是主角?
事件(What)—— 发生了什么，有何特点?
原因(Why)—— 事件的起因?
结果(How)—— 事件的经过及结局?
一般说来，在一篇记叙文中这六大要素是缺一不可的。
记叙文的思路就围绕这六大要素充分展开。
【例】四级考试中，只出现过一次专门的记叙文体裁的写作，即“An Early Morning Walk”(1988.6.)，2003年6月出现过包含记叙文的作文，即“An Eye-Witness Account of a Traffic Accident”。
对于“An Early Morning Walk”，知道命题要求后，我们就要开始构思了。When：题目已规定了是“清晨”，在这个时候，“我”去散步。
Where：到哪儿散步?去公园?在校园里?在街上(街上空气不好，还是不去!)。
Who：在公园里看到晨练的人：中老年人、年轻人、小孩子;在校园里看到读书背单词的学生。
What：人们热火朝天地做操，随音乐跳舞，打球，等等。
Why：清晨空气清新，适合锻炼;一日之际在于晨，背背书，读读单词。
当然，由这个题目可以令人想到很多东西，因篇幅所限，我们做了删减。
参考范文
An Early Morning Walk
One morning I got up very early，and everything around was very quiet.The sun had just risen，shining brilliantly and everything seemed to be covered with a layer of golden silk.There were only some birds singing occasionally in the tall trees.I strolled along the street toward the park，breathing the fresh air and feeling extremely happy.When I arrived at the park，I found，to my surprise，that there were so many people there.Men and women，boys and girls，all were enjoying themselves in their various activities.Some
were doing morning exercises，some were playing badminton and some old people were having their tea while talking to each other cheerfully.I wandered around the park.To my delight，I found a few middle-school students talking to each other in English in one corner of the park.I went up and spoke to them in English.We soon became friends.I was very glad to find another opportunity to practice my spoken English.On the way home，I realized that an early morning walk really was good and healthful.Taking early morning walks makes one healthy and wise.【点评】文章按照时间顺序(in chronological order)，第一句话点明时间(One morning)、人物(第一人称“I”)，并简要描述了早晨的特点(What was the setting)，接着第二段第一句话交代地点(in the park)，然后介绍公园里人们及作者的活动(What was happening)，最后在文章结尾点题，即，归纳中心思想——Taking early morning walks makes one healthy and wise.仅仅189个单词既满足了记叙文的“六大要素”，又有明确的中心思想和生动的细节，行文方式符合要求。
1.以“A Most Unlucky Day”为题，想想该怎么写。注意：题目的中心词是“unlucky”。When：
Where：
Who：
What：
Why：
How：
参考思路
When：哪一天是最倒霉的日子?考前的晚上?公布成绩的日子?周末?
Where：在大街上违章停车?在学校?在商场?在经常光顾的地方——食堂、餐厅、麦当劳、图书馆、溜冰场、投影厅?
Who：是我倒霉?是好友?你?那个蛋白质室友?
What：拿到罚单?上课上班迟到?失恋?被窃?四级没过?
Why：倒霉嘛，无非是运气不好，睡过头了、态度恶劣、偷懒、不刻苦„
How：一团糟，挨批，心情极度沮丧，不过也无所谓嘛„
想完之后，我们再花点儿功夫将关联的东东挑出来，别忘了本文的中心是“unlucky”。
根据自己的思路，写一篇文章：
参考范文
A Most Unlucky Day
I had a streak of tough luck yesterday.Everything，it seemed to me，went wrong.And I simply couldn’t understand why all the bad things happened to me in one single day.In the morning，as luck would have it，my alarm clock didn’t ring，and with an aching head I woke up half an hour later than usual.I was in such a hurry that，when making an omelet，I got my fingers burnt and splashed the omelet all over the floor of the kitchen.Having no time for my breakfast at that point，I rushed out of my house with an empty stomach and hurting fingers.I had intended to catch the 7:30 subway，but somehow I couldn’t make it.I became very nervous at the mere thought of being late for my English class，because my English teacher is very strict and demanding，and he gets angry whenever any student is late for his class.After getting off the 7:40 subway，I raced all the way from the station to my school，thinking it would be impossible for me to flag a taxi at this hour of the day.At the corner of the street near my school，I abruptly bumped into a man and，worse luck，broke the glasses I had bought for 500 yuan just last week.With scarcely any time to receive or offer an apology，I just kept on running and running.At long last，I arrived at the school only to find，with great sadness mixed with some relief，that the school was empty and the classrooms were all locked.It was Saturday.My ill luck showed no sign of coming to an end.When I returned home greatly frustrated，I found myself locked out.In my hurry I had forgotten to bring the key with me.Just my luck!
【点评】这篇文章按照时间顺序一气呵成。文章的标题、第一句和最后一句都点出了中心思想：“I had a most unlucky day”。故事从作者醒来开始，在慌慌张张中煎蛋卷、赶地铁、急奔学校、撞破眼镜、发现白忙乎了一场，最后猛然清醒——匆忙之中忘了钥匙!整个故事描述得精彩生动，既有动作的细节又有作者内心的感受，让读者也身临其境地体会了倒霉的一天。
根据以下提示叙述一场交通事故：1)用第一人称;2)短语提示：drive home at about 30 kilometers an hour;it was dark;a small girl chased a dog;not hit her but hit a car in the other direction3)写出作者对此交通意外的感想。
参考范文
Last night I was driving home from work.I had an accident.I was following behind a truck，driving at about 30 kilometers an hour.I was watching the traffic carefully because it was getting dark.Suddenly a small girl ran onto the road from the left.She was chasing a dog and she wasn’t paying any attention to the traffic.I immediately applied the brakes and turned the steering wheel quickly to the right.The girl jumped towards the side of the road as soon as she saw my car.Fortunately I did not hit her，but I hit a car coming in the other direction.Luckily I was not driving very fast so the damage was not serious.It is better to damage a car than to injure a young child，I thought to myself.B： 以第一人称写一篇记叙文，讲述在旅行中经历的一件小事。
参考范文
Go on a Mediterranean Journey
My wife and I have always enjoyed traveling by sea，and last year we decided to go on a Mediterranean journey.Although our holiday was rather expensive we thought that the high standard of accommodation，the first-class food and the many interesting places we saw were well worth the price we paid.We found that most of the other passengers were friendly and interesting，but there was one man，a Mr.James，who irritated and annoyed us.Whatever subject we talked about，it seemed that he was an expert at it.He had，apparently，read more books，visited more countries and studied more languages，than anyone else had.After a few days，we ate our meals in silence，because nobody wanted to begin a conversation that would soon be taken over by this man.Then my wife had an idea.She suggested that we might think of an unusual subject，look it up in an encyclopedia and then talk about it at dinner.If it were an unusual subject，Mr.James could not possibly know anything about it.The subject we chose was “English Agriculture in the Eleventh Century.” At dinner that night we discussed this subject with great enthusiasm.Mr
历年四级考试中的“How I Overcome Difficulties in Learning English”、“My Ideal Job”以及图表作文的第一段都属于说明文的范畴，如，2002年6月的根据坐标图写题为“Students Use of Computers”的作文。
说明文必须按一定的顺序进行说明：时间顺序、空间顺序、逻辑顺序或认识顺序，选择具体的特点和细节来说明。
所以，说明文的思路要围绕说明顺序、事物的特点和细节展开。例如：
范文点评
A Famous Clock
When you visit London，one of the first things you will see is Big Ben，the famous clock which can be heard all over the world on the B.B.C.If the Houses of Parliament had not been burned down in 1834，the great clock would never have been erected.Big Ben takes its name from Sir Benjamin Hall who was responsible for the making of the clock when the new Houses of Parliament were being built.It is not only of immense size，but is extremely accurate as well.Officials from Greenwich Observatory have the clock checked twice a day.On the B.B.C.you can hear the clock when it is actually striking because microphones are connected to the clock tower.Big Ben has rarely gone wrong.Once，however，it failed to give the correct time.A painter who had been working on the tower hung a pot of paint on one of the hands and slowed it down!
【点评】这是《新概念英语》中的一篇经典说明文，介绍了世界著名的“大本钟”。文章开篇指明该钟位于英国伦敦，且全世界的人们通过BBC就能够听到钟声。接下来讲述了“大本钟”的由来，特点——不仅外型巨大，而且走时准确，在结尾处讲了“大本钟”的一个幽默的小插曲——油漆工把油漆桶挂在指针上，把钟弄慢了。细读这篇文章，我们不难发现，区区159个单词就把“大本钟”的光辉形象牢牢地刻在读者的脑海里，为什么?本文基于事实，分析了主题的来龙去脉，语言简洁又不失生动贴切，作者态度客观又充满幽默，使读者既“明白了事理”，又对事物有较完整明晰的了解认识，此乃说明文之真谛也。
第四篇：英语四级小结
四级一般的阅读方法和做题方法概括四句话：1扫读题干关键词 2浏览原文作标记 3比较选项得答案 4迅速排除省力气 其中核心是浏览原文作标记 可以标记的地方：1指示性的具体信息 如时间、人物、数字 2与文章结构有关的中心信息 包括：主题句 转折词（but however yet出现这几个词的时候一般都会考到）其他标记题号 文章首句出现定义或者概念，通常就是主题 出现转折必会考到
主题在末段的可能性接近于零0 任何主题题型只要选项包含细节就直接错误，不管它有大多伟大 按时间顺序阐述的文章主题通常在首末段，尤其是首段
细节题定为原则：细节出现多次，优先考虑首次定位
原文有个词，再在选项中弄一个与其相类似的单词作干扰选项 作词义题的方法：根据上下文确定同义或反义的关系 两个动词分不开的时候看主语 doubt or challenge 出现连串数字或者年代时常被考到
一道题答案有疑问时，找特殊位置，找特殊语言现象
重要句：有些句子常被考到位于特殊位置：1）各段首句2）全文末句3）文中结论解释句 问句在第一段首末常有意义，与主题挂钩。
作那种四个选项哪个是对的题目，注意：1）正确答案一般针对全文或者段落主题2）通过排除得到正确答案 细节题小结
一、做题步骤
1、根据问题中的关键词回原文定位。关键词包括1）一般为名词或名词词组2）优先考虑的关键词：①专有名词，包括人名和带“”的词②数字、时间③形容词和副词④比较或因果语言现象
2仔细阅读包含关键词的句子，在本句、上下句寻找线索。
3、将包含线索的句子与选项进行比较，对线索句进行同义替换的为正确答案。同义替换有三种方式：①关键词替换②正话反说③语言简化
二、按照顺序寻找答案
由于细节题的排列顺序，一般对应原文的叙述顺序，所以一般按顺序寻找答案。关于实验型文章
①在实验型文章中，通常可以根据问题中的动词定位 ②答案基本上按顺序寻找
——四级考试中一般有五个表示试验结果的重要动词：find, show, identify, observe, notice一般看到含有这几个词的句子要注意，通常看后面有没有类似的词出现在问题中；反之，看到问题中有这几个词的时候要到文章中找这几个词，这些都是近义词。实验型文章实验目的指向主题或目的不定式
第一段首末出现转折常与主体挂钩.如果四个选项中有两个意思是相反的，那么其中必有一个是正确的；如果有两个意思都是一样的，那么这两个选项一定都是错误的。
许多选项出现：文章里是客观描述，结果到了选项里变成了主观性的描述，这些选项是错误的——这是四级常用的陷阱。选项中口气太绝的也是错误的 出题的位置包括：
1、重要句，重要句包括：①各段首末句 ②文中结论解释句
2、特殊语言现象，包括：比较、转折、数字、因果和例子（尤其是很长的例子的时候他喜欢考）。
当文章的主题句、中心思想很难找的时候，可以看在文章的段首段尾句、关键的句子里出现多的单词，一般是主题词；另一种方法是看5个题目中的各个选项出现次数比较多的词也可能是主题词。
句子题的做题思路：①分析句子的结构，包含这个句子主干的选项为正确答案②看上下句，确定同义或反义关系。主题题型
一、1、有主题句时，与主题句相对应的为正确答案
——如何找主题句：主题句具有总结性，一般位于文中三个地方①全文首句（出现得最多）②一段末句，一段末句出现转折或结论时常出现主题。③第二段的一、二句，二段对一段进行总结或否定时常出现主题。例如进行总结的文章；进行否定的文章；
2、文中没有主题句时，各段首句相加，其中共有的词汇为本文的主体词，必须出现在主题题型的正确答案中。
主题词的特征有：①一般为名词或名词词组；②出现频率较高；③一般位于段落首句。
二、根据语言提示寻找主题
1、根据文章结构确定主题，常见的结构有：①结论解释型的文章，结论为主题所在。一般首句是个判断句或者有态度时就常是结论，尤其是首句之后紧跟较长的例子或细节时。
②现象解释型的文章，解释为文章主题所在。——问句出现在一段首末句，问句等于现象。回答就是主题。
③问题解决方案型文章，解决方案为文章主题。2001年6月第一篇
2、文章首句中的主题名词，尤其是主语在后文被重复时，暗示首句为本文的主题句。
三、主题题型的变体
1、标题，本文最好的标题
①正确答案对应文章的主题词；②选项范围要恰如其分；
2、写作目的①写作目的等于中心思想；②文章中谈到困难或问题(problem,difficulty,hardship)时，包含下列动词的选项优先考虑：warn,remind，四、主题题型的正误选项的特征
1、正确选项必须包含文中的主题词；
2、错误选项主要有两种：①包含细节；②出现了原文中没有提到的内容。文章中出现两个对立观点时，作者可以明确支持其中一派；如果不明确支持其中一派，他的态度一般是折衷的。词义题
一、返回原文找到被考的词或短语
二、做题方法
①根据上下文确定同义或反义关系（寻找词性和语法功能相同的词，根据他们来确定意思）②根据词根或动词词组的副词判断意义
三、字面意思或大纲中的第一个意思通常不是答案 例证题
1、例证题的总原则：问一个例子或类比的目的或原因，答案为该例子前后总结说明性的话。
2、两种模式：①先总结，后例子答案往前找；给出例子时常有提示词：for example ,for instance ②先例子后总结答案往后找；给出总结时常用提示词：therefore thus 等结论性词汇。
3、三种情况：①全文性的例子，答案为本文的主题；②段落性的例子，答案指向段落主题句，在本段的首末句；③在没有标志词的情况下，问一个单词例证什么，通常等于问该单词在句子中的意思；
对于文章写的比较郁闷，作者观点不明确的文章，作者对文中的问题一般表示关注。Concerned 对于一个事件不管渲染的多么可怕，不出人命就不叫 fatal 致命的 因果原则
1、隐性因果：即问题出现因果词，但原文找到的句子没有因果词，一般集中与段落的前两句；尤其是前一句是因后一句是果。
2、显性因果：①因果名词（在问题中有因果，在原文中也有因果）：reason result basis ②因果动词：base on ,be due to , result from , result in ③因果连词或介词：because, with, why , for, as ④因果副词：therefore , thus ,as a result 在文章中看见因果词就要想到后面会考到；在选项中看到因果词，就要想到文中的因果现象。
如果文章中谈一个现实问题，解决方案一般不够完美，所以涉及解决方案的选项具有以下特征才是正确的：①目前解决方案不行；②需要继续寻找解决方案。实验型文章实验目的指向主题或目的不定式，对于实验性文章，实验代表人物有了，再看实验目的，然后是实验结果，凡是与这三点无关的句子都要快读。文章的主题可以用两个方式来表达：①直接阐述作者的观点；②否定与作者相反、相对立的观点。
表示态度的词： favorable adj.赞成的, 有利的, 赞许的, 良好的
enthusiastic adj.狂热, 热心, 积极性
supportive adj.支持的，支援的 defensive 为„„而辩护
objection /opposition 反对
detestation/ hatred n.憎恶, 厌恶的人, 嫌恶
indignation 愤慨
contempt n.轻视, 轻蔑, 耻辱, 不尊敬
compromising n.妥协, 折衷v.妥协, 折衷
worried adj.闷闷不乐的,焦虑的
Formal(informal)正式, 礼仪, 拘谨(非正式, 不拘礼, 通俗)
Matter of fact 实事求是, 以事实为依据
Personal(impersonal)人性的, 涉及隐私的, 私人的,(客观的, 和个人无关的, 没有人情味的, 非人的)
Respectful 表示尊敬的, 有礼貌的, 谦恭的 Wonder 奇迹, 惊讶, 难以置信的
Affection(affectionate)深情的, 亲切的, 挚爱的
Amusement(amusing)有趣的, 使人发笑的, 消遣的, 愉快的
Approval(disapproval)赞成的, 满意的(不以为然的, 不赞成的, 非难的)Reverence(irreverence)虔诚的, 表示尊敬的, 充满崇敬心的(不敬的, 不逊的, 无礼的)
Disappointment 使人失望的, 令人沮丧的, Sarcasm(sarcastic)讽刺的, 讥讽的 Persuasive(convincing)令人信服的, 有力的, 使人心悦诚服的 Indifferent 漠不关心的, 不重要的, 冷淡的 Condemnation(condemnable)该受责备的, 可非难的, 该罚的 Apologetic 道歉的, 急于认错的, 辩护的 Frustrated 挫折的, 挫败的, 无益的 Contemptuous 轻蔑的, 鄙视的, 瞧不起人的 Cynical 愤世嫉俗的, 讽刺的, 冷嘲的 Pitying 怜悯的, 遗憾的, 同情的 Bitter(bitterness)痛苦的, 怀恨的(悲痛, 怨恨)
Factual 事实的, 实际的 Humorous 富幽默感的, 滑稽的, 诙谐的 Inventive 善于创造的, 发明的 Self-righteous 自以为是的 Insincere 不诚实的, 无诚意的, 伪善的 Matter-of-fact 事实的, 实际的, 事务性的,平淡的
Stick to established facts 坚持已确立的观点
Impatient 不耐烦的, 着急的, 急切的 Pleasure 心情舒畅的, 愉悦的 Anxious to please 焦虑地讨好, 渴望地取悦
Seriously 严肃地, 认真地
Up-to-date 最近的, 跟上时代的 Paradoxical and witty 似非而是的诙谐, 矛盾的妙语, 诡论的机智
Unforgiving 不可饶恕的, 不可原谅的 Professionally scientific 专于科学的, 专业从事科学的
Argumentative 好辩的 Critical 批评的, 吹毛求疵的, 非难的 Admire 钦佩的, 羡慕的 Expected 期待的, 盼望的 Fascinating 迷人的, 吸引人的, 使人神魂颠倒的
Easily understood 清晰易懂的, 明了的 Incorrect 不正确的 Curious 好奇的, 求知的, 古怪的 Rational 理性的, 合理的 Decisive 决定性的, 坚定的, 果断的 Reflective 反射的, 反映的 Self-contradictory 自相矛盾的 Confusing 混淆的, 混乱的, 无秩序的 Optimistic 乐观的, 乐观主义的 Pessimistic 悲观的, 悲观主义的 Sentimental 感伤的, 感情用事的
Scientifically objective 客观科学的, 从科学
角度不带任何偏见的 Delighted 开心,快乐
Show horror 展现恐怖氛围, 描写恐怖心理
Esthete 审美的, 唯美主义的, approval 赞成，承认
approving 满意的 concerned 关心的，重视的 confident 自信的，确信的 complimentary 赞美的 impartial 全面的，公正的 objective 客观的 optimistic 乐观的 positive 实际的 radical根本的，激进的 subjective主观的，个人的 unbiased 没有偏见的 emotional感情的，情绪的 biased 偏向的 critical评论的, 鉴定的, 批评的, cynical愤世疾俗的 disapproval 不赞成
disgusting(annoying/disturbing)令人厌恶的 indignant 愤怒的 intolerable无法忍受的 irrelevant不相关的 negative 否定的，消极的 opposite/opposing反对的 prejudiced有成见的；偏颇的 pessimistic 悲观的 sarcastic讽刺的suspicious(doubtful)可疑的，questionable/skeptical 置疑的 apathetic(unsympathetic)无动于衷的 indifferent 漠不关心的 impartial/ unprejudiced 公平的，不偏不倚的 impassive(unsympathetic/unresponsive)冷漠的，没同情心的 impersonal 无个人色彩的
第五篇：2012英语四级写作辅导
记叙文的思路与练习
记叙文是以叙述人物的经历和事物的发展变化过程为主要表现形式的一种文体。记叙文既可以以写人为主，又可以以写事为主。写记叙文要注意记叙文的“六大要素”即：
时间(When)—— 何时发生，有没有具体时间?
地点(Where)—— 何地发生，有没有地点变化?
人物(Who)—— 何人参与，谁是主角?
事件(What)—— 发生了什么，有何特点?
原因(Why)—— 事件的起因?
结果(How)—— 事件的经过及结局?
一般说来，在一篇记叙文中这六大要素是缺一不可的。
记叙文的思路就围绕这六大要素充分展开。
【例】四级考试中，只出现过一次专门的记叙文体裁的写作，即“An Early Morning Walk”(1988.6.)，2003年6月出现过包含记叙文的作文，即“An Eye-Witness Account of a Traffic Accident”。
对于“An Early Morning Walk”，知道命题要求后，我们就要开始构思了。
When：题目已规定了是“清晨”，在这个时候，“我”去散步。
Where：到哪儿散步?去公园?在校园里?在街上(街上空气不好，还是不去!)。
Who：在公园里看到晨练的人：中老年人、年轻人、小孩子;在校园里看到读书背单词的学生。
What：人们热火朝天地做操，随音乐跳舞，打球，等等。
Why：清晨空气清新，适合锻炼;一日之际在于晨，背背书，读读单词。
当然，由这个题目可以令人想到很多东西，因篇幅所限，我们做了删减。
参考范文
An Early Morning Walk
One morning I got up very early，and everything around was very quiet.The sun had just risen，shining brilliantly and everything seemed to be covered with a layer of golden silk.There were only some birds singing occasionally in the tall trees.I strolled along the street toward the park，breathing the fresh air and feeling extremely happy.When I arrived at the park，I found，to my surprise，that there were so many people there.Men and women，boys and girls，all were enjoying themselves in their various activities.Some were doing morning exercises，some were playing badminton and some old people were having their tea while talking to each other cheerfully.I wandered around the park.To my delight，I found a few middle-school students talking to each other in English in one corner of the park.I went up and spoke to them in English.We soon became friends.I was very glad to find another opportunity to practice my spoken English.On the way home，I realized that an early morning walk really was good and healthful.Taking early morning walks makes one healthy and wise.【点评】文章按照时间顺序(in chronological order)，第一句话点明时间(One morning)、人物(第一人称“I”)，并简要描述了早晨的特点(What was the setting)，接着第二段第一句话交代地点(in the park)，然后介绍公园里人们及作者的活动(What was happening)，最后在文章结尾点题，即，归纳中心思想——Taking early morning walks makes one healthy and wise.仅仅189个单词既满足了记叙文的“六大要素”，又有明确的中心思想和生动的细节，行文方式符合要求。
1.以“A Most Unlucky Day”为题，想想该怎么写。注意：题目的中心词是“unlucky”。
When：
Where：
Who：
What：
Why：
How：
参考思路
When：哪一天是最倒霉的日子?考前的晚上?公布成绩的日子?周末?
Where：在大街上违章停车?在学校?在商场?在经常光顾的地方——食堂、餐厅、麦当劳、图书馆、溜冰场、投影厅?
Who：是我倒霉?是好友?你?那个蛋白质室友?
What：拿到罚单?上课上班迟到?失恋?被窃?四级没过?
Why：倒霉嘛，无非是运气不好，睡过头了、态度恶劣、偷懒、不刻苦„
How：一团糟，挨批，心情极度沮丧，不过也无所谓嘛„
想完之后，我们再花点儿功夫将关联的东东挑出来，别忘了本文的中心是“unlucky”。根据自己的思路，写一篇文章：
参考范文
A Most Unlucky Day
I had a streak of tough luck yesterday.Everything，it seemed to me，went wrong.And I simply couldn’t understand why all the bad things happened to me in one single day.In the morning，as luck would have it，my alarm clock didn’t ring，and with an aching head I woke up half an hour later than usual.I was in such a hurry that，when making an omelet，I got my fingers burnt and splashed the omelet all over the floor of the kitchen.Having no time for my breakfast at that point，I rushed out of my house with an empty stomach and hurting fingers.I had intended to catch the 7:30 subway，but somehow I couldn’t make it.I became very nervous at the mere thought of being late for my English class，because my English teacher is very strict and demanding，and he gets angry whenever any student is late for his class.After getting off the 7:40 subway，I raced all the way from the station to my school，thinking it would be impossible for me to flag a taxi at this hour of the day.At the corner of the street near my school，I abruptly bumped into a man and，worse luck，broke the glasses I had bought for 500 yuan just last week.With scarcely any time to receive or offer an apology，I just kept on running and running.At long last，I arrived at the school only to find，with great sadness mixed with some relief，that the school was empty and the classrooms were all locked.It was Saturday.My ill luck showed no sign of coming to an end.When I returned home greatly frustrated，I found myself locked out.In my hurry I had forgotten to bring the key with me.Just my luck!【点评】这篇文章按照时间顺序一气呵成。文章的标题、第一句和最后一句都点出了中心思想：“I had a most unlucky day”。故事从作者醒来开始，在慌慌张张中煎蛋卷、赶地铁、急奔学校、撞破眼镜、发现白忙乎了一场，最后猛然清醒——匆忙之中忘了钥匙!整个故事描述得精彩生动，既有动作的细节又有作者内心的感受，让读者也身临其境地体会了倒霉的一天。
根据以下提示叙述一场交通事故：1)用第一人称;2)短语提示：drive home at about 30 kilometers an hour;it was dark;a small girl chased a dog;not hit her but hit a car in the other direction3)写出作者对此交通意外的感想。
参考范文
Last night I was driving home from work.I had an accident.I was following behind a truck，driving at about 30 kilometers an hour.I was watching the traffic carefully because it was getting dark.Suddenly a small girl ran onto the road from the left.She was chasing a dog and she wasn’t paying any attention to the traffic.I immediately applied the brakes and turned the steering wheel quickly to the right.The girl jumped towards the side of the road as soon as she saw my car.Fortunately I did not hit her，but I hit a car coming in the other direction.Luckily I was not driving very fast so the damage was not serious.It is better to damage a car than to injure a young child，I thought to myself.B： 以第一人称写一篇记叙文，讲述在旅行中经历的一件小事。
参考范文
Go on a Mediterranean Journey
My wife and I have always enjoyed traveling by sea，and last year we decided to go on a Mediterranean journey.Although our holiday was rather expensive we thought that the high standard of accommodation，the first-class food and the many interesting places we saw were well worth the price we paid.We found that most of the other passengers were friendly and interesting，but there was one man，a Mr.James，who irritated and annoyed us.Whatever subject we talked about，it seemed that he was an expert at it.He had，apparently，read more books，visited more countries and studied more languages，than anyone else had.After a few days，we ate our meals in silence，because nobody wanted to begin a conversation that would soon be taken over by this man.Then my wife had an idea.She suggested that we might think of an unusual subject，look it up in an encyclopedia and then talk about it at dinner.If it were an unusual subject，Mr.James could not possibly know anything about it.The subject we chose was “English Agriculture in the Eleventh Century.” At dinner that night we discussed this subject with great enthusiasm.Mr.历年四级考试中的“How I Overcome Difficulties in Learning English”、“My Ideal Job”以及图表作文的第一段都属于说明文的范畴，如，2002年6月的根据坐标图写题为“Students Use of Computers”的作文。
说明文必须按一定的顺序进行说明：时间顺序、空间顺序、逻辑顺序或认识顺序，选择具体的特点和细节来说明。
所以，说明文的思路要围绕说明顺序、事物的特点和细节展开。例如：
范文点评
A Famous Clock
When you visit London，one of the first things you will see is Big Ben，the famous clock which can be heard all over the world on the B.B.C.If the Houses of Parliament had not been burned down in 1834，the great clock would never have been erected.Big Ben takes its name from Sir Benjamin Hall who was responsible for the making of the clock when the new Houses of Parliament were being built.It is not only of immense size，but is extremely accurate as well.Officials from Greenwich Observatory have the clock checked twice a day.On the B.B.C.you can hear the clock when it is actually striking because microphones are connected to the clock tower.Big Ben has rarely gone wrong.Once，however，it failed to give the correct time.A painter who had been working on the tower hung a pot of paint on one of the hands and slowed it down!
【点评】这是《新概念英语》中的一篇经典说明文，介绍了世界著名的“大本钟”。文章开篇指明该钟位于英国伦敦，且全世界的人们通过BBC就能够听到钟声。接下来讲述了“大本钟”的由来，特点——不仅外型巨大，而且走时准确，在结尾处讲了“大本钟”的一个幽默的小插曲——油漆工把油漆桶挂在指针上，把钟弄慢了。细读这篇文章，我们不难发现，区区159个单词就把“大本钟”的光辉形象牢牢地刻在读者的脑海里，为什么?本文基于事实，分析了主题的来龙去脉，语言简洁又不失生动贴切，作者态度客观又充满幽默，使读者既“明白了事理”，又对事物有较完整明晰的了解认识，此乃说明文之真谛也。以“Goals”为题打开一篇说明文的思路。
参考思路
1)目标的分类：(可根据时间顺序，空间顺序、逻辑顺序或认识顺序，任选一个进行分类和排列)
2)各个类别的特点和细节：
3)组织成文：
范文点评
Goals
Everyone has goals.Many people do not reach their goals for lack of planning.These three sets of goals should be developed： lifetime，intermediate and short term.Lifetime goals should be written out.These goals should be clear and reasonable.For instance，the goal to win a research prize is clear and measurable.Other lifetime goals might include publishing a certain number of influential books or articles，earning a departmental chairmanship at a major university，successfully competing for a grant from the National Science Foundation or securing a consultantship with a big corporation.Intermediate goals relate to outcomes during the next few years.For the beginning doctoral student，intermediate goals may include completion of course work and preparation of a doctoral research proposal.Like lifetime goals，these are measurable and clearly stated.Short-term goals involve outcomes expected during the next 12 months.These goals are more performance oriented，and they help with achievement of intermediate goals.Examples of short-term goals are earning an A in a course，learning how to program a computer or performing an experiment.【点评】本文介绍了人生的三种目标：终生的、长期的和短期的目标。在文中采用了说明文常用的方法：定义、举例、分类和比较等。我们要了解并且要掌握的方法：
1.定义法(definition)
定义法是用下定义的方式去揭示事物本质特征或概念内涵。它能使读者迅速抓住本质属性和基本特点。此法的句型：
① „ is a/the „ of „ which/that „② „ relate to/involve/refer to „
【例】
(1)Language is a system of arbitrary vocal symbols which is used for human communication.语言是人类用来交际的任意性的语音符号体系。
(2)Intermediate goals relate to outcomes during the next few years.(3)Short-term goals involve outcomes expected during the next 12 months.2.举例法(illustration)
举例法就是举出实际事例来说明事物的方法，是最常见，往往也是最有效的阐释模式。
专家提醒
举例时应挑选具体、典型且有能力表达清楚的例子，并注意按照一定的顺序编排。
请看上述范文第二段：“For instance”引出“lifetime goals”的实例，如，赢得研究奖金、出版有影响书或文章、获得大学的系主任职位、获得国家自然科学基金及大公司稳定的顾问职位。
3.分类法(classification)
分类法就是把说明的对象，按一定的标准划分成不同类别分别加以说明的方法。如：上述范文介绍人生的三种目标，并按照时间的长短对终生目标、长期目标和短期目标做了分类说明。
4.比较法(comparison)
比较法是用一个事物和与其有联系的其他事物加以对比的说明方法。目的是为了帮助读者准确地区分事物，通过对比达到对该事物的深刻认识。
如：上述范文对三种人生目标在时间上和实际操作上进行了比较，并阐明了彼此的联系。
(1)Lifetime goals should be written out.(2)Like lifetime goals，these are measurable and clearly stated.(3)These goals are more performance oriented，and they help with achievement of intermediate goals.5.数字法(statistics)
数字法是运用数据来表明事物的本质和特点，准确合理的数据使文章精确可信。
【例】
(1)Nearly half of all Americans over age 20 wear a bridge or denture，and more than 20 percent have complete upper and lower denture.By age 50，one out of every two persons has gum disease.(2)And it seems sensible to wait.One quarter of all marriages between people under twenty-one end in divorce.In Britain in 1972，there were 124，248 divorces.说明文的说明方法除上面介绍的常见的几种以外，还有诸如分项法、列举法、比喻法及引用法等，只有综合运用多种说明方法，才能多角度、多层次地全面、清晰、准确地展示客观事物的本来面貌。
1.用定义法解释：
CET-4：
the Olympic Games：
a skeleton in the cupboard：
Hope Project：
qualifications：
2.用举例法说明：
教育的重要性：
当前网络游戏的危害：
成功的方法：
健身的种种看法：
大学生学好英语的方法：
3.用分类法说明：
社会实践的方面：
课外活动：
大学生谈恋爱的原因：
大学毕业生的分配情况：
食堂的伙食：
4.用比较法说明：
留学的利弊：
兼职的好坏：
不同的减肥方法：
题海战术与素质教育：
5.用数字法说明：
大学生的身体状况：
大学生的就业现状：
汽油价格上涨带来的影响：
手机的使用情况：
中国人住房状况：
借助说明文的构思方法，看看下列题目该如何写：
(1)The Layout of a Hospital
Direction： You are asked to write a composition about “The Layout Of a Hospital”。Locate some important departments in the hospital based on the picture and information given below.Your compositions should be no less than 100 words.1)the Emergency Department
2)the Out-patient Department
3)the Surgery Department
4)Dispensary/Pharmacy
5)Physician Department
6)the Eye，Ear，and Throat Department
7)the Dental Department
8)the Laboratory
9)the X-ray Department
10)the Administrative Building
11)the Ward
参考范文
Near the gate，on the west side of the road is the Emergency Department.Opposite the Emergency Department across the Main Road is the Out-patient Department.The building to the southwest of the lake is the Dispensary，which faces the Surgery Department lying on the other side of the road.Along the west wall，from south to north，stand three buildings： the Physician Department，the Eye，Ear，and Throat Department，and the Dental Department.The Laboratory is to the northwest of the round about，and beside the Laboratory，the X-ray Department is located on the same side of the road.A winding road by the lake leads to the Ward.Near the end of the main road，the Administrative Building is situated on the east side.The hospital is nicely and conveniently laid out.
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