建筑学外文翻译

第一篇：建筑学外文翻译

武汉科技大学本科毕业设计外文翻译

LOUISIANA MANIFESTO

Jean Nouvel World Architecture．May2010 Vol．05．21~23

路易斯安那宣言

让·努维尔

世界建筑．2010年5月第05期．21~23页

武汉科技大学本科毕业设计外文翻译

摘要：让·努维尔的“路易斯安那宣言”是他对于当今建筑的思考和想法最为深刻的表达。这篇文章和他的项目与短片，在2005年6月7日－9月18日，于丹麦的路易斯安那现代艺术博物馆展出。它曾以多种文字出版。其哲学的基本原则是，一个建筑是有生命的、唯一的、特殊的，并且要与其周围环境、场所精神和谐共处。该展览是让·努维尔工作室、特约馆长让－路易斯·弗洛门特和路易斯安那博物馆合作举办的。（维雷娜·辛德勒）

关键词:路易斯安那；建筑设计；现代艺术博物馆；意识形态；场所精神

2005年，建筑更加倍地在消除地方的特征，把它们变得平庸无奇，蛮横地对待它们。它有时会取代风景，独自创造风景，这不过是另一种抹去风景的方式。但是，相反，路易斯安那是情感的震撼。体现出一个很快被遗忘的真理：建筑具有超越的能力。建筑能够显露地理、历史、色彩、植被、视野、光线。它以桀敖不驯、自然不做作的姿态来到这世界、并活着。它独一无二。它体现了路易斯安那精神。

它是一个小世界，一个气泡。没有任何形象、没有任何言论能够彰显它的深度。你必须身临其境才能体验到这一切，才会相信。建筑是我们世界的延伸，当世界不断在缩小时。当我们用愈来愈快的速度在全球到处跑；当我们聆听和观看相同的全球网络，分享相同的灾难所引起的震动；当我们随着相同的畅销歌曲的节奏跳舞，看着相同的球赛；当全球充斥着相同的影片，明星是全球人物；当一国总统想要统治世界；当我们到克隆商场购物，在同样的幕墙后头上班„„以及，当世界变小理当产生的好处不被列为全球重点课题时„„好比说，为什么教育无法通过相同的全球网络，更快速、确实地消除文盲？为什么能够拯救世界性流行病患者的药品无法及时送达？在这个追求高效率和盈利、配有一整套经济概念的意识形态特征愈来愈明显的世界，面对这些新情况，建筑同样难以幸免。

今天，全球化的影响不断深化，主流建筑旗帜鲜明地主张要“去脉络化”。然而，没有人去讨论这个急剧发展的形势所具有的意义：建筑评论，以建筑学科的界限为由，满足于美学和风格上的笼统论述，缺乏对现实的分析，并且忽略了重要的历史课题，亦即全球性建筑和“因地制宜”的建筑、普通性建筑和特殊性建筑之间日益强烈的对峙和冲突。今天的现代性难道只是直接继承20世纪的现代性、而不带任何批判精神？它难道只是在世界各地散播大量孤立存在的事物？它难道不应该去寻找理由、对应、相同、差异，以提出针对此时此地的特殊性建筑？路易斯安那作为具象征意义的角斗场，被选来进行这场犹如大卫对抗巨人歌利亚、“因地制宜”建筑的拥护者对抗“去脉络化”建筑的受益者的新战斗。毫无疑问，这场对抗比全球与地方之间的对抗更为深沉、复杂。特殊性与知识的更新有关。建筑知识本质上就是多元多样、与所有文明发生联系的；旅行是建造者的文化素养上一个重要的组成部分。我们熟知希腊、罗马或埃及旅行对建筑师多么重要。路易斯安那则是加州之旅的结晶：在这里，同样是透过对照和汇整距离遥远的不同讯息，构思出能够诠释一个独特情况的建筑方案。

当然，普遍性建筑在20世纪简单化的现代主义意识形态所遗留下来的功能主义这块粪肥上蓬勃发展。《雅典宪章》当初也提倡人文主义精神，然而，狂热人士、犬儒者和腐败者进行大量教条式地歪曲模仿，留给了我们一个灾难性的都市遗产。以生活在这个世界的快乐之名，我们必须抗拒建立在区块、网络、格网基础上的城市主义。这样自动的腐化堕落，让世界各地、不论何种气候形态的城市失去了身份。它以克隆办公大楼、2 武汉科技大学本科毕业设计外文翻译

克隆住家、克隆商场为食。它渴求别人事先想好的想法、别人事先创造的景观，以避免自己去思考和观察。

对于这些普遍性和建筑上的领土整治规则，我们必须用建立在对有生命经验的景观所做的结构性分析的基础上所产生的其他规则来取代它们。没错，建筑！因为建筑存在于各个层次，而城市主义则不存在；那不过是卑屈顺服的建筑在宏观层次上所做的拙劣变装演出，它的发展是为了替大量普遍性建筑的到来铺路。我们必须建立敏感的、诗意的规则：谈论色彩、本质、个性、无拘无束地创造，结合雨、风、海、山相关的特殊性的建筑方向。会谈论时空的连续，会为传承下来的混乱指引转变、修改的方向，会关注我们城市的分形结构中每一个层级的规则。这些敏感的规则不得不去挑战普遍的意识形态；普遍的意识形态有不断扩散霸权主流技术、以产生依赖的趋势，它倾向将所有的交通、能源和卫生体系变得愈来愈巨大，制造出一个庞然大物。

相反地，特殊的意识形态渴望自主，渴望使用当地和不同时候所提供的资源，渴望对非物质的侧重。我们该如何使用当地、而不是别处的资源？我们该如何创造具差异性的建筑，而不落入对刻板印象的夸张模仿？我们该如何进行深化？建筑设计并非从无到有的创造。建筑意味着在现有和已存在的基础上加以改造、转化。建筑意味着激励深藏于场所自身的特质，而由此具有自我创造的倾向。它意味着揭示、指引方向。它意味着延续活的历史以及它过往的轨迹。它意味着倾听一个有生命的地方的呼吸和脉动。它意味着诠释这些律动用于创造。建筑必须被视为对一个物质、原子、生物连续体的改造。它是在宏观与纳米物理学愈来愈令人头晕目眩之际，对我们这个广大世界里的某个片断的改造。不论转变、场所、建筑的规模是大是小，我们该如何表达一个有生命的断片发生转变时的难以预料？我们是否能够藉由符号、映像、种植来掌握可见的构成部分——云、植物、各种大大小小的生命机体？我们该如何创造出能够召唤隐藏的深度、灵魂的振动？这必然是一项诗意的任务，因为唯有诗懂得如何产生“瞬间的形而上学”：关于所能掌握的极限，关于奥秘、脆弱、自然；关于时间的作用、因年久而生成的色泽、会发生变化；关于不完美，因为不完美显露了我们可以达到的极限。那些扼杀情感的建筑不是具路易斯安那精神的建筑。而是在全球游走的艺术家兼建筑师、那些重复大师的作品，他们对完美、干枯、恒久不变的细节的追求，是情感无能的真实告白！重复制作“精通熟练的”细节，体现了他们对世界上建筑该有的本质感觉迟钝。大规模建造被误解！繁重和夸大是建筑上装腔作势的途径！细节就跟整体一样，是发明、移动、丰富世界的机会，是重新构成、重新组合、诱发各种质地、光线、不大可能的技术相遇的机会。然而，普遍性细节和普遍性建筑一样，属于预先制作、不存怀疑、没有危险、离可行的和可感觉的极限有一大段距离的领域；它以到处存在、到处可贩卖、传播一致性、扼杀差异、大量繁殖为使命。我们处在一种简单化思维的领地——系统的、使人放心的领地。我们距离产生吸引力的绝对条件——亦即自然不造作——非常遥远。能够在二元性、在对话当中创造独特性的建筑，能够面对一种情况来创造独特性的建筑，就是具路易斯安那精神的建筑。

这和那些不断重复某种形式、风格——它被视为“艺术家的签名”——的艺术家兼建筑师的态度完全相反。它和可以在任何时候空降到任何地方的建筑完全相反。这个全球现象是强调不属于任何场所、可以被移动位置、专为直接进入美术馆严密精确的白色格子而设计的20世纪艺术的延续。独立存在的建筑和可以孤立存在的艺术作品相反，3 武汉科技大学本科毕业设计外文翻译

它注定要发生干扰，它的出现犹如荒唐可笑的拼贴、突如其来的喷嚏——不过可惜的是，建筑领域经常缺乏超现实主义的敏感度„„

建筑意味着某些人凭着他们的意志力、渴望和知识，在某个时代对某个地方进行改造。我们从来就不是在单独地建筑。我们总是在某处建筑——当然是为某个人或某些人，但也总是为所有人。我们必须停止将建筑局限在采借一种风格上。我们的时代需要不断怀疑、寻找、不认为自己已经找到答案的建筑师，需要不畏风险、重新发现实证主义价值观、在建造的同时发明建筑、会让自己讶异、会在自己窗户上发现霉菌并知道如何解读的建筑师。让我们将替虚荣的城市化妆的工作，留给那些自认为美容师的建筑师。从今而后，建筑将在不可言喻、含糊模棱和不完美中重新发现它的光环！只有当建筑师摔了跤并改变时，他才知道自己已经尽了最大的努力：从创造到改造；从断言到暗示；从建造到嵌入；从建构到渗透；从放置到迭置；从清晰到含糊；从增加到偏移；从书法到抓痕、涂抹„„

相对于“控制、留下永恒的记号”这些陈旧过时的建筑目标，我们今天要以寻找在某地生活的乐趣为目标。让我们记住，建筑同时也是一种压迫、制约行为的工具。我们永远别让任何人来查禁这个享乐主义式的追求，尤其是在我们身心获得全面发展所不可或缺的熟悉、亲密的领域。让我们表明我们的身份！每个人内心都有一个潜能的世界。我们要意识到自己的潜能，它和每个人的潜能一样，换言之，大多未被发掘，而且经常具有诗意，因此，是令人不安的。

不再有紧身衣，不再有现成的生活！不再有将我们数字化的数字建筑！不再有克隆城市，全球化的办公室，现成的家！我们希望能够继续旅行：聆听即兴演奏的音乐；体验承载着许多生活经验的景观；遇见创造他们文化的男男女女；发现陌生未知的颜色。建筑是变化的容器。建筑是不断遭到生命和事件渗透、更新的永恒。不可更改、从天而降的建筑，与所在地以及居住其中的人没有任何关联。

建筑必须被所在的地方和人所渗透，也要去对他们产生渗透：要具有强烈感受性，也要引起感动；要吸收，也要散发。让我们喜爱那些懂得如何聚焦的建筑：它如同光线一样闪耀；让你领略地形、大地的纹理；让你感受风、天空、土壤、水、火、气味、树、草、花、苔藓„„；记得地方风土人情、同时与我们世界的信息终端相联；还向我们呈现时代变迁以及穿越其间的人们。这样的建筑与它的时代和谐共处。仍在建造20世纪建筑范型的落后者染患了“历时”症、拒绝去感受他们的时代。建筑总是标注着日期。我们知道建筑终有一天会死的、是暂时存在的；我们知道它是有生命的。因此，我们看着它走出黑暗，并想像有一天它会回到那儿。

“因地制宜”、特殊的、具路易斯安那精神的建筑，在过去与未来、矿物与植物、瞬间与永恒、可见与不可见之间建立着一种联系。它们是显现与消失的所在地。它们不时暗示着自己缓慢而悲怆的毁灭。这个时间意识与居住其中的新生命所带来的惊奇，与黎明、黄昏的伟大节奏，以及不可避免的懒散和衰败时光所显露的无关紧要相重叠。具路易斯安那精神的建筑是梦中的建筑，是寂静无声的，既是遗忘之地，也是考古之地。它们成为对引发暖昧矛盾情绪的过去进行重新诠释的借口。

具路易斯安那精神的建筑令我们感动，因为它们被梦想出来，因为它们令人感到不安全、具反抗性；它们偶尔令人绝望、遇到灾难、或遭到扼杀，但从未被遗忘，因为正如凤凰浴火重生般，它们让我们想到用点线构成的永恒„„

武汉科技大学本科毕业设计外文翻译

具路易斯安那精神的建筑在材料和资源上的不确定性、简易性、甚至简陋性，滋生出这种建筑能够存在于各种经济环境的希望。基于这个原因，它可以渗透到任何地方，甚至包括我们的全球政治应该感到汗颜的贫民窟„„

武汉科技大学本科毕业设计外文翻译

Jean Nouvel’s LOUISIANA MANIFESTO is the most profound expression of histhoughts and ideas about architecture today.Together with his projects and shortfilm sequences,the text was part of an exhibition at the Louisiana Museum ofModern Art in Denmark that was shown from June 7th through September 18th,2005.It was published in many languages.Fundamental to his philosophy is anarchitecture that is alive,unique,specific and in harmony with its surroundingsand the spirit of the place.The exhibition was a collaboration between AteliersJean Nouvel,guest curator Jean-Louis Froment and the Louisiana Museum.（Noteby Verena M.Schindler)More than ever before in 2005 architecture is annihilating and violating places,making them banal.Sometimes the landscape is replaced,created in the image of the architectureitself,which is nothing but another way of effacing it.In contrast,however,there is the case of Louisiana,an emotional shock.The living proof of a forgotten truth:architecture has the power to transcend.Architecture can reveal geographies,histories,colours,vegetations,horizons,and qualities of light.Impertinent and natural,architecture is in the world,alive,unique,Louisianan.As a microcosm,a bubble,no image or statement can plumb its depth.You have to be there to experience and believe it.Architecture is an expansion of our world at a time when that world is gettingsmaller.At a time when we rush across the world faster and faster,when we listen to and watch the same global networks,share feelings aboutthe same disasters;when we dance to the same hits,watch the same matches;when we are flooded with the same films with their global screen stars;when the president of one country wants to rule the whole world;when we shop in cloned shopping centres,work behind the same eternalcurtainwalls...and,when whatever aspects of these factors that might be positive are notpartofglobalpriorities...Why,for instance,shouldn’t education eradicate illiteracy more quickly andsurely?Why doesn’t the medicine that saves the victims of pandemics get to them intime?Architecture is by no means spared of these new conditions of an efficient,profitableworld increasingly marked by an ideology delivered as the baggage of the economy.The global economy is accentuating the effects of the dominant architecture,the type that claims,‘We dont’ need context.’And yet there is no real debate about this galloping frenzy:invoking the limitsof the discipline architectural criticism is content with aesthetic and stylisticreflections devoid of any analysis of the real,ignoring the crucial historical clashthat－more insistently every day－sets global architecture against an architectureof situations,generic architecture against an architecture of specificity.Is our modernity today simply the direct descendant of the modernity of the20th century,devoid of any spirit of criticism?Does it simply consist of parachuting solitary objects onto the face of theplanet?Shouldnt’ it rather be looking for reasons,correspondences,harmonies anddifferences in order to propose an ad hoc architecture here and now?Louisiana is the symbolic arena for this new struggle of David and Goliath,between the partisans of situation architecture and the profiteers of de-contextualised architecture.Undoubtedly this confrontation runs deeper and is more complex than theissue of local against global.Specificity is linked to the actualization of knowledge.Architectural knowledgeis by nature diverse,given its links with all civilizations.Travel is an essentialelement in the cultivation of any builder.We are familiar with how journeys to Egypt,Greece and Rome are 武汉科技大学本科毕业设计外文翻译

importanttoarchitects.Louisiana is the result of a journey to California:the fruit of the graftingof information gathered from afar onto the interpretation of a uniquelocation.Generic architecture is certainly thriving on the compost,the Functionalistdroppings of the simplistic modern ideology of the 20th century.The AthensCharter set out to be humanist,but the equally dogmatic caricatures realized bythe submissive or the corrupt have left us with an oppressive urban heritage.In the name of the pleasure of living on this earth we must resist theurbanism of zones,networks and grids.Such developments are the automaticrot that is obliterating the identity of cities on all continents in all climates.These strategies feed on cloned offices,cloned dwellings and cloned shops.They thirst for what has already been thought and seen in order to avoidthinking and seeing.We must replace these generic rules,territorially and architecturally,withother rules based on the structural analysis of the lived landscape.Yes,architecturally!For architecture exists on all scales and urbanism does notUrbanism is nothing but the mocked-up travesty of a servile architecture on themacro-scale,advancing to prepare the way for the myriad of generic architectures.We must establish sensitive and poetic rules:approaches that speak of colours,essences,characters and the anomalies of the act of creation and the specificitiesof rain,wind,sea and mountains.Rules that speak of the temporal and spatial continuum that will turn the tidetowards a mutation modifying the inherited chaos and taking account of all thefractal scales of our cities.These sensitive rules cannot but defy the generic ideology that leads to theproliferation of hegemonic,dominant technologies.Creating dependencies andaimed for th‘ebottom line’,such a proliferation results in the hypertrophy of allour transportation,energy and hygiene systems.In contrast,the ideology of the specific aspires to autonomy,using theresources of actual place and time and such an ideology also privileges the non-material.How can we use what is here and nowhere else?How can we differentiate without caricaturing?How can we achieve depth?Architectural design on the large scale does not mean inventing ex nihilo.Architecture means transformation,organizing the mutations of what is alreadythere.Architecture means encouraging the embedding in the landscape of places thatanyway have a tendency to invent themselves.It means to reveal,to give direction.It means prolonging living history and its traces of past lives.It means listening to the breathing and pulsations of a living place.It means interpreting its rhythms in order to create.Architecture should be seen as the modification of a physical,atomic andbiological continuum.As the modification of a fragment situated at the heart of our immenseuniverse amidst the dizzying discoveries made by macro-and nanophysics.Whatever the scale of the transformation of a site or place,how can wecommunicate the unpredictability of the mutation of a living fragment?Can we domesticate the visible components－clouds,plant-life and livingorganisms of every size－with signs,reflections and new plantings?How does one create a vibration that evokes a hidden depth,a soul?This is surely a task for poetry since only poetry can produce‘the metaphysicsof the instant’:to work at the limits of the achievable with the mysterious,fragile and natural;to anticipate the weathering of time,i.e.,the resulting patina as materialschange and age with character;andto work with imperfection as a revelation of the limits of the accessible.These architectures that kill emotion are not Louisianan.They are the 武汉科技大学本科毕业设计外文翻译

work of globetrotting artist-architects,princes of repetition,specialists in the perfect,dry and perennial detail that are the true confession ofemotional impotence!The repetition of the‘controlled’detail is proof of their insensitivity to thepossible nature of an architecture in the world.Mass construction is used as misconstruction!Weight and emphasis are understood as vectors of architectural pedantry!The detail－like the totality－is an opportunity to invent,dislocate,enrichthe world,recompose,reassemble and provoke confrontations of textures,lightand unlikely techniques.But generic detail,like generic architecture,manifests the prefabricated.Itrepresents an absence of doubt that takes no risks and holds back as far as possiblefrom the limits of the feasible and sensitive.Its vocation is to exist and sell itselfeverywhere,spreading uniformity and killing differences in order to proliferate.We are in the domain of simplistic thinking－of the systemic,the reassuring.We are far from the sine qua non of seduction:the natural.An architecture that creates singularity in duality and is invented through theconfrontation with a situation is Louisianan.It opposes the attitudes of these artist-architects who follow a recipe ofrepeating a kind of formal order passed off as the‘signature of the artist’.Itopposes what can be dropped down on the landscape on any occasion in any place.This global phenomenon perpetuates an artistic tradition of the 20th centuryart that is in essence unsituated,dislocated and designed to take its place amongthe mathematical white boxes of the museums.Unlike these works of art that can function in isolation,autonomousarchitectures are doomed to the status of static interference,absurd collages andsudden sneezes that disturb their surroundings;and unfortunately Surrealistsensibility is rarely part of the mix...Architecture means the adaptation of the conditions of a place to a given timeby the willpower,desire and knowledge of certain human beings.We never do this alone.We always do it somewhere－certainly for some person or persons,butalways also for everyone.It is time we stop limiting architecture to the appropriation of a style.Our times need architects who doubt,who seek without thinking they havealready found,who put themselves at risk,who rediscover the values of empiricism,who invent architecture as they design it,who surprise themselves,who notice themildew on their windows and who know how to interpret it.Lets’ leave the cosmetics of vain cities to the architects who think of themselvesas aesthetes.From now on let architecture rediscover its aura in the inexpressible,thecloudy and imperfection of what is invented!The architect is not aware of having come to the end of his work until he slipsand shiftsfrom creation to modification,from assertion to allusion,from building-up to filling-in,from construction to infiltration,from positioning to super-positioning,from clearness to the nebulousness,from addition to deviation,from calligraphy to etching,to erasure...Instead of the archaic architectural goal of domination,i.e.,making a permanentmark,today we should prefer to seek the pleasure of living somewhere.Let us remember that architecture can also be an instrument of oppression,atool for conditioning behaviour.Let us never permit anyone to censure this pursuit of pleasure especially in thedomain of the familiar and intimate that is so necessary to our wellbeing.Let us identify ourselves.Everyone bears a potential world within himself or herself.Let us be aware of our potential,which is equal to that of any human being－largely unexplored,often poetic and therefore disquieting.武汉科技大学本科毕业设计外文翻译

No more corsets,no more ready-to-wear lives!No more architecture-by-numbers that turns us into numbers!No more cloned cities,global offices,pre-occupied homes!We want to be able to keep on travelling:to listen to spontaneous music,to live in landscapes as inhabited as a personalityto meet men and women who invent their own culture,to discover unknown colours.Architecture is the vehicle for variations.Architecture is permanence changed by life and events.Unchangeable architecture is not involved with the place and those who livethere.Architecture has to be impregnated and to impregnate in order:to be impressionable and impress andto absorb and emit.Let us love architecture that knows how to focus,that:shineslikealight;can let you read the topography,the lay of the land;can let you feel the wind,sky,soil,water,fire,flavours,trees,grass,flowers,moss...remembers the usages and customs of the place and at the same timeinterfaces with the information terminals of our world;and,shows us the historical ages and those who have journeyed through them.Such an architecture is built up in harmony with its time.The stragglers whoare still constructing the archetypes of the 20th century are diachronically ill,refusingtolivetheirlives.Architecture is dated.We know it to be mortal and endangered as sure as weknow it is alive.And so we watch it emerging from the darkness and imagine that it will returnthere one day.The architectures of situation,of the specific,the Louisianan architecturesweave bonds between the past and the future,the mineral and the vegetal,theinstantaneous and eternity,and the visible and the invisible.They are the loci of emergence and disappearance.They distil the essence of their own slow,poignant ruin.This consciousness of time overlays the surprises of the new lives lived in theplace,the great rhythms of dawn and twilight,the indifference of the inevitablehours of idleness and decay...Louisianan architectures are dreamed architectures,full of silences－notonly places of forgetfulness but also of archaeology.They become the cue for reinterpretations of an ambivalent past.Louisianan architectures move us because they have been dreamed into life,insecurity,resistance and sometimes despair;ruined or assassinated,but neverforgotten because like the Phoenix disappearing in the flames only to be rebornthey make us dream of eternally recurring points of light...The uncertainty,simplicity and even the modesty of the Louisianan materialsand resources hold out the hope that Louisianan architecture can continue toexist in any economic condition even filtering through to the shameful shantytownsofourglobalpolitics...

第二篇：建筑学本科毕业设计外文翻译

本科毕业设计外文翻译 题目： 德黑兰城市发展

学 院: 专 业: 学 号: 学生姓名: 指导教师:

城市建设学院 建筑学

日 期: 二零一一年六月

First Chapter：Development of the city of Tehran

Ali Madanipour 武汉科技大学本科毕业设计外文翻译

Tehran :the making of a metropolis，First Chapter：Development of the city of Tehran，Ali Madanipour，ISBN：0471957798，Press： New York John Wiley，1998，page five to page eleven。

第一章：德黑兰市的发展

阿里.马丹妮普尔

德黑兰：一个大都市的建造，第一章：德黑兰市的发展，阿里.马丹妮普尔，书号：0471957798，纽约John Wiley出版社，1998，第五页到第十一页。

德黑兰市的发展

全市已长成了一定的规模性和复杂性，以这样的程度，空间管理需要另外的手段来处理城市组织和不断发展的复杂性，并为城市总体规划做准备。

第二次世界大战后，在盟军占领国家的期间，有一个时期的民主化，在冷战时开始的政治紧张局势之后，它们互相斗争对石油的控制权。这个时期已经结束于1953年，结果 武汉科技大学本科毕业设计外文翻译

是由政变产生了伊朗王，那个后来担任了25年的行政君主的人。随着高出生率和农村向城市迁移，德黑兰和其他大城市增长加剧甚至比以前更快地。到1956年，德黑兰的人口上升到150万，到了1966至300万，1976至450万，其规模也从1934年46平方公里到1976年的250平方公里。

从石油行业的收入增长创造的盈余资源，需要流通和经济的吸收。50年代中期，特别是在工业化的驱动下德黑兰许多大城市有了新工作。20世纪60年代的土地改革释放了大量来自农业的农村人口，这是不能吸收的指数人口增长。这种新的劳动力被吸引到城市：到新的产业，到似乎始终蓬勃发展建筑界，去服务不断增长公共部门和官僚机构。德黑兰的角色是国家的行政，经济，文化中心，它坚定而巩固地通往外面的世界。德黑兰战后的城市扩张，是在管制、私营部门的推动，投机性的发展下进行的。房屋一直供不应求，并有大量可用的富余劳动力和资本，因此在德黑兰建筑行业蓬勃发展，土地和财产的价格不断上涨。这个城市成长为一个在某种意义上道路对外脱节的，城镇和乡村一体化的，郊区不断增长的新的定居点。这加强了社会的孤立性，破坏了郊区的花园和绿地，并使城市管理者的感到无能为力。1962年一位副市长在德黑兰表示：“建筑物和居民点已经满足人们所想要的无论何处何种样子”，创造了一个“事实上城镇相互连接的方式不当”的城市（Nafisi, 1964,第426页）。有许多事情迫切需要做，但市政府并没有法律上或经济上有能力处理这进程。

1966年市政法第一次规定了城规最高委员会的法律体制和土地利用规划公司的综合计划。还有他一系列法律，以支持德黑兰市的新的法律和体制安排，使住房和其他管理工作在城市中发展起来。最重要的一步是策划的德黑兰综合计划于1968年被批准。它是由一个伊朗规划师Fereydun Ghaffari领导下的美国的Victor Gruen和伊朗的Aziz Farmanfarmaian所共同产生的（Ardalan，1986）。该计划确定的城市的问题是：城市密度过高特别是城市中心、主要道路沿线商业活动的膨胀、污染、不完善的基础设施，贫困地区广泛的失业和低收入群体不断地迁移到德黑兰。解决的办法是城市自然社会和经济结构的转型。(Farmanfarmaian and Gruen, 1968).不过该提案大多主张形态上的变化，试图强调一个现代化的理念，强加这个复杂的都市的秩序。设想这个城市的未来可向西形成一个线性多中心的形式，减少密度和市中心的挤塞情况。全市将形成10个地区，其他各区由绿化带隔开，每个地区约50万居民，并设置拥有高楼的商业及工业中心。各个地区（mantagheh）将分为若干区域（nahyeh）和社区（mahalleh）。每个区域人口约1.5到3万，有一所中学和商业中心以及其他必要设施。每个社区有大约5000居民，有一所小学和一个当地的商业中心。这些地区和区域将有相连的交通运输网络，包括高速公路，捷运路线及巴士路线。过境路线的站点会迅速发展为活动度高居住密度高的节点。重建及改善计划中将有60万人离开中心地区(Farmanfarmaian and Gruen, 1968).。

几乎所有这些措施可以追溯到那个拥有时尚规划理念的时代，这主要是受英国新城镇的影响。在Victor Gruen的《我们城市的心脏》（1965）书中，曾设想未来的中心大 武汉科技大学本科毕业设计外文翻译

都市会由10个城市包围，每个国家都有它自己的中心。这很像Ebenezer Howard’s（1960年，第142页）提到的，那个四周被园林城市群包围着的中心城市：“社会的城市”。在德黑兰的规划中，这一概念的直译版被使用。另一个在英国新城镇被使用的概念，比如Redditch和 Runcorn，是把公共交通路线作为城市的骨架的重要性，其停车点是它的重点服务中心。使用邻里中心和小学来限制邻里单元人口，这被广泛应用于这些新市镇，这是一个曾在20世纪20年代在美国发展的想法(Mumford, 1954)。这些思想依然存在，但是，主要是在纸面上。该计划已执行，已在美国城市规划中有根深蒂固的想法，包括了用高速公路网的不断延伸去连接城市的脱节部分;在不同地区的社会管理和物理性质的基础上进行区划;引进容积率的控制发展的密度。

在20世纪70年代进行的其他主要规划工作包括Shahrak Gharb的局部发展新城镇，以及Shahestan依照英国顾问Llewelyn–Davies提出的规划新的城市行政中心，虽然这被当做正在上升的革命浪潮后来从未实施过。

革命和后革命时期可分为三个阶段：革命（1979-1988年），重建（1989-1996年）和改革（1997-2004），每个都展示了德黑兰城市规划中不同的做法。

德黑兰和其他城市经过两年大量实证，1979年有代表性的是一个革命的到来推翻了伊朗君主，由议会共和制和神父统治的不稳定结合所取代。其原因可以追溯到在国王的发展模式导致了许多冲突，现代与传统，经济发展与政治发展，全球市场力量和地方资产阶级力量，外国势力和民族主义，腐败和自满中坚分子与不满的群众。像1906年的革命一样，许多隐藏意见的累积使1979的革命成为可能。在第一次革命，维新已占了上风，而在第二次，传统主义者赢得了领导。然而，无论革命的态度还是他们掌握政权之后的一系列重大问题，包括城市发展都显示出现代化的偏好。从这个意义上讲，该国的这两个爆炸革命事件可以被看作是在动荡中逐步转型所作的努力（Madanipour，1998，2003）。革命是在与伊拉克长期战争（1980-1988）之后，其间停止了经济的发展。在城市发展方面的投资减少，而农村地区和省城受到革命政府的青睐，同时遏制从农村向城市迁移并与大城市公平对待。在此期间主要规划干预是对白天城市中心的私家车活动的限制。同时，战争和新政府的免费或低费用的设施，吸引了更多的人承诺向首都城市移民，到1986年人口达600万。从20世纪50年代城市人口的增长速度已开始减慢，而直到80年代中期首都的增长都更快，但是它的增长率也开始下降（Khatam, 1993）。在革命和战争后，正常化和重建时期开始了，其中大部分持续到上世纪90年代。这期间见证了德黑兰城市规划的若干努力。但是没有一个有效的框架来管理剧烈的城市发展。综合计划在革命后遭到攻击，因为它被认为无法适应变化。1998年，市长批评它主要是形态上的发展规划、植根于前政权的政治框架、并没有足够重视实际操作问题（Dehaghani，1995）。

综合计划的25年寿命在1991年结束。一个伊朗顾问公司（A-Tech）受委托于1985年筹备1986-1996期间的规划。经过多次延迟，在1993年，该计划最终被城市规划高级理事会批准。该计划还注重增长的管理和线性空间战略，利用了城市区域，次区域，地 武汉科技大学本科毕业设计外文翻译

区，小区和邻里尺度。它促进保护、权力下放、多中心发展，有五个卫星新市镇，并发展住宅增加城市密度。该协会建议，城市在5个亚区中被划分成22个区，每个区都拥有自己的服务中心（Shahrdari-e Tehran, 2004）。

1993年的计划不受市政当局欢迎，不同意它的估价和优先次序，认为它不现实、昂贵、无法实施。1996-2001年期间市政当局自己做了一个战略规划，它被认为是德黑兰市政的第一个规划或是德黑兰80。它强调对一个城市提出战略和政策来实现他们的第一个规划，而不是以介绍土地利用规划为目标。它把城市的主要问题确定为能提供服务的资源短缺、城市发展模式和速度、环境污染、缺乏有效的公共交通工具、效率低下和官僚主义。然后市政府对城市的未来远景概述了六个主要特征：一个清洁的城市，建设便于运动的城市公园和绿化带，新的文化和体育设施，改革发展的城市组织，以及对城市空间的改善，包括土地利用和保护的全面和详细的计划的编制规划(Shahrdari-e Tehran, 1996)。

全市实施了1968年的计划中提出的一部分建议，诸如增加南方的绿色开放空间，或是兴建高速公路网;开放城市的大部分地区使之得到新的发展以缓解全城的运作。继承1993年计划的意见，市政府放宽容积率限制，并允许热闹地带有更高的密度。然而，这并非基于规划的考虑，主要是为了使市政当局的财政独立。这在发展产业区广受欢迎，但受到公民的争议。开发者可以通过向市政府缴纳罚款建立更高的建筑物，而不必考虑对周围环境的影响，这个政策俗称“密度销售”。该城市的面貌，特别是在其北部地区，是在短期内改变的，其中包括中通过宽阔的街道和高速公路连接高楼大厦。在较贫穷的南部，一个大型的重建项目Navab穿过密集而破旧的建筑物建造高速公路，建立庞大的上层建筑的各个方面。这个城市的行政边界扩大了两次，一次向外，一次向西，涵盖了700平方公里的22个区市。

这个时期的重建争议随着民主的改革而产生，它重新启动了城市市议会的选举，这首先造成了市长和市政府关系的制度混乱。该会于2001年公布了自己的城市构想作为德黑兰宪章，这总结了大会上安理会成员、非政府组织和市政专家之间原则上同意的问题。该宪章主要采纳了可持续性和民主性原则，被用于开发自然和处理环境、交通、社会、文化、经济问题、城市管理战略、区域性城市，国家和国际角色。

Development of the city of Tehran The city had grown in size and complexity to such an extent thatits spatial managementneeded additional tools, which resulted in the growing complexity of municipalorganization, and in the preparation of a comprehensive plan for the city.After the Second World War, during which the Allied forces occupied the country, there was a period of democratization, followed by political tensions of the start of the cold war, 武汉科技大学本科毕业设计外文翻译

and struggles over the control of oil.This period was ended in 1953 by a coup detat that returned the Shah to power, who then acted as an executive monarch for the next 25 years.With high birth rates and an intensification of rural–urban migration, Tehran— and other large cities—grew even faster than before.By 1956, Tehran’s population rose to 1.5 million, by 1966 to 3 million, and by 1976 to 4.5 million;its size grew from 46 km² in 1934 to 250 km² in 1976(Kariman, 1976;Vezarat-e Barnameh va Budgeh, 1987).Revenues from the oil industry rose, creating surplus resources that needed to be circulated and absorbed in the economy.An industrialization drive from the mid-1950s created many new jobs in big cities, particularly in Tehran.The land reforms of the 1960s released large numbers of rural population from agriculture, which was not able to absorb the exponential demographic growth.This new labour force was attracted to cities: to the new industries, to the construction sector which seemed to be always booming, to services and the constantly growing public sector bureaucracy.Tehran’s role as the administrative, economic, and cultural centre of the country, and its gateway to the outside world, was firmly consolidated.Urban expansion in postwar Tehran was based on under-regulated, private-sector driven, speculative development.Demand for housing always exceeded supply, and a surplus of labor and capital was always available;hence the flourishing construction industry and the rising prices of land and property in Tehran.The city grew in a disjointed manner in all directions along the outgoing roads, integrating the surrounding towns and villages, and growing new suburban settlements.This intensified social segregation, destroyed suburban gardens and green spaces, and left the city managers feeling powerless.A deputy mayor of the city in 1962 commented that in Tehran, ‘‘the buildings and settlements have been developed by whomever has wanted in whatever way and wherever they have wanted’’, creating a city that was ‘‘in fact a number of towns connected to each other in an inappropriate way’’(Nafisi, 1964, p.426).There was a feeling that something urgently needed to be done, but the municipality was not legally or financially capable of dealing with this process.The 1966 Municipality Act provided, for the first time, a legal framework for the formation of the Urban Planning High Council and for the establishment of land-use planning in the form of comprehensive plans.A series of other laws followed, underpinning new legal and institutional arrangements for the Tehran municipality, allowing the Ministry of Housing and others to work together in managing the growth of the city.The most important step taken in planning was the approval of the Tehran Comprehensive Plan in 1968.It was produced by a consortium of Aziz Farmanfarmaian Associates of Iran and Victor Gruen Associates of the 武汉科技大学本科毕业设计外文翻译

United States, under the direction of Fereydun Ghaffari, an Iranian city planner(Ardalan, 1986).The plan identified the city’s problems as high density, especially in the city centre;expansion of commercial activities along the main roads;pollution;inefficient infrastructure;widespread unemployment in the poorer areas, and the continuous migration of low-income groups to Tehran.The solution was to be found in the transformation of the city’s physical, social and economic fabric(Farmanfarmaian and Gruen, 1968).The proposals were, nevertheless, mostly advocating physical change, attempting, in a modernist spirit, to impose a new order onto this complex metropolis.The future of the city was envisaged to be growing westward in a linear polycentric form, reducing the density and congestion of the city centre.The city would be formed of 10 large urban districts, separated from each other by green belts,each with about 500,000 inhabitants, a commercial and an industrial centre with high-rise buildings.Each district(mantagheh)would be subdivided into a number of areas(nahyeh)and neighborhoods(mahalleh).An area, with a population of about 15–30,000, would have a high school and a commercial centre and other necessary facilities.A neighborhood, with its 5000 inhabitants, would have a primary school and a local commercial centre.These districts and areas would be linked by a transportation network, which included motorways, a rapid transit route and a bus route.The stops on the rapid transit route would be developed as the nodes for concentration of activities with a high residential density.A number of redevelopment and improvement schemes in the existing urban areas would relocate 600,000 people out of the central areas(Farmanfarmaian and Gruen, 1968).Almost all these measures can be traced to the fashionable planning ideas of the time, which were largely influenced by the British New Towns.In his book, The Heart of Our Cities, Victor Gruen(1965)had envisaged the metropolis of tomorrow as a central city surrounded by 10 additional cities,each with its own centre.This resembled Ebenezer Howard’s(1960, p.142)‘‘social cities’’, in which a central city was surrounded by a cluster of garden cities.In Tehran’s plan, a linear version of this concept was used.Another linear concept, which was used in the British New Towns of the time such as Redditch and Runcorn, was the importance of public transport routes as the town’s spine, with its stopping points serving as its foci.The use of neighborhood units of limited population, focused on a neighborhood centre and a primary school, was widely used in these New Towns, an idea that had been developed in the 1920s in the United States(Mumford, 1954).These ideas remained, however, largely on paper.Some of the plan’s ideas that were implemented, which were rooted in American city planning, included a network of freeways to connect the disjointed 武汉科技大学本科毕业设计外文翻译

parts of the sprawling metropolis;zoning as the basis for managing the social and physical character of different areas;and the introduction of Floor Area Ratios for controlling development densities.Other major planning exercises, undertaken in the 1970s, included the partial development of a New Town, Shahrak Gharb, and the planning of a new administrative centre for the city—Shahestan—by the British consultants Llewelyn–Davies, although there was never time to implement the latter, as the tides of revolution were rising.Planning through policy development: reconstruction after the revolution and war The revolutionary and post-revolutionary period can be divided into three phases: revolution(1979–1988), reconstruction(1989–1996), and reform(1997–2004), each demonstrating different approaches to urban planning in Tehran.After two years of mass demonstrations in Tehran and other cities, the year 1979 was marked by the advent of a revolution that toppled the monarchy in Iran, to be replaced by a state which uneasily combined the rule of the clergy with parliamentary republicanism.Its causes can be traced in the shortcomings of the Shah’s model of development, which led to clashes between modernization and traditions, between economic development and political underdevelopment, between global market forces and local bourgeoisie, between foreign influence and nationalism, between a corrupt and complacent elite and discontented masses.Like the revolution of 1906, a coalition of many shades of opinion made the revolution of 1979 possible.In the first revolution, the modernizers had the upper hand, while in the second the traditionalists won the leadership.However, the attitudes of both revolutions—and the regimes that followed them—to a number of major issues, including urban development, show a preference for modernization.In this sense, both revolutions can be seen as explosive episodes in the country’s troubled efforts at progressive transformation(Madanipour, 1998, 2003).The revolution was followed by a long war(1980–1988)with Iraq, which halted economic development.Investment in urban development dwindled, while rural areas and provincial towns were favoured by the revolutionary government, both to curb rural–urban migration and to strike a balance with large cities.The key planning intervention in this period was to impose daytime restrictions on the movement of private cars in the city centre.Meanwhile, the war and the promise of free or low-cost facilities by the new government attracted more migrants to the capital city, its population reaching 6 million by 1986.The rate of population growth in the city had started to slow down from the 1950s, while the metropolitan region was growing faster until the mid-1980s, when its growth rate also started to decline(Khatam, 1993).After the revolution and war, a period of normalization and reconstruction started, which 武汉科技大学本科毕业设计外文翻译

lasted for most of the 1990s.This period witnessed a number of efforts at urban planning in Tehran.Once again, urban development had intensified without an effective framework to manage it.The comprehensive plan came under attack after the revolution, as it was considered unable to cope with change.In 1998, the Mayor criticized it for being mainly a physical development plan, for being rooted in the political framework of the previous regime, and for not paying enough attention to the problems of implementation(Dehaghani, 1995).The comprehensive plan’s 25-year lifespan came to an end in 1991.A firm of Iranian consultants(A-Tech)was commissioned in 1985 to prepare a plan for the period of 1986–1996.After much delay, it was only in 1993 that the plan was finally approved by the Urban Planning High Council.This plan also focused on growth management and a linear spatial strategy, using the scales of urban region, subregion, district, area and neighbourhood.It promoted conservation, decentralization, polycentric development, development of five satellite new towns, and increasing residential densities in the city.It proposed that the city be divided into 22 districts within five sub-regions, each with its own service centre(Shahrdari-e Tehran, 2004).The 1993 plan was not welcomed by the municipality, which disagreed with its assessments and priorities, finding it unrealistic, expensive, and impossible to implement.The municipality produced its own strategic plan for the period 1996–2001, known as Tehran Municipalty’s First Plan, or Tehran 80.Rather than introducing a land-use plan as its goal, this was the first plan for the city that emphasized a set of strategies and propose d policies to achieve them.It identified the city’s main problems as shortage of resources to deliver its services;the pace and pattern of urban growth;environmental pollution;the absence of effective public transport, and inefficient bureaucracy.The municipality’s vision for the future of the city was then outlined to have six major characteristics: a clean city, ease of movement in the city, the creation of parks and green spaces, the development of new cultural and sports facilities, reform of the municipal organization, and planning for the improvement of urban space, including preparation of comprehensive and detailed plans for land use and conservation(Shahrdari-e Tehran, 1996).The municipality implemented part of the proposals, such as increasing the amount of green open spaces in the south, or constructing new parts of the motorway network, which was proposed by the 1968 plan;opening large parts of the city to new development, and easing movement across the city.Following the advice of the 1993 plan, the municipality relaxed FAR limits and allowed higher densities through bonus zoning.This, however, was not based on planning considerations, but was mainly to bring financial autonomy to the municipality.This proved to be popular with the development industry, but controversial with citizens.Developers could build taller buildings by paying fines to the municipality, in a 武汉科技大学本科毕业设计外文翻译

policy popularly known as ‘‘selling density’’, without having to show their impacts on the surrounding environment.The face of the city, particularly in its northern parts, was transformed in a short period, consisting of medium to high-rise buildings connected through wide streets and motorways.In the poorer south, a major redevelopment project, Navab, cut a motorway through the dense and decayed fabric, building gigantic superstructures on each side.The city’s administrative boundaries were expanded twice, once outward and then westward, to encompass 22 district municipalities in 700 km².This controversial period of reconstruction was followed by a period of democratic reform, which re-launched an elected city council for the city, which at first caused institutional confusion about its relationship with the mayor and the municipality.The council published its own vision of the city as Tehran Charter in 2001, which was the summary of the principles agreed between council members, non-governmental organizations, and urban experts at a congress about the subject.The Charter adopted sustainability and democracy as its key principles, which were used to develop strategies for natural and built environments, transport, social, cultural and economic issues, urban management, and the city’s regional, national and international roles.

第三篇：2011建筑学专业毕业设计外文翻译二0

毕业设计外文

翻译

好Translation of the English Documents for Graduation Design

课题名称

院（系）专 业 姓 名 学 号 起讫日期 指导教师

2011 年 12 月 25 日

原文：

Abstract: Green building refers to do its best to maximize conservation of resources(energy, land, water, and wood)，protecting the environment and reduce pollution in its life cycle.Provide people with healthy, appropriate and efficient use of space, and nature in harmony symbiosis buildings.I described more details of green building design’ notion, green building’ design, as well as the significance of the concept of green building and improve the effectiveness analysis of the external effects of green building measures, Key words: green buildings;protect the ecology;signification;analysing the effects What is a green building

Green building refers to building life cycle, the maximum conservation of resources(energy, land, water and materials), protecting the environment and reduce pollution, provide people with health, application and efficient use of space, and nature harmony of the building.The so-called green building “green” does not mean a general sense of three-dimensional green, roof garden, but represents a concept or symbol, refers to building environmentally friendly, make full use of natural resources, environment and basic ecological damage to the environment without balance of a building under construction, but also known as sustainable building, eco-building, back into the wild construction, energy saving construction.Green building interior layout is very reasonable, to minimize the use of synthetic materials, full use of the sun, saving energy for the residents Chuangzao almost-natural feeling.People, architecture and the natural environment for the harmonious development goals, in the use of natural and artificial means to create good conditions and healthy living environment, as much as possible to control and reduce the use and destruction of the natural environment, to fully reflect the nature obtain and return balance.2, the meaning of green building

The basic connotation of green building can be summarized as: to reduce the load on the environment architecture, which save energy and resources;provide a safe, healthy, comfortable living space with good;affinity with the natural environment, so that people and building a harmonious coexistence with the environment and sustainable development.Development of the significance of green building rating system

Establish green building rating system is a revolution in the field of architecture and the Enlightenment, its far more than energy savings.It is innovative in many ways and organic synthesis, thereby building in harmony with nature, full utilization of resources and energy, create healthy, comfortable and beautiful living space.It's revolutionary for the field of architecture from the technical, social and economic angles.3.1 Technical Significance

Green building study of early technical problems of individual-based, technology is isolated and one-sided, not formed an organic whole, the integration of design and economic study of consciousness is far from the only strategy of economic analysis phase of the subsidiary's knowledge.However, individual technical research results of early modern green building techniques for the multi-dimensional development and systems integration will lay a solid foundation.Since the nineties of the 20th century, with the understanding of green building gradually deepen and mature, people give up way too utopian thinking He alone environmental consciousness and moral constraints and spontaneous green behavior, turned to explore more workable environmental philosophy, environmental and capital combined into the future world the new direction of development of environmental protection, green building has entered a result of ecological ethics from the practice of promoting ecological research to deepen the new stage.Green Building Technology takes on the natural sciences, social sciences, humanities, computer science, information science and other subjects the trend of integration of research results, making green building design into the multi-dimensional stage of development strategy study.The deepening of green building technology strategy and development in materials, equipment, morphology, etc various advanced fields, in technology development, technology and other design elements of the integration is also starting from the past the simple addition, more attention to the periphery of the retaining structure itself design technology and architecture to combine the overall system change, gradually becoming green building systems.Green building rating system was established green building technologies gradually improve and systematize the inevitable result, it is the organic integration of green building technology, a platform built to green building technology, information technology, computer technology and many other subjects can be a unified platform in their respective roles, the establishment of a comprehensive evaluation system for designers, planners, engineers and managers a more than ever, a more simple, Guizhangmingque green building assessment tools and design guidelines.3.2 The social significance.Green building rating system reflects the social significance of the main advocates of the new way of life, heightened awareness and public participation in the continuation of local culture are two aspects.To promote a healthy lifestyle.Green building rating system, the social significance of the primary advocate a healthy lifestyle, which is based on the design and construction of green buildings as a community education process.The principles of green building rating system is the effective use of resources and ecological rules to follow, based on the health of building space to create and maintain sustainable development.The concept of the past to correct people's misconceptions about consumer lifestyles, that can not blindly pursue material luxury, but should keep the environment under the premise of sustainable use of modest comfort to pursue life.From the fundamental terms, construction is to meet human needs built up of material goods as people's Wenhuayishi Name and lifestyle is not sustainable when, the value of green building itself will be reduced, but only had a real social need When the requirements of sustainable development and way of life that matches the green building to achieve the best results.Enhanced awareness of public participation.Green Building Rating system is not a monopoly for the design staff of professional tools, but for planners, designers, engineers, managers, developers, property owners, jointly owned by the public and other assessment tools.It broke the previous professional development of the monopoly to encourage the participation of the public and other public officers.Through public participation, the introduction of architects and other building users, the construction of dialogue participants, making the original design process dominated by the architect becomes more open.Proved the involvement of various views and a good help to create a dynamic culture, embody social justice community.3.3 The economic significance.Green building rating system, the economic significance can be divided into macro and micro levels.At the macro level, the green building rating system from the system life-cycle perspective, the green building design integrated into the economic issues involved in the production from the building materials, design, construction, operation, resource use, waste disposal, recycling of demolition until the natural resources the whole process.Economic considerations of green building is no longer limited to the design process itself, while the policy extended to the design of the narrow role to play to support the policy level, including the establishment of “green labeling” system, improving the construction environmental audit and management system, increase and construction-related energy consumption, pollutant emissions and other acts of tax efforts, improve the legal system of environmental protection, from the increase in government construction projects on the sustainability of economic support and raise the cost to the construction of polluting the environment acts as the costs for green buildings design and construction to create a favorable external environment.This goal is not entirely the responsibility of government agencies, as the architects involved in design work as a sound system of responsibility for recommendations obligations, because only the most from the practice of the need is real and urgent.The related policy issues in green building design strategies, building a system to solve the economic problems facing the important aspects.At the micro level, the current from the economic point of Design Strategy is more fully consider the economic operation of the project, and specific technical strategies accordingly adjusted.3.4 Ethical Significance.Green building rating system, the theoretical basis of the concept of sustainable development, therefore, whether the evaluation system of each country how much difference in structure, they all have one thing in common: reduce the burden of ecological environment, improve construction quality of the environment for future generations to remain the development of there is room.This radically change the long-sought human blindly to the natural attitude, reflecting people's understanding of the relationship between man and nature by the opposition to the uniform change.According to the current global energy reserves and resources distribution, the Earth's natural environment is also far from the edge of exhaustion, enough people enjoy the luxury of contemporary material life.But now we have to consume a resource, it means that future generations will be less of a living space.More importantly, if we consume the natural environment more than it can limit self-renewal, then the future of the younger generation is facing the planet's ecosystems can not recover the risk into a real crisis.Therefore we can say, the development of green buildings and their corresponding evaluation system, for more contemporary people is the responsibility and obligations.For more the interests of future generations and advantages.4 green building design Green building design include the following:

Saving energy: full use of solar energy, using energy-efficient building envelope and heating and air conditioning, reducing heating and air conditioning use.Set according to the principle of natural ventilation cooling system that allows efficient use of building to the dominant wind direction in summer.Adapted to local climatic conditions, building use form and general layout of the plane.Resource conservation: in the building design, construction and selection of construction materials, are considered fair use and disposal of resources.To reduce the use of resources, strive to make the use of renewable resources.Conserve water resources, including water conservation and greening.Return to Nature: Green Building exterior to emphasize integration with the surrounding environment, harmony, movement complement each other so that the protection of natural ecological environment.Effect of green building

5.1 Effect of the composition of green building

Effect of green building, including internal effects and external effects, direct benefits and direct costs as the internal effect, known as the indirect benefits and indirect costs of external effects, according to engineering economics point of view: the internal effects can be financial evaluation, external effects should be economic evaluation, economic evaluation is based on the so-called rational allocation of scarce resources and socio-economic principles of sustainable development, from the perspective of the overall national economy, study projects spending of social resources and contributions to the community to evaluate the project's economic and reasonable and external effects generally include Industry Effects, environmental and ecological effects, technology diffusion effect, the external effect will cause the private costs(internal costs or indirect costs)and social costs inconsistent, leading to the actual price is different from the best price.From the perspective of sustainable development, green building assessment effects of the main indicators of external effects.Since beginning the development of green building, unity of quantitative indicators system is still not established, I believe that the following aspects should be analyzed:(1)strictly control the construction industry, size, limit the number of employees.Extensive growth model epitomized by the struggle over the construction project, the construction process using human wave tactics, once the state limit the scale of construction, will form the “adequate”, which will not reduce the degree of mechanization, labor, the low level.(2)more investments in technology, upgrade technology, establish and perfect the mechanism for scientific and technical equipment.Focus on the development and application of building technology, combined with the project, the characteristics of future construction, a planned way scientific and technological research and development of new machinery, new processes, new materials, and actively introduce, absorb and assimilate the advanced scientific and technological achievements of science and technology to improve the level of mechanization.(3)in urban planning, survey and design through the “green building” ideas.Family housing and urban construction or alteration must remain in the room, from lighting, ventilation, drainage and so control the damage to the environment.(4)construction work, reduced resource consumption, the production process in construction, energy saving measures should be adopted to prevent the excessive consumption of land resources, water resources, power resources.5.2 External effects of the challenges to building the economy

Under the control of the government's intervention, to a certain extent on the efficient allocation of resources to strengthen the implementation of energy conservation mandatory standards for construction supervision.To further improve the building energy monitoring system, and strengthen the mandatory building energy efficiency standards in order to carry out the implementation of the project as the main content of the whole process of monitoring, particularly for large public buildings to enhance the building energy regulation, reflected in the project cost on the part of the Waibu costs into internal costs, making the “non-green building” project's internal costs, internal efficiency and reduce the external costs of green building, the external efficiency increase, so that effective economic resources to the rational flow of green building.to improve the external effects of green building measures

Enterprise architecture in the new economy to obtain a competitive advantage, improve the external effects only continually tap the ways and means to improve the external efficiency, reduce external costs, the basic ideas and principles:(1)Construction of natural resources in the life cycle and minimize energy consumption;(2)reducing building life cycle emissions;(3)protect the ecological(natural)environment;(4)to form a healthy, comfortable and safe indoor space;(5)the quality of construction, functionality, performance and environmental unity.Summary described above, the meaning of green building design and analysis of its effectiveness and improve the external effects of green building measures.But how does the future design of green buildings need a degree in practice we try to figure out, I believe that green building will become the future construction of a trend.译文：

摘要:绿色建筑是指尽力最大限度地节约资源(能源、土地、水、木)、保护环境,减少污染在它的生命周期。为人们提供健康、适当、有效利用空间,与自然和谐共生的建筑物。我所说的那样,绿色建筑设计的更多细节的概念,绿色建筑的设计,以及概念的意义,绿色建筑和改善效能分析的绿色建筑的外部效应的措施。关键词:绿色建筑,保护生态,意义;分析其影响 1什么是绿色建筑

绿色建筑是指建造生命周期,最大限度地节约资源(能源、土地、水及材料),保护环境,减少污染,为人们提供健康、应用和有效利用空间,与自然和谐的建筑。所谓的绿色建筑的“绿色”并不意味着一般意义的三维绿色屋顶花园,但是表现一个概念或符号,是指建设环境友好,充分利用自然资源、环境和生态破坏环境的基本不平衡的一座正在建设,但也被称为可持续发展建筑,eco-building,回到野外施工、节能建筑。

绿色建筑内部布局是很合理的,以尽量减少使用合成材料、充分利用太阳、节约能源为居民创造自然的感觉。人、建筑与自然环境和谐发展的目标,在利用天然和人工手段来创造了良好的条件及健康生活环境的前提下,尽可能多地控制和减少使用和破坏自然环境,充分体现了回归大自然获取和平衡。

2、绿色建筑的意义

绿色建筑的基本内涵可以概括为:为减少负载对环境的建筑中,节约能源和资源,提供一个安全、健康、舒适的居住空间,具有亲和力和良好的自然环境,使人们和建筑与自然环境和谐共生的可持续发展。3发展绿色建筑评级的意义系统

绿色建筑评价指标体系建立的一场革命,在这一领域的建筑及其启示,它远比节能技术。在许多方面,这是创新和有机合成,从而建筑与自然和谐共处、充分利用资源和能源,创造健康、舒适、优美的生活空间。这是该领域的技术、社会和经济角度的革命性的架构。3.1技术意义

绿色建筑的研究早期出现的技术问题,技术是孤立的和片面的,没有形成一个有机的整体,一体化的设计和经济研究的意识是远离唯一的策略的经济分析阶段的子公司的知识。然而,个人技术研究成果的早期现代绿色建筑技术的多维发展和系统集成打下坚实的基础。20世纪90年代以来,随着逐渐加深理解绿色建筑和成熟,人们放弃他独自思考方式过于理想化道德约束和环境意识和行为,转向自发的绿色环境哲学探索更多的可操作、环境和资本结合成未来世界发展的新方向的环保、绿色建筑的生态伦理思想的输入结果从实践的深化促进生态研究的新阶段。绿色建筑技术呈现出自然科学、社会科学、人文科学、计算机科学、信息科学和其他学科的研究成果一体化的趋势,使绿色建筑设计的多维阶段的发展战略研究。绿色建筑技术的深入发展战略、形态、材料、设备等领域,在各类先进的技术开发、技术和其他设计元素的集成也从过去的简单相加,更多地关注的周边围护结构本身设计技术与建筑结合的整体系统的变化,逐渐成为绿色建筑体系。绿色建筑评级系统建立起了绿色建筑技术逐步改善、系统化的必然结果,是绿色建筑技术的有机结合,一个平台建造绿色建筑技术、信息技术、计算机技术和许多其他的学科可以统一平台在他们各自的角色,建立了综合评价指标体系的基础上,为设计师、规划师、工程师和管理者提供一个比以往任何时候都更简单,规章明确的绿色建筑评估。3.2的社会意义

绿色建筑评级制度反映了社会意义的主要倡导者的新的生活方式,增加了知识和公众参与当地文化的延续的两个方面。

提倡健康的生活方式。绿色建筑评级制度,对社会发展的意义主要倡导健康的生活方式,它是基于设计、施工的绿色建筑作为社区教育的过程。原则的绿色建筑评价指标体系的有效利用资源和生态的规则可循,基于健康的建筑空间创造和保持可持续发展。在过去的概念来纠正人们的误解,消费者的生活方式,不能一味追求物质奢侈,但是应该保持环境的可持续利用的前提下追求生活的舒适。谦虚从建设的基本条件,是为了满足人类的需要建立人民的物质资料和生活方式、文化意识名字是不能持久的价值时,绿色建筑本身将会减轻,但只有一个真正的社会时需要可持续发展的要求和生活方式符合绿色建筑取得最好的结果。

提高公众参与意识。绿色建筑评级制度不是垄断为设计人员所专业的工具,但是规划师,设计师,工程师,经理,发展商、,共同拥有的公共和其他的评估工具。它打破了先前的专业化发展垄断企业,鼓励了公众的参与和其他的政府官员的欺压。通过引入公众参与、及其他建筑使用者的建筑师、建设对话参与者,使得原有设计过程主要由建筑师越来越开放。证明了各种各样的视图的介入和良好的帮助来创建一个动态的文化,体现社会公平的社区。3．3的经济意义

绿色建筑评级制度,经济意义可分为宏观和微观两个层面。从宏观层面上,绿色建筑评级系统的生命周期的角度,从系统的绿色环保建筑的设计融入经济议题涉及生产从建筑材料、设计、施工、运营、资源使用、废弃物排放、废物循环利用的自然资源的拆除,直到整个过程。经济因素的绿色建筑已不再局限于设计过程本身,而政策一直延伸到设计的狭小的作用,来支持政策层面上,包括建立“绿色标签”制度,提高施工环境审计和管理体制,加大和实施能源消耗,污染物排放税和其他行为的努力,提高环境保护的法律制度,从增加政府建设项目的可持续性经济上的支持和提高商品的成本,不污染环境的建设起到了成本,为绿色建筑设计和建设创造一个良好的外部环境。这一目标是不完全的责任的政府机构,作为建筑师参与设计工作是一个声音的义务责任制度的建议,因为只有最实践需要的是真实的而且迫在眉睫。在相关的政策议题在绿色建筑设计策略、建筑系统解决的经济问题面临的重要方面。在微观层面上,当前从经济的角度设计策略是更为充分考虑经济的项目运作,并确定了具体的设计策略和相应调整。3.4理论意蕴

绿色建筑评级制度,其理论基础的可持续发展的理念,因此,是否每个国家的评价体系在结构上有多大的不同,他们都有一个共同点:减轻负担的生态环境,提高施工质量环境,为未来几代人的发展,仍有足够的空间。这从根本上改变人类的自然景观,突然盲目的态度,反映着人们的关系的认识人与自然之间的反对党统一的变化。根据当前的全球能源储备和资源分布、地球上的自然环境也是远离边缘的疲惫,足够的人享受的奢侈生活现代材料。但是现在我们必须消耗资源,这意味着将来的人会更少的生活空间。更重要的是,如果我们吃了自然环境超过可限制自强,那么未来的年轻一代正在面临着地球的生态系统不能收回的风险成为一个真正的危机。因此我们可以说,绿色建筑的发展及其相应的评价体系,是为了更多的当代人们的责任和义务；为更多的利益和未来世代的发展利益。

4、绿色建筑的设计

绿色建筑设计包括以下几点: 节能:充分利用太阳能、使用节能建筑的信封和暖气和空调、减少暖气和空调的使用。按设定的原则,自然通风冷却系统,允许高效地利用建筑对主导风向在夏天，建筑结构形式和总体布局适应当地的气候条件。

节约资源:在建筑设计、施工和选择的建筑材料,被认为是合理使用和处理的资源。减少使用的资源,力求利用可再生资源。节约水资源,包括水土保持和绿化。

回归自然:绿色建筑外观强调与周围环境、和谐、运动的整合,与自然生态环境的保护是相辅相成的。5绿色建筑的效果 5.1绿色建筑的效果

绿色建筑的影响包括内部和外部的影响效应,直接的好处和直接成本作为内部的效果,如大家知道的间接利益和间接成本的外部效应,根据工程经济学的角度来看:内部效果得到财务评价、外部效果要经济评价、经济评价是基于所谓的稀缺资源的合理配置和社会经济的可持续发展原则,从整体的角度,研究国民经济的项目支出的社会资源和贡献给社会带来的评估项目的经济合理性,通常包括行业外部效应的影响,环境与生态的影响、技术扩散效应、外部效应将导致私人成本(内部成本或间接成本和社会成本的不一致)的实际价格,导致不同于最优惠的价格。从可持续发展的视角,绿色建筑评价效果的主要指标是外部性效果。

自始自终的发展绿色建筑的统一的量化指标体系还没有建立起来,我认为应该从以下几个方面应分析:(1)严格控制建筑行业、规模、限制员工数量。粗放型的增长模型的斗争,集中建设方案,施工过程中利用人类的波的战术,一旦国家限定公司经营规模的建筑,甚至会形成“适当”,这也不会降低机械化程度、劳动、较低的水平。(2)更多投资于技术,更新技术,建立和完善机制,科学、技术设备。把注意力集中在建筑技术的发展和应用,结合工程的特点,今后的建设,有计划的科学技术研究开发的新机器、新工艺、新材料,积极引进、吸收国内外同行业先进的科技成果的科学和技术,提高水平的机械化。(三)在城市规划、勘察、设计通过“绿色建筑”的想法。家庭住房和城市建设或者变更必须呆在房间里,从照明、通风、排水等控制对环境的损害。(4)建设工作中减少资源消耗、生产过程,对施工过程中应采取节能措施,以防止过度消耗土地资源、水资源、电力资源。5.2的外部效应对建设经济的挑战

受政府控制的干预,在一定程度上对有效的资源配置,加强节能强制性标准的实施对工程建设监理。要进一步提高建筑能源监测体系,加强建筑节能标准的强制为了落实项目实施为主要内容的整个过程的监控,特别是对于大型公共建筑,提高建筑能源监管,体现在工程造价方面的外部成本成为内部成本,使"非绿色建设”项目的内部成本,内部效率和减少外部成本的绿色建筑,外部效率的提高,以便有效的使经济资源的合理流动的绿色建筑。6提高绿色建筑的外部效应的措施

在新经济时代企业架构来获得竞争优势,提高外部效果只有不断开发的方法和手段,提高效率,降低成本外,外部的基本思想和原则:(1)建设对自然资源的生命周期和能源消耗最小;(2)减少建造生命周期的排放量;(3)保护生态(天然)环境;(4)形成一种健康、舒适、安全的室内空间;(5)建筑的施工质量、功能、性能和环境的统一。总结：

上面所描述的是绿色建筑的设计与分析其有效性和提高绿色建筑的外部效应的措施。但如何设计绿色建筑的未来需要某种程度的实践来让我们试图理解,我相信绿色建筑将成为未来建设的一种趋势。

第四篇：外文翻译

当今时代是一个自动化时代，交通灯控制等很多行业的设备都与计算机密切相关。因此，一个好的交通灯控制系统，将给道路拥挤，违章控制等方面给予技术革新。随着大规模集成电路及计算机技术的迅速发展，以及人工智能在控制技术方面的广泛运用，智能设备有了很大的发展，是现代科技发展的主流方向。本文介绍了一个智能交通的系统的设计。该智能交通灯控制系统可以实现的功能有：对某市区的四个主要交通路口进行控制：个路口有固定的工作周期，并且在道路拥挤时中控制中心能改变其周期：对路口违章的机动车能够即时拍照，并提取车牌号。在世界范围内，一个以微电子技术，计算机和通信技术为先导的，一信息技术和信息产业为中心的信息革命方兴未艾。而计算机技术怎样 与实际应用更有效的结合并有效的发挥其作用是科学界最热门的话题，也是当今计算机应用中空前活跃的领域。本文主要从单片机的应用上来实现十字路口交通灯智能化的管理，用以控制过往车辆的正常运作。

研究交通的目的是为了优化运输，人流以及货流。由于道路使用者的不断增加，现有资源和基础设施有限，智能交通控制将成为一个非常重要的课题。但是，智能交通控制的应用还存在局限性。例如避免交通拥堵被认为是对环境和经济都有利的，但改善交通流也可能导致需求增加。交通仿真有几个不同的模型。在研究中，我们着重于微观模型，该模型能模仿单独车辆的行为，从而模仿动态的车辆组。

由于低效率的交通控制，汽车在城市交通中都经历过长时间的行进。采用先进的传感器和智能优化算法来优化交通灯控制系统，将会是非常有益的。优化交通灯开关，增加道路容量和流量，可以防止交通堵塞，交通信号灯控制是一个复杂的优化问题和几种智能算法的融合，如模糊逻辑，进化算法，和聚类算法已经在使用，试图解决这一问题，本文提出一种基于多代理聚类算法控制交通信号灯。

在我们的方法中，聚类算法与道路使用者的价值函数是用来确定每个交通灯的最优决策的，这项决定是基于所有道路使用者站在交通路口累积投票，通过估计每辆车的好处(或收益)来确定绿灯时间增益值与总时间是有差异的，它希望在它往返的时候等待，如果灯是红色，或者灯是绿色。等待，直到车辆到达目的地，通过有聚类算法的基础设施，最后经过监测车的监测。

我们对自己的聚类算法模型和其它使用绿灯模拟器的系统做了比较。绿灯模拟器是一个交通模拟器，监控交通流量统计，如平均等待时间，并测试不同的交通灯控制器。结果表明，在拥挤的交通条件下，聚类控制器性能优于其它所有测试的非自适应控制器，我们也测试理论上的平均等待时间，用以选择车辆通过市区的道路，并表明，道路使用者采用合作学习的方法可避免交通瓶颈。

本文安排如下：第2部分叙述如何建立交通模型，预测交通情况和控制交通。第3部分是就相关问题得出结论。第4部分说明了现在正在进一步研究的事实，并介绍了我们的新思想。

The times is a automation times nowadays,traffic light waits for much the industey equipment to go hand in hand with the computer under the control of.Therefore,a good traffic light controls system,will give road aspect such as being crowded,controlling against rules to give a technical improvement.With the fact that the large-scale integrated circuit and the computer art promptness develop,as well as artificial intelligence broad in the field of control technique applies,intelligence equipment has had very big development,the main current being that modern science and technology develops direction.The main body of a book is designed having introduccd a intelligence traffic light systematically.The function being intelligence traffic light navar’s turn to be able to come true has：The crossing carries out supervisory control on four main traffic of some downtown area;Every crossing has the fixed duty period,charges centrefor being able to change it’s period and in depending on a road when being crowded;The motro vehicle breaking rules and regulations to the crossing is able to take a photo immediately,abstracts and the vehicle shop sign.Within world range ,one uses the microelectronics technology,the computer and the technology communicating by letter are a guide’s,centering on IT and IT industry information revolution is in the ascendant.But,how,computer art applies more effective union and there is an effect’s brought it’s effect into play with reality is the most popular topic of scientific community,is also that computer applications is hit by the unparalleled active field nowadays.The main body of a book is applied up mainly from slicing machine’s only realizing intellectualized administration of crossroads traffic light,use operation in controlling the vehicular traffic regularity.Transportation research has the goal to optimize transportation flow of people and goods.As the number of road users constantly increases, and resources provided by current infras-tructures are limited, intelligent control of traffic will become a very important issue in thefuture.However, some limitations to the usage of intelligent tra?c control exist.Avoidingtraffic jams for example is thought to be beneficial to both environment and economy, butimproved traffic-flow may also lead to an increase in demand [Levinson, 2003].There are several models for traffic simulation.In our research we focus on microscopicmodels that model the behavior of individual vehicles, and thereby can simulate dynam-ics of groups of vehicles.Research has shown that such models yield realistic behavior[Nagel and Schreckenberg, 1992, Wahle and Schreckenberg, 2001].Cars in urban traffic can experience long travel times due to inefficient traffic light con-trol.Optimal control of traffic lights using sophisticated sensors and intelligent optimizationalgorithms might therefore bevery beneficial.Optimization of traffic light switching increasesroad capacity and traffic flow, and can prevent tra?c congestions.Traffic light control is acomplex optimization problem and several intelligent algorithms, such as fuzzy logic, evo-lutionary algorithms, and reinforcement learning(RL)have already been used in attemptsto solve it.In this paper we describe a model-based, multi-agent reinforcement learningalgorithm for controlling traffic lights.In our approach, reinforcement learning [Sutton and Barto, 1998, Kaelbling et al., 1996]with road-user-based value functions [Wiering, 2000] is used to determine optimal decisionsfor each traffic light.The decision is based on a cumulative vote of all road users standingfor a traffic junction, where each car votes using its estimated advantage(or gain)of settingits light to green.The gain-value is the difference between the total time it expects to waitduring the rest of its trip if the light for which it is currently standing is red, and if it is green.The waiting time until cars arrive at their destination is estimated by monitoring cars flowingthrough the infrastructure and using reinforcement learning(RL)algorithms.We compare the performance of our model-based RL method to that of other controllersusing the Green Light District simulator(GLD).GLD is a traffic simulator that allows usto design arbitrary infrastructures and traffic patterns, monitor traffic flow statistics such asaverage waiting times, and test different traffic light controllers.The experimental resultsshow that in crowded traffic, the RL controllers outperform all other tested non-adaptivecontrollers.We also test the use of the learned average waiting times for choosing routes of cars through the city(co-learning), and show that by using co-learning road users can avoidbottlenecks.

第五篇：外文翻译

设计一个位于十字路口的智能交通灯控制系统

摘要：本文模型使用模糊本体的交通灯控制域，并把它应用到控制孤立十字路口。本文最重要的目的之一是提出一个独立的可重复使用的交通灯控制模块。通过这种方式，增加软件的独立性和为其他的软件开发活动如测试和维护，提供了便利。专家对本体论进行手动的开发和评估。此外，交通数据提取和分类路口使用的人工神经网络的图像处理算法。根据预定义的XML架构，这种信息转化为XML实例映射到适合使用模糊推理引擎的模糊规则的模糊本体。把本系统的性能与其他类似的系统性能进行比较。比较结果显示：在所有的交通条件下，在每个周期中，对每辆车它有低得多的平均延迟时间与其他的控制系统相比。

关键词:模糊本体,智能代理,智能交通系统(ITS),交通信号灯控制(TLC),孤立的十字路口,图像处理,人工神经网络

1.引言

作为城市交通增加的结果,道路网络的能力有限和发展交通工具和方法的技术方面，许多实体，关系，情况和规则已经进入交通灯控制域和转化成为一个知识领域。这个领域的建模知识帮助交通代理和应用有效地管理关于实时条件下的交通。全面知识建模领域的一个最合适的方法是使用本体概念。“本体论是一个正式的、明确的一个共享的概念化的规范。以前的模型是基本的本体建设的基础，为下列建立一个共享的语义丰富的知识域。除了本体作为概念化的形式主义的重要性，它有可能超过所代表的数据。这种能力将提高有关性能的决定和其他非智能系统的功能特点。在近年来，本体论上的研究正成为一个新的热点话题在不同的活动，如人工智能，知识管理，语义网络，电子商务和几个其他应用领域。这些领域之一是智能交通系统。一些努力已制成这个通过展示和使用本体检测交通领域拥塞，管理非城市道路气象事件，驾驶阿德福—索里系统，共享和整合一个智能交通系统。本文的目的是介绍一个红绿灯有效控制孤立交叉口这方面的知识重用的控制本体。这种新的办法适用于智能代理使用知识决策模糊。该系统采用的图像来自安装了监控摄像机拍摄的路口。这些图像处理利用图像处理算法和神经网络的方法，然后发送到一个智能代理。第2节中，我们将简要地解释了在这项工作中运用的技术包括seman-TIC网络技术，智能代理技术和交通的回地面光控制方法。在第3节，新的系统架构是基于分层语义网络架构。第4节介绍交通灯控制的模糊本体的建设。第五节从路口提取的图像信息解释。在第6节，智能系统的运作被完整描述，最后在第7节对所提出的方法进行评估，对结论进行阐述。

2.背景

本节说明在这项工作中的应用技术包括语义网络技术，特别本体和模糊本体。此外，国家的交通灯控制的艺术方法是简要介绍。2.1.语义网络技术

语义网络被定义为当前Wed的延伸，这些网站的信息都给出明确的含义;使电脑与人更好的合作。有几层语义Web的建议源自伯纳斯滞后阶段。在此类别中的所有规则如表1所示。图.4显示输出模式的示意图。本次评选有助于智能系统，以确定下一步的阶段测序。

另一种模糊的规则类别涉及估计优化周期时间。这些规则的模糊变量是天气条件，时间，每天平均车辆拥堵情况。出于这个原因，60个模糊规则被定义了。从气象研究所取得气象条件。日期和时间也是在交通专家的知识的基础上以模糊变量形式预先定义的。图5显示日期，时间和周期时间的隶属函数。当天的参数是在日历基础上基于假期和正常的一天与周期时间量的关系预定义的。例如，假期期间的周期时间是较平日少。因此，平日的隶属度比假期多。

例如一个阶段选型的模糊规则如下所述：“如果一个路口的类型是四的方式，平均车辆拥堵低，平均行人拥堵是中等，然后相类型是简单的两阶段”。此外，为周期时间估计的模糊规则表示如下：“如果天气条件是晴天，时间是早晨，天是正常的，平均车辆拥堵是低，则周期时间短”。在此类别中的所有规则都列在附录A。

在此步骤结束时，应该对交通灯逻辑控制的项目的有效性进行评估。此功能是使用专家的意见。评价过程的主要目的是显示发展的本体和其相关的软件环境的用处。虽然所有的信息，尤其是交通灯控制规则已提取国际标准和科学交通文学，专家的知识优势是他们最后的正确性验证标准。所有模糊规则，包括优化周期时间和相位类型的规则，在这个过程中，准备以调查问卷形式和展现给一些专家包括从德黑兰警察局交通上校和两名来自德黑兰的交通组织工程师。由于德尔菲专家的意见，约有84％的淘汰型规则和优化周期时间的87％被接受。此外，所有交通逻辑控制的元素包括概念，关系，属性和公理都被这些专家进行了评估和验证。我们评估逻辑交通控制是基于理论知识的。在这个过程中进行了两项活动，包括检查的要求和能力的问题，并在目标应用环境测试本体。由于逻辑交通控制已建成的基础上，如指定要求优化循环时间，逐步淘汰型，交通的移动和优化绿灯时间，每个阶段的序列中，第一项活动是最好的结果。逻辑交通控制满足所有的交通灯控制的需求，并能回答的能力问题。绩效评估机制，可以支持这种说法。在部分实验结果我们验证了这一过程。