第一篇:钢铁企业毕业论文最终版修改版
北京化工大学北方学院毕业设计(论文)
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北京化工大学北方学院毕业设计(论文)
河北**钢铁有限公司所面临的挑战及对策研究
*** 国际经济与贸易专业 国贸1005班 学号*****
指导教师 **讲师
摘 要
钢铁产业在经济和社会发展中发挥了重要的作用,是河北省最重要的核心产业之一。作为钢铁大省,河北省在全国钢铁产业中也占据相当重要的地位。在河北省钢铁产业获得持续进步时,也存在一些急需处理的矛盾和问题。
2008年9月以来,随着国际金融危机的传播和迷漫以及国内经济增速缩减等大环境影响,全国钢铁产业发展运行开始承受严峻考验,稳定发展面临着空前的挑战,危机也涉及到河北省的钢铁产业。
在写作过程中,从宏观和微观两个角度具体分析河北文丰钢铁有限公司外贸业务面临的挑战,在借鉴国内外相关的应对策略基础上,提出一些改进意见,从而找出其相对的解决方法和策略。这对于我国钢铁制造企业提高国际竞争力、促使我国对外贸易的进一步发展具有一定的意义。
关键词:钢铁产业 外贸现状 挑战与对策
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北京化工大学北方学院毕业设计(论文)
Hebei Wen Feng steel co., LTD.Challenges and
countermeasures research
Abstarct
The iron and steel industry is one of the most important leading support industry in hebei province, in the economic and social development has played a decisive role.As a big province of steel, hebei province also occupies very important position in the iron and steel industry in the country.Iron and steel industry in hebei province achieved rapid progress at the same time, there are some contradictions and problems to be solved.Since September 2008, with the spread of the international financial crisis and spread, as well as domestic slowdown and environment influence, the national steel industry began to undergo severe test operation, and stable development is facing unprecedented challenges, the crisis has spread to the iron and steel industry in hebei province.In the process of writing,it from the perspective of macro and micro two concrete analysis Wen Feng in hebei iron and steel co., LTD., the challenge for the foreign trade business, on the basis of relevant coping strategies at home and abroad for reference, put forward some improvement Suggestions, so as to find out the relative solutions and strategies.For China's iron and steel manufacturing enterprises to improve international competitiveness, promoting the further development of China's foreign trade has a certain significance.challenges and countermeasures Key words: the iron and steel industry
present situation of foreign trade
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北京化工大学北方学院毕业设计(论文)
目 录
前 言.................................................1 第1章 课题研究背景与价值................................2 第1.1节 选题的意义与价值............................2 第1.2节 研究综述....................................2 第1.3节 课题研究意义与目的..........................5 第1.4节 研究范围与内容..............................6 第1.5节 研究视角与方法..............................7 第2章 SWOT理论的概况....................................9 第2.1节 SWOT分析模型简介............................9 第2.2节 SWOT分析方法...............................10 第3章 河北文丰钢铁有限公司目前所面临的挑战.............12 第3.1节 河北文丰钢铁有限公司概括...................12 第3.2节 河北文丰钢铁有限公司所面临的挑战...........12 第4章 河北文丰钢铁有限公司针对挑战的应对策略...........17 第4.1节 注重技术创新,化解过剩产能.................17 第4.2节 加强出口管理,实施并购重组.................19 结 论................................................21 附 录................................................22 参考文献................................................30 致 谢................................................31
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北京化工大学北方学院毕业设计(论文)
前 言
钢铁工业作为国民经济的基础原料产业,在经济发展中拥有重要地位。我国是钢铁生产和消费大国。钢铁工业是国民经济的重要基础产业,是国家经济水平和综合国力的重要标志,钢铁发展直接影响着与其相关的国防工业及建筑、机械、造船、汽车、家电等行业。中国钢铁工业不仅在数量上快速增长,而且在品种质量、装备水平、技术经济、节能环保等诸多方面都取得了很大的进步,形成了一大批具有较强竞争力的钢铁企业。中国是钢铁生产的大国。从1996年钢产量首次突破1亿吨开始,一直稳居世界钢产量排名第一的位置。2008年中国粗钢产量达到了5亿吨,超过位居第二位到第八位的国家的粗钢产量的总和。①然而,成功的背后却难以掩盖中国大部分钢铁企业面对的经营困难,中国钢铁工业不但为中国国民经济的迅猛发展做出了巨大贡献,也为推动世界经济的繁荣和发展世界钢铁工业起到正面的作用,但同时也给钢铁工业种下了很多无形的难题,如技术水平较低、组织结构不合理等。因此,从我国钢铁工业持续健康发展的角度考虑,需要对钢铁工业的现状及未来发展有一个全面的认识及判断。
① 国家统计局统计数据http://www.xiexiebang.com/tjsj
北京化工大学北方学院毕业设计(论文)
第1章 课题研究背景与价值
第1.1节 选题的意义与价值
河北最重要的主导支撑产业之一是钢铁产业,在经济和社会发展中发挥了举足轻重的作用。①河北省在全国钢铁产业中也占有十分重要地位,是全国的钢铁大省。在河北省钢铁产业取得长足进步的同时,也存在一些亟待解决的矛盾和问题。比如,产业集中度低,企业规模总体偏小;布局调整缓慢,钢铁企业大多依托煤炭资源而建,部分企业地处区域中心城市,产业发展过程中环境容量、运输条件、资源能源等因素制约日益显现;创新能力有待提高;资源能源紧张等等,这些问题已成为制约河北省钢铁工业进一步发展的瓶颈。
1.1.1理论意义与价值
钢铁产业在经济发展中发挥着至关重要的作用。②加入WTO以后,我国钢铁贸易进入了一个新的发展阶段,既给我国钢铁产业带来了前所未有的发展机遇,但也遭受到各种新的贸易保护和贸易壁垒。
2008年9月以来,随着国际金融危机的扩散和蔓延以及国内经济增速回落等大环境影响,全国钢铁产业发展运行开始经受严峻考验,稳定发展面临着前所未有的挑战,危机也波及到河北省的钢铁产业。
通过实际公司的实际情况分析钢铁贸易所面临的挑战及对策,对该公司,甚至全国钢铁的对外贸易有着重要的理论指导意义。
1.1.2实践意义与价值
实践意义与价值在于以河北文丰钢铁有限公司为例,运用所学到的国际贸易知识,对其在国际贸易中所遇到的问题进行深入的探究,从而对中国中小企业在钢铁贸易过程中所遇到的问题有一个深入的了解,其要想在激烈的国际竞争中存活下来就要研究和找到应对挑战的对策。这些对策对于公司来说有着重要的实践意义。可以帮助公司提高竞争力,扩大出口,更好的发展。
第1.2节 研究综述
①② 樊慧.河北省钢铁产业发展战略研究.[J]现代商业,2009
卢天明.河北省钢铁企业创新发展面临的挑战[J].1006-7833(2009)11-211-01
北京化工大学北方学院毕业设计(论文)
针对河北文丰钢铁有限公司所面临的挑战与对策,我查阅了国内外很多相关文献。这些文献都是从整体的宏观方面出发,说明我国钢铁行业所面临的挑战,并给出对策与建议。下面就是本文的主要文献,具体内容简要如下:
1.2.1 国内研究
目前国内对于钢铁行业所面临的挑战与对策研究越来越多,其面临的挑战也越来越众多,大部分都是从整个行业的本身来分析的。近几年国内对钢铁行业的研究如下:
冯晓宁,李红英(2012)在《河北省外贸出口的现状、问题及对策》中说2010年以来,河北省外贸发展总体趋势看好。但是,河北省作为沿海经济大省,对外贸易的规模和结构有待提高和改善。随着“十二五”计划的实施,河北省对外贸易的发展迎来了新的机遇和挑战。河北省外贸出口中存在问题:(1)外贸出口量偏低,对外贸易依存度较低(2)外贸出口商品结构不合理,有待完善(3)对外贸易模式单一,其他贸易方式发展缓慢(4)外贸出口主体实力不强,自主创新能力不高(5)外贸出口市场结构不合理,有待优化。
吴溪淳(2009)在《国际金融危机与我国钢铁工业面临的挑战》中说当前,我国钢铁工业面临如下严峻挑战:(1)面临供求失衡、价格低迷、企业亏损的挑战。如何控制生产总量,实现供求大体平衡,促进钢材市场价格合理回升,实现扭亏为盈,是我国钢铁行业当前面临的最大挑战。(2)面临出口大幅下滑、进口回升,国际钢铁市场激烈竞争的挑战。(3)面临进口铁矿石价格形成机制不合理的严峻挑战。(4)面临在产能过剩情况下能否实现钢铁产业结构调整和振兴的挑战。当前,我国钢铁产业长期粗放发展积累的矛盾日益突出。主要表现在盲目投资严重,产能不断膨胀;创新能力不高,高端产品研发和应用还主要依靠引进和模仿,某些高档关键品种钢材仍需大量进口;产业布局不合理,沿海钢厂少;产品集中度低,管理粗放,供需平衡调控能力弱;钢铁上下游产业链缺失战略合作,资源控制能力弱,市场调控能力弱。当前面临的挑战,是在产能严重过剩情况下如何实现《钢铁产业调整和振兴规划》目标的问题。金融危机和世界经济衰退的大环境既使我们面临严峻的挑战,也给我们提供了由大向强转变的发展机遇,我们要做的就是敢于通过不断强化的竞争机制,去解决我们前进中的问题。
张晓刚(2010)在《后危机时期钢铁行业全球化面对的新挑战》中说
一、后危机时期,全球经济呈现出许多新的发展态势。可以用三个关键词概括:贸易摩擦、产业变革、结构调整。(1)贸易摩擦──后危机时期,经济全球化趋势仍然 3
北京化工大学北方学院毕业设计(论文)
不可逆转,但国际分工的变化将引起更多贸易摩擦。(2)产业变革──后危机时期,随着对原有经济模式的修复,将会促发新的产业变革,进而产生新的巨大的生产力。(3)结构调整──后危机时期,中国经济将会持续发展,但需要通过进一步转变发展方式和调整结构去应对未来的挑战
二、后危机时期,中国钢铁行业全球化面临诸多挑战面对全球经济呈现出的新的发展态势,后危机时期的中国钢铁行业推进全球化进程将有诸多挑战需要应对。主要涉及以下四个关键词:产能过剩、兼并重组、转变发展方式、优化产业链。总之,后危机时期钢铁行业的全球化进程将是不平坦的,需要我们付出更加艰苦的努力。我相信,只要各钢铁企业加强沟通交流,相互精诚合作,就一定能够走出后危机时期的阴影,迎来全球钢铁行业更加灿烂辉煌的明天。
江飞涛,卓丽洪,王秀丽(2013)在《中国钢铁工业竞争力提升中面临的挑战与对策》中说近年来,中国钢铁工业国际竞争力有所恢复,但当前钢铁工业竞争力进一步的提升仍面临比较严峻的挑战。应加快完善公平竞争的市场环境,适当拉动需求化解部分过剩产能,推动企业提高技术水平,鼓励钢铁企业拓展增值服务,以此促进中国钢铁竞争力的提升。钢铁产业竞争力提升中面临的问题与挑战:(1)产能过剩问题更为突出,不利于产业竞争力提升;(2)技术水平与自主创新能力仍有待进一步提高;(3)以提高集中度和企业规模为主要政策目标的做法不利于竞争力的提高;(4)钢铁企业由生产商向服务商转型步伐需加快。对策与建议(1)建立和完善公平竞争市场环境;(2)短期内适当拉动需求,化解部分过剩产能,①加大农村基础设施建设,②提高“建材下乡”标准,推进“家电下乡”、“汽车下乡”、“新农村建设”和“农机补贴”政策,③加大城市“低标”钢结构建筑和设施的建设力度,④加大对新兴市场的出口力度;(3)推动企业提高技术水平,①积极推动产品标准升级,促进钢铁产品质量和性能的提升,有效降低生产成本,②积极推动节能减排技术的开发、利用和推广,③加大技术改造与升级的支持力度,鼓励钢铁企业采用新工艺、新技术;(4)鼓励钢铁企业拓展增值服务。
徐乐江(2009)在《直面挑战 实现转型 由钢铁大国走向钢铁强国》中说深刻认识中国钢铁业面临的内外环境。(1)从全球来看:主要经济体复苏快慢不一,全球经济增长的原有格局将出现变化,对中国钢铁业的国际环境造成较大影响;(2)从中国采看:转变增长方式对中国钢铁业产生长期深远影响;(3)从行业本身来看:持续的微利特征是中国钢铁业结构调整前的阵痛。中国钢铁工业实现 4
北京化工大学北方学院毕业设计(论文)
由大到强转型的关键在于创新。中国钢铁产业实现转型需要迈过三道槛。(1)必须迈过平衡发展模式这道槛,(2)必须迈过国际化这道槛,(3)必须迈过资源环境这道槛。创新是跨越转型门槛的唯一推动力。(1)平衡发展模式需要制度创新的支持;(2)国际化发展需要管理创新的支撑;(3)走出资源和环境的困局只有依靠技术创新。
1.2.2 国外研究
目前国外对钢铁企业对外贸易的重视程度也加大,对其研究也越来越多,下面是几个主要的国外研究文献:
Ronald.Rebore“The Financial Crisis”(2010),William en Doyle“New International Economic Order”(2010)指出在全球金融危机与经济衰退的大背景下,解决中小企业融资难题,改善中小企业生存环境,无疑对拉动内需,维护经济社会稳定具有举足轻重的意义。中小企业如何跨越金融危机这道坎,关键是缓解或最终解决中小企业融资的历史性难题,因此需要对中小企业融资问题进行针对性的分析与思考。而教育在其中也扮演中不可或缺的角色,中小企业内部的员工培训和职业道德等直接影响到企业声誉和未来发展方向。而中美之间发生的贸易争端其目的就是让中国政府对美国进行更多的金融支持,美国以特保措施、反倾销、绿色壁垒等措施对中国纺织品设限等做法使中国企业应该努力寻找应对措施。
Thomas A.Pugel“International Trade”(2011)中分析(1)价格竞争进一步加剧。(2)政策性出口补贴的取消将降低企业盈利水平。(3)资金不足,融资困难,后继发展乏力。(4)人才的竞争更加严重。(5)反倾销、反补贴与技术性贸易壁垒等各种变相的贺易保护措施大行其道。(6)区域经济集团化进程加快。这六点也是当前影响中小型企业的重要因素。
Michael E.Porter在“The Theory of Competitive Advantage of Nations” [M] Beijing: Huaxia Press,1998中详细介绍并解释了国家竞争优势理论,为以后竞争优势理论形成和发展做了铺垫。比较优势是一个国家使其公司或产业在同一产业领域创造、保持竞争优势的能力。波特的国际竞争优势模型包括四种本国的决定因素和两种外部力量。四种本国的决定因素有要素条件,需求条件,相关及支持产业,公司的战略组织以及竞争。两种外部力量是随机事件和政府。
第1.3节 课题研究意义与目的
北京化工大学北方学院毕业设计(论文)
当前,我国钢铁产业长期粗放发展积累的矛盾日益突出。金融危机和世界经济衰退的大环境既使我们面临严峻的挑战,也给我们提供了由大向强转变的发展机遇。我们要做的就是敢于通过不断强化的竞争机制,去解决我们前进中的问题。
1.3.1 研究意义
以河北文丰钢铁有限公司为例,具体研究其所面临的外贸挑战并给出其合理对策,全面了解与认识中国的钢铁贸易的发展历程与现状,透过钢铁产业的发展现状,更深层地认识钢铁贸易在中国的对外贸易中所占据的特殊而重要的历史地位。从而对于我国钢铁制造企业提高国际竞争力、促使我国对外贸易的进一步发展具有一定的意义。
1.3.2 研究目的
通过针对河北文丰钢铁有限公司实际情况的对外贸易研究,认识并了解中国钢铁贸易的发展状况,认识整个钢铁贸易发展的过程,在发展的过程中,中国的钢铁贸易遇到了怎样的阻碍;认识该公司在钢铁贸易过程中遇到的问题,针对这些问题,公司管理部门采取了哪些应对措施;针对河北文丰钢铁有限公司在钢铁贸易中的问题,结合公司的发展现状制定切实可行的应对措施,对于河北文丰钢铁有限公司提高对外竞争力、扩大对外贸易具有一定的意义,而且对于其应对目前所面临的挑战具有有效的指导策略,从而对我国整个钢铁行业具有借鉴意义。
第1.4节 研究范围与内容
中国钢铁产业的对外贸易是中国对外贸易中的一个很重要的方面,中国对于钢铁贸易的研究越来越多,而对于中国中小企业的研究屈指可数,在钢铁贸易竞争日益激烈的今天。贸易保护制度的出现让中小企业的发展增加了新的障碍,本文通过对河北文丰钢铁有限公司在对外贸易过程中遇到的问题以及应对策略的研究,从而认识我国整个钢铁产业的现状,为我国钢铁贸易更好的发展给出建议。
1.4.1研究河北文丰钢铁有限公司面临的挑战
主要以河北文丰钢铁有限公司为例,从其实际出发,该公司目前所面临的挑战有低附加值的产品;产业集中度低;外贸依存度较高;行业不规范,调控不力;需求大增,丧失定价权;污染严重,恶性竞争;产能过剩等。而这些挑战正阻碍着该公司对外贸易的发展,需要采取切实有效的策略来应对。
北京化工大学北方学院毕业设计(论文)
1.4.2研究河北文丰钢铁有限公司应对挑战的策略
主要是运用SWOT分析法,分析河北文丰钢铁有限公司目前所面临的挑战,并根据其独特的情况,针对每一个挑战给出其合理的应对策略,主要策略有淘汰落后;建立海外生产基地;推动企业提高技术水平;注重技术创新,提高出口产品附加值;实施并购重组,提高行业集中度;加强出口管理,限制和鼓励并举; 加快钢铁产业结构调整等。从而折射到全国整个钢铁行业,为我国钢铁行业应对挑战具有借鉴作用。
第1.5节 研究视角与方法
1.5.1 研究视角和方法
在论述河北文丰钢铁有限公司现状及存在问题时主要采用SWOT分析法,从宏观和微观两个角度进行阐述。在整体撰写中还将采取文献综述法,实证分析法,访谈法等进行有效论述和分析。
(1)文献综述法
主要是搜集、鉴别、整理国内外文献,并通过对文献的研究,形成对事实科学认识的方法。通过对文献的定量分析,统计描述来实现对事实的科学认识。
(2)实证分析法
社会科学研究方法之一,着眼于当前社会或学科现实,通过事例和经验等从理论上推理说明,那就属于实证分析。
(3)访谈法
通过与河北文丰钢铁有限公司的主要领导层的接触谈话,从而获得该公司出口贸易量的最近数据,分析河北文丰钢铁有限公司在钢铁贸易中存在的问题。
1.5.2 SWOT分析法简介
所谓SWOT分析,即基于内外部竞争环境和竞争条件下的态势分析,就是将与研究对象密切相关的各种主要内部优势、劣势和外部的机会和威胁等,通过调查列举出来,并依照矩阵形式排列,然后用系统分析的思想,把各种因素相互匹配起来加以分析,从中得出一系列相应的结论,而结论通常带有一定的决策性。
运用这种方法,可以对研究对象所处的情景进行全面、系统、准确的研究,从而根据研究结果制定相应的发展战略、计划以及对策等。
S(strengths)、W(weaknesses)是内部因素,O(opportunities)、T(threats)7
北京化工大学北方学院毕业设计(论文)
是外部因素。按照企业竞争战略的完整概念,战略应是一个企业“能够做的”(即组织的强项和弱项)和“可能做的”(即环境的机会和威胁)之间的有机组合。
SWOT分析方法从某种意义上来说隶属于企业内部分析方法,即根据企业自身的既定内在条件进行分析。SWOT分析有其形成的基础。
北京化工大学北方学院毕业设计(论文)
第2章 SWOT理论的概况
第2.1节
SWOT分析模型简介
SWOT(Strengths Weakness Opportunity Threats)分析法(也称TOWS分析法、道斯矩阵),又称为态势分析法或优劣势分析法,用来确定企业自身的竞争优势(strength)、竞争劣势(weakness)、机会(opportunity)和威胁(threat),从而将公司的战略与公司内部资源、外部环境可以有机地结合起来。是由20世纪80年代初由美国旧金山大学的管理学教授韦里克提出,经常被用于企业战略制定、竞争对手分析等场合。
SWOT分析主要是着眼于企业自身的实力及其与竞争对手的比较,而机会和威胁分析将注意力放在外部环境的变化及对企业的可能影响上。在分析时,应把所有的内部因素(即优劣势)集中在一起,然后用外部的力量来对这些因素进行评估。
2.1.1机会与威胁分析
随着经济、科技等诸多方面的迅速发展,特别是世界经济全球化、一体化过程的加快,全球信息网络的建立和消费需求的多样化,企业所处的环境更为开放和动荡。这种变化几乎对所有企业都产生了深刻的影响。正因为如此,环境分析成为一种日益重要的企业职能。
环境发展趋势分为两大类:一类表示环境威胁,另一类表示环境机会。环境威胁指的是环境中一种不利的发展趋势所形成的挑战,如果不采取果断的战略行为,这种不利趋势将导致公司的竞争地位受到削弱。环境机会就是对公司行为富有吸引力的领域,在这一领域中,该公司将拥有竞争优势。
对环境的分析也可以有不同的角度。比如,一种简明扼要的方法就是PEST分析,另外一种比较常见的方法就是波特的五力分析。
2.1.2优势与劣势分析
识别环境中有吸引力的机会是一回事,拥有在机会中成功所必需的竞争能力是另一回事。每个企业都要定期检查自己的优势与劣势,这可通过“企业经营管理检核表”的方式进行。企业或企业外的咨询机构都可利用这一格式检查企业的营销、财务、制造和组织能力。每一要素都要按照特强、稍强、中等、稍弱或特 9
北京化工大学北方学院毕业设计(论文)
弱划分等级。
当两个企业处在同一市场或者说它们都有能力向同一顾客群体提供产品和服务时,如果其中一个企业有更高的赢利率或赢利潜力,那么,我们就认为这个企业比另外一个企业更具有竞争优势。换句话说,所谓竞争优势是指一个企业超越其竞争对手的能力,这种能力有助于实现企业的主要目标——赢利。但值得注意的是:竞争优势并不一定完全体现在较高的赢利率上,因为有时企业更希望增加市场份额,或者多奖励管理人员或雇员。
竞争优势可以指消费者眼中一个企业或它的产品有别于其竞争对手的任何优越的东西,它可以是产品线的宽度、产品的大小、质量、可靠性、适用性、风格和形象以及服务的及时、态度的热情等。虽然竞争优势实际上指的是一个企业比其竞争对手有较强的综合优势,但是明确企业究竟在哪一个方面具有优势更有意义,因为只有这样,才可以扬长避短,或者以实击虚。
由于企业是一个整体,而且竞争性优势来源十分广泛,所以,在做优劣势分析时必须从整个价值链的每个环节上,将企业与竞争对手做详细的对比。如产品是否新颖,制造工艺是否复杂,销售渠道是否畅通,以及价格是否具有竞争性等。如果一个企业在某一方面或几个方面的优势正是该行业企业应具备的关键成功要素,那么,该企业的综合竞争优势也许就强一些。需要指出的是,衡量一个企业及其产品是否具有竞争优势,只能站在现有潜在用户角度上,而不是站在企业的角度上。
企业在维持竞争优势过程中,必须深刻认识自身的资源和能力,采取适当的措施。因为一个企业一旦在某一方面具有了竞争优势,势必会吸引到竞争对手的注意。一般地说,企业经过一段时期的努力,建立起某种竞争优势;然后就处于维持这种竞争优势的态势,竞争对手开始逐渐做出反应;而后,如果竞争对手直接进攻企业的优势所在,或采取其它更为有力的策略,就会使这种优势受到削弱。
第2.2节 SWOT分析方法
SWOT方法自形成以来,广泛应用于战略研究与竞争分析,成为战略管理和竞争情报的重要分析工具。分析直观、使用简单是它的重要优点。即使没有精确的数据支持和更专业化的分析工具,也可以得出有说服力的结论。
北京化工大学北方学院毕业设计(论文)
在适应性分析过程中,企业高层管理人员应在确定内外部各种变量的基础上,采用杠杆效应、抑制性、脆弱性和问题性四个基本概念进行这一模式的分析。
2.2.1杠杆效应(优势+机会)
杠杆效应产生于内部优势与外部机会相互一致和适应时。在这种情形下,企业可以用自身内部优势撬起外部机会,使机会与优势充分结合发挥出来。然而,机会往往是稍瞬即逝的,因此企业必须敏锐地捕捉机会,把握时机,以寻求更大的发展。
2.2.2抑制性(机会+劣势)
抑制性意味着妨碍、阻止、影响与控制。当环境提供的机会与企业内部资源优势不相适合,或者不能相互重叠时,企业的优势再大也将得不到发挥。在这种情形下,企业就需要提供和追加某种资源,以促进内部资源劣势向优势方面转化,从而迎合或适应外部机会。
2.2.3脆弱性(优势+威胁)
脆弱性意味着优势的程度或强度的降低、减少。当环境状况对公司优势构成威胁时,优势得不到充分发挥,出现优势不优的脆弱局面。在这种情形下,企业必须克服威胁,以发挥优势。
2.2.4问题性(劣势+威胁)
当企业内部劣势与企业外部威胁相遇时,企业就面临着严峻挑战,如果处理不当,可能直接威胁到企业的生死存亡。
北京化工大学北方学院毕业设计(论文)
第3章 河北文丰钢铁有限公司目前所面临的挑战
第3.1节 河北文丰钢铁有限公司概括
河北文丰钢铁(集团)有限公司是一家集钢铁冶炼、钢铁轧制、能源电力、矿山采选、煤炭开采、啤酒酿造、内外贸易于一体,跨行业、跨产业经营的集团公司,是河北文丰实业集团母公司。集团总资产35亿元,注册资本629.87万美元,员工总数5500名,其中技术人员占28%。其中河北文丰钢铁(集团)有限公司属中、外合资企业,注册资本2137.86万美元。并于2003年通过ISO9000质量管理体系认证。2004年底,企业投巨资建成了“河北省重点建设项目”——年生产100万吨的中宽带轧钢生产线和年产120万吨中厚板轧钢生产线,成为全国第一家生产宽厚板的民营企业。①
3.1.1公司主要投资(或控制)企业
主要投资(或控制)企业有河北文丰轧钢有限公司,河北文丰热电有限公司,唐山润丰轧钢有公司,武安市贺庄煤矿,邯郸文丰建筑材料有限公司,邯郸市利丰物资经贸有限公司,文丰惠尔(北京)国际经贸有限公司,青岛文丰进出口贸易有限公司,唐山中厚板材有限公司,天津药业(深圳)有限公司等。②
3.1.2公司成立以来所获荣誉
集团自2002成立以来,以钢铁产业为主道,面向市场,着力于产业结构调整,工序过程完善,能源综合利用,绿色文明生产。成为集采矿、烧结、炼铁、炼钢,轧钢、啤酒、贸易等多产业集团化企业。近几年,该公司荣获:河北省政府“河北科技企业”;河北省中小企业局、协会2003年度“优秀信用企业”;河北省劳动保障厅、统战部、工商联“社会保障先进企业”;“河北省百强企业”等众多荣誉称号。河北文丰钢铁有限公司荣获“2012中国民营500强”称号。③
第3.2节 河北文丰钢铁有限公司所面临的挑战
3.2.1河北文丰钢铁有限公司对外贸易的优势分析
①② 见附录访谈一问题1 见附录访谈一问题10 ③ 见附录访谈一问题9
北京化工大学北方学院毕业设计(论文)
(1)经济增长速度快,国内外需求旺盛。世界经济的迅猛发展,对河北文丰钢铁有限公司钢铁的需求量也逐渐增多,以及世界制造中心向中国转移,进一步推动中国钢铁行业发展。
(2)生产成本低,国际市场开拓能力强。与同地区其他企业相比具有产品成本低的优势。公司目前正积极开发国际市场,收购一些国外的钢铁企业,在国外建立自己的根据地。①
(3)技术创新能力持续提升。河北文丰钢铁有限公司存在一些落后产能,企业的新建项目中,集中了也有先进的技术和设备。公司逐步放眼海外,到国外投资建厂,以寻求新的发展空间。②
(4)地理环境优越,相关支持产业集中。河北文丰钢铁有限公司所在市区拥有雄厚的煤铁矿资源,资源充足,有利于开发,降低成本。而且其所在市区钢铁企业众多,但分工明确,有利于各个企业相互结合,相互依靠,共同发展。
(5)公司有在钢结构行业经验丰富的专业制造人才和科技研发人才,同时公司的产品相对于其他同行业的公司,价格较为低廉,并且我们把质量和诚信放在企业经营发展的首位。④
③ 3.2.2河北文丰钢铁有限公司对外贸易的劣势分析
(1)河北文丰钢铁有限公司与同市区其他企业争原料、抢市场、拼价格,其产品又多是低附加值的大路货。⑤与国企相比,公司科研开发投入低,缺乏技术创新能力,不利于公司进一步开拓国际钢铁市场。⑥
(2)产业集中度低。企业规模小而分散,公司所在市有十几家钢铁企业,容易导致企业的过度竞争,打价格战,使各企业的获利空间减小。
(3)外贸依存度较高。低价竞销、不规范的市场购销行为,不利于市场公平竞争,给企业带来很大损失。公司铁矿石资源少,需要进口,增加了生产成本,降低了原有的价格竞争优势,还受国际铁矿石价格和海运价格的波动影响。⑦
(4)行业不规范,调控不力。受市场需求驱动,河北文丰钢铁有限公司受利益驱使和地方政府的支持,产能扩张无度,引起产能过剩。
(5)需求大增,丧失定价权。由于所在市区铁矿石产量满足不了河北文丰 ①② 见附录访谈一问题8 见附录访谈一问题2 ③ 见附录访谈一问题14 ④ 见附录访谈一问题3 ⑤ 见附录访谈一问题13 ⑥ 见附录访谈二问题2 ⑦ 见附录访谈三问题2
北京化工大学北方学院毕业设计(论文)
钢铁有限公司生产需求,河北文丰钢铁有限公司每年不得不进口上万吨铁矿石和铁精粉,而这些资源仅由几个国际矿业巨头所控制。河北文丰钢铁有限公司对铁矿石的需求连年增加,这些矿业巨头就在每年的铁矿石谈判中联手抬价,对河北文丰钢铁有限公司形成需求控制。①
(6)污染严重,恶性竞争。河北文丰钢铁有限公司是耗能大户,也是资源消耗大户,除了需要高品位铁矿石外,还需要大量的辅助材料——煤、焦炭、水、电及熔剂等。河北文丰钢铁有限公司更是污染物排放大户,是个地道的大污染行业。像河北文丰钢铁有限公司这些企业的生存给市场、环保、能源和运输带来了一系列问题,特别是它们的低价竞销、不规范的市场购销行为,破坏了市场公平竞争,给国家和企业带来很大损失。
(7)河北文丰钢铁有限公司产能过剩。河北文丰钢铁有限公司由于供大于求,即使在国家经济刺激政策拉动钢材需求的情况下,钢材市场价格依然处于较低水平。出现了增产不增收的现象。同时,由于产能继续增长,淘汰落后进展缓慢,产能过剩问题突出,造成企业结构调整难度进一步增大、国际贸易摩擦加剧。②分析产能过剩的原因,有近几年产量增长过快、新增能力超过市场需求的因素;有存量调整力度不够大、淘汰落后不到位的因素;同时也有世界经济不振、国外市场需求下降的因素。③
3.2.3河北文丰钢铁有限公司对外贸易的机会分析
(1)需求拉动公司产能增长,提升企业优势。中国稳健的的经济环境促进了与钢铁相关的建筑、制造业、汽车、家电等产业的发展。巨大的需求拉动公司的快速发展。
(2)成本上涨可推高钢价。公司铁矿石很多需进口,国内铁矿石的价格不断上涨。
(3)企业重组、技术进步将释放新的市场潜力
公司所在城市钢铁企业众多,环境污染严重,生产冗杂,为了改善环境,为了更好的发展,现在公司正在与所在城市另一个钢铁企业合并重组,强强联合,优势互补,提高劳动生产率,创造新的需求。④从近代世界经济的发展来看,在经济的复苏和稳定增长时期基本上都会出现并购潮。后危机时期的经济发展相对稳定,为企业兼并重组提供了难得的机遇。但从全球看,跨国并购越来越受到非 ①② 见附录访谈一问题4 见附录访谈三问题3 ③ 见附录访谈三问题3 ④ 见附录访谈三问题7
北京化工大学北方学院毕业设计(论文)
经济因素和贸易壁垒的限制,制约了后危机时期企业的兼并重组。从中国来看,在中央和地方政策的支持下,近年来国内钢铁行业兼并重组方兴未艾,但应当看到,重组的形式更多的局限于本区域,而且是以政府(特别是地方政府)主导为主。这样做虽然企业做大了,但不利于钢铁行业的国内布局和产业结构的调整,更不利于国内钢铁企业的全球化进程。
(4)转变落后的发展方式
转变发展方式是河北文丰钢铁有限公司推进全球化进程的重要基础。①当前中国钢铁企业在技术进步和产品升级方面依然存在差距,主要表现在前沿工艺技术、绿色钢铁生产工艺技术、高档次、高附加值专用材生产等方面。造成这种现象的本质原因是发展方式存在不足。②纵观世界钢铁工业的发展史,从许多国家的成功经验可以看出,钢铁工业的发展是以持续的技术改造和技术进步来推动技术升级和产业升级,通过波浪式、螺旋式上升的路径,使本国钢铁产业呈现出内涵式发展态势,从而保持持续的全球竞争力。
(5)河北文丰钢铁有限公司优化产业链
在次危机时期,实施资源战略,加强对上游资源的控制,是中国钢铁企业推进全球化进程的重要保证。③随着世界经济的逐步复苏,国际钢铁产能利用率的上升将带动钢铁生产主要原材料(包括铁矿石、焦煤焦炭、铁合金、废钢等)价格的上涨,进而推高钢铁生产成本。对于河北文丰钢铁有限公司而言,当前面临的最紧迫的问题就是进口铁矿石问题,由于进口铁矿石超常增长,增加了进口铁矿和海运费价格上涨压力。河北文丰钢铁有限公司需要继续坚持走出去战略,实现上游供应链的全球配置,适度掌控海外资源,建立更为广阔的资源供应渠道。④
3.2.4河北文丰钢铁有限公司对外贸易的威胁分析
(1)贸易摩擦日益升温。河北文丰钢铁有限公司产能过剩,供大于求,出现了增产不增收的现象。由于产能持续增长,淘汰落后进展较慢,产能过剩问题突出,造成产业结构调整难度加大、钢材市场波动较大、国际贸易摩擦加剧。近两年来,我国部分钢铁产品出口增长迅速、价格较低、对象较集中,已经引来来自北美、拉美、欧盟、东盟等出口目的国的贸易摩擦,阻碍中国钢铁产品的出口。
(2)成本优势越来越小。目前中国对于铁矿石的依赖程度较高(约50%),使得中国钢铁行业的原材料成本相对较高,生产成本优势逐渐缩小。
①② 见附录访谈三问题9 见附录访谈一问题6 ③ 见附录访谈三问题8 ④ 见附录访谈三问题8
北京化工大学北方学院毕业设计(论文)
(3)资源、环境压力越来越大。河北文丰钢铁有限公司污染严重,恶性竞争,其能耗高、物耗高、污染高。资源约束日益显现,环境制约也更加严峻,不利于公司的可持续发展。
(4)导致我国钢铁产业散、乱、差的一个不可忽视原因,是地方利益作祟。地方政府以局部利益代替全局利益,为了地方经济发展,增大地方财政收入,不计后果大建快上小钢铁企业,形成了今天的小企业与大企业争原料、争能量、争市场的恶性竞争局面。①
(5)行业管理失控、产业定位不清(来自行业的威胁)
①中国作为钢铁生产大国,在创造出数个“世界第一”背后,却没有在世界钢铁产业格局里获得应有的话语权,这不能不引起我们的警惕。②目前中国进口铁矿石越多,国际卖家的涨价就越有劲,以到岸价计,海运费用也水涨船高。我们为钢铁产品消费国承担了环境污染,出口到欧洲的钢材还遭到反倾销诉讼。
②另一个严重的问题是,“高能耗、高污染、争抢资源”的小钢铁厂一直得不到有效的约束和遏制,走入一个“产能扩大-产量增加-低价出口-遭遇制裁”的产业循环怪圈。发展经济,建立一国强大的工业发展体系,离不开钢铁工业,但必须有一个确切合理的定位。我国是一个人口大国,又是资源、能源短缺国,我们的一切方针政策必须依据这个基本点,一切从这个基本点出发去考虑。因此,内需是首要因素,一切必先从满足国内需求出发。从我国的资源情况来看,我们没有条件和能力,为国际市场大量提供钢铁产品,我们也不应当成为世界钢铁产品的制造基地,更不应该以牺牲环保、能源和资源为代价,换取他国对钢铁产品的需要。我国的钢铁工业不能“两头对外”,一方面大量进口原料,另一方面大量出口初级产品,这样的产业局面如果继续下去,必将对我国钢铁工业的健康发展造成巨大伤害。
③
①② 见附录访谈三问题6 见附录访谈三问题2 ③ 见附录访谈二问题1
北京化工大学北方学院毕业设计(论文)
第4章 河北文丰钢铁有限公司针对挑战的应对策略
第
只有创新才能提升公司的核心竞争力,公司要更好的生存下去,必须要创新,技术创新,产品创新等等,同时不要忽略公司的组织和策略创新。以持续的技术改造和技术进步来推动技术升级和产业升级,通过波浪式、螺旋式上升的路径,使企业呈现出内涵式发展态势,从而保持持续的竞争力。将钢材品质向高技术含量、高附加值和优质、多功能方向发展。①企业要加大科研经费的投入,逐步优化出口产品结构,注重生产高质量钢材产品,注重产品差异性。
4.1节 注重技术创新,化解过剩产能
4.1.1通过技术创新和产品结构升级来提高核心竞争力
河北文丰钢铁有限公司必须大力开发新工艺、新技术、新产品,着力突破制约产业转型升级的关键技术。②河北文丰钢铁有限公司工业技术进步的方向是节能减排技术和资源充分利用技术。节能减排上的成本投入(技术和资金)将换取长期的行业壁垒或产业优势,最终将改变河北文丰钢铁有限公司的相对竞争优势;钢铁生产资源综合利用和再生资源生产利用,以及行业领先产品和独有产品等具有行业领先水平技术的研发工作,也将在行业技术进步中起到引导作用。
目前,世界各国已经将低碳经济作为一种重要的发展模式来积极推动,河北文丰钢铁有限公司开发低碳经济技术和产品已经成为其转变发展方式的关键点。③我们要把握低碳经济为河北文丰钢铁有限公司转变发展方式提供的巨大机遇,重点从以下三个方面采取措施:积极开发利用新能源,降低碳能源的使用量;提高现有资源、能源的使用效率,特别是二次能源的回收利用;开发绿色钢铁新工艺和新技术。④
4.1.2推动企业提高技术水平
(1)积极推动产品标准升级,促进钢铁产品质量和性能的提升,有效降低生产成本在制定钢铁产品的标准。
(2)积极推动节能减排技术的开发、利用和推广积极支持节能减排先进工艺和技术的研究开放,鼓励企业积极实施节能减排的先进技术与工艺,推动钢铁 ①② 见附录访谈三问题2 见附录访谈三问题4 ③ 见附录访谈三问题5 ④ 见附录访谈三问题5
北京化工大学北方学院毕业设计(论文)
生产过程中污染物的高效处理、无害化处理和循环利用,实现低能源消耗、低硫排放、低碳排放,以及实现循环经济理念下“三高效”,即能源高效转换和高效利用、水资源的高效与循环利用、铁资源的高效与循环利用,保证绿色制造战略目标的实现。
(3)企业组织要加大技术改造与升级的支持力度,鼓励采用新工艺、新技术引导和支持企业围绕产品性能与质量、节能降耗、绿色生产、两化融合等重点环节,积极应用新工艺、新技术、新装备,优化生产工艺与流程,提高资源综合利用效率,提升企业新产品、新材料的研究开发能力。①
4.1.3解决产能过剩问题的关键是淘汰落后。
在淘汰落后过程中,首先要把淘汰落后和产业升级紧密联系起来。②如果淘汰落后进展迟缓,不仅积累的落后产能越来越大,还会影响产业升级。其次,要正确处理各种利益关系。这需要国家和企业组织发挥把握全局的作用,协调国家、行业、地方和企业利益,通过政策导向来推动强制淘汰落后产能。同时河北文丰钢铁有限公司也应正确处理局部利益和全局利益的关系,更多地着眼于未来发展,自觉淘汰落后产能。最后,要建立健全淘汰落后的政策法规和流程机制,淘汰落后关系到资产处置和人员安置等企业和职工的切身利益,必须有完善的机制做保证。
4.1.4短期内适当拉动需求
(1)加大农村基础设施建设加大乡村公路(道路)建设、农田水利设施建设、乡村教育与医疗基础设施建设、乡村电网与通讯网络建设、乡村饮水工程建设、乡村环境保护基础设施建设等方面的投入。这些措施一方面可以拉动投资需求,缓解钢铁、有色金属、水泥等行业产能过剩程度;另一方面也可以推进基本公共服务的均等化和城乡一体化建设。
(2)当地政府要提高“建材下乡”标准,推进“家电下乡”、“汽车下乡”、“新农村建设”和“农机补贴”政策。但是,“建材下乡”本身推进较慢,对钢铁等相关行业的实际带动效用弱于“家电下乡”和“汽车下乡”。建议在不断增加建材下乡试点地区的同时,细化实施细则,提高新农村建设中住宅和公共建筑的标准,增加钢材使用量。同时,抓住农业机械化机遇,推出相应的“农机购买补贴”政策,推广适合农村建设和产业化生产使用的钢材产品。
(3)加大城市“低标”钢结构建筑和设施的建设力度城市设施中的公交车 ①② 坚定信心应对挑战为我国钢铁工业结构优化产业振兴而努力[J]冶金管理,201
2张明.产能过剩是中国钢铁业面临的最主要挑战之一[J]中国冶金报第A01版,2012
北京化工大学北方学院毕业设计(论文)
站、电话亭、护栏、岗哨、景观可以广泛采用钢结构或以钢为主的混合式结构,这些建筑对钢材品质要求较低,是供大于求钢产品的重要市场。
第4.2节 加强出口管理,实施并购重组
4.2.1加强出口管理,限制和鼓励并举
国家多次出台调控政策,意在通过调整税率减缓钢铁产品的出口和引导钢铁行业出口产品的合理结构调整。对于高附加值、能占领国际市场的钢铁产品和制成品的出口,国家应积极鼓励。①
4.2.2建立海外生产基地
要从国家层面统筹考虑河北文丰钢铁有限公司如何实施走出去战略,统筹规划好河北文丰钢铁有限公司在海外生产基地的布局,系统研究中国钢铁企业海外建厂模式和运营管理等方面的经验及教训,避免相互竞争与资源浪费。②河北文丰钢铁有限公司在谋求效益时,应以保持合理价格水平为基础,避免过度牟利引起的产业链价格联动效应。河北文丰钢铁有限公司现在正在发展智利的钢铁企业。一方面可以有效缓解国内能源消费和环保压力,另一方面可以转移国内过剩的产能,更好地规避钢铁出口增加可能带来的贸易摩擦,有效地占领当地及周边地区的钢铁市场。
4.2.3并购重组的意义
从近代世界经济的发展来看,在经济的复苏和稳定增长时期基本上都会出现并购潮。后危机时期的经济发展相对稳定,为企业兼并重组提供了难得的机遇。但从全球来看,跨国并购越来越受到非经济因素和贸易壁垒的限制,制约了后危机时期企业的兼并重组。从中国来看,在中央和地方政策的支持下,近年来国内钢铁行业兼并重组方兴未艾。公司的并购重组,有利于钢铁企业的技术进步,也有利于淘汰落后企业,减少排污量,保护环境。③
4.2.4加快产业结构调整,提高行业集中度
特别要积极推进地区联合重组,形成一个具有更高竞争力的大型企业集团,提高产业集中度。在这方面,国家应出台相关政策支持兼并重组,特别是支持以市场方式为主推进的跨地区联合重组。④国际化经营和出口地域多元化战略实施 ①② 见附录访谈三问题7 见附录访谈三问题8 ③ 见附录访谈一问题8 ④ 见附录访谈三问题7
北京化工大学北方学院毕业设计(论文)
国际化经营战略,有利于公司今后尽早适应国际竞争,获取资源和市场的主动权。在未来几年公司可通过收购兼并、直接投资等方式直接进入国际市场,目标主要如非洲等国的发展中国家。
4.2.5政府应鼓励河北文丰钢铁有限公司拓展增值服务
鼓励河北文丰钢铁有限公司拓展加工配送、科技服务等增值服务。支持河北文丰钢铁有限公司建立产品销售与加工配送相融合的现代钢材分销体系。①鼓励河北文丰钢铁有限公司与地方政府积极合作,建立集钢材仓储、加工配送、钢材交易、电子商务、金融服务等多功能于一体的钢铁物流园区。鼓励河北文丰钢铁有限公司建立技术服务公司,打造技术创新服务队伍,延伸价值链和产业链。
① 见附录访谈三问题6
北京化工大学北方学院毕业设计(论文)
结 论
通过分析河北文丰钢铁有限公司所面临的挑战与对策,鉴于未来我国钢材市场的发展方向,钢铁生产企业为了在国际国内市场有更多的话语权,特别要做好如下几个方面的工作。首先,大力开展并购重组,提高产业集中度,抢夺未来市场的主导权。其次,以资本为纽带,努力向流通领域渗透,稳定和拓展销售渠道,确保立于不败之地。再次,与重点企业建立战略伙伴关系,建立加工配送中心,加强增值服务。再次,制定以市场为中心的企业发展战略,注重市场需要,一切围绕市场运作。再有,努力开发新产品,提高产品档次和质量,在产品专业化方面处于领先地位。最后,加强企业形象宣传,放眼全球,努力成为国际化的企业。
综上,目前国际反倾销贸易摩擦的趋势愈演愈烈,西方国家控制库存,消费减弱,会增加反倾销压力和出口难度。不过目前的世界钢铁市场同2002年以前世界范围的钢铁贸易保护和反倾销浪潮有着市场走势背景上的根本不同。不过从世界区域性市场供需关系和价格走势发展不平衡看,未来世界钢铁企业在维护国际钢铁市场运行秩序上面临一个共同的新课题:应对区域钢铁市场走势的不平衡,跳出冷战思维。这需要建立国际钢铁企业协调机制,通过进行对话、协商,多方积极调整区域市场的短期供需平衡,防止演变成国际市场价格危机,促进国际市场整体保持良好的运行态势。这几年中国钢材市场发展和演变趋势确实发生了许多重大的、历史性的变化。这不仅同中国经济发展阶段有着内在的联系,也同世界经济发展和钢铁市场的演变趋势息息相关。伴随中国和世界经济的快速发展,钢材市场供需关系的总体演变趋势发生了重大变化。世界钢铁市场步入一个新的发展繁荣时期。钢铁企业把握住这个总趋势,保持良好的进出口态势,才能推进中国和国际钢铁市场的协调、健康发展。
北京化工大学北方学院毕业设计(论文)
附 录
访谈一
您好,我是燕京理工学院的学生,希望通过这次调查和访谈了解一些河北文丰钢铁有限公司的相关问题,为此我需要您的帮助和相关的访谈,以完成我关于本公司的相关课题和相应情况的了解,使我的论文更加的真实,提出的方法也更加的切合实际。
访谈对象:河北文丰钢铁有限公司副总兼办公室主任智主任 访谈内容:
1.记者:您好!谢谢您接受我的访谈。请您简单的介绍一下贵公司的情况?
主任:河北文丰钢铁(集团)有限公司是一家集钢铁冶炼、钢铁轧制、能源电力、矿山采选、煤炭开采、啤酒酿造、内外贸易于一体,跨行业、跨产业经营的集团公司,是河北文丰实业集团母公司。集团总资产35亿元,注册资本629.87万美元,员工总数5500名,其中技术人员占28%。其中河北文丰钢铁(集团)有限公司属中、外合资企业,注册资本2137.86万美元。并于2003年通过ISO9000质量管理体系认证。2004年底,企业投巨资建成了“河北省重点建设项目”——年生产100万吨的中宽带轧钢生产线和年产120万吨中厚板轧钢生产线,成为全国第一家生产宽厚板的民营企业。
2.记者:作为本市最具规模的钢铁企业之一,你们一定有什么优于他人之处吧?
主任:我公司有在钢结构行业经验丰富的专业制造人才和科技研发人才,同时我们公司的产品相对于其他同行业的公司,价格较为低廉,并且我们把质量和诚信放在企业经营发展的首位。
3.记者:请问该公司近年来的出口情况如何?
主任:近两年来公司的出口情况并不乐观,特别是美国,澳大利亚等国家的出口形势尤为严峻。
4.记者:可以透露一下原因吗?
主任:可以,出口方面,中国进口铁矿石越多,国际卖家的涨价就越有劲,以到岸价计,海运费用也水涨船高。我们为钢铁产品消费国承担了环境污染,出口到欧洲的钢材还遭到反倾销诉讼。
5.记者:您认为这种新型的贸易保护对贵公司产品出口贸易有哪些影响呢?
北京化工大学北方学院毕业设计(论文)
主任:这种新型的贸易保护措施较为隐蔽,一般都打着贸易保护的旗帜,出现了相应的状况也较难应对。
6.记者:您觉得贵公司的发展方式如何?
主任:发展方式落后。转变发展方式是河北文丰钢铁有限公司推进全球化进 程的重要基础。当前中国钢铁企业在技术进步和产品升级方面依然存在差距,主要表现在前沿工艺技术、绿色钢铁生产工艺技术、高档次、高附加值专用材生产等方面。造成这种现象的本质原因是发展方式存在不足。7.记者:请问产品的主要市场是?
主任:该公司的主要市场是国内市场。8.记者:请问在国际市场,产品的销量如何?
主任:总体上来说应该是不错的,成功出口韩国、德国、意大利、阿联酋、沙特等国家和地区,成为武安市第一家成功打开欧盟市场的钢铁企业。9.记者:公司获得过哪些荣誉?
主任:近几年,该公司荣获:河北省政府“河北科技企业”;河北省中小企业局、协会2003年度“优秀信用企业”;河北省劳动保障厅、统战部、工商联“社会保障先进企业”;“河北省百强企业”等众多荣誉称号。河北文丰钢铁有限公司荣获“2012中国民营500强”称号 10.记者:公司主要投资企业有哪些?
主任:公司主要投资(或控制)企业包括:河北文丰轧钢有限公司,河北文丰热电有限公司,唐山润丰轧钢有公司,武安市贺庄煤矿,邯郸文丰建筑材料有限公司,邯郸市利丰物资经贸有限公司,文丰惠尔(北京)国际经贸有限公司,青岛文丰进出口贸易有限公司,唐山中厚板材有限公司,天津药业(深圳)有限公司等。
11.记者:公司的性质是什么?
主任:河北文丰钢铁(集团)有限公司是一家集钢铁冶炼、钢铁轧制、能源电力、矿山采选、煤炭开采、啤酒酿造、内外贸易于一体,跨行业、跨产业经营的集团公司,是河北文丰实业集团母公司。12.记者:主要市场?
主任: 大陆 港澳台地区 北美 南美 东欧 东亚 东南亚 中东 13.记者:主要产品?
主任: 大板坯,小板坯,方坯,中厚板,宽厚板,带钢,轻轨。
北京化工大学北方学院毕业设计(论文)
14.记者:公司的地理优势?
主任:地址为河北省武安市南环路南侧,地处武安市城西工业区,东临历史名城邯郸,西接太行重镇长治,向东30公里即是京深高速公路,距武安市火车站仅二公里,地理位置极佳,交通条件十分便利,公司占地1200多亩。15.记者:我相信贵公司的未来会有更好的发展,希望您的期望会实现。
主任:谢谢。
16.记者:再次感谢您接收我的采访。
.北京化工大学北方学院毕业设计(论文)
访谈二
为了深入了解公司出口的情况,和目前该公司出口面对的问题,本人在论文写作期间特地采访了公司的营销总监。访谈对象:河北文丰钢铁有限公司市场部经理 访谈内容:
1.记者:您好!谢谢您接受我的采访。请问贵公司在出口方面遇到哪些问题?
经理:价格低,海运费用高,再主要是出口到欧洲的钢材还遭到反倾销诉讼。2.记者:请问都有哪些产品遭到了限制?
经理:都是公司的主要出口产品,主要是钢坯和中厚板材 3.记者:请问在你们遇到这种情况时,是否向有关机构反应呢?
经理:我国向相关的机构进行了一定的反应,但是效果并不显著。4.记者:请问该企业对于此类事件是怎样处理的?
经理:公司在一定程度上加大了产品在国内市场的销售,同时加强其他海外市场的销售从而缓解出口给我们带来的损失。5.记者:请问处理结果如何呢?
经理:经过我们的努力,加大了产品在国内的销售,同时拓展了一些新的海外市场,但是依然弥补不了欧洲这个大市场带给我们的经济效益。6.记者:除此之外,你们产品是否有改变呢?
经理:我们正努力将我们的商品由劳动密集型向技术密集型的转型。7.记者:请问公司对产品出口遭到的“双反调查”的影响有没有进行分析?
经理:已经进行分析了,发现其主要有三个方面。8.记者:您认为哪一方面最容易受到出口量的影响呢?
经理:出口额比较容易受到对外贸易出口量的影响。9.记者:您认为“双反调查”对钢铁产品出口额有影响吗?
经理: 有,这也是技新贸易保护主义对河北文丰钢铁有限公司产品出口影响的一个方面。
10.记者:请问出口产品的销量如何?
主任:总体上来说应该是不错的,成功出口韩国、德国、意大利、阿联酋、沙特等国家和地区,成为武安市第一家成功打开欧盟市场的钢铁企业。
北京化工大学北方学院毕业设计(论文)
11.记者:看来出口的情况还是比较乐观的吗?
主任:还算是比较乐观的。
12.记者:你们的销售业绩已经证明了贵公司是同行业中的佼佼者!
经理:其实有这样的业绩,要归根于我国加入了WTO,为我们出口打开了更加广阔的出口市场。
13.记者:但这也离不开你们企业的自身的努力吧!
经理:的确,我们企业的技术也在不段的增强,不断的与国际接轨。14.记者:请问贵公司有聘请相关的法律顾问么?
经理:当然有,但是随着目前的形势看,我公司目前的法律人员对于关于国际贸易这方面的法律知识还有欠缺,这也使得我们在应对美国“双反调查”时不能很好的的应对,下一步,我们准备扩大我们公司的法律团队,特别是相关的人员,以备不时之需。
15.记者:听说贵公司很注重员工的激励,在这方面你可以具体谈一下吗?
经理:对,因为我们认为正确运用激励原则也是培养与挽留核心人才的绝佳办法,要尽力从心理和物质两方面对员工进行满足,从而使员工更充分的实现自我价值,进而更好的为公司贡献出自己的力量。16.记者:好的,再次谢谢您接受我的采访!
经理:不客气
北京化工大学北方学院毕业设计(论文)
访谈三
为了具体了解公司外贸业务的情况,本人在论文写作期间特地采访了公司的管理部门经理。
访谈对象:河北文丰钢铁有限公司对外贸易部经理 访谈内容:
1.记者:您好!谢谢您接受我的访谈。请问该公司的主要产品有哪些?
经理:我公司的主要产品为生铁、钢坯、宽厚板材、中宽带钢、轻轨等;已达到年产铁350万吨、钢350万吨、材335万吨的生产能力。2.记者:请问贵公司的调控能力如何?
经理:行业不规范,调控不力。受市场需求驱动,河北文丰钢铁有限公司受利益驱使和地方政府的支持,产能扩张无度。河北文丰钢铁有限公司与大企业争原料、抢市场、拼价格,其产品又多是低附加值的大路货,如线材、盘条等,使产品利润被不断走高的原料价格所侵蚀,需求传导、引起连环涨价。3.记者:请问公司是否存在产能过剩问题?
经理:存在,产能过剩的原因,有近几年产量增长过快、新增能力超过市场需求的因素;有存量调整力度不够大、淘汰落后不到位的因素;同时也有世界经济不振、国外市场需求下降的因素。
4.记者:面对发展方式落后,贵公司如何应对?
经理:面对发展方式落后的挑战,我们必须坚持自主创新,其核心问题就是通过技术创新和产品结构升级来提高核心竞争力。为此,河北文丰钢铁有限公司必须大力开发新工艺、新技术、新产品,着力突破制约产业转型升级的关键技术。河北文丰钢铁有限公司工业技术进步的方向是节能减排技术和资源充分利用技术。
5.记者:转变发展方式的关键是什么?
经理:河北文丰钢铁有限公司开发低碳经济技术和产品已经成为其转变发展方式的关键点。我们要把握低碳经济为河北文丰钢铁有限公司转变发展方式提供的巨大机遇,重点从以下三个方面采取措施:积极开发利用新能源,降低碳能源的使用量;提高现有资源、能源的使用效率,特别是二次能源的回收利用;开发绿色钢铁新工艺和新技术。
北京化工大学北方学院毕业设计(论文)
6.记者:政府政策方面对钢铁产业的影响是什么?
经理:体制缺陷背景下地方政府采用各种优惠政策进行招商引资竞争,是导致中国钢铁工业产能过剩最为深层次的原因。7.记者:公司如何加快产业结构调整?
经理:河北文丰钢铁有限公司要加快钢铁产业结构调整,特别要积极推进跨地区联合重组,形成若干个具有国际竞争力的大型企业集团,提高产业集中度。8.记者:公司如何优化产业链?
经理:需要继续坚持走出去战略,实现上游供应链的全球配置,适度掌控海外资源,建立更为广阔的资源供应渠道。9.记者:发展方式对公司出口的意义是什么?
经理:转变发展方式是河北文丰钢铁有限公司推进全球化进程的重要基础 10.记者:听说该公司以把目标扩大化了?
经理:是的
11.记者:可以透露一下具体扩大了哪些目标,可以具体说一下吗?
经理:我公司自2006年起,逐步推广了产品在欧洲、非洲、南美洲、亚太地区的出口。
12.记者:请问该公司有那些认证体系或认可?
经理:2007年,文丰钢铁荣登“2007福布斯中国顶尖企业榜”第23位;并于2006到2009年连续四年入选“中国企业500强”,排名分别为466、466、387、319位。2003年4月文丰钢铁通过ISO9001国际质量管理体系认证。2006年,“文丰”牌系列钢铁产品被评为“中国最具竞争优势品牌”和“钢铁冶金行业产品质量过硬/信誉保证十大放心品牌”。文丰中厚板等系列产品顺利取得船板、锅炉、压力容器板工厂生产许可证书,并顺利通过了英国劳氏公司颁发的“CE认证”证书等。
13.记者:请问该公司近一年是否聘请专业人员?
经理:公司一直以来都有聘请专业人员,而且一直都有新鲜血液的注入,特别是相关专业的大学生,我们一直都积极的吸纳,特别是近几年,我公司遭遇贸易保护严重,更需要相关的国际贸易人员的注入。14.记者:公司为什么在不断招聘新人员呢?
经理:因为对于我们公司来说,技术要求非常的高,同时随着我公司外贸环境的不断变化,也需要不断的吸纳新型人员来更好的应对一些问题。
北京化工大学北方学院毕业设计(论文)
15.记者:公司为什么这么注意人才的培养呢?
经理:因为人才是企业兴旺发展的最关键的因素,特别是一些专业人员,有更加专业的眼光和手段来处理目前公司出口所面对的这些阻碍。16.记者:那么该公司目前考虑过为员工做进一步的培训吗?
经理:与时俱进,我们公司正在努力为了应对新问题来对相关人员进行培训。17.记者:感谢您在百忙之中抽出时间接受我的访问!
经理:不客气,希望能帮到你
北京化工大学北方学院毕业设计(论文)
参考文献
[1]冯晓宁,李红英.河北省外贸出口的现状、问题及对策[J]经济研究导刊,2012 [2]王翠娥.李岳云金融危机对我国外贸的影响分析[J]现代商贸工业,2009(7)[3]沈晓丹.金融危机对中国出口的影响分析[J]现代商业,2009 [4]吴溪淳.国际金融危机与我国钢铁工业面临的挑战[J]财会金融,2009 [5]张晓刚.后危机时期钢铁行业全球化面对的新挑战[J]消费导,2010 [6]江飞涛,卓丽洪,王秀丽.中国钢铁工业竞争力提升中面临的挑战与对策[J]财会金融,2013 [7]徐乐江.直面挑战 实现转型 由钢铁大国走向钢铁强国[J]冶金管理,2009 [8]霍建国.我国外贸出口形势及钢铁行业对策[J]经济研究导刊,2010 [9] 王小挺.金融危机下外贸企业面临的挑战、机遇及应对策略[J]消费导,2010(10)[10] 张新艳,张岩.金融危机下我国外贸企业出路何在[J]现代商业,2010(3)[11]张明.产能过剩是中国钢铁业面临的最主要挑战之一[J]中国冶金报第A01版,2012 [12]赵松岭.河北省钢铁行业外贸出口分析[J]市场/ 贸易,2012(3)[13]张晓刚.坚定信心应对挑战为我国钢铁工业结构优化产业振兴而努力[J]冶金管理,2012 [14]陈红玉.金融危机对钢铁行业的影响及对策研究[J]财会金融,2012(9)[15]张志英.金融危机对河北省钢铁企业的影响及对策分析[J]现代商贸工业,2009 [16]朱晓林.金融危机给钢铁行业带来的影响及对策[J]经济研究导刊,2010 [17]Ronald.Rebore.The Financial Crisis[M] Boston:Allyn & Bacon,Pearson Education, Inc,2008:153-154.[18] William en Doyle.New International Order [J]The World Economy, 2010(12)[19]Thomas A.Pugel.International Trade [M] Beijing: China Renmin University Press, 2011 [20]Michel E.Porter.The Theory of Competitive Advantage of Nations [M] Beijing: Huaxia Press,1998
北京化工大学北方学院毕业设计(论文)
致 谢
本论文在于岚导师的悉心指导下完成的。导师渊博的专业知识、严谨的治学态度,精益求精的工作作风,诲人不倦的高尚师德,严于律己、宽以待人的崇高风范,朴实无法、平易近人的人格魅力对本人影响深远。不仅使本人树立了远大的学习目标、掌握了基本的研究方法,还使本人明白了许多为人处事的道理。本次论文从选题到完成,每一步都是在导师的悉心指导下完成的,倾注了导师大量的心血。在此,谨向导师表示崇高的敬意和衷心的感谢!在写论文的过程中,遇到了很多的问题,在老师的耐心指导下,问题都得以解决。所以在此,再次对老师道一声:老师,谢谢您!同时,也谢谢荣华英老师和孙立棉老师在论文修改阶段给予我的帮助。
时光匆匆如流水,转眼便是大学毕业时节,春梦秋云,聚散真容易。离校日期已日趋渐进,毕业论文的完成也随之进入了尾声。从开始进入课题到论文的顺利完成,一直都离不开老师、同学、朋友给我热情的帮助,在这里请接受我诚挚的谢意!在此我向北京化工大学北方学院国贸专业的所有老师表示衷心的感谢,谢谢你们四年的辛勤栽培,谢谢你们在教学的同时更多的是传授我们做人的道理,谢谢四年里面你们孜孜不倦的教诲!
四年寒窗,所收获的不仅仅是愈加丰厚的知识,更重要的是在阅读、实践中所培养的思维方式、表达能力和广阔视野。很庆幸这四年来我遇到了如此多的良师益友,无论在学习上、生活上,还是工作上,都给予了我无私的帮助和热心的照顾,让我在一个充满温馨的环境中度过四年的大学生活。感恩之情难以用言语量度,谨以最朴实的话语致以最崇高的敬意。
第二篇:毕业论文修改
分类号
UDC
单位代码
1166
1密 级
公开
学
号
2009402034
四川民族学院
学士学位论文
高中英语词汇教学的探析
(初稿)
论文作者:
周均梅 指导教师:
学科专业:
研究方向:
提交日期:
2013年
月
日
中 国 康定
English Department
Sichuan University for Nationalities
Analysis of Lexical Teaching in Senior High Schools
by ZHOU Jun-mei
A Thesis
Submitted to the English Department In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirement For the Degree of B.A.in English
Sichuan University For Nationalities May 2013 Thesis Supervisor:
高中英语词汇教学的探析
摘要
爱玛在高中英语词汇教学中,传统的教学模式给老师的授课和学生的学习带来很多问题。致力于语言教学的国内外学者普遍认为词汇知识在语言运用和篇章理解方面有着至关重要的作用。自新课改以来,大多数中学都采用了新思路和新的教学方法,就本文的问卷调查来看,其成果不可忽视。该文章意在遵循新课改的要求,探析英语词汇教学中的规律和方法,主要从三个方面进行阐述:其一,新课改下,英语词汇教学的现状,从正反两方面分析,提出问题。其二,.英语词汇教学应遵循的规律,着重研究词汇教学中应注意的单词固有规律、学生生理与心理特点以及学生的记忆规律。其三,针对英语词汇教学探究的教学方法,具体有语境记单词教学法,以及对所学单词的复现和运用。
关键词:语词汇教学;注意因素;有效方法
i
Analysis of Lexical Teaching in Senior High Schools
Abstract
In terms of vocabulary teaching in senior high school, the traditional pattern has caused lots of problems to both the teachers and students.The domestic and abroad scholars, devoted to language teaching, generally believe that lexical knowledge is pretty crucial for the use of language and the comprehension of writings.Since the New English Curriculum, innovative ideas and teaching methods are introduced in most senior high.From the survey I conducted, the achievement it has got can’t be ignored.Based on the New English Curriculum, this essay aims at exploring the rules and approaches in vocabulary teaching, and it can be divided into three parts: first, the recent situation of words teaching under the reform.Both the positive and negative sides are presented, and key questions are put forward.Second, the rules one should obey, namely, words’ rules, students’ characteristics on physiology and psychology, and the memory law.Last but not least, some practible ways on this topic, like using contexts together with any other methods(such as roots, affix, and derivative terms), phonetic teaching, classification and utilization of words, and combination of related words, are provided.Key words: vocabulary teaching;factors;effective methods
ii
Acknowledgements
Here I owe the most sincere gratitude to my supervisor, Ms Xiao who leads me to finish this article.I thank her for her endless patience towards me and smart guide in mentality.She impressed the definition of teaching methods on me, and let me know that what I write must be practical and effective.Based on this, a survey among students seems a must.Therefore, I appreciate those friends who helped me finish the survey among freshmen in Southwest Petroleum University.As far as I am concerned, it is tough work to convince the freshmen to believe this is an innocent survey.Obviously, this investigation is very critic to my essay.And I thank them to analyze the questionnaire.I’ll also grateful to my classmates, because they gave me appropriate suggestions, and recommended me many useful books.As to some parts of my essay, they raised very meaningful questions and shared their opinions with me, which benefited my article a lot.Thus I realize that my essay have to be referred to the real situation in the class of senior high schools, the objective of the New English Curriculum, and some rules teachers need to obey.Last but not least, I thank my family very much.During my stay at school, they encourage me all the way, and provide me with careful care and sufficient money.What’s more, they are my inexhaustible.iii
Contents 中文摘要……………………………………………………………………………i Abstract………………..………………………………………………….………ii Acknowledgements..………………………………………………………….iii Introduction………………………………………………………… …………..1 Chapter One The present situation of lexical teaching in Senior High schools.........................................................................................3 1.1 Definition Positive phenomena are showed: teaching approaches of teachers and study methods of students are both improved.......................3 1.2 Negative aspects: unavoidable problems exist…………………………4 1.3 Questions are put forward…………………………………………………..5 Chapter Two The rules and factors that teachers should obey during their teaching……………………………………………….6 2.1.The rules and factors that teachers should obey during their teaching………………………………………………………………………….…6 2.1.1 The rules in vocabulary itself………….………………………… …… ….6 2.1.2 The factors of students’ physiology and psychology……………………..8 2.1.3 Teaching procedures should be in line with the memory law...................9 2.2 Feasible teaching approaches on English lexicon………………………9 2.2.1 The importance of the context and extra-curriculum reading……………9 2.2.2.Using the context as a medium to convey multiple effectual lexical teaching approaches……………………………………………………………….11 2.2.3 Activities to help remembering words……………………………… ……14 Conclusion……………………………………………………………………....15
Bibliography….………………………………………………….… ……………16 Appendix A….………………………………………………….… …………......17 Appendix B….………………………………………………….… ……………..19
ii
Analysis of Lexical Teaching in Senior High Schools
Introduction
Since 20 century 70s, with the further researches into acquisition of language, we can recognize clearly that the mastery of vocabulary is quite crucial for language understanding and language output(Wang Jing,2009:11).The famous linguist Wilkins said: ―Without grammar, we can hardly express something;while without words, we can not express anything.‖(Wilkins D.A.,1972:85)So if one wants to learn a language well, the most basic thing he needs to do is learn words.While in traditional teaching pattern, teachers usually teach words solely.That is: they teach students to read new words, and give students the meanings, some collocations, and then ask them to remember.That is force-feeding method of teaching,aiming at increasing the quantity of words, not the quality of words’ output.As a result, students will be in a state of ―passive‖, very negative and lack interest, to some extent.Successful learning is forged out of learners’ motive and impulse, compiling methods of studying materials , interesting ,etc(He Keyong,2002:334).There is no doubt that teachers are supposed to respect students’ emotion and interest, to obey the memory law.Besides, most words have not only a single meaning, and they are connected with other words and phrases closely.Quite a few linguists consider that teachers can not teach vocabulary solely.They should provide concrete context and typical sentences to teach, classify words due to meanings, expand interrelated words(synonyms, antonym, hyponymy),adopt topic inductions(based on a certain topic, students are going to imagine other words and collocations), and also conduct ways of roots、derivatives and compound words.But vocabulary is the sign of one’s thought, we learn and use them constantly because they can convey some meaning, and offer us ideas(He Keyong, 2002:344).To have a solid knowledge of learned words, students should practice them in real situations, and promote ability of using them.There is also another thing we should pay attention to that among the information we have forgotten, 80% is acquired at the first time of learning, and we lost it within 24 hours, after which the forgetting rate will decline(Li Guanyi, 2007:8).Besides observing this rule ,students also need remember the words repeatedly and regularly.Moreover ,as a teacher, presiding students actively output vocabulary rightly by using communicating principles of teaching is necessary In this essay ,I intend to discuss some factors influencing results of teaching and effective teaching methods for vocabulary, coming up with an approach of putting new words in contexts , and then students can think out their own ways to quicken and fortify their memory, such as working in groups to show special ways of remembering words ,using roots and derivatives.Chapter One The present situation of lexical teaching in Senior High schools.1.1 Positive phenomena are showed: teaching approaches of teachers and study methods of students are both improved.The modern education of China focuses on students’ quality education, and promotes their all-around ability.In line with this objective, the New English Curriculum was conducted at the beginning of 21 century, aiming at upgrading students’ mind, lighten their study burden, and make them more skillful in practice.In terms of the reform, the English teachers are required to plan the classes fit for the traits of teenagers’ physiology and psychology, linguistic rules of acquiring linguistics, in order to meet different needs of students.The questionnaire conducted among the freshmen(whose hometown is Chengdu)in Southwest Petroleum University this year, is named ―Questionnaire on how the Senior High students study English and remember English words‖(It is abbreviated as ―Questionnaire‖ in the following contents).From questions 11-14 in the Questionnaire, one can judge that English teachers have noticed that students play an most important role during lexical teaching, so that they have been adopting a series of effective approaches to present new looks in class:
To introduce cooperative and inquiry learning process, and lessen students’ study burden to give more time and space. To change the dubious and sole way of explaining and extending vocabulary, to practice the learnt words in certain contexts, and to set scenes to use them. To adopt new and interesting ways(the Natural Approach/ Total Physical Response/ the Silent Way/Audio-lingual Method, etc.)based on students’ features. To apply multimedia which gather pictures/sound/letters/ video together besides the basic teaching device like chalks and blackboards, thus make the word
teaching more vivid and direct, and making the students more impressive on what the teacher imparts.While teachers’ aim is not to teach knowledge but methods, thus drawing out their study potential, achieving the goal of teaching.During the New English Curriculum, students’ study is more and more drew our attention.Among the Questionnaire, questions 6、8、11、17、24、26、27、30、31 have showed that: They have realized that they themselves are the master of study;therefore they summarize effective approaches of learning and remembering vocabulary and discuss their doubts actively. They are exploring the rules of study constantly, classify the words which are similar in pronunciation, spelling, meaning, or have opposite meaning;they are also engaged in analyzing lexical roots, the speech, derivation and collocation.Then they can easily form a memory system. Besides applying what they have learned in practice, students use their spare time to learn extracurricular material, enriching their mind.From these phenomena we can conclude that the lexical teaching methods of Senior High schools in Chengdu are efficient to some extent.However, there are also many aspects need improving because there are some unavoidable problems.1.2 Negative aspects: unavoidable problems exist
The New English Curriculum is certainly a kind of reform, and it can be more effective in exploiting students’ potential and interest in applying the knowledge, which adapts to the social development better.Nevertheless, the solutions are always accompanied with problems.The reform helps to promote, while it never can achieve its goal in a short of time.The traditional lexical teaching still prevails among the Senior High schools, which means not that all the traditional ways are useless, but one needs to remove its bad ones.From questions 1、15、19、28 , one can conclude some drawbacks: The teacher, as a leading factor, and the textbook, as a classroom center unscientifically dominate the whole class, making students have little time and
chance to think and participate. The teachers teach nonstandard pronunciation, causing students’ difficulties in listening and communication;the teacher imparts words solely without any context and explains words simply, causing students’ great troubles in translation and comprehension. The teacher goes against the memory law because he/ she doesn’t lead students to do review, and rarely put them in use. The teacher seldom expand the words to other usage except in the book, making students can’t master and use them flexibly.These problems led to some ―problem students‖.From questions 3, 4, 5,7,25, one can get the following troubles of the students. Most students are quite reliable on their teachers, short of perseverance, can’t review the learnt vocabulary regularly actively, and don’t look up words in dictionaries. Most students have got used to the teacher acting as a leading factor in class, reciting words repeatedly in order to pass exams. Students can use what they have remembered to solve practical problems, and can’t flexibly understand the words in other contexts and scenes.1.3 Questions are put forward.These negative sides are not produced in one day, and they are brought by the traditional teaching which has profound origins.That’s to say, we can’t handle them in one moment.It is the specific situations that one takes in account to reform the previous teaching selectively.Only borrowing the essence of lexical teaching overseas and innovate new approaches, can one succeed.Therefore, what causes these problems in lexical teaching? Certainly it connects closely with the necessary factors of the class: teachers, students, textbooks, the vocabulary itself, teaching approaches, etc.However everything has its rules.So in the teaching procedures, what kind of rules will the teachers obey and what factors they need to notice? Is there any effective lexical teaching methods?
Chapter Two The factors and rules that English teachers need to notice in lexical teaching.2.1 The rules and factors that teachers should obey during their teaching.2.1.1 The rules in vocabulary itself
Each language has an abundant glossary, and every word is unique, but not isolated(Lan Chun, 2009:82).Without connection with those elements to which it closely relates to, the teaching is ineffective, and efforts don’t get reward.In order to make the teaching procedure promptly and effectively, and deepen students’ impression, comprehension and flexibility of using the words, teachers must analyze a certain word in different perspectives, as well as what it is associated with.Phonetic factors.Linguisticians believe that though the definition of vocabulary is various, the relevant basic content it refers to is just a matter of sound and meaning(Lu Guoqiang, 2007:1).From questions 10 and 23, one can judge that it is a popular recognition of students that the standard pronunciation helps a lot to listening and spelling.As a matter of fact, the standard pronunciation can benefits their expressions.Therefore, teachers ought to lead students to analyze phonetic symbols, spell and articulate correctly.Then students practice in this way repeatedly and regard it as a way of remembering words, which can avoid learning by rote.―Tease‖, taken for example, is pronunciated [ti: z].Before teaching students to read it, teachers can ask them to count how many vowels there are, whether every vowel has a corresponding pronunciation, and if they have, then how to?
Through analyzing, one can know that there are 3 vowels, among which, the ―ea‖ in the middle reads [i:], and the ―e‖ at the end is silent.From this, students can see that there is just only one vowel sound in the phonetic symbol, so‖ tease‖ is a single syllable.In that way, it is stressed.Those words like eat, meat, neat, least, beat, contain ―ea‖ reading [i:].Besides, teachers will also guide students to find out differences between [t]and[d], [i:] and[i], [s]and[z].Thus students will master some
pronunciation rules themselves, generalize some words containing the same pronunciation, and they can learn vocabulary by themselves in the long run.Word-formation.Aimed at fostering students’ ability to decompose word-buildings, and strengthen their understanding, the approaches like conversion, derivative, compound, acronym, blend, backformation, etc, are introduced.Here, examples are given about the former three kinds.Conversion.Among the English words one learns, the words whose part of speech can be conversed account a large proportion.For example, ―look‖ is usually used as a verb means ‖看‖ in Chinese.While in the phrase ―have a look‖, it is a noun.What’s more, when it refers to the expressions on face, it is a noun.Another example, ―head‖ is usually used as a noun, meaning ―头部‖ in Chinese.While when it acts as a verb, it means ―to lead‖, ―to entitle‖.Here examples are given to show nouns changed into verbs.Besides this, there are also adjectives changed into verbs(like better), adverbs changed into verbs(like out), adjectives changed into nouns(like the old), etc.Derivations.Generally prefix and suffix are added to words to alter their part of speech and meaning.For example, ―-r‖ is added to the verb ―write‖, and the noun ―writer‖ is formed.―Dis-‖ is added to the verb ―like‖, then the antonym ―dislike‖ got.―Ness‖ is added to the adjective ―nice‖, and then the noun ―niceness‖ formed.The following are some common affixes:
Noun affixes:-ness,-or,-er,-tion,-ence,-ian,-ess,-ty,-al,-sion; Verb affixes:-fy, en-,-ize,-ate;
Adjective affixes:-y,-ed,-ful,-tive,-able,-ing,-ish,-less,-y;Negative affixes: dis-,il-, im-,-in, anti-, mis-, non-;
If students have mastered these common affixes, they can be more skillful in applying words in practice.Compound.Compound words are formed by two or more words, which are easily understood.For example, a noun and a noun: policeman, blackboard, weekend, airplane, chairman;a gerund and a noun: waiting-room, living-room, dining-room;a adjective and a noun: gentleman, blue-sky, warm-heart, present-day.Besides, there 7
are also compound words that consisting of adjectives and verbs, prepositions and nouns, verbs and adverbs, adjectives and adverbs, etc.Very word has its unique traits and if students find and take advantage of them, they can go further and avoid cram up.2.1.2 The factors of students’ physiology and psychology.Education must adapt to students’ growth.It must be based on the development situation of personal physiology and psychology, development rules, mature mechanism, as well as fit for a certain level of growth, the developing order, all-round cultivation, uniqueness, etc.Thus, education can be a reliable insurance(Li Sen &Chen Xiaorui,2009:59).The Senior High students are transmitting from youngsters to adults, and finalize their shapes and personalities.Though their bodies and minds become mature gradually, their intelligence is more and more perfected, and their improvement on the faculty of memory, judge, logic thinking is outstanding, there appear many conflicts and contradictions.Above all, they strengthen their self-consciousness, independence of judging things, and competence of analyzing;on the other hand, their psychology is so unstable and sentimental that they are easily disturbed by outside things and will easily rebel others.Second, their perseverance increase to a higher level, and they can control and drive themselves to some extent;however, they still lack of willpower, and easily turn impulse and paranoid.Third, they are very enthusiastic and self confident;but they are also conceited.When they fail, they can never recover and then they will feel the study is boring.In addition, the day they step into the Senior High schools, they begin to burden all kinds of pressure, especially the college entrance examination.This results in their anxiety, tense, and tiredness.Based on the above analysis, one can judge that those students’ potential to learn is endless.But if the English teachers merely add the task of remembering and doing exercises, or just tell them some skills to cope with exams, their subjective initiative, activity, and the ability to think can’t find a way out.As a result, teachers, the ones that they can depend on, will one day make them lose their own thinking and creativity.Therefore, under the New English Curriculum, tedious lexical teaching approaches should be renewed, students’ potential needs exploiting, and passing exams is not that important as previous.To find out efficient methods, in what way students want to be taught must be taken into consideration.To sum up, I think that the approaches which can activate students’ initiative and interests, that to say, fit for their physiology and psychology, deserve the description ―efficient‖.2.1.3 Teaching procedures should be in line with the memory law.The great psychologist, H.Ebbinghaus discovered that lethe begins upon the moment the study stops.While the process is not heterogeneous.First, the Lethe’s speed is fast and quantity large, and then its speed will slow down and quantity small(Yang Hong&Wu Tianwu&Wang Chengxiang, 2006:143).As to daily study, teachers need to supervise and urge students to make a plan of remembering vocabulary and conduct it regularly.Sometimes, tests are supposed to be given to help them consolidate their impression and understanding.To deal with the newly learnt words, teachers can introduce this method: remembering the words every a unit time.For example, a student learns 10 words in 5 minutes in the morning;and uses another 5minutes to review in the middle of the morning;and repeats the review in more times until the student can remember all of them.What’s more, in daily class, teachers repeat the words to make them notice and review.In addition, contexts and scenes are supposed to be introduced.2.2 Feasible teaching approaches on English lexicon.2.2.1 The importance of the context and extra-curriculum reading.There is no doubt that all kinds of efficient methods have been put forward and applied in practice.Among these methods, one can find out that the most popular ones are like conversion, derivative, compound, acronym, blend, backformation which have been mentioned above.What’s more, introducing some social common sense by using the target word, giving students some scenes or contexts to figure out the word’s meaning, making some comparison between the similar words and
phrases, using the target words to tell or make up stories which can interest students, are also prevail among the Senior High classes.However, the context is the crucial factor or medium which determines different connotations of the same word, that is to say, without the context, a word’s diverse meaning can’ t be conveyed, and this word means little to the learners.As a result, learners can understand the same word in different texts, let alone use it flexibly.There is a common view that different contexts can endow the same word different connotation.On the other hand, individual words are critical in building blocks in text-meaning construction, efficient in converting graphic symbols into sound or meaning or information, and indispensable in comprehension(Keiko Koda, 2007:29).All in all, reading texts and studying glossary are simultaneous, and each of them benefits the other.From this reason, one can judge that lexical learning or teaching can’t be separated from the context.But in the textbooks, there are indeed many writings and grammar points, which are mastered by the students skillfully.Then why they can’t understand other texts from extra-curriculum materials, consisting of the same vocabulary they have learned? And why they can’t use the same glossary elastically in another way which is different from the usage in the text book?
That’s because students are lack of extra-curriculum reading.Repeated contact with a large amount of words in print is potential to gaining scholarly glossary, and developing techniques for studying new words from texts.It is quite necessary.While in most Senior High schools’ English classes, the textbook is the main-oriented material and teachers spend little time to notice the importance of extra-curriculum reading to students’ study.And then students have the excuse that it is not necessary to read other things because their main objective is to pass exams and get high scores and the teachers design the exams in line with the textbook.So this is a vicious circle in our education.So, from here, one can discover the reason for the students do little extra reading in English.If effective methods are intended to acquire, extra reading must be encouraged and studying new words in personal-suit ways should be incited.Nevertheless, teachers can’t spend much time in guiding students to do extra-reading in class because the class time is limited and the chief aim is to meet the syllabus’ requirements.Therefore there must be a plan, which both can make teachers have time to lead students to do extra-reading, and doesn’t affect the teaching procedures.But how to design that kind of plan? 2.2.2.Using the context as a medium to convey multiple effectual lexical teaching approaches.To assure the normal teaching process, teachers can lead students just do extra-reading once or twice a week.However, there are so many good methods to teach words.And if teachers merely use only the context, that will be tedious and soon the students will get bored.So how can the teachers balance the context and the vivid atmosphere?
As far as I am concerned, using the context as a medium to convey multiple effectual lexical teaching approaches.Well, maybe it makes people feel confused.Let me explain.Teachers can choose one passage from the extra-reading exercises as an example, but the passage must be suitable for students in both the degree of difficulty and rationality of arranging the new words.In that case, teachers have to figure out which level of English and vocabularies have the students are in, which part the students know well and which part they should make efforts to remedy.Referring to the passage ―After Divorce‖ in Appendixⅱ, one can see clearly how to make it.First, the passage is given with the 10 new words which are going to be learnt, and phonetic symbols are showed just after these words to facilitate students to pronounce.Second, after students finish the whole passage, they ought to know the main idea of the passage.Then, they’ll do a test.In the text, 10 questions are designed directed against the 10 words one by one.These questions are mainly about the words’ meaning, and conducted to let the students to dope out their meaning according to the context.Each question has 3 options that show 3 kinds of meaning of the same word, and students are required to choose the best one due to their
understanding.Third, the teacher leads students to analyze these questions one by one.While I have mentioned that each has its own traits, so various ways are encouraged to use that is to say, each word has a special way to learn.The specific learning procedures of each word is showed obviously in Appendixⅱ.And here I just select some typical points to discuss.Take the first word, ―split‖ for example, this word is very simple, but it is not easy to remember because its pronunciation /split/ and spelling will easily make students mix it with ―spilt‖, ―slip‖, ―splice‖, ―spiel‖ etc.So I suggest that teachers can use phonetic factors to remember.Above all, teachers teach students to enunciate the phonetic symbol ―sp‖, and to generalize some words containing the same sound: speed, space, spot, speak, spic, etc.Then, teachers can teach students to articulate the sound ―spl‖, and classify some words owning the articulation, splat, slake , spleen, splice, spore, etc.Therefore, the word ―split‖ can impress students well with its pronunciation.In addition, teachers can introduce the phrases ―split the vote‖, ―split the ticket‖ to students.In this way, students can learn something about the American election as well as the phrases themselves.I think this is better than only explaining the word or phrases.The same way is also applied to explain the second word ―parochial‖, the third word ―welfare‖, the fifth word ―utilities‖, etc.Another way is to use derivatives.For instance, the forth word ―comfortably‖, here I adopt derivatives.First of all, this word is derived from ―comfort‖, from which one can get a series of words.Com-in ―comfort‖ originally means combination/commonness, or serves as a root to stress the tone.And the ―-fort‖ originally refers to strengthen/enhance/reinforce.So the word ―comfort‖ can be explained in this way: if people come together to strengthen their union and care each other, the world will be peaceful and people will be cozy.Based on this, ―comfortable‖, ―comforts‖, ―comforting‖, ―comforter‖, ―comfortably‖ are got.The same way is suitable for the seventh word the eighth one ―extended‖.Then, I must mention that using interesting story to arouse students’ interest in
learning the knowledge the teachers are talking about is very popular nowadays.In the passage After Divorce, the word, ―teased‖ whose archetype is ―tease‖, is imparted through a fair tale.To explain the phrase, I use the story of the Crow and the Fox which has been very familiar to all the students in their childhood.Here it is used to show the fox cheats the crow to drop the meat from her mouth with a cunning strategy.This action of the fox is called ―to tease out the meat from the crow‖.Among the ten words, the tenth one ―hardship‖ is a compound word.In this situation, when learners meet it, first of all, they need to find how many words subject to ―hardship‖.It is easy to know that there are two words in it: ―hard‖ and ―ship‖.―Hard‖ means strict, severe, difficult, tough, solid, rigid, etc, and ship is a noun and verb meaning a large boat which carries passengers or cargo.Furthermore, it means a kind of relationship, ability, or situation, like judgeship, friendship, headship, relationship, etc.In this case, hardship can be explained this way: a sort of difficult situation.Besides all of above, I also use turn scenes into sentences which contain target words to require students to think out the word’s meaning in differences.This is used on the word ―split‖, ―teased‖, ―extended‖ in the passage After Divorce.What’s more, giving students target word’s synonymies and anonyms which I have used to explain nearly all the ten words.Perhaps limited by the passage, many interesting and effective methods are not adopted in these words.While if possible, teachers can integrate more in teaching.For example, telling differences between two or more words and phrases, making dialogues, reciting tongue twisters, making up short stories.Forth, after learning all the words, students are asked to reread the passage and redo the questions.At the same time, their speed should be much quicker.Fifth, students may forget what they have learnt very quickly within 24 hours.Consequently, the next class, teachers have to review those words for them.But, that will make the students passive.Therefore, students need to do the review themselves.They should work in groups, and each group has 2-3 people.The task is
that each group has to come up with a way to deepen the memory of at least two new words.They can copy the teachers’ way but their explanation must be correct;they can also create new ways like singing a song, playing a game, reciting something, doing some comparison, etc.However, since time is limited, their review should be controlled within 10 minutes.And every class, 2 or 3 groups are supposed to perform.As to the rest of the words which have been learnt last time but not reviewed by groups’ performance, teachers can help students go through them in 5 minutes.2.2.3 Activities to help remembering words.Although some students have a very large vocabulary, they always do badly in exams.To some extent, it is because they don’t know how to use them.And they are under great pressure of the college entrance examination, and have much exercise to do.So, English teachers can plan some activities to arouse their initiative in lexical learning, and use their mastered glossary in practice.These activities can be words’ competition, using given words to make up a short story in 5minutes, singing English songs, watching interesting movies and then taking notes to repeat the plots in English, debates, etc.Whatever ways teachers apply, the aim is to enhance the students’ ability of using what they have learnt in practice.This benefits a lot to their listening, reading comprehension, writing, speaking, and even single option.And this method can also lessen their stress, finding some pleasure similar to the undergraduates.14
Conclusion
It’s easy to point out the drawbacks of teachers’ teaching pattern;it’s a bit difficult to figure out the reasons;the most difficult thing is to feel the feasible ways of teaching and they will turn out effective in practice.While teaching lexicon is a very applicative technique, in that case, if one designs new methods to teach, he must conduct it in class.And based on observe and study teaching situation and the average level of the student body in a certain school, one can come up with the authentic problems and set a point where teachers should focus on their weak parts and make great efforts to improve.Only in this way can the methods agree with the real conditions, and turn out successful.As to new teachers, raising some new approaches to solve teaching lexical problems is not an easy thing.Therefore, except doing and analyzing investigates, and comparing different results caused by different methods, they need to consult those teachers who have rich experience, and good at managing the whole class.Perhaps not all the suggestions those teachers give are suitable for a certain school, but one can combine the advice with the local situation, and come up with the way fit for the class.That’s to say, selecting the ones fit the teachers’ personalities and the students’ study.Besides that, as I stated before, taking the factors: rules in vocabulary itself, students’ physiology and psychology, the memory law into consideration is really an important stage.And the method, using the context as a medium to convey multiple effectual lexical teaching approaches is just a minimum one, and whether it suits specific classes, one needs to implement it and refine it.Anyway, this procedure is mainly to explain in all kinds of ways.Thus, it can not be avoided that the students will get tired to some extend.Therefore, I propose some activities which interest students and provoke their potential.And of course, teachers need to consider the local conditions.Generally speaking, watching movies, performing a play, holding a debate, etc are all ways to make students learn something and happy.Bibliography 崔刚,孔宪遂,《英语教学十六讲》,北京:清华大学出版社,2009。
王晶,《词汇深度知识及其在教学上的运用》,辽宁:沈阳航空工业学院外国语学院,2009(11)。
Wilkins D.A.Linguistics in Language Teaching.Cambridge: MIT press, 1972.何克勇,《英语词汇及起源》,北京: 清华大学出版社,2002。
李观义,《具有中国特色的外语教学法》,上海:上海外语教育出版社,2007。Keiko Koda.Insight into Second Language Reading.Beijing: Cambridge University press, 2007.伍谦光,《语义学导论》,长沙:湖南教育出版社,1998。
李森,陈晓瑞,《现代教育学基础》,上海:华东师范大学出版社,2009。阳红,吴天武,王呈祥:《心理学新编》,武汉:华中师范大学出版社,2006。蓝纯,《语言学概论》,北京:外语教学与研究出版社,2009。
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Appendix A 新课改下高中学生对英语学习和英语单词记忆问卷调查
调查对象:西南石油大学2012届成都籍新生
调查人数:100人 调查时间:2012年9月1日~2012年9月9日
调查人:周均梅
1.你在做英语试卷的时候,觉得哪部分是最难的?()
A.听力(40%)B.单项选择(4%)C.完形填空(32%)D.阅读理解(12%)
E.书面表达
(8%)
F.短文改错(4%)2.你一周上英语课的节数(不含晚自习)()
A.14节(20%)B.12节(28%)C.11节(16%)
D.10节(8%)
E.9节(4%)F.8节(0%)
G.7节(0%)
H.6节(24%)3.你有没有制定自己的记忆单词的计划?为什么?()
A.有,这样可以帮助我更好地巩固单词,形成单词记忆的系统。(12%)B.没有,感觉没必要,平时要考试或者听写的时候再临时记忆。(32%)C.有时,但是不能坚持,缺乏毅力。(48%)D.从未,我不喜欢学习英语,觉得记忆单词非常枯燥。(8%)4.在英语课堂上,你喜欢―老师努力讲解,学生认真听和记笔记‖这种教学方法吗?()
A.非常喜欢(8%)B.喜欢(12%)C.还可以(48%)
D.不喜欢(32%)5.你会对学过的单词做及时的复习吗?()
A.会复习(28%)B.不会复习(24%)
C.有时复习(44%)
D.大部分时间会复习(4%)
6.到目前为止,你认为记忆单词最有效的方法是?()
A.老师指导的方法(20%)
B.自己总结的方法(44%)
C.同学介绍的方法(20%)D.其他方面的方法(16%)
7.你在读英语文章碰到生词时,会查字典吗 ?()
A.读完文章后推测该词的含义,再查字典(28%)B.先停下来查字典,确定其含义后再继续读。(28%)
C.只要了解文章大意,推断出文章的大意即可(8%)
D.知道文章的大意就好,没必要追究每个单词的含义(36%)
8.你平时记忆单词的时候,会把拼写相似、含义相近或相反、发音相似等词进行联系记忆吗?()
A.经常会(16%)
B.偶尔会(64%)C.一般不会(8%)
D.从不(12%)9.你记忆生词时会将该词的名词形式、动词形式、形容词形式、副词形式以及其基本用法综合记忆吗?()
A.经常会(12%)B.偶尔会(48%)
C.一般不会(28%)
D.从不(12%)10.你认为标准发音和单词记忆有联系吗?()
A.完全无关(20%)
B.正确发音能增强学生语感,帮助正确拼写单词(40%)
C.有一定联系,但不大(20%)
D.不清楚(20%)
11.你是喜欢老师以―单词读音—单词含义—单词运用‖的教学方法一个人讲解,还是喜欢参与小组讨论、与同学合作学习的方法来记忆单词?()
A.老师一个人讲解,学生做笔记(12%)
B.两种方法都用会比较好(32%)
C.比较喜欢与同学讨论,合作性学习(48%)
D.用任何一种都行(8%)12.学习新单词的时候,老师会提供一定的语境进行练习吗?()
A.经常(44%)
B.偶尔(28%)
C.很少(16%)
D.基本没有(12%)13.你所在的学校,已经使用多媒体对英语进行教学了吗?()
A.是的,全多媒体教学(32%)
B.是的,偶尔使用(24%)
C.有在用,但是很少(20%)
D.基本没有(24%)
14.通常你的英语老师会用一些有趣的方法帮你记单词吗?(例如:编顺口溜、玩游戏、讲故事)()
A.经常(14%)
B.偶尔(32%)
C.很少(24%)
D.基本没有(32%)15.你认为老师应着重哪些方面的讲解()(可多选)
A、语法(20%)
B、词汇(28%)C、翻译(44%)
D、语篇分析
(28%)
E、做题技巧(16%)
16.你认为大学英语教学的重心应该是()(可多选)
A、语法(16%)
B、听力(48%)
C、阅读(20%)
D、口语(44%)
E、写作(8%)
17.你认为在英语课堂中,最有利于提高你的英语能力的活动是:()(可多选)
A、两人对话(12%)B、小组讨论(28%)C、个人发言(36%)D、其他(24%)18.每天你课外学习英语多长时间?()
A.2小时以上
(8%)
B、1小时左右(40%)C.一个半小时左右(16%)D、少于1小时(36%)
19. 你阅读除课文以外的其它英语读物吗?()
A、经常(20%)
B、偶尔
(20%)
C、从不(40%)20.在听英语时,碰到生词我会跳过生词继续听下去。()
A、非常同意(12%)B、同意(48%)
C、不同意(12%)D、无所谓(28%)21.在英语课上,我注意老师在口语表达中常用的词语()。
A、经常注意(12%)B、有时注意(52%)C、没注意过(20%)
D、他用什么词语与我无关(16%)
22.我会有选择的记忆课外阅读材料中碰到的生词和未学过的短语。()
A:非常同意(18%)
B:同意(30%)C:有点同意(18%)
D:有点不同意(28%)
E:不同意(6%)
F:非常不同意(0%)
23.假如在听力时碰到生词,我会尽量记住生词的发音,然后根据发音在字典上查找它的拼写及相关意思。()
A:非常同意(20%)B:同意(20%)C:有点同意(36%)D:有点不同意(20%)
E:不同意(4%)
F:非常不同意(0%)24.写作文时我尽量使用刚学过的生词和短语。()
A:非常同意(32%)B:同意(40%)C:有点同意(12%)D:有点不同意(8%)
E:不同意(4%)
F:非常不同意(4%)
25.我用重复念和重复拼写的方法来记生词。()
A:非常同意(28%)B:同意(48%)
C:有点同意(8%)D:有点不同意(12%)
E:不同意(4%)F:非常不同意(0%)26.记单词时,我会联想有关的同义词或反义词。()
A:非常同意(20%)
B:同意(28%)C:有点同意(16%)
D:有点不同意(20%)
E:不同意(16%)
F:非常不同意(0%)27.记单词时,我经常联想同词根的词。.()
A:非常同意(8%)B:同意(40%)C:有点同意(44%)D:有点不同意(12%)
E:不同意(16%)F:非常不同意(4%)
28.学习单词时,我只记忆精读课本词汇表上列出的词。()
A:非常同意(20%)B:同意(28%)C:有点同意(12%)D:有点不同意(20%)
E:不同意(20%)F:非常不同意(0%)
29.我不仅学习词汇在课文中的意思,而且学习词汇在课文以外的意思。()
A:非常同意(20%)
B:同意(40%)
C:有点同意(12%)
D:有点不同意(16%)
E:不同意(4%)
F:非常不同意(8%)30.我课外主动看英语电视和电影。()
A:非常同意(12%)B:同意(44%)C:有点同意(28%)D:有点不同意(8%)
E:不同意(8%)
F:非常不同意(0%)31.我坚持每星期用英语写一篇日记。()
A:非常同意(8%)B:同意(28%)C:有点同意(24%)D:有点不同意(16%)
E:不同意(24%)F:非常不同意(0%)32.我经常去英语角和别人交谈。()
A:非常同意(24%)
B:同意(24%)
C:有点同意(12%)
D:有点不同意(32%)
E:不同意(4%)
F:非常不同意(4%)33.我主动通过生词的汉语意思来记住所学的生词。()
A:非常同意(4%)B:同意(32%)C:有点同意(24%)D:有点不同意(24%)
E:不同意(12%)
F:非常不同意(4%)
Appendix B After Divorce My parents divorced/ di′v ɔ:st /(离婚)when I was two, and the repercussions/、ri:p ə `k ʌ ʃ ə n/(影响)of their split /split/lasted long after it was final.My mother was a parochial /p ə`rəukiə l/school teacher who earned just enough to stay off welfare/`welfεə /, but not enough for us to live comfortably/`k ʌ mf ə t ə bli/.Utilities /ju:`tiliti/in our home were shut off(不够用)from time to time, and it seemed like we would never catch up.My mother also worked nights, so after school I would go to my grandparents' house.I spent little time with my mother because she worked during the week, and eventually(最后)on weekends, too.My most painful memories of that time are not of being teased/ti:zd/ for my limited wardrobe/`w ɔ:dr əu b/, or the times we had no running water because my mother missed payments.The most difficult experience was watching my mother cry at night, while I hugged her and told her I loved her.Through all this, I learned so much.I came to value education, family and faith.I worked hard in school, and earned good grades.I learned from my mother's example(she went back to school after three children and a divorce)that it is important for a woman to go to college and not depend on a man.I came to value extended/iks`tendid/ family support and developed a close relationship with my grandparents and cousins because I was with them so much while my mother
worked.Last, my faith became very strong.Although my mother was very busy, she made sure we all went to church together every Sunday.Most important, we did not blame God for our situation.Instead, we thanked Him for the good things in our lives.We were grateful for the people who cared about us, for not being on the streets, and for good health when we did not have health insurance/in`ʃ uərəns /.My parents' divorce caused hardships/`ha:dʃip/ and pain, but it was also an experience that I would not change because of how much I learned.1.What does the word ―split‖ mean?()
A.An opening(裂缝)made violently as by pulling apart;B.A break or separation in some relationship.C.A promised or claimed share of loot(战利品)or money.2What does the word ―parochial‖ mean?()
A Relating to or supported by or located in a parish(教区);
B.Narrowly limited in outlook or scope;C.Some place which is too far away or remote.3.What does the word ―welfare‖ mean?()
A.Governmental provision of economic support to people in need.B.Something beneficial that aids or improves someone’s life or well-being.C.A contented(满足的)state of being happy, healthy and prosperous(繁荣的).4.What does the word ―comfortably‖ mean?()A.In mental comfort(舒适);without stress.B.In physical comfort.C.In financial(经济的)comfort.5.What does the word ―Utilities‖ mean?()
A A company that performs a public service;subject to government regulation.B Some daily tools or things used in household such as soap(肥皂)and washing powder.C The quality of being of practical use.6.What does the word ―teased‖ mean?()A.Feeling mild pleasurable excitement.B.Mock or make fun of some one;playfully.C.Annoy(使 烦恼)persistently(不断地)7.What does the word ―wardrobe‖ mean?()
A A tall piece of furniture that provides storage(储存)space of clothes;has a door and rails or hooks for hanging clothes.B Collection for clothing belonging to one person.C Collection for costumes(服饰)belonging to a theatrical(剧院的)company.8.What does the word ―extended‖ mean?()A Quite long in duration(延长);B Great in rang(范围)or scope(视野)C Became large in material(物质)rang or stretched forth 9.What does the word ―insurance‖ mean?()
A Promise of reimbursement(退还,偿还)in the case of loss;a kind of business paid to people or companies that so concerned about danger that they have made B Written contract or certificate of insurance;
C Protection for the safety of somebody or something.10.What does the word ―hardships‖ mean?()
A Situation in which your life is difficult or unpleasant, often because you don’t have enough money.B Ships which is old and can’t work well.C Some problems which are hard to solve.Following is the teaching procedures: 1.Split.①Giving basic information about this word, that is :Due to phonetic symbol in the passage, Teacher leads students to spell and pronunciate it correctly.Then give them its part of speech.And its elementary meaning is‖分开、分裂、断裂、分担‖,which in English we can connect it with‖cut/share/break/crack/segment/disagree/divide/sever/separate,etc‖.Moreover, Split can be transitive verb, intransitive verb, adjective and noun.What’s more ,students can associate the opposite meaning:―联合、团结、联系、结合‖,which in English we can say ―unite/connect/combine/together/same/cooperate, etc‖.②Give students the following sentences and ask them to figure out what split means in each sentence:
*If something splits or you split it, it is broken into parts.*A split in a group is a disagreement between its members.*A split is a long crack.*If some people split something, they share it with each other.③ Giving some usage of split in order to help students to consolidate their impression about it.Ask them whether they know ―split the ticket/split the vote/split one’s side‖.Then Teacher explains them in details.*split the vote:(the candidate, the small parties)to attract another candidate’s or party’s votes causing destruction to both sides and makes the third win.And this usually happens in the western countries.*split the ticket: to vote for more than one party.*split one’s sides: to laugh very happily so that one will press his belly.④Based on these analyses, Teacher lets students look at ―split‖ in the passage, identify its meaning and finish exercise 1.2.Parochial ①Giving basic information about this word, that is :Due to phonetic symbol in the passage, Teacher leads students to spell and pronunciate it correctly.Generally speaking, it is adjective.When teaching this word, Teacher shows the meaning in English;at the same time, students guess it in Chinese.For example, parochial is closely connected with parish;it also refer to ―narrow/limited/ short sighted/small-minded‖ ②Parochial school.It is a kind of religious school, as a sort of assistant education of normal one in West countries, especially America.Another narrow usage is that it refers to the grammar schools of Christianity established by small parishes.As to British education, the parochial schools set up by the national religion form the basis of the educational system assisted by the state.③Some collocations and use in scene.For example: *parochial affairs;
*He is too parochial in his outlook because he is in parish.④Based on these analyses, Teacher lets students look at parochial in the passage, identify its 21
meaning and finish exercise 2.3.Welfare.①Giving basic information about this word, that is :Due to phonetic symbol in the passage, Teacher leads students to spell and pronunciation it correctly.In English, its meaning is very similar to or closely connected with benefit/prosperity/interest/advantage/health/peace.So students can guess its basic meaning is ―福利、健康、安宁、幸福‖.And it is a noun.②Next analyze its formation to make it impressed on students.From its spelling and pronunciation we can jude that welfare consists of two parts: ―wel‖ and ―fare‖.―Wel‖ is similar to well, and we can treat it as ―good/fine/well‖;on the other hand, ―fare‖ convey the meaning ―fee/the price of ticket/food‖.In that case, the compound word ―welfare‖ is associated with benefit/prosperity/interests, etc.③ Teacher gives students some expressions of welfare in our daily life.* welfare fund
*social welfare
*welfare state
*child welfare
④Based on these analyses, Teacher lets students look at ―welfare‖ in the passage, identify its meaning and finish exercise 3.4.Comfortably.①Giving basic information about this word, that is :Due to phonetic symbol in the passage, Teacher leads students to spell and pronunciation it correctly.In English, its meaning is very similar to or closely connected with cosines/ease/pleasure, etc.What’s more, it is an adverb.② Point out that comfort is comfortably’s derivation.Let’s start from the derivation, comfort(it can be a noun and a verb), which can be divided into two parts: ―com‖ and ―fort‖.The root ―com‖ is interrelated with combination/commonness, that is to say, it means ―共同的‖in Chinese;on the other hand, it serves as a root to stress the tone.The root ―fort‖ is closely linked with strengthen/enhance/reinforce, which mostly means ―加强‖in Chinese.So the word comfort can be explained in this way: if people come together to strengthen their union and care each other, the world will be peaceful and people will be cozy.Comfort +-able(an adjective derivational morpheme, meaning‖可……的‖ in Chinese):comfortable(舒适的);
Comfort +-ing(an adjective derivational morpheme, meaning possessing a certain quality): comforting(令人舒适的);
Comfort +-er(an noun derivational morpheme, meaning a kind of people or thing): comforter(安慰者、羊毛围巾);
Comfortable +-ly(an adverb derivational morpheme): comfortably(舒适地);
Comfort +-s(a plural derivational morpheme,standing nouns): comforts(令人愉快的人或物)③Give some expressions used in daily life, and set a scene to make students to use them in conversation.*comfortably off
*creature comforts
* comfortable winner ④Based on these analyses, Teacher lets students look at ―comfortably‖ in the passage, identify its meaning and finish exercise 4.5.Utilities.①Giving basic information about this word, that is :Due to phonetic symbol in the passage, Teacher leads students to spell and pronunciation it correctly.Teacher leads students to figure out its archetype ―utility‖, which can be both a noun and a adjective.Being a noun, it possesses two parts of meaning.On the one hand, its meaning is abstract, sharing the same connotation with effectiveness/use/function to some degree;on the other hand, its meaning is concrete, sharing the same connotation with service/ public welfare/tool/implement to some
degree.Being an adjective, it means useful in many ways or works.Teacher gives definitions or examples to make it more clear to students:(1).The utility of something is its usefulness.(2).A utility is an important service such as water, electricity, or gas that is provided for everyone, and that everyone pays for.② In English, the root ―util-‖ refers to ―use‖.In that case, ―-ity‖ is added to it to form a word ―utility‖, connecting with ―use‖.③So Teacher show students some utility’s phrases.First, let them guess;And then give them the answers;Last, set some scenes to practice.*utility pole
*domestic utility
*utility service
*utility room
*utility theory ④Based on these analyses, Teacher lets students look at ―utilities‖ in the passage, identify it-s meaning and finish exercise 5.6.Teased.①Giving basic information about this word, which is: Due to phonetic symbol in the passage, Teacher leads students to spell and pronunciation it correctly.Teacher point-s out that its archetype is tease, which can be a noun and a verb.As a noun, it has the meaning of ―someone who likes laughing at or playing jokes on others‖.As a verb, it means ―to laugh at others or make jokes about them in order to embarrass, annoy, or ups-et them.‖ Teacher shows students several sentences to deepen their comprehension.*My brother is such a tease.*The best way to deal with a tease is to ignore him.*The other boys tease him because he is fat.②From tease, one can get teaser, possessing the same meaning as ―someone who likes laughing at or playing jokes on others‖.What’s more, it refers to ―a difficult question, especially in competition‖.For example, whether to accept this offer is really a teaser.③ Teacher uses the tale of the Crow and the Fox to explain the phrase ―tease out‖.ThenTeacher gives a conclusion: the phrase means using some cunning way to get certain information / solution/secret/profit, etc.So in this tale, the fox tries to tease out the meat from the crow.More sentences are imparted: *They try to tease out the answer without appearing to ask him.*The thief intended to tease out the key to the door from the baby.④Based on these analyses, Teacher lets students look at ―teased‖ in the passage, identify its meaning and finish exercise 6.7.Wardrobe.①Giving basic information about this word, that is :Due to phonetic symbol in the passage, Teacher leads students to spell and pronunciation it correctly.It is a nou-n.When one sees this word, he can get the same meaning from closet/bureau, and kn-o w that it means ―a tall cupboard or cabinet in which one can hang your clothes‖.More sentences are showed to students:
*Someone’s wardrobe is the total collection of clothes that they have.*She stuffed her clothes in the wardrobe.② Wardrobe can be divided into two parts: ―ward‖ and ―robe‖.Ward: as a noun, it means ―a room in a hospital which has beds for many people, ofte-n people who need similar treatment‖(病房)or ―a district which forms part of a political constituency or
local council‖(行政区、选区).*Ward off(v.avoid)
*warder(n.someone who works in a prison supervising the prisoners.)
*warden(n.doorkeeper/the head of a county)
Robe: a loose piece of clothing which covers all of your body and reaches the ground.(睡袍)For example, she put her robe on the chair.*Work robe
*baby robe
To sum up, the word, wardrobe can be explained this way: a cabinet where one’s clot-hes are deposited.③Based on these analyses, Teacher lets students look at ―wardrobe‖ in the passage, identify its meaning and finish exercise 7.8.Extended.①Giving basic information about this word, that is :Due to phonetic symbol in the passage, Teacher leads students to spell and pronunciation it correctly.First, Teach –er shows students its archetype ―extend‖.Extend is a transitive verb and intransitive verb.And ―extend‖ contains two-faced meaning.On the one hand, it approximates to reach /increase/expand /enlarge /stretch/ magnify /broaden/ lengthen out, meaning ―延伸、增大、扩大‖ in Chinese.On the other hand, it approximates to donate /give grant supply/ furnish /contribute /allot/ provide /present, meaning ―给予、捐赠、分配‖in Chinese.Some examples are given: *The boss extended money to create new products.*This metal will extend when it is heated.②Extend can be separated into two parts: ―ex-‖ and ―-tend‖.Ex-: A: to make something out, such as exclude/expel/expose/extract, etc.B: something or someone is no longer the one it or he once was, such ex-wife, ex-president, ex-colonial.Tend-: A: to notice/ look after /care/mind, etc.B: something is likely to happen frequently;someone is likely to behave/say in a certain way.To sum up, ―extend‖ basically can be explained this way: something is likely to get larger/more/longer/out/spread.More meaning of it is show in the following sentences: *This speech has extended for two hours.(持续)*This paper extends to a lot of practical problems.(涉及)*I’m glad that you extended my mother an invitation.(发出)③Based on these analyses, Teacher lets students look at ―extended‖ in the passage, identify its meaning and finish exercise 8.9.Insurance.①Giving basic information about this word, that is :Due to phonetic symbol in the passage, Teacher leads students to spell and pronunciation it correctly.Generally speaking, it is a noun, meaning an arrangement where you pay money to a company, and they pay money back once something bad occurs to you, such as if your belongings are stolen or damaged/ if you catch a severe disease(保险);What’s more it also refers to some measures done to make up great loss in future(保险措施).②Teacher tells students that insurance’s verb is insure(intransitive and transitive).And insure can be analyzed as following: insure consists of two parts: ―in‖ and ―sure‖.In-: inside;in power;on position or it is a negative affix.Sure: certain;firmly assure something;and it can be both an adjective and adverb.Therefore we can explain ―insure‖ in this way: one is certain about something heartily(确
定);one promises somebody something(保证);one safeguards somebody/something(保护).Moreover, some synonyms are offered: *assure
*affirm
*guarantee
*certify ③Teacher introduces some expressions used in daily life: *insurance company
* insurance act
* insurance law
*insurance amount
*insurance industry ④Based on these analyses, Teacher lets students look at ―insurance‖ in the passage, identify its meaning and finish exercise 9.10.Hardship.①Giving basic information about this word, that is :Due to phonetic symbol in the passage, Teacher leads students to spell and pronunciation it correctly.It is usually used as a noun, approximating to ―difficulty/ trouble/ handicap, etc‖.②Two parts(hard and ship)forms ―hardship‖.From this, hardship is defined as a compo--und word.Hard: strict, severe, difficult, tough, solid, rigid, etc.Ship: a noun and verb;a large boat which carries passengers or cargo.Furthermore, it means a kind of relationship, ability, or situation, like judgeship/friendship/leadship/relationship, etc.So in hardship,-ship means a kind of situation, and hard refer to difficult.Thus, hards--hip signifies a sort of difficult situation.③Based on these analyses, Teacher lets students look at ―insurance‖ in the passage, identify its meaning and finish exercise 10.25
第三篇:毕业论文修改注意事项
毕业论文修改注意事项
1、不要出现错别字;
2、所有数字、字母都要在英文状态下输入,字母要倾斜;
3、论文中红字的地方要注意;
4、封面的版本注意统一,题目下面部分没有学号这一行;
5、论文题目太长的可以分成两行写,要居中;
6、封面的下划线注意粗细长短统一,不要一长一短一粗一细;
7、目录中,二级标题注意空格,不要顶格写,和一级标题区分开,有层次;页码尽量对齐,不要明显长短不一;
8、论文中(包括英文翻译中)不要有你的名字,学号,指导老师姓名;不要出现“本文”、“我们”等词语;
9、改的时候,文件保存名,就用答辩序号加“毕业论文”,如24号.毕业论文.doc;
10、摘要,关键词,参考文献,这几个字不要用【】括起来,摘要两字之间有空格;
11、摘要,关键词,不要顶格写,要空两格,包括英文翻译;
12、每一段空两格,不要总是顶格开始;
13、英文翻译注意去掉背景;
14、关键词,key words,注意加s,因为关键词有几个,是复数;每个关键词中间用“;”隔开,英文每个关键词语第一个字母不要大写;
15、题目下一行写“数学与应用数学2008级(1)班”,英文翻译“Mathematics and applied mathematics2008(1)class”;
16、表格、图等要居中排列,表名加黑;
17、参考文献,这四个字顶格写,序号用[1] [2] [3] [4] [5],括号不要用【】这种,在序号要后空一格,如
[12] 谭小江,伍胜健,复变函数简明教程.北京:北京大学出版社,2006.[13] 夏志,一类复变函数极点阶数的确定.渤海大学学报(自然科学版),2005.18、行距一般为1.5倍;
这些只是常出错的地方,具体情况具体分析,不包括所有论文。
大家一定相互传阅,不要坚定自己的就一定是最标准的格式,多和几个人比较才能减少问题的出现。修改好后,明天(3月7号)自己发给黄朝军老师(hcjh6@163.com)。
第四篇:英语论文修改毕业论文翻译格式
英语论文修改毕业论文翻译格式
手-机:【131-1089-3071】
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颜色词的译法
要想准确而生动地运用各种颜色词把原文中色彩斑斓的世界重新展现在读者面前,使读者有身临其境之感,译者的确需要认真“察言观色”,努力再现原文中的色彩。遇到词汇空白和文化鸿沟时,要采取灵活的补救措施,使原文与译文相协调,使读者真正欣赏原作的色彩和意境。一般说来,颜色词有以下几种译法:
A.把英语颜色词译成与之相应的汉语颜色词。如果英语颜色词与汉语颜色词在词义上相同,就可采用这种直译的方法。例如:
(1)The sun was dropping behind the farthest mountain, and the valleys were purple with something deeper than aster.夕阳已渐渐沉没在远山的背后,壑谷间一片紫蔼,颜色比紫菀还浓。
(2)His arms and legs were thickly smeared with calamine lotion dried to a chalky white.他四肢上涂得厚厚的炉甘石液已干成粉白色。
(3)The very dust was scorched brown, and something quivered in the atmosphere as if the air itself was panting.连那尘土都被炙烤成褐色;大气中似乎也有什么东西在颤抖,仿佛空气本身也在气喘吁吁。
(4)The clear, sharp cloven Carrara mountains sent up their steadfast flame of marble summit into amber sky.轮廓分明的卡拉拉山把永恒不变的火焰似的大理石山顶插入琥珀色的天空。
(5)The leafless trees, that against the leaden sky now revealed more fully the wonderful beauty and intricacies of their branches.那叶儿落尽的树木,映衬着铅灰色的天空,此刻显得更加枝丫交错,姿态万千。
B.改换英语颜色词。如一种颜色在两种语言中分别被不同的颜色词所指称,而直译会导致读者不正确的联想或是不为译入语的读者所接受,这时可改换颜色词,使之符合译入语的表达习惯。例如:
(1)The floor was covered with ochre-colored sawdust, trampled here and there into mud.地上全是黄褐色的木屑,到处都给踩成泥糊糊的了。
(2)The sun shining on her glossy hair, gave it a metallic luster, and it was difficult to say what was the color , dark bronze or black.阳光照在她光泽的头发上,给它涂上一层金属似的光彩。很难说出它究竟是什么颜色,是深褐色,还是黑色。
(3)Lightness, rapidity, nimbleness, grace and rich apparel all belong to the humming-bird.The emerald, the ruby, and the topaz gleam upon its dress.蜂鸟具有轻盈、敏捷、灵活、优雅以及羽毛绚丽等一切妙处。它那翠绿的、鲜红的、嫩黄色的羽毛闪闪发光。
(4)His face became blue with cold.他的脸冻得发青。
(5)She dressed in a very short creamy skirt that day.那天她穿着一条很短的米色裙子。
C.原文中无颜色词,译文中增加颜色词。有时译文可根据具体语境添增色彩词以突出色彩,加强译文的感染力。
(1)And over all these, set close against the golden hair and burning cheek of lady and knight is that untroubled and sacred sky_1.在这一切之上,同贵夫人和骑士金色头发和红润面颊相映衬的是一片蔚蓝的天空。
(2)He didn't try in vain.他没有白干。
(3)Her eyes became moist.她眼圈红了。
(4)It is like a windfall, like a Godsend, like an unexpected piece of luck.它像飞来的吉庆,像天降洪福,像意外红运。
D.原文颜色词有象征意义或意义有所引申,一般采用意译灵活处理。例如:
(1)You look blue today.What's wrong with you?你今天看起来闷闷不乐,出了什么事?
(2)He is green with jealousy.他醋意大发。
(3)He is a blue-blooded man.他出生贵族。
(4)Her story immediately reminded me of a Chinese saying“The young beautiful lady will always be star-crossed.”听了有关她的故事,我立刻想到中国的一句俗。
第五篇:毕业论文(第3稿修改)
湖北工业大学商贸学院毕业论文
摘 要
本课题选择以VI设计在企业中的应用为研究对象,从VI设计的本质目的出发,提取标志设计、视觉识别、企业形象、应用等关键词为重点内容进行解析。通过对VI的基本概念、起源、基本构成、作用及企业导入VI的最佳时机进行探讨和研究。运用船正物流的VI导入为实例,详细介绍了企业VI设计的相关设计流程。包括从最初的设计调研,相关资料的收集和整理,到企业标志、标准字、标准色、辅助图形、标准组合规范等基础部分的设计,再到企业名片、信封、便签纸、记事本、文件夹、工作证等办公用品的设计,最后到门牌、会议牌、楼层指示牌等室内外指示系统的设计。并对国内外VI设计的现状和发展趋势做了相关的分析。让企业了解如何更好的导入VI并加以应用和实施,提升企业知名度,带动企业的发展。
关键词:
VI设计
视觉识别
企业形象
应用
I
湖北工业大学商贸学院毕业论文
Abstract
The topic chosen to VI design in the enterprise application as the research object, the nature of the design from the VI Aims, Extraction logo design, visual identity, corporate image, the application of content analysis focused on key words.By VI basic concept, origin, basic composition, function and business into the best time to conduct VI explore and study.VI logistics ship used is imported as an example, details related to the design of enterprise VI design process.From the initial design research, collect and collate relevant information to the corporate logo, standard character, standard color, supporting graphics, standards, specifications and other basic part of the mix design, to business cards, envelopes, scrap paper, notebook, folders, work permits and other office supplies, design, and finally to the numbers, conference card, floor signs, indoor and outdoor instruction system.And design of domestic and foreign VI status and development trend of related analysis.Allow enterprises to better understand how to import the VI and make the application and implementation, becoming famous, drive the development of enterprises.Keywords:
VI design;
visual recognition;
corporate image;
Application
II
湖北工业大学商贸学院毕业论文
目 录
中文摘要 „„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„ Ⅰ 英文摘要„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„Ⅱ 目录
„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„ Ⅲ 绪论 „„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„ 1 第1章VI的概念 „„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„ 2 1.1 VI的基本概况及起源 „„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„ 2 1.2 VI的作用 „„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„ 2 1.3 企业VI导入的最佳时机 „„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„ 2 第2章 VI的基本程序 „„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„ 3 2.1 VI的主要内容 „„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„ 3 2.2 VI制作的程序 „„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„ 3 2.2.1准备阶段 „„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„ 3 2.2.2设计开发阶段 „„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„ 3 2.2.3反馈修正阶段 „„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„ 4 2.2.4编制VI手册 „„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„ 5 第3章 VI设计的现状和发展趋势 „„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„ 9 3.1 VI设计的现状 „„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„9 3.2 VI设计的发展趋势 „„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„9 结束语
„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„1
1参考文献 „„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„12 致谢 „„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„13
III
湖北工业大学商贸学院毕业论文
绪 论
选择VI设计在企业中的应用这一题材主要是注意到很多人对VI设计还不够了解,企业也比较缺乏缺乏对建立品牌形象的重视。长期以来,由于企业家未能清楚的意识到VI设计的重要性,不了解VI设计并不是可有可无的,也不是只为企业涂脂抹粉、装点门面。而是将纯文本格式的企业理念转化为容易被人们所识别和记忆的一种视觉上的符号系统。
VI设计在企业中的应用这一课题主要像大家介绍了VI设计一些相关知识和整个VI设计的流程,及企业如何更好的做好VI的导入工作,最后向大家介绍了VI设计的现状及其发展趋势。选择VI设计这一课题也是为了让自己有机会把自己的在校所学的相关专业知识赋予实际应用,向人们宣传和介绍企业形象设计,让越来越多的企业认识到企业导入VI的重要性。
湖北工业大学商贸学院毕业论文
第1章 什么是VI 1.1 VI的基本概况及起源
VI即英文Visul Identity的字母简写,意思是“视觉的,看的见的”,即视觉识别系统。
CI最早发源于20世纪50年代的美国,是由美国人首先提出的一种商业经营理念。CIS是英文Corporate Identification System 的缩写,即企业识别系统。企业识别系统主要由企业理念识别(Mind Identity,简称MI)、企业行为识别(Behavior Identity,简称BI)、企业视觉识别(Visual Identity,简称VI)三个部分构成。
1.2 VI设计的作用
VI设计对企业商业运作的作用是非常重要的,一个好的VI可以明显的体现企业的经营理念和企业文化。在茫茫商海中脱颖而出,得到消费者的喜爱,提高企业的美誉度,从而形成企业的无形资产。从市场营销的角度来看,五、六十年代的商品竞争主要体现在价格上;
六、七十年代的商品竞争主要体现在质量上;而随着科技的进步和各个企业生产手段的日益接近,使得九十年代以后商品的竞争主要体现在产品设计的竞争上。所以说企业有了好的VI设计,就代表着该企业有着好的发展前景。
1.3 企业VI导入的最佳时机
企业导入VI的最佳时机是在什么时候呢,总结中外企业的实践经验,最佳VI的导入时机有如下几种: 新公司成立时,在建立新公司时,及时导入VI,可以说是经营者的一项高瞻远瞩的战略决策;创业周年纪念时,举行创业周年纪念就像一个人过生日,是皆大欢喜的事情,又是回顾展望的时刻,整个企业从上到下都会形成一成和谐、喜悦的气氛,此时导入VI可以使企业以此为起点,朝着更高的目标迈进;新产品上市时,新产品推向市场,尤其是那些代表企业实力、领导时代潮流、体现科技含量的主打产品问世,最容易使消费者接受新形象,此时导入VI,必将事半功倍;企业兼并、重组时,资产重组、企业兼并是市场化动作的必然结果,也是当今时代的潮流;实施国际化战略时,随着全球经济一体化进程的加快,企业要发展壮大,必须打开国际市场,实施国际化战略之时导入
湖北工业大学商贸学院毕业论文
VI,将是树立企业国际化形象的必要手段。
第2章VI的基本程序
2.1 VI的主要内容
VIS设计的基本内容包含基础部分和应用部分两个。基础部分包括企业中英文名称、企业标准标志、企业标准字、企业专用印刷字体、企业标准色、企业辅助图形、企业宣传标语、口号、基本要素组合中的组合规范、基本要素组织系统的字体设计、附属要素诸如专用字体、象征图形应用、广告版面编排形式、企业产品造型设计、基本要素制图、标准色的标准法实施以及禁止组合规范等。应用要素包括企业产品、事物用品、办公器具、设备、招牌、旗帜、标识牌、建筑外观、交通工具、衣着制服、产品包装、产品展示、广告传播等。企业视觉形象设计的制作流程可分为:准备阶段、设计开发阶段、反馈修正阶段和编制VI手册四个阶段。
2.2 VI制作的程序 2.2.1准备阶段
成立设计小组,分配各自的工作任务。调查企业经营现状,分析企业已有的视觉设计现状,具体包括企业的理念精神内涵与企业的总体发展规划;企业的运营范围、商品特性、服务性质;企业的行销状况与市场占有率;企业的知名度与美誉度;企业经营者对整个形象战略及视觉识别风格的期望;企业与相关竞争着和本行业特点的现状等。并负责和企业高层管理人员沟通,理解消化MI,了解客户需求,确定贯穿VI设计的基本形式,搜集一系列的相关咨讯。
2.2.2 设计开发阶段
VI设计同其他任何设计一样,都是一个极为复杂艰辛的过程,有时候设计出一个好的作品可能只是灵光一现的独特创意就可以完成,然而更多的时候,它需要数日甚至数月的冥思苦想才能得到一个比较好的设计创意。通过前期对物流行业VI设计情况的调查和分析,总结物流行业VI设计的特点。并结合船正物流
湖北工业大学商贸学院毕业论文
经营管理理念的相关知识,通过平面设计的手法,将企业的内在的气质和市场进行定位视觉化、形象化,设计出船正物流的LOGO,体现出船正物流作为独立的法人和社会存在并与其周围的经营及生存的经济环境和社会环境相互区别。
根据前期的调研依据企业标志的特点既识别性、系统性、统一性、形象性、时代性做了以下不同风格的标志的草图方案供客户参考和选择,以便确定VI设计的整体风格。
345 图1运用船正物流的简称,英文字母“C”和“Z”为主进行设计,融入代表物流行业的箭头和和船正物流主要运输方式水运的标识物件—锚,体现物流行业的方向性和快捷。图2整个标志以船为主要设计元素,融入码头的吊车和集装箱的造型,整个外形又恰似一个船正的“正”字,体现企业在相同行业中良好稳定的发展前景。图3整个标志以海上航行的船为主,运用带有速度感的弧线和字母“C”和“Z”,体现物流的方便快捷,简单明了。图4整个标志以“船正”二字为设计点,进行组合和装饰,整体外形似一艘航行的船。图5整个标志以船的锚为主要设计元素,结合代表物流行业的箭头,体现物流的快捷和安全。到此标志草图的第一次设计完毕。
2.2.3反馈修正阶段
草图方案完成后,我们把为客户设计的标志草图方案制作成PPT给客户观看,由于标志制作前期不知道客户的喜好和对企业理念理解不够,导致标志草图方案风格不一,没能让顾客的满意。通过和客户沟通及向客户请教关于公司企业
湖北工业大学商贸学院毕业论文
理念的一些相关知识,探头了关于标志改进方案的相关事宜。最后确定了一个大致设计方向既以他们原有的标志(图6)为主进行改进设计。针对企业这一情况,于是我们开始了标志草图的第二次设计,根据客户所提出的要求,在企业原来标志的基础上进行创意和设计。通过这一次对客户的了解,我们重新进行定位,对企业原来标志进行深刻的理解和分析之后,进行了一些改进。如图7;8;9根据船正的“船”字的大写字母“C”为设计元素,同时“C”形成一轮红日,象征公司的美好前景,海面融入锚的外形,强调公司的主营行业——水运物流。我们把修改后的方案再次做成PPT发给了客户观看,并一起交流和沟通思想。对第二次的方案客户还算比较满意,不过还是认为标志不够简洁大方,让我们最好能把以上的三个方案加以融合,使之变得简洁美观。通过第二次与客户的交流和沟通,我们对自己的方案进行了整合和提炼。把锚的外形抽象化,并与红日进行融合,调整了三个“C”之间的大小比例关系最后基本确定了企业的标志。(图10)功夫不负有心人,这次客户总算是通过了这个方案。随后我们对标志进行了细部的调整,包括标志方格化;各部分的比例尺寸;圆弧角度的调整;粗细线条的变化;正负形的变化和色彩搭配的调整等。
67891011 2.2.4 编制VI手册
企业标准标志确定后我们就着手开始了VI手册的编制,首先是基础部分的湖北工业大学商贸学院毕业论文
制作。包括标志的标准制图,要求在使用标志的时候严格遵守各个部分之间的比例关系,不得擅自更改。标志的最小使用范围为5mm,在实际应用中应当严格遵守。企业的标准色,通过了解市场对企业标准色期望分析;及宗教、名族、区域习惯等忌讳色彩分析等,设定了基本的色彩范围,并融合色彩的视觉传达,色彩具体物的联想、抽象情感的联想及嗜好等心理性调查;色彩对视觉、记忆度、瞩目性等生理性的效果测试以及色彩在实施制作中受到技术、材质、经济等物理因素影响的分析评估。设定反映企业独特组织机构、市场营销与风格面貌的状态的色彩,制定企业的标准色,蓝色代表理智、沉稳、科技和创新,红色代表热情活跃,并作出了数值化的规范(图1-11)。标准色确定后又进行了辅助图形的设计,辅助图形主要以企业标志的造型为开发母体,并不是纯装饰图案,而是企业基本视觉要素的拓展联系。主要包括企业造型、象征图形和版面编排等方面的设计,通过小组探讨和研究,决定运用圆为基本造型,并融合企业名称船正二字加以变化,得到了如图1-12的辅助图形。辅助图形确定后又进行了企业标准字的设计,为了突出企业标准字的识别性、可读性、设计性、系统性,特意选择了汉真广标
图12 图13 图14 图15 图16 图17 字体为基本母体,并对其进行了相关变化和调整,使其更能和标志相融合和呼应,其特有的中英文标准字体现了企业独有的精神和个性,与一般的打字排版的字体不同,不可随意用其他字体替代。(图13)随后又进行了基本要素组合规范的设
湖北工业大学商贸学院毕业论文
计,包括中英文标准字的基本排列,严格规定中英文字符间的比例、间距和整个中英文标准字组合的最小使用范围;企业全称的中英文标准组合规范和最小应用范围(图14);标志与中英文标准组合规范,标志与标准字的位置关系、距离、大小和最小应用范围都加以了详细的标准化规范设计,使其能够突出企业标志的识别性和独立性(图15);标志与企业全称组合(图16);企业口号规范(图17);标志与注册商标组合;标志与企业宣传口号组合;标志与企业广告语组合(图18);企业标志、标准字与各部门名称组合规范(图19)。最后在基础部分还添加了一些标志错误组合规范的范例(图20)、特殊使用范例(图1-21)、明度使用规范(图22)和指定中英文印刷字体的设计(图23)等等,到此VI设计的基础部分制作完成。
图18 图19 图20
图21 图22 图23 基础部分制作完毕后,我们针对企业的应用要素现状调查,并对现有的应用要素进行收集分类。对其客观的限制条件和依据作出必要的确定,避免设计项目不实用的问题。根据项目的功能需要,完成成品所必须的基本条件,如形状、尺寸规格、材质、色彩、制作方式和用途等。主要包括办公用品:信封、信纸、传
湖北工业大学商贸学院毕业论文
真纸、便笺、名片、工牌、参观证、合同书、文件夹、介绍信、会议牌、备忘录、资料袋、公文表格等(图1-24);环境设计:公司旗帜、企业门面、企业招牌、公共标识牌、路标指示牌、灯箱广告、部门标识牌、常用指示牌、楼层标识牌、企业形象牌、旗帜、广告牌等;运输工具:货车、轮船等;服装服饰:管理人员制服、员工制服、文化衫、工作帽、胸卡等;广告媒体:杂志广告、路牌广告、招贴广告等;公关用品:T恤衫、领带、领带夹、打火机、钥匙牌、雨伞、纪念章、礼品袋等(图1-25),到此VI手册编制工作完成。
图24
图25
湖北工业大学商贸学院毕业论文
第3章 VI设计的现状及发展趋势
3.1 VI设计的现状
CI导入中国已有相当长的时间,其成绩有目共睹,但问题也日益暴露。集中表现在:偏重VI设计而忽视MI和BI,不能很好的体现企业理念和文化,纸上谈兵刻板教条,雷同抄袭屡见不鲜等等,远远没有发挥应有的作用。究其原因,主观上由于国人心理上追求时尚,偏重形式,理解消化不够,生吞活剥;客观上在于CIS脱胎于工业设计时代,仍带有工业时代深深的烙印。
3.2 VI设计的发展趋势
历史的车轮不断往前发展,VI设计业在不断的往前发展,早期的VI设计,目的是创造廉价的、可以批量生产的产品,接下来在二战时期,为了追寻包豪斯早期的理想主义,重申“艺术与科学结合”的主张;现代的设计起源于商业,加之没有社会意识形态为依据,曾经一度跟着市场走。现在,VI设计的发展趋势已经比较明显,主要体现在以下四点:a图形的应用越来越少:企业运用图形越来越少了。因为企业标识的主要功能就是传递给消费者信息,告诉消费者“我是谁”,而图形的应用,却让传播多了一道障碍。因为同样的一种图形可以表达各不相同的意思,在你这里是这种意思,但在消费者那里,却可能是别的意思。所以,图形标志中的应用越来越少了。b标识主要由文字组成,文字多是中英文的湖北工业大学商贸学院毕业论文
搭配:因为标识的信息传播意义,文字是更好传递的工具;而英文的使用,VI设计让企业的标识能够更好的体现国际化的特点;c文字标识的图形化:因为现在是读图时代,将文字图形化,更好的保持了企业形象的统一,也更好的传递了企业的信息。d设计越来越简单化:很清楚,越是简单的东西,其传播力和影响力越强。
湖北工业大学商贸学院毕业论文
结 束 语
作为社会经济发展和商业活动的产物,VI设计对于企业内外形象的塑造,对于企业能够长足发展将起到越来越重要的作用。在中国,由于市场的不成熟,一些企业家对其理解的偏差及某些设计者缺乏系统专业的训练,没有把VI设计做平转化为企业形象和经营理念,致使VI在一些企业中的应用没有达到预想的效果。因此,如何更好地导入VI将是我们下一步面临的挑战和继续解决的问题。
湖北工业大学商贸学院毕业论文
致 谢
在本论文的写作过程中,我的导师李金莉老师倾注了大量的心血,从选题到开题报告,从写作提纲,到一遍又一遍地指出每稿中的具体问题,严格把关,循循善诱,在此我表示衷心感谢。同时我还要感谢在我学习期间给我极大关心和支持的各位老师以及关心我的同学和朋友。
写作毕业论文是一次再系统学习的过程,毕业论文的完成,同样也意味着新的学习生活的开始。
湖北工业大学商贸学院毕业论文
参 考 文 献
《标志设计》赵志勇 著 湖北美术出版社 2009年4月第1版 《视觉传达设计VI》周宏 著 广西美术出版社 2006年1月第一版 《VI设计》金琳 赵海频 著 上海人民美术出版社 2006年1月第1版 《标志设计》杨晓芳 著 安徽美术出版社 2007年8月第一版
《企业视觉形象设计》严晨 渝仲著 辽宁美术出版社,2008年1月第1版