外文及翻译

第一篇：外文及翻译

ZHEJIANG SHUREN UNIVERSITY

《学科前沿文献读写议》课程作业

学生姓名： 沈焱强 学

号： 201001013335 专

业： 工商管理 班

级： 工本103班

浙江树人大学管理学院

毕业论文题目：浙江农村养老保险调查分析 外文文献翻译

重新引入代际均衡：波兰养老保险制度

马立克：GóRA 威廉戴维森学院工作论文574号 2003年6月

摘要：波兰于1999年通过了新的养老金制度。这种新的养老保险制度允许波兰，以减少退休金支出（占GDP的百分比），而不是增加它-正如预计的经合组织其他大多数国家。本文介绍了概念背景的新系统的设计。新系统的长期目的是确保人口代际平衡，不论情况。这需要稳定的国内生产总值的份额分配给整个退休一代。传统的养老金制度的目的，相反，在稳定的份额人均国内生产总值退休人员。在人口结构的变化观察到，在过去的一夫妻几十年，这历史性的尝试，以稳定为首占GDP的比重为退休人员严重的财政问题和经济增长负外部性，如观察许多国家。许多国家曾试图改革其养老金制度不同的方法来尝试解决这些不断增加的费用问题。虽然波兰改革采用了其他地方应用技术，它的设计不同于典型的做法和教训，结果是有希望的所有经合组织国家。本文介绍了这一理论和实际应用另一种方法，因此，新的波兰养老保险制度主要特点设计。

导言

人口结构的转型与政策过于短视一起造成了严重的问题在全世界许多国家地区的养老金。传统的要素养老金制度的设计包括对捐款的薄弱环节和利益缺乏超过该系统的成本控制。这些因素列入养老保险制度导致爆炸的设计成本，造成了负增长的外部因素和导致失业率持续高企。因此，养老金改革的追求现已在世界各地，特别是在欧洲的政策议程的顶部。然而，很少有国家能够在引进根本性的改革面积到了这个时候养老金。在这种情况下，改革的定义是至关重要的。对于本文的目的，“改革”是指改变系统，以消除而不是仅仅在边缘玩的贡献率时下绝大多数平均拥有多年的生活留下来住。因此，上面的讨论表明，养老保险制度的目标已经改变了养老退休金系统（OA）的一部分。然而，非养老社会保障制度（NOA），如残疾，保持风险有关，不论老化。这将导致社会保障体系的各部分的结论是，应采用分段，如收入（贡献）和费用（利益）可以连接到他们的目的完全随着时间的推移，各分部相互绝缘。

在这种方式中，决策者将能够看到各分部的社会保障体系，知道系统其他部分的风险，其收入和支出都被绝缘的当前状态，准确地反映了该分部的和共同的系统作为一个整体。社会保障体系，然后将一个OA段（养老金）和各的NOA段（残疾，生育，工人的补偿等等）。这种业务和会计改革是最重要的一个深养老保

险制度改革的非财政的原因之一，并为决策者提供一个功能强大的工具来了解如何以及他们的社会保障体系，将满足其目标。养老金：所提出的方法的总结

典型的养老金经济学，以及流行的讨论，使用下面的对立概念为思考中心基础养老金：

现付与资金；

公共与私人的；

多方面与多支柱。

本文提出了一种替代方法。这种替代方法，可以在以下四对对立的概念，总结了： 通用（强制覆盖整个人口）和部分（一组人自愿参与）；

个性化（个人账户）与匿名（不）参与；

具体的任务/分段（OA与NOA）与多任务（OA和NOA混合在一个方案）社会保障组织；

金融（通过金融市场回报率）与非财务（通过真正的经济增长产生的回报率）。

有效的养老保险制度的一种方式，使内源性的设计，这意味着它会自动调整不干预外。系统只需要一个决定，即贡献率的初步选择。

基于比较的上面设置养老金的思维方式可以更好地描述和分析了养老保险制度是有用的。这种方法也可以让养老金讨论超越那些促进民办养老基金和那些促进所谓的现收现付制无望的争议。

在欧盟等和其它地方的政策制定者可以使用所提出的方法的时候，看着他们的养老金制度改革。

波兰新的养老保险制度的主要特点

波兰新养老保险制度的设计是一个很好的例子应用上述，介绍了在实践中的思维方式。命名为“安全系统通过多样性“1999年1月开始。它完全取代了以前的条例退休金的工作人口的大多数。设计新系统从从无到有提供了独特的机会，以避免复杂的系统。相反，新系统的设计是简单和透明。主要目标是设计一个系统可以是中性的，或者至少关闭经济增长无论对中立人口老龄化。新系统的设计不复制任何其他现有的养老保险制度在其他地方。很强的相似性，可以发现，只有到新的瑞典养老保险制度根据类似的原则，并开始在同一时间对同一，在这一总体框架波兰新系统采用了数字技术的概念在其他国家发展。这种新波兰养老保险制度的简要介绍对一般的系统经济性设计的重点，同时搁置最技术细节。下面的子弹协助抓的波兰新概念的本质系统设计。重点是普遍的养老保险制度的一部分；

分离，社会保障的养老从非养老部分的一部分社会保障和分割的收入流； 终止了以前的系统办公自动化的一部分； 创建一个新的办公自动化系统完全养老金个人账户的基础上； 权责发生制在办公自动化系统； 分裂两个帐户（第一帐户中的每个人的办公自动化捐款北区区议会，第二个帐户）；

最小的两个补充养老年金顶部，如果他们的总和低于一定水平（资金，国家预算中）。

特别是有没有这样的元素作为一个“国家基本养老金”的制度。社会再分配的存在，但它被移动从退休金制度。养老保险制度的唯一的作用是提供一个有效的方法，对收入分配工作的一代人生命周期。对于整个社会保障体系的贡献率并没有改变。不过工人的工资是“票房注册”，以便向他们介绍他们的想法，付出的贡献的一部分，并建造了总成本的意识养老保险制度。因此，自1999年1月工人和雇主分担没有任何费用的捐款在捐款总额的大小真正的变化。该整个操作影响的百分比，但不是真正的金钱流动。因此新的系统是基于以前的系统相同的贡献流入。

结束语

为人们提供与社会保障-包括消费融资的退休一代一代的产品进行的工作-是非常高的名单在大多数国家的社会优先事项。这是社会的重要，特别是在欧洲。然而，传统的养老金制度的低效率在实现这一目标的提出风险。社会和民众主义言论向公众表明，改变内养老保险制度是危险的社会目标。在现实中，大多数国家在世界上，它是刚好相反。时间越长，传统的养老金制度是举起，在更多的社会造成的破坏性影响将被创建。波兰属于一个国家的非组，为众多的人准备我们的时间，即人口老龄化最严峻的挑战。新养老保险制度不仅将停止对养老保险制度的成本增加，但会也让他们减少。这将使更多的资源用于发展，这反过来也将有助于更强劲的增长，加双方的工作生活和退休一代的标准。波兰新的养老金制度的例子，以及瑞典之一，有趣的另一个原因。这种类型的系统有利于劳动力的流动，这是特别需要在欧洲。免费的劳工运动，就不可能实现如果从一国转移到另一个影响到退休后的收入预期。因此，在养老保险制度的中立性目标将有越来越多的欧洲重要整合。

外文文献原文

Reintroducing Intergenerational Equilibrium: Key Concepts behind the New Polish Pension System

By: Marek Góra William Davidson Institute Working Paper Number 574

June 2003

Abstract Poland adopted a new pension system in 1999.This new pension system allowsPoland to reduce pension expenditure(as a percent of GDP), instead of increasing itas is projected for the majority of other OECD countries.This paper presents theconceptual background of the new system design.The new system’s long-termbjective is to ensure intergenerational equilibrium irrespective of the demographicsituation.This requires stabilisation of the share of GDP allocated to the entire retiredgeneration.Traditional pension systems aim, instead, at stabilisation of the share ofGDP per retiree.The change in demographic structure observed over the past for acouple of decades and this historic attempt to stabilise the share of GDP per retiree ledto severe fiscal problems and negative externalities for growth, as observed innumerous countries.Many countries have tried to reform their pension systems indifferent ways to try to resolve the issue of these ever-increasing costs.Although thePolish reform uses a number of techniques applied elsewhere, its design differs fromthe typical approaches – and the lessons and results are promising for all OECDcountries.This paper presents the theoretical and practical application of thisalternative approach and as such, the key features of the new Polish pension systemdesign.Introduction Demographic transition together with myopic policies has caused severe problems inthe area of pensions in many countries around the world.Elements of traditionalpension systems’ design include a weak link of benefits to contributions and the lackof control over costs of the system.Inclusion of these elements in the pension systemdesign led to the explosion of costs, caused negative externalities for

growth andcontributed to persistently high unemployment.As such, the quest for pension reformis now on the top of policy agendas around the world, and especially in Europe.However, very few countries have been able to introduce fundamental reforms in thearea of pensions to this time.In this case, the definition of reform is crucial.For thepurposes of this paper, “reform” means changing the system in order to removetructural inefficiencies – and not just playing at the margins with contribution rates and retirement ages to adjust the system’s parameters for short-term fiscal andpolitical reasons.Traditional pension systems have proven to be inefficient in providing societies withsocial security.At the same time attempts to cure these systems are hampered by alack of consensus on what could replace the traditional system.Discussions on thisissue involve confusion stemming from the ideological context of the discussionparticipants, as well as from overuse of such concepts as “pay-as-you-go” versus“funding”, or “public” versus “private”, while at the same time ignoring a number ofimportant economic issues.Furthermore, economists have traditionally ignored pensions.Designing and runningpension systems was left to non-economists, who were not extensively concernedwith how to finance pensions in the long-term or with how to counteract these pensionsystems’ negative externalities.The new Polish pension system belongs to very smallnumber of successful attempts to apply modern thinking in the area of pensions.Thisdoes not mean – as some may assume – giving up social security goals.Rather, thekey idea was to give up the inefficient methods of delivering social security in orderto save its goals and principles.This paper consists of two parts.The first focuses on a discussion of general issuesthat need to be addressed when designing a pension system.These issues arepresented in a way that goes beyond the traditional way of thinking on pensions.In regards to this second part of the paper, it is important to point out that mostcountries in the current EU member states and candidate countries have pensionsystems that are essentially the same at the basic policy level.As such, the solutionsin one member state or candidate country can be expected to be the same.Like European states such as France, Germany, Italy, the Czech Republic, Hungaryand other European states, Poland and Sweden over the past decades and until the late1990’s developed inefficient, costly pension systems.As such, in part two of thepaper we shall examine how Poland has now successfully implemented the approachpresented in the first part of the paper, and created a fundamentally strong and neutralpension system.8

Selected general issues Pension system design has to take into account a number of issues.Their fullpresentation and discussion goes beyond the scope of this paperThis paper presentsonly a list of the issues for consideration and the most important observations.The pension system: externalities versus neutralityThe description of a pension system depends strongly on both the aggregated andindividual viewpoint.From the aggregated perspective, the pension system is a way of dividing currentGDP between a part kept by the working generation and a part allocatedto the retired generation.From the individual perspective, the pension system is a way of income allocationover a person’s life cycle.The above holds irrespective to the technical method applied or the ideologicalviewpoint.The pension system – as defined above – is not necessarily pay-as-you-goor funded.Such features stem from technical elements additionally applied on the topof the pension system, rather than from the system itself.If the pension system designassumes anonymous participation and a substantial scale of redistribution then weusually call this system pay-as-you-go.If the pension system design uses financialmarkets, then we usually call it funded.However, these two typically used concepts do not exhaust all possible combinationsof anonymous versus individualised participation and financial versus non-financialpension system design techniques used.The dualistic pay-as-you-go versus fundedapproach leaves aside the combination of individual participation in a system thatdoes not use financial markets.This approach also neglects the fact that usingfinancial markets means investment(pension portfolio consists of private equities)ordeferring taxes(pension portfolio consists of government bonds), which is obviouslynot the same.Adding redistribution or financial markets to the pension system generatesexternalities.These externalities can be positive and negative.Redistribution withinthe pension system can generate positive externalities if the system is inexpensive,namely the part of GDP allocated to the retired generation is not large.If theredistribution is large, then it generates negative externalities, such as contributing topersistently high unemployment and weak growth.Using financial markets causespositive externalities for growth if the pension system spends contribution money oninvestment.If the contributions are spent on government debt they may lead tonegative externalities similar to those of large redistributive system, namely more taxdistortions.This can happen if the rate of return on government debt is persistentlyabove the rate of GDP growth.There exists yet another option, namely 9

to bring the pension system as close toeconomic neutrality as possible.This option requires, among other things, combiningindividual participation in the system with dividing GDP between generations basedon real economy developments, such as has been done in Poland and Sweden.Demographic structure: consequences of the change.Irrespective of the pension system design technique used, the pension systemexchanges a right of the retired generation for a part of the product of the workinggeneration.The exchange can be organised in various ways and also the rights can beexpressed in various ways.In particular, the rights can be either traded in the financialmarkets, or defined in relation to some economic variables, or just based on politicalpromise.In all of these cases there is a kind of market for pension rights.The workinggeneration finances contributions in order to purchase the rights;the retiredgeneration sells the rights in order to get a part of the product of the workinggeneration.The various types of pension systems create an institutional framework forthis market.Given the contribution rate, the demand side of the market is determined by the number of workers and their productivity.The number of retirees determines the demand side.However, if – as it is the case in traditional systems – pensions are administratively defined in terms of wages(replacement rate promised)then the pension system depends solely on the demographic structure.Even strong productivity growth cannot help in balancing the system’s revenue and expenditure.The general change of the demographic structure we see around the world has caused the pyramid scheme used for financing pension expenditure to no longer generate sufficient revenues.In consequence, previous minor inefficiencies have become devastating.Ageing turned the previous “pyramid-shape” demographic structure into a new “hut-shape” one, as illustrated in Figure 1.10

The pension system strongly depends on the demographic structure of the population.There is no escape from this dependency irrespective of pension system technique used.Using financial markets do not make pension systems immune from this dependency.Financial markets do help, however, in adjusting the system to the current demographic situation by introducing an easy to understand and acceptable link between benefits and contributions paid.The general change of the demographic structure around the world has caused severe fiscal problems for many countries.This change can be seen also from the viewpoint of being able to achieve the traditional social goals of the pension system.In this regard, two important observations are worth mentioning:

In the past, the minority – nowadays the vast majority – of those who pay contributions to the system as workers, afterwards receive benefits as retirees.This means that in the active phase of the individual’s life, participation in the pension system is very similar to long term saving.As the goal is to provide for each individual, using the individual as the main accounting unit becomes a superior way to organize the pension system.In the past, the pension system channelledGDP to the very old people who were unable to earn a living and finance consumption on their own.Nowadays people who retire are still able to work and earn, and they – on average have many years of life left to live.As such, the discussion above shows that the objective of the pension system has changed for the old-age part of the pension system(OA).However, the non-old-age parts of social security systems(NOA), such as disability, remain risk related, irrespective to ageing.This leads to the

conclusion that the various parts of the social security system should be segmented, such that revenues(contributions)and expenses(benefits)can be tied to their purpose exclusively over time, and each segment insulated from each other.In this way, policy makers would be able to look at each segment of the social security system, knowing that its revenues and expenses have been insulated from the risks of other parts of the system and are an accurate reflection of the current state of that segment and together of the system as a whole.The social security system, would then be made of an OA segment(pensions)and various NOA segments(disability, maternity, worker’s compensation, and so forth).This operational and accounting reform is one of the most important non-fiscal reasons for a deep pension reform and would provide policy makers with a powerful tool to understand how well their social security system can and will meet its goals.Pensions: Summary of the proposed approach Typically pension economics, as well as popular discussions, use the following opposing concepts as a central basis for thinking on pensions:

Pay-as-you-go versus funding;

Public versus private;Monopillar versus multipillar.This paper presents an alternative approach.This alternative approach can be summarised in the following four pairs of opposing concepts:

Universal(mandatory covering the entire population)versus partial(voluntary participation of a group of people);

Individualised(individual accounts)versus anonymous(no accounts)participation;

Task specific/segmented(OA separated from NOA)versus multitask(OA and NOA mixed within one scheme)organisation of social security;

Financial(generating the rate of return through financial markets)versus nonfinancial(generating the rate of return through real economy growth).The efficient pension system is designed in a way that makes it endogenous, which means it adjusts automatically without intervening from outside.The system needs only one decision, namely the initial choice of the contribution rate.The way of thinking on pensions based on the above set of comparisons can be useful for better

describing and analysing the pension system.This approach can also let the discussion on pensions go beyond the hopeless controversy of those who promote private funded pension funds and those who promote what is called the pay-as-you-go system.As such policy makers in the European Union and elsewhere could benefit using the proposed methodology when looking at reforming their pension systems.Key features of the new Polish pension system The new Polish pension system design is a good example of applying the abovedescribed way of thinking in practice.The system named “Security throughDiversity” started on 1 January 1999.It entirely replaced previous regulations on oldagepensions for majority of working population.Designing the new system fromscratch provided the unique opportunity to avoid complicating the system.Instead, thenew system design is simple and transparent.The main goal was to design a systemthat can be neutral or at least close to neutrality for economic growth irrespective ofpopulation ageing.The design of the new system does not copy any other pension system existingelsewhere.Strong similarity can be found only to the new Swedish pension systembased on similar principles and started on the same day.16 At the same time, withinthis general framework the new Polish system uses a number of technical conceptsdeveloped in other countries.This brief presentation of the new Polish pension systemfocuses on the general economic design of the system, while leaving aside mosttechnical details.The following bullets help in grasping the essence of the concept of the new Polishsystem design.Focusing on the universal part of the pension system;Separation of the old-age part of social security from the non-old-age parts ofsocial security;and segmenting the flows of revenue;Termination of the part of the previous system;Creation of a new pension system, entirely based on individual accounts;Accrual accounting within the system;Splitting each person’s OA contributions between two accounts(first account – NDC, second account – FDC);Annuitisation of account values at the moment ofretirement;Minimum pension supplement on the top of both annuities if their sum is below certain level(financed out of the state budget).It should be strongly stressed that both accounts are annuitised at the same momentand play exactly the same role within social security.In particular there is no suchelement of the system as a “basic state pension”.Social redistribution exists but it hasbeen moved out from the pension system.The sole role of the pension system isproviding working generation with an efficient method of income allocation over theirlife cycle.The contribution rate for the entire social security system has not changed.Howeverworkers’ salaries were “grossed up” in order to introduce to them the idea that theypay part of the contribution and to build their awareness of the overall cost of thepension system.As such, since 1 January 1999 both workers and employers share thecost of contributions without any real change in the size of the total contributions.Thewhole operation affected percentages but not real flows of money.Thus the newsystem is based on the same contribution inflow as the previous system.Final remarks Providing people with social security – including financing consumption of the retiredgeneration out of the product of the working generation-is very high on the list of social priorities in most countries.It is especially important in European societies.However, the inefficiency of traditional pension systems put achieving this goal atrisk.Social and populist rhetoric suggests to the public that changes within thepension system are dangerous for social goals.In reality, for most countries in theworld, it is just the opposite.The longer the traditional pension systems are held up,the more socially damaging effects will be created.Poland belongs to a non-numerous group of countries that are prepared for one of themost difficult challenges of our time, namely the ageing of the population.The newpension system will not only stop the increase of costs of the pension system but willalso allow for their reduction.This will leave more resources available fordevelopment, which, in turn, will contribute to stronger growth and the increase ofliving standards of both the working and the retired generation.The example of the new Polish pension system, as well as the Swedish one, isinteresting for yet another reason.This type of system contributes to labour mobility,which is particularly needed in Europe.Free movement of labour cannot be achievedif moving from one country to another affects expected retirement income.As such,aiming at pension system neutrality will be more and more important for Europeanintegration.

第二篇：外文翻译

当今时代是一个自动化时代，交通灯控制等很多行业的设备都与计算机密切相关。因此，一个好的交通灯控制系统，将给道路拥挤，违章控制等方面给予技术革新。随着大规模集成电路及计算机技术的迅速发展，以及人工智能在控制技术方面的广泛运用，智能设备有了很大的发展，是现代科技发展的主流方向。本文介绍了一个智能交通的系统的设计。该智能交通灯控制系统可以实现的功能有：对某市区的四个主要交通路口进行控制：个路口有固定的工作周期，并且在道路拥挤时中控制中心能改变其周期：对路口违章的机动车能够即时拍照，并提取车牌号。在世界范围内，一个以微电子技术，计算机和通信技术为先导的，一信息技术和信息产业为中心的信息革命方兴未艾。而计算机技术怎样 与实际应用更有效的结合并有效的发挥其作用是科学界最热门的话题，也是当今计算机应用中空前活跃的领域。本文主要从单片机的应用上来实现十字路口交通灯智能化的管理，用以控制过往车辆的正常运作。

研究交通的目的是为了优化运输，人流以及货流。由于道路使用者的不断增加，现有资源和基础设施有限，智能交通控制将成为一个非常重要的课题。但是，智能交通控制的应用还存在局限性。例如避免交通拥堵被认为是对环境和经济都有利的，但改善交通流也可能导致需求增加。交通仿真有几个不同的模型。在研究中，我们着重于微观模型，该模型能模仿单独车辆的行为，从而模仿动态的车辆组。

由于低效率的交通控制，汽车在城市交通中都经历过长时间的行进。采用先进的传感器和智能优化算法来优化交通灯控制系统，将会是非常有益的。优化交通灯开关，增加道路容量和流量，可以防止交通堵塞，交通信号灯控制是一个复杂的优化问题和几种智能算法的融合，如模糊逻辑，进化算法，和聚类算法已经在使用，试图解决这一问题，本文提出一种基于多代理聚类算法控制交通信号灯。

在我们的方法中，聚类算法与道路使用者的价值函数是用来确定每个交通灯的最优决策的，这项决定是基于所有道路使用者站在交通路口累积投票，通过估计每辆车的好处(或收益)来确定绿灯时间增益值与总时间是有差异的，它希望在它往返的时候等待，如果灯是红色，或者灯是绿色。等待，直到车辆到达目的地，通过有聚类算法的基础设施，最后经过监测车的监测。

我们对自己的聚类算法模型和其它使用绿灯模拟器的系统做了比较。绿灯模拟器是一个交通模拟器，监控交通流量统计，如平均等待时间，并测试不同的交通灯控制器。结果表明，在拥挤的交通条件下，聚类控制器性能优于其它所有测试的非自适应控制器，我们也测试理论上的平均等待时间，用以选择车辆通过市区的道路，并表明，道路使用者采用合作学习的方法可避免交通瓶颈。

本文安排如下：第2部分叙述如何建立交通模型，预测交通情况和控制交通。第3部分是就相关问题得出结论。第4部分说明了现在正在进一步研究的事实，并介绍了我们的新思想。

The times is a automation times nowadays,traffic light waits for much the industey equipment to go hand in hand with the computer under the control of.Therefore,a good traffic light controls system,will give road aspect such as being crowded,controlling against rules to give a technical improvement.With the fact that the large-scale integrated circuit and the computer art promptness develop,as well as artificial intelligence broad in the field of control technique applies,intelligence equipment has had very big development,the main current being that modern science and technology develops direction.The main body of a book is designed having introduccd a intelligence traffic light systematically.The function being intelligence traffic light navar’s turn to be able to come true has：The crossing carries out supervisory control on four main traffic of some downtown area;Every crossing has the fixed duty period,charges centrefor being able to change it’s period and in depending on a road when being crowded;The motro vehicle breaking rules and regulations to the crossing is able to take a photo immediately,abstracts and the vehicle shop sign.Within world range ,one uses the microelectronics technology,the computer and the technology communicating by letter are a guide’s,centering on IT and IT industry information revolution is in the ascendant.But,how,computer art applies more effective union and there is an effect’s brought it’s effect into play with reality is the most popular topic of scientific community,is also that computer applications is hit by the unparalleled active field nowadays.The main body of a book is applied up mainly from slicing machine’s only realizing intellectualized administration of crossroads traffic light,use operation in controlling the vehicular traffic regularity.Transportation research has the goal to optimize transportation flow of people and goods.As the number of road users constantly increases, and resources provided by current infras-tructures are limited, intelligent control of traffic will become a very important issue in thefuture.However, some limitations to the usage of intelligent tra?c control exist.Avoidingtraffic jams for example is thought to be beneficial to both environment and economy, butimproved traffic-flow may also lead to an increase in demand [Levinson, 2003].There are several models for traffic simulation.In our research we focus on microscopicmodels that model the behavior of individual vehicles, and thereby can simulate dynam-ics of groups of vehicles.Research has shown that such models yield realistic behavior[Nagel and Schreckenberg, 1992, Wahle and Schreckenberg, 2001].Cars in urban traffic can experience long travel times due to inefficient traffic light con-trol.Optimal control of traffic lights using sophisticated sensors and intelligent optimizationalgorithms might therefore bevery beneficial.Optimization of traffic light switching increasesroad capacity and traffic flow, and can prevent tra?c congestions.Traffic light control is acomplex optimization problem and several intelligent algorithms, such as fuzzy logic, evo-lutionary algorithms, and reinforcement learning(RL)have already been used in attemptsto solve it.In this paper we describe a model-based, multi-agent reinforcement learningalgorithm for controlling traffic lights.In our approach, reinforcement learning [Sutton and Barto, 1998, Kaelbling et al., 1996]with road-user-based value functions [Wiering, 2000] is used to determine optimal decisionsfor each traffic light.The decision is based on a cumulative vote of all road users standingfor a traffic junction, where each car votes using its estimated advantage(or gain)of settingits light to green.The gain-value is the difference between the total time it expects to waitduring the rest of its trip if the light for which it is currently standing is red, and if it is green.The waiting time until cars arrive at their destination is estimated by monitoring cars flowingthrough the infrastructure and using reinforcement learning(RL)algorithms.We compare the performance of our model-based RL method to that of other controllersusing the Green Light District simulator(GLD).GLD is a traffic simulator that allows usto design arbitrary infrastructures and traffic patterns, monitor traffic flow statistics such asaverage waiting times, and test different traffic light controllers.The experimental resultsshow that in crowded traffic, the RL controllers outperform all other tested non-adaptivecontrollers.We also test the use of the learned average waiting times for choosing routes of cars through the city(co-learning), and show that by using co-learning road users can avoidbottlenecks.

第三篇：外文翻译

设计一个位于十字路口的智能交通灯控制系统

摘要：本文模型使用模糊本体的交通灯控制域，并把它应用到控制孤立十字路口。本文最重要的目的之一是提出一个独立的可重复使用的交通灯控制模块。通过这种方式，增加软件的独立性和为其他的软件开发活动如测试和维护，提供了便利。专家对本体论进行手动的开发和评估。此外，交通数据提取和分类路口使用的人工神经网络的图像处理算法。根据预定义的XML架构，这种信息转化为XML实例映射到适合使用模糊推理引擎的模糊规则的模糊本体。把本系统的性能与其他类似的系统性能进行比较。比较结果显示：在所有的交通条件下，在每个周期中，对每辆车它有低得多的平均延迟时间与其他的控制系统相比。

关键词:模糊本体,智能代理,智能交通系统(ITS),交通信号灯控制(TLC),孤立的十字路口,图像处理,人工神经网络

1.引言

作为城市交通增加的结果,道路网络的能力有限和发展交通工具和方法的技术方面，许多实体，关系，情况和规则已经进入交通灯控制域和转化成为一个知识领域。这个领域的建模知识帮助交通代理和应用有效地管理关于实时条件下的交通。全面知识建模领域的一个最合适的方法是使用本体概念。“本体论是一个正式的、明确的一个共享的概念化的规范。以前的模型是基本的本体建设的基础，为下列建立一个共享的语义丰富的知识域。除了本体作为概念化的形式主义的重要性，它有可能超过所代表的数据。这种能力将提高有关性能的决定和其他非智能系统的功能特点。在近年来，本体论上的研究正成为一个新的热点话题在不同的活动，如人工智能，知识管理，语义网络，电子商务和几个其他应用领域。这些领域之一是智能交通系统。一些努力已制成这个通过展示和使用本体检测交通领域拥塞，管理非城市道路气象事件，驾驶阿德福—索里系统，共享和整合一个智能交通系统。本文的目的是介绍一个红绿灯有效控制孤立交叉口这方面的知识重用的控制本体。这种新的办法适用于智能代理使用知识决策模糊。该系统采用的图像来自安装了监控摄像机拍摄的路口。这些图像处理利用图像处理算法和神经网络的方法，然后发送到一个智能代理。第2节中，我们将简要地解释了在这项工作中运用的技术包括seman-TIC网络技术，智能代理技术和交通的回地面光控制方法。在第3节，新的系统架构是基于分层语义网络架构。第4节介绍交通灯控制的模糊本体的建设。第五节从路口提取的图像信息解释。在第6节，智能系统的运作被完整描述，最后在第7节对所提出的方法进行评估，对结论进行阐述。

2.背景

本节说明在这项工作中的应用技术包括语义网络技术，特别本体和模糊本体。此外，国家的交通灯控制的艺术方法是简要介绍。2.1.语义网络技术

语义网络被定义为当前Wed的延伸，这些网站的信息都给出明确的含义;使电脑与人更好的合作。有几层语义Web的建议源自伯纳斯滞后阶段。在此类别中的所有规则如表1所示。图.4显示输出模式的示意图。本次评选有助于智能系统，以确定下一步的阶段测序。

另一种模糊的规则类别涉及估计优化周期时间。这些规则的模糊变量是天气条件，时间，每天平均车辆拥堵情况。出于这个原因，60个模糊规则被定义了。从气象研究所取得气象条件。日期和时间也是在交通专家的知识的基础上以模糊变量形式预先定义的。图5显示日期，时间和周期时间的隶属函数。当天的参数是在日历基础上基于假期和正常的一天与周期时间量的关系预定义的。例如，假期期间的周期时间是较平日少。因此，平日的隶属度比假期多。

例如一个阶段选型的模糊规则如下所述：“如果一个路口的类型是四的方式，平均车辆拥堵低，平均行人拥堵是中等，然后相类型是简单的两阶段”。此外，为周期时间估计的模糊规则表示如下：“如果天气条件是晴天，时间是早晨，天是正常的，平均车辆拥堵是低，则周期时间短”。在此类别中的所有规则都列在附录A。

在此步骤结束时，应该对交通灯逻辑控制的项目的有效性进行评估。此功能是使用专家的意见。评价过程的主要目的是显示发展的本体和其相关的软件环境的用处。虽然所有的信息，尤其是交通灯控制规则已提取国际标准和科学交通文学，专家的知识优势是他们最后的正确性验证标准。所有模糊规则，包括优化周期时间和相位类型的规则，在这个过程中，准备以调查问卷形式和展现给一些专家包括从德黑兰警察局交通上校和两名来自德黑兰的交通组织工程师。由于德尔菲专家的意见，约有84％的淘汰型规则和优化周期时间的87％被接受。此外，所有交通逻辑控制的元素包括概念，关系，属性和公理都被这些专家进行了评估和验证。我们评估逻辑交通控制是基于理论知识的。在这个过程中进行了两项活动，包括检查的要求和能力的问题，并在目标应用环境测试本体。由于逻辑交通控制已建成的基础上，如指定要求优化循环时间，逐步淘汰型，交通的移动和优化绿灯时间，每个阶段的序列中，第一项活动是最好的结果。逻辑交通控制满足所有的交通灯控制的需求，并能回答的能力问题。绩效评估机制，可以支持这种说法。在部分实验结果我们验证了这一过程。

第四篇：外文翻译

中原工学院毕业设计（论文）译文

超声测距系统设计

原文出处：传感器文摘 布拉福德：1993年第13页

摘要：超声测距系统技校在工业场车辆导航水声工程等领域都具有了广泛的应用价值，目前已应用于物理测量，机器人自动导航以及空气中与水下的目标探测、识别定位等场合，因此，深入研究超声的探测理论和方法具有重要的实践意义，为了进一步提高测量的精确度，满足工程人员对测量精度测距量程和测距仪使用的要求，本文研制了一套基于单片机的使拱式超声测距系统。关键词：超声波 测距仪 单片机

1、前言

随着科技的发展，人们生活水平的提高，城市发展建设加快，城市给排水系统也有较大发展，其状况不断改善，但是，由于历史原因合成时间性的许多不可预见因素，城市给排水系统，特别是排水系统往往落后于城市建设，因此，经常出现开挖已经建设好的建筑设施来改造排水系统的现象。城市污水给人们带来的困扰，因此箱的排污疏通对大城市给排水系统污水理，人们生活舒适显得非常重要。而设计研制箱涵排水疏通移动机器人的自动控制系统，保证机器人在箱涵中自由排污疏通，是箱涵排水系统疏通机器人的设计研制的核心部分，控制系统核心部分就是超声波测仪的研制。因此，设计好的超声波测距仪就显得非常重要了。

1.1课题背景

随着经济的发展与汽车科学技术的进步，公路交通呈现出行驶高速化、车流密集化和驾驶员非职业化的趋势。同时，随着汽车工业的飞速发展，汽车的产量和保有量都在急剧增加。但公路发展、交通管理却相对落后，导致了交通事故与日剧增，城市里尤其突出。智能交通系统ITS是目前世界上交通运输科学技术的前沿技术，它在充分发挥现有基础设施的潜力，提高运输效率，保障交通安全，缓解交通赌塞，改善城市环境等方面的卓越效能，已得到各国政府的广泛关注。中国政府也高度重视智能交通系统的研究开发与推广应用。汽车防撞系统作为ITS 发展的一个基础，它的成功与否对整个系统有着很大的作用。从传统上说，汽车的安全可以分为两个主要研究方向:一是主动式安全技术，即防止事故的发生，该种方式是目前汽车安全研究的最终目的;二是被动式安全技术，即事故发生后的乘员保护。目前汽车安全领域被动安全研究较多，主要从安全气囊、ABS(防抱死系统)和悬架等方面着手，以保证驾乘人员的安全。从经济性和安全性两方面来说，中原工学院毕业设计（论文）译文

这些被动安全措施是在事故发生时刻对车辆和人员进行保护，有很大的局限性，因而车辆的主动安全研究尤为重要，引出了本文研究的基于单片机的超声波测距系统。这个系统是一种可向司机预先发出视听语音信号的探测装置。它安装在汽车上，能探测企图接近车身的行人、车辆或周围障碍物;能向司机及乘员提前发出即将发生撞车危险的信号，促使司机采取应急措施来应付特殊险情，避免损失。

1.2 课题设计的意义

随着现代社会工业化程的发展，汽车这一交通工具正为越来越多的人所用，但是随之而来的问题也显而易见，那就是随着车辆的增多，交通事故的频繁发生，由此导致的人员伤亡和财产损失数目惊人。对于公路交通事故的分析表明，80%以上的车祸事由于驾驶员反应不及所引起的，超过65%的车辆相撞属于追尾相撞，其余则属于侧面相撞。奔驰汽车公司对各类交通事故的研究表明：若驾驶员能够提早1S 意识到有事故危险并采取相应的正确措施，则绝大多数的交通事故都可以避免。因此，大力研究开发如汽车防撞装置等主动式汽车辅助安全装置，减少驾驶员的负担和判断错误，对于提高交通安全将起到重要的作用。显然，此类产品的研究开发具有极大的实现意义和广阔的应用前景。

1.3超声波测距在汽车上应用的介绍

超声波倒车测距仪(俗称电子眼)是汽车倒车防撞安全辅助装置，能以声音或者更为直观的数字形式动态显示周围障碍物的情况。其较早的产品是用蜂鸣器报警，蜂鸣声越急，表示车辆离障碍物越近。后继的产品可以显示车后障碍物离车体的距离。其大多数产品探测范围在0.4～1.5m，有的产品能达到0.35～2.5m，并有距离显示、声响报警、区域警示和方位指示，有些产品还具备开机自检功能。目前市场上还出现了具有语音报警功能的产品。这些产品存在的主要问题是测量盲区大，报警滞后，未考虑汽车制动时的惯性因素，使驾驶者制动滞后，抗干扰能力不强，误报也较多。汽车防撞雷达之所以能实现防撞报警功能，主要有超声波这把无形尺子, 它测量最近障碍物的距离, 并告诉给车主。其实超声测距原理简单: 它发射超声波并接收反射回波, 通过单片机计数器获得两者时间差t, 利用公式S=Ct/2计算距离, 其中S为汽车与障碍物之间的距离, C为声波在介质中的传播速度。

本文介绍的超声测距系统共有2只超声波换能器(俗称探头),分别布置在汽车的后左、后右2个位置上。能检测前进和倒车方向障碍物距离, 通过后视镜内置的

中原工学院毕业设计（论文）译文

显示单元显示距离和方位, 发出一定的声响, 起到提示和警戒的作用。系统采用一片STC89C52单片机对两路超声波信号进行循环采集。超声波是指频率高于20HHZ的机械波。为了以超声波作为检测手段，必须产生超生波和接收超声波。完成这种功能的装置就是超声波传感器，习惯上称为超声波换能器或超声波探头。超声波传感器有发送器和接收器，但一个超声波传感器也可具有发送和接收声波的双重作用。超声波传感器是利用压电效应的原理将电能和超声波相互转化，即在发射超声波的时候，将电能转换，发射超声波；而在收到回波的时候，则将超声振动转换成电信号。超声波测距的原理一般采用渡越时间法。首先测出超声波从发射到遇到障碍物返回所经历的时间，再乘以超声波的速度就得到二倍的声源与障碍物之间的距离。测量距离的方法有很多种，短距离的可以用尺，远距离的有激光测距等，超声波测距适用于高精度的中长距离测量。因为超声波在标准空气中的传播速度为331.45米/秒，由单片机负责计时，单片机使用12.0M晶振，所以此系统的测量精度理论上可以达到毫米级。由于超声波指向性强，能量消耗缓慢，在介质中传播距离远，因而超声波可以用于距离的测量。利用超声波检测距离，设计比较方便，计算处理也较简单，并且在测量精度方面也能达到要求。超声波发生器可以分为两类：一类是用电气方式产生超声波，一类是用机械方式产生超声波。本设计属于近距离测量，可以采用常用的压电式超声波换能器来实现触发单元。

利用超声波测距的工作，就可以根据测量发射波与反射波之间的时间间隔，从而达到测量距离的作用。其主要有三种测距方法：

（1）相位检测法，相位检测法虽然精度高，但检测范围有限；

（2）声波幅值检测法，声波幅值检测法易受反射波的影响；

（3）渡越时间检测法，渡越时间检测法的工作方式简单，直观，在硬件控制和软件设计上都非常容易实现。其原理为：检测从发射传感器发射超声波，经气体介质传播到接收传感器的时间，这个时间就是渡越时间。本设计的超声波测距就是使用了渡越时间检测法。在移动车辆中应用的超声波传感器，是利用超声波在空气中的定向传播和固体反射特性（纵波），通过接收自身发射的超声波反射信号，根据超声波发出及回波接收的时间差和传播速度，计算传播距离，从而得到障碍物到车辆的距离。

中原工学院毕业设计（论文）译文 超声波测距原理

2.1 压电式超声波发生器原理

压电式超声波发生器实际上是利用压电晶体的谐振来工作的。超声波发生器内部结构，它有两个压电晶片和一个共振板。当它的两极外加脉冲信号，其频率等于压电晶片的固有振荡频率时，压电晶片将会发生共振，并带动共振板振动，便产生超声波。反之，如果两极板间未加电压，当共振板接收到超声波时，将压迫压电晶片做振动，将机械能转换为电信号，这是它就成为超声波接收器了。

测量脉冲到达时间的传统方法是以拥有固定参数的接收信号开端为基础的。这个信号恰恰选于噪音水平之上，然而脉冲到达时间被定义为脉冲信号刚好超过界限的第一时刻。一个物体的脉冲强度很大程度上取决于这个物体的自然属性尺寸还有它与传感器的距离。进一步说，从脉冲起始点到刚好超过界限之间的时间段随着脉冲的强度而改变。结果，一种错误便出现了——两个拥有不同强度的脉冲在不同时间超过界限却在同一时刻到达。强度较强的脉冲会比强度较弱的脉冲超过界限的时间早点，因此我们会认为强度较强的脉冲属于较近的物体。

2.2 超声波测距原理

超声波发射器向某一方向发射超声波，在发射时刻的同时开始计时，超声波在空气中传播，途中碰到障碍物就立即返回来，超声波接收器收到反射波就立即停止计时。超声波在空气中的传播速度为340m/s，根据计时器记录的时间t，就可以计算出发射点距离障碍物的距离(s)，即：s=340t/2

中原工学院毕业设计（论文）译文

3、超声波测距系统的电路设计

系统的特点是利用单片机控制超声波的发射和超声波自发射至接受往返时间的计时，单片机选用C51，经济易用，且片内有4K的ROM，便于编程。电路的原理如图1所示。

图1 电路原理图

中原工学院毕业设计（论文）译文

3.1 40kHz脉冲的产生与超声波发射

测距系统中的超声波传感器采用UCM40的压电陶瓷，它的工作电压是40kHz的脉冲信号，这由单片机执行下面的程序来产生。puzel：mov 14h，#12h

here： cp1.0；

nop；

nop；

nop；

djnz 14h，here；

Ret

前方测距电路的输出端接单片机P1.0端口，单片机执行上面的程序后，在P1.0端口输出一个40khz的脉冲信号，经过三极管T放大，驱动超声波发射头UCM40T，发出40khz的脉冲超声波，且持续发射200ms。右侧合作侧测距电路的输入端分别接P1.1和P1.2端口，工作原理和前方测距电路相同。

超声波发射持续200ms 输出40kHz方波

3.2 超声波的接收与处理

接收头采用与发射头配对的UCM40R，将超声波调制脉冲变为电压信号，经运算放大器ic1a和ic1b两级放大后加至IC2,。IC2是带有锁定环的音频译码集成块LM567，内部压控振荡器的中心频率f0=1/1.1R8C3，电容C4决定其带宽。调节R8在发射的载频上，则LM567输入信号大于25mv，输出端8脚由5由高电平跃变为低电平，作为中断请求信号，送至单片机处理。

前方测距电路的输出端接至单片机INT0端口，中断优先级最高，左、右测距电路的输出通过与门IC3A的输出接单片机的INT1端口，同时单片机P1.3和P1.4接到IC3A的输入端，中断源的识别由程序查询来处理，中断优先级为先右后左。部分源程序如下： receive1：push psw

push acc

clr ex1；关中断源1

jnb p1.1，right;P1.1引脚为0，转至右侧距电路中断服务程序

jnb p1.2,left;P1.2 引脚为0，转至左测距中断电路服务程序 returne：SETB EX1；

开外部中断1

pop acc

中原工学院毕业设计（论文）译文

pop psw

reti right：

...；

右测距电路中断服务程序入口

ajmp return

left：

...；

左测距电路中断服务程序入口

ajmp return

3.3 计算超声波传播时间

在启动发射电路的同时启动单片机内部的定时器T0，利用定时器的计数功能，记录超声波发射的时间和受到反射波的时间。当收到超声波反射波时，接受电路输出端产生一个负跳变，在INT0或INT1端产生一个中断请求信号，单片机响应外部中断请求，执行外部中断服务子程序，读取时间差，计算距离。其部分源程序如下：

RECEIVEO: PUSH PSW

PUSH ACC CLR EX0;

关外部中断0 读取时间值

MOV R7,TH0;MOV R6,TL0 CLR C MOV A,R6 SUBB A,#0BBH;MOV 31H,A;MOV A,R7 SUBB A,#3CH MOV 30H,A SETB EX0;POP ACC

POP PSW

RETI 对于一个平坦的目标，测量距离包括两个阶段：粗糙的测量和精细的测量。第一步：脉冲的传送产生一种简单的超声波

第二步：根据公式改变回波放大器的获得量直到回拨被检测到。第三步：检测两种回波的振幅与过零时间。

计算时间值 存储结果

开外部中断0

中原工学院毕业设计（论文）译文

第四步：设置回波放大器的所得规格输出，假定是3v。通过脉冲的周期设置下一个脉冲。根据第二部的数据设定时间窗。

第五步：发射两窜脉冲产生干扰波。测量过零时间与回波振幅。如果逆向发生在回波中，决定要不通过在低气压插入振幅。

第六步：通过公式计算距离y。

中原工学院毕业设计（论文）译文

4、超声波测距系统的软件设计

软件分为俩部分，主程序和中断服务程序。主程序完成初始化工作、各路超声波发射和接收顺序的控制。定时中断服务子程序完成三方向超声波的轮流发射，外部中断服务子程序主要完成时间值的读取、距离计算、结果的输出等工作。

中原工学院毕业设计（论文）译文

5、结论

对所要求测量范围30cm-200cm内的平面物体做了多次测量发现，其最大误差为1.5cm，且重复性好。可见基于单片机设计的超声波测距系统具有硬件结构简单、工作可靠、测量误差小等特点。因此，它不仅可用于移动机器人，还可以用在其他检测系统中。

思考：至于为什么不用接收管做放大电路，因为放大倍数搞不好，集成放大电路，还带自动电平增益控制，放大倍数为76db，中心频率是38k到40k，刚好是超声波传感器的谐振频率。

中原工学院毕业设计（论文）译文

参考文献

1.Fox，J.D.，Khuri-Yakub，B.T.and Kino，G.S.，“High Frequency Acoustic Wave Measurement in Air”，in Proceedings of IEEE 1983 Ultrasonic Symposium，October 31-2 November，1983，Atlanta，GA，pp.581-4.2.Martin Abreu，J.M.，Ceres,R.And Freire,T.,“Ultrasonic Ranging: Envelope Analysis Gives Improved Accuracy”,Sensor Review, Vol.12 No.1,1992,pp.17-21.3.Parrilla， M., Anaya,J.J and Fritsch C.,‖Digital Signal Processing Techniques for High Accuracy Ultrasonic Range Measurement:,IEEE Transactions: Instrumentation and Measurement.Vol.40 No.4, August 1991,pp.750-63.4.Canali, C., Cicco, G.D., Mortem, B., Prudenziati, M., and Taron, A., ―A Temperature Compensated Ultrasonic Sensor Operating in Air for Distance and Proxinmity Measurement‖, IEEE Trasaction on Industry Electronics, Vol, IE-29 No.4,1982, pp.336-41.5.Martin, J.M., Ceres, R., Calderon, L and Freire, T., ‖Ultrasonic Ranging Gets Themal Correction‖, Sensor Review, Vol, 9 No.3, 1989,pp.153-5.中原工学院毕业设计（论文）译文

Ultrasonic ranging system design Publication title: Sensor Review.Bradford:1993.Vol.13 ABSTRACT: Ultrasonic ranging technology has wide using worth in many field, such as the industrial locale, vehicle navigation and sonar engineering.Now it has been used in level measurement, self-guided autonomous vehicles, fieldwork robots automotive navigation, air and underwater target detection, identification ,location and so on.So there is an important practicing meaning to learn the ranging theory and ways deeply.To improve the precision of the ultrasonic ranging system in hand, satisfy the request of the engineering personal for the precision,the bound and the usage, a portable ultrasonic ranging system based on the single chip processor was developed.Keywords: Ultrasound r, Ranging System, Single Chip Processor

1.Introductive With the development of science and technology, the improvement of people’s standard of living, speeding up the development and construction of the city.Urban drainage system have greatly developed their situation is constantly improving.However, due to historical reasons many unpredictable factors in the synthesis of her time, the city drainage system.In particular drainage system often lags behind urban construction.Therefore, there are often good building excavation has been building facilities to upgrade the drainage system phenomenon.It brought to the city sewage, and it is clear to the city sewage and drainage culvert in the sewage treatment system.Confort is very important to people’s lives.Mobile robots designed to clear the drainage culvert and the automatic control system Free sewage culvert clear guarantee robot, the robot is designed to clear the culvert sewage to the core.Control System is the core component of the development of ultrasonic range finder.Therefore, it is very important to design a good ultrasonic range finder.1.1 subject background

With the development of economy and car scientific and technological progress, highway traffic presents driving fast pace, traffic dense is changed and the driver not professional trend.At the same time, along with the rapid development of auto industry, automobile yield and quantities are increased dramatically.But road development，中原工学院毕业设计（论文）译文

transportation management is relatively backward, leading to a large number of traffic accidents in some cities, especially prominent.Intelligent transportation system in the world, ITS transportation science and technology of advanced technology, ITS exerting existing infrastructure of potential, enhance the transport efficiency, safeguard traffic safety and ease traffic wager plug, improving urban environment aspects of outstanding performance, has received the governments of widespread concern.The Chinese government is also highly intelligent transportation system of the development and popularization applications.The automotive anti-collision system as ITS development of a base, ITS success to the whole system has a very significant role.Traditionally, auto safety said can be divided into two main research direction: first,it is active safety technology, including the prevention of accidents, the way is now automotive safety research ultimate purpose;second, it is passive safety technique, namely the occupant protection after the accident.Now automotive safety field passive safety more research, mainly from the airbag, ABS(antilock brakes)and suspension from the aspects such as to ensure safety of personnel rides.From the economic and safety two ways, these passive safety measures is the accident of vehicle and personnel moments protection, with great limitations, thus vehicle active safety research is particularly important, leads to a of this study is based on single chip ultrasonic ranging system.This system is a kind of can advance to the driver issued audio-visual speech signal detection devices.It is installed in cars that can detect trying to approach the body of a car pedestrians and vehicles or around obstacles, Can send to the driver and crew imminent danger ahead of the signal, prompting a crash drivers take emergency measures to cope with special danger, avoid the loss.1.2 question design significance

Along with the development of modern society industrialization process, car this traffic tools are used for more and more people, but any problem has obvious that along with the increase in vehicles, traffic accident, which led to the frequent occurrence of casualties and property losses number astonishing.For highway traffic accident analysis showed that more than 80% of the accident due to the driver reaction inferior things, caused more than 65% of vehicle collision, the rest belongs to tracing cauda collided belongs to the side collision.Mercedes-benz Automobile Company for all kinds of traffic accident research shows that: if the driver can early 1S are aware

中原工学院毕业设计（论文）译文

that a accident risk and take the appropriate corrective measures, the overwhelming majority of traffic accidents can be avoided.Therefore, vigorously research and development as the automotive anti-collision device etc active car auxiliary safe device, reduce the burden and misjudgments drivers to improve the traffic safety will play an important role.Obviously, this kind of product research and development has great realize meaning and broad application prospects.1.3 Ultrasonic ranging in automotive applications introduced

Ultrasonic back-draft rangefinder(known as electron optics)automotive anti-collision reversing device, can safe adjunct to sound or more intuitive digital form the dynamic display of around obstacles.Its earlier products is to use buzzer alarm, hum more anxious, and says vehicles from obstructions closer.Subsequent product can display the car from the body after the obstacles distance.Most of its products detection range in 0.4 ~ 1.5 m, some product can achieve 0.35 ~ 2.5 m, and have distance display, sound alarm, area-warning and azimuth instructions, some products also has the boot self-checking function.Still appeared on the market at present with voice alarm function of products.These products are the main problem is big, alarm measuring blind area lags behind, without considering the automobile braking inertial factors and make drivers brake lag, the anti-interference ability is not strong, misstatement or more.The automotive anti-collision radar is able to realize impact-proof alarm functions, basically have ultrasonic this intangible ruler, it recently obstacles distance measurement, and told to the owner.Actually ultrasonic range-finding principle simple: it emit ultrasonic echo, and receive reflected by microcontroller counter obtain both lag using formula S = t, Ct / 2 calculating distances, including S for cars and obstacles, C for the distance between the sound wave propagation in the medium speed.This paper introduces the ultrasonic ranging system only have 2 ultrasonic transducer(known as probe)respectively, decorate in cars left and right after after 2 position.Capable of detecting forward and reverse direction obstacle distance, the rearview mirror built-in display element display distance and direction, issued must be sound, plays the role of hints and alert.System USES a STC89C52 SCM two way ultrasonic signal cyclicly acquisition.Ultrasonic refers to the 20HHZ wave frequency is over.In order to use the ultrasonic detection means, must generate as ultrasonic wave and receiving damnation.Complete the functions of the device is called the

中原工学院毕业设计（论文）译文

ultrasonic sensor, habit, ultrasonic transducer or ultrasonic probe.Ultrasonic sensors have both transmitters and receivers, but a ultrasonic sensors can also has the sending and receiving the sound waves of the dual role.Ultrasonic sensors is using the principle of piezoelectric effect and ultrasonic energy conversion, be in namely emit ultrasonic, energy conversion, launch ultrasonic, And in the stockades, received echo ultrasonic vibration into electrical signal.Ultrasonic ranging principle generally USES the time method for the crossing.First measured ultrasonic from the launch to meet obstacles returns experience of time, again multiply ultrasonic speed of get twice the distance between the sound source and obstacles.Measuring distance a variety of ways, short can use ruler, long-range laser displacement etc, are suitable for high accuracy of ultrasonic ranging in long distance measurement.Because of ultrasound in standard air of propagation speed 331.45 meters per second, by single-chip microcomputer is responsible for timing, SCM use 12.0 M crystals, so the system of measurement precision theory can achieve mm level.Because of ultrasonic directivity strong, energy consumption is slow, in a medium transmission distance, thus ultrasonic can be used for distance measurement.Using ultrasonic detection distance, the design is more convenient, computing procese also relatively simple, and the measurement precision can also meet the requirements.Ultrasonic generator can be divided into two kinds: one kind is to use electrical means producing ultrasonic, one kind is with mechanical approach to producing ultrasonic.This design belongs to nearly distance measurement, can use commonly used the piezoelectric ultrasonic transducer to achieve trigger unit.Using ultrasonic ranging work, can according to measuring launch reflection wave wave and the time interval between the measured distance, so as to achieve the effect.It mainly have three ranging methods:

(1)phase assay, phase assays high precision, but detection though limited range，(2)sound amplitude assay, acoustic amplitude assay vulnerable reflection wave influence;

(3)ferrying more time assay, crossing the time assay way of working is simple, intuitive, in hardware control and software design are very easy to implement.Its principle is: from the launch emit ultrasonic detection sensor, the gas medium spread to receive sensor of time, this time is crossing the more time.This design is the use of ultrasonic ranging the crossing the time assay.In the mobile vehicles of the application 15

中原工学院毕业设计（论文）译文

of ultrasonic sensor is the use of ultrasound in air of directional spread and solid reflective characteristics(p-wave)and by receiving their launch ultrasonic reflecting signal, according to the ultrasonic issued and echo receiving the Windows and propagation speed, calculate transmission distance, thus obtains the obstacles to vehicle distance.中原工学院毕业设计（论文）译文

2.A principle of ultrasonic distance measurement

2.1 the principle of piezoelectric ultrasonic generator

Piezoelectric ultrasonic generator is the use of piezoelectric crystal resonators to work.Ultrasonic generator, the internal structure as shown, it has two piezoelectric chip and a resonance plate.When it’s two plus pulse signal, the frequency equal to the intrinsic piezoelectric oscillation frequency chip, the chip will happen piezoelectric resonance, and promote the development of plate vibration resonance, ultrasound is generated.Conversely, if the two are not inter-electrode voltage, when the board received ultrasonic resonance, it will be for vibration suppression, then it becomes the ultrasonic receiver.The traditional way to determine the moment of the echo’s arrival is based on thresholding the received signal with a fixed reference.The threshold is chosen well above the noise level, whereas the moment of arrival of an echo is defined as the first moment the echo signal surpasses that threshold.The intensity of an echo reflecting from an object strongly depends on the object’s nature, size and distance from the sensor.Further, the time interval from the echo’s starting point to the moment when it surpasses the threshold changes with the different intensities arriving exactly at the same tome will surpass the threshold at different moments.The stronger one will surpass the threshold earlier than the weaker, so it will be considered as belonging to a nearer object.2.2 The principle of ultrasonic distance measurement Ultrasonic transmitter in a direction to launch ultrasound, in the moment to launch the beginning of time at the same time, the spread of ultrasound in the air, obstracles on his way to return immediately, the ultrasonic reflected wave wave received by the reveiver immediately stop the clock.Ultrasonic in the air as the propagation velocity of 340m/s, according to the timer records the time t, we can calculate the distance between the launch distance barrier(s), that is:s=340t/2

中原工学院毕业设计（论文）译文

3.Ultrasonic Ranging System for the Second Circuit Design

System is characterized by single-chip microcomputer to control the use of ultrasonic transmitter and ultrasonic receiver since the launch from time to time, single-chip selection of 8751,economic-to –use, and the chip has 4K of ROM, to facilitate programming.Circuit schematic diagram shown in Figure 1.Figure 1 circuit principle diagram

中原工学院毕业设计（论文）译文

3.1 40 kHz ultrasonic pulse generated with the launch

Ranging system using the ultrasonic sensor of piezoelectric sensors UCM40, its operating voltage of the pulse signal is 40kHz, which by the single-chip implementation of the following procedures to generate.Puzel:mov 14h,# 12h;ultrasonic firing continued 200ms here:cpl pl.0;output 40 kHz square wave

nop;

nop;nop;djnz 14h, here;ret Ranging in front of single-chip termination circuit P1.0 input port, single chip implementation of the above procedure, the P1.0 port in a 40kHz pulze output signal, after amplification transistor T, the drive to launch the first ultrasonic UCM40T, issued 40kHz ultrasonic pulse, and the continued launch of 200ms.Ranging the right and the left side of the circuit, respectively, then input port P1.1 and P1.2, the working principle and circuit in front of the same location.3.2 Reception and processing of ultrasonic

Used to receive the first launch of the first pair UCM40R, the ultrasonic pulse modulation signal into an alternating voltage, the op-amp amplification IC1A and after polarization IC1B to IC2.IC2 is locked loop with audio decoder chip LM567, internal voltage-controlled oscillator center frequency of f0=1/1.1R8C3, capacitor C4 determine their target bandwidth.R8-conditioning in the launch of the carrier frequency on the LM567 input signal is greater than 25Mv, the output from the high jump 8 feet into a low-level, as interrupt request signals to the single-chip processing.Ranging in front of single-chip termination circuit port INT0 interrupt the highest priority, right or left location of the output circuit with output gete IC3A access INT1 port single-chip, while single-chip P1.3 and P1.4 received input IC3A, interrupted by the process to identify the source code is as follows: receivel:

push psw

push ace

中原工学院毕业设计（论文）译文

cir ex1: related external interrupt 1

jnb p1.1, right;P1.1 pin to 0, ranging from right to interrupt service rountine circuit

jnb p1.2, left;P1.2 pin to 0, to the left ranging circuit

interrupt service routine return:SETB EX1;open external interrupt 1

pop

acc pop

psw reti right:…;right location entrance circuit interrupt service rountine

Ajmp Return left:…;left Ranging entrance circuit interrupt service rountine

Ajmp Return

3.3 The calculation of ultrasonic propagation time

When you start firing at the same time start the single-chip circuitry within the timer T0, the use of timer counting function records the time and the launch of ultrasonic reflected wave received time when you receive the ultrasonic reflected wave, the receiver circuit outputs a negative jump in the end of INT0 or INT1 interrupt request generates a signal, single-chip microcomputer in response to external interrupt request, the implementation of the external interrupt service subroutine, read the time difference, calculating the distance.Some of its source is as follows: RECEIVE0: PUSH PSW PUSH ACC CLR EX0;related external interrupt 0 MOV R7, TH0;read the time value MOV R6, TL0 CLR C MOV A, R6 SUBB A,#0BBH;calculate the tome difference MOV 31H, A;storage results MOV A, R7 SUBB A,#3CH

中原工学院毕业设计（论文）译文

MOV 30H,A SETB EX0;open external interrupt 0 POP ACC POP PAW RETI For a flat target, a distance measurement consists of two phases: a coarse measurement and, a fine measurement: Step 1: Transmission of one pulse train to produce a simple ultrasonic

Wave.Step 2: Changing the gain of both echo amplifiers according to equation，until the echo is detected.Step 3:detection of te amplitudes anf zero-crossing times of both echoes.Step 4:setting the gains of both echo amplifiers to normalize the output at, say 3 volts.Setting the period of the next pulses according to the: period of echoes.Setting the time window according to the data of step 2.Step 5:sending two pulse trains to produce an interfered wave.Testing the zero-crossing in the echo,detemine to otherwise calculate to by interpolation using the amplitudes near the trough.Derive t sub ml and t sub m2.Step6: Calculation of the distance y using equation.中原工学院毕业设计（论文）译文

4.The ultrasonic ranging system software design

Software is divided into two parts, the main program and interrupt service routine.Completion of the work of the main program is initialized, each sequence of ultrasonic transmitting and receiving control.Tnterrupt service routines from time to complete three of the rotation direction of ultrasonic launch, the main external interrupt service subroutine to resd the value of completion time, distance calculation, the results of the output and so on.中原工学院毕业设计（论文）译文

5.Conclusions

Required measuring range of 30cm~200cm objects inside the plane to do a number of measurements found that the maximum error is 0.5cm, and good reproducibility.Single-chip design can be seen on the ultrasonic ranging system has a hardware structure is simple, reliable, small features such as measurement error.Therefore, it can be used not only for mobile robot can be used in other detection systems.Thoughts: As for why the receiver do not have the transistor amplifier circuit, because the magnification well, integrated amplifier, but also with automatic gain control level, magnification to 76dB, the center frequency is 38k to 40k, is exactly resonant ultrasonic sensors frequency.中原工学院毕业设计（论文）译文

REFERENCES 1.Fox,J.D.,Khuri-Yakub, B.T.and Kino, G.S., ‖High Frequency Acoustic Wave Measurement in Air‖, in Proceedings of IEEE 1983 Ultrasonic Symposium, October 31-2 November, 1983, Atlanta, GA, pp.581-4.2.Martin Abreu,J.M.,Ceres,R.and Freire, T.,‖Ultrasonic Ranging: Envelope Analysis Gives Improved Accuracy‖, Sensor Review, Vol.12No.1,1992, pp.17-21.3.Parrilla， M., Anaya,J.J and Fritsch C.,‖Digital Signal Processing Techniques for High Accuracy Ultrasonic Range Measurement:,IEEE Transactions: Instrumentation and Measurement.Vol.40 No.4, August 1991,pp.750-63.4.Canali, C., Cicco, G.D., Mortem, B., Prudenziati, M., and Taron, A., ―A Temperature Compensated Ultrasonic Sensor Operating in Air for Distance and Proxinmity Measurement‖, IEEE Trasaction on Industry Electronics, Vol, IE-29 No.4,1982, pp.336-41.5.Martin, J.M., Ceres, R., Calderon, L and Freire, T., ‖Ultrasonic Ranging Gets Themal Correction‖, Sensor Review, Vol, 9 No.3, 1989,pp.153-5.24

第五篇：外文翻译

Low Voltage Flyback DC-DC Converter For

Power Supply Applications Hangzhou Liu1, John Elmes2, Kejiu Zhang1, Thomas X.Wu1, Issa Batarseh1

Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, University of Central Florida, Orlando, FL 32816, USA Advanced Power Electronics Corporation, Orlando, FL 32826, USA Abstract ：In this paper, we design a low voltage DC-DC converter with a flyback transformer.The converter will be used as a biased power supply to drive IGBTs.The flyback transformer using planar EI-core is designed and simulated using ANSYS PExprt software.Besides, anLT3574 IC chip from Linear Technology has been chosen for converter control.Finally, the converter modeling and simulation are presented and PCB layout is designed.Keywords：Flyback, anLT3574IC, PCB

I.INTRODUCTION The goal of this project is to develop and build a prototype of a high-efficiency, high-temperature isolated DC-DC converter to be used as a biased power supply for driving a complementary IGBT pair.It is important that the converter can deliver the required power at an ambient temperature of up to 100℃;therefore it has to be efficient so that its components do not exceed their maximum temperature ratings.The final converter will be completely sealed and potted in a metal case.The input voltage range for this converter is from 9V to 36V.The output sides have two terminals, one is﹢16V and the other one is﹣6V.In order to get the desired performance, anLT3574 IC chip from Linear Technology is used.The key to this design is the flyback transformer.The transformer using planar EI-core is designed and simulated using ANSYS PExprt software.Finally, the PCB layout of the converter will be presented.II.KEY DESIGN OUTLINE For this flyback topology, the output voltage can be determined by both the transformer turns ratio and the flyback loop resistor pairs.Therefore, at the initial design stage, we can choose a convenient turn’s ratio for the transformer, and modify it later on if necessary to make sure the output performance is desirable and the transformer will not saturate [1].The relationship between transformers turns ratio and duty cycle can be found as

Where n is the transformer turns ratio, D is the duty cycle, VO` is the sum of the output voltage plus the rectifier drop voltage, VIN is the input voltage of the transformer.The value of feedback resistor can be calculated as

Where RREF is the reference resistor, whose value is typically 6.04kΩ;α is a constant of 0.986;VBG is the internal band gap reference voltage, 1.23V;and VTC is normally 0.55V [1].With a specific IC chosen, the converter circuit can be designed based on a demo circuit and some parameters may need to be modified if necessary to optimize the performance.Furthermore, in LT Spice, a large number of simulations need to be done with different conditions such as load resistor values and input voltage levels.It is important to make sure that the output voltage can be regulated well with all these different conditions.The most critical part of the design is the flyback transformer.With high switching frequency, the AC resistance can only be estimated based on some traditional methods such as Dowell’s curve rule [2].In order to get more accurate values of AC resistance values;we propose to use finite element electromagnetic software ANSYS PExprt to do the design [3].At the initial design stage, key parameters such as the worst-case input voltage, frequency, material, inductance values will be decided.After that, these data will be imported to the software, from which an optimized solution will be generated.III.CONVERTER SIMULATION RESULTS We choose LT3574 chip in this design.From the simulation results in Figure 1 and Table 1, it clearly shows that the output voltages which are﹢16V and-6V respectively can be regulated pretty well with the input voltage range from 9V to 36V.The voltage tolerance ranges are from ﹢15V to ﹢19V and-12V toDC converter for low voltage power supply application has been designed.The modeling and simulation results are presented.Based on the design specifications, a suitable IC from Linear Technology is chosen.A large amount of circuit simulations with different conditions such as load resistor values and input voltage levels are presented to get the desirable output voltage and current performance.The transformer has been designed including electrical, mechanical and thermal properties.With all the specific components decided, the PCB layout of the converter has been designed as well.REFERENCE

[1] Linear Technology Application Notes , Datasheet of Isolated Flyback Converter Without an Opto-Coupler, http://cds.linear.com/docs /Datasheet/3574f.pdf.[2] P.L.Dowell, “Effect of eddy currents in transformer windings” Proceedings of the IEE, NO.8 PP.1387-1394, Aug 1966.[3] S.Xiao, “Planar Magnetics Design for Low-Voltage DC-DC Converters” MS, 2004.[4] ANSYS Application Notes, PEmag Getting Started: A Transformer Design Example, http://www.xiexiebang.com/download/ EDA/Maxwell9/planarGS0601.pdf.[5] K.Zhang;T.X.Wu;H.Hu;Z.Qian;F.Chen.;K.Rustom;N.Kutkut;J.Shen;I.Batarseh;“Analysis and design of distributed transformers for solar power conversion” 2011 IEEE Applied Power Electronics Conference and Exposition(APEC), v l., no., pp.1692-1697, 6-11 March 2011.[6] Zhang.;T.X.Wu.;N.Kutkut;J.Shen;D.Woodburn;L.Chow;W.Wu;H.Mustain;I.Batarseh;,“Modeling and design optimization of planar power transformer for aerospace applic ation,” Proceedings of the IEEE 2009 National, Aerospace & Electronics Conference(NAECON), vol., no., pp.116-120, 21-23 July 2009.[7] Ferroxcube Application Notes, Design of Planar Power Transformer,