第一篇：论文 中西方餐桌礼仪英文版
Different Table Manners between China and the West
不同的国家和民族由于地区差异形成了不同的文化。而不同国家的社会生活方式则形成了不同的饮食文化及餐桌礼仪。饮食文化及餐桌礼仪是非语言文化的重要组成部分。作为一名外语学习者，了解中西方饮食文化及餐桌礼仪方面的差异及其渊源是必要且必须的。因为这不仅仅可以增加对所学语言文化的认识，更加有助于提高跨文化交际的成功率，以此避免由不合适的行为或方式所形成的误解。本文第一部分分别对中西方餐桌礼仪做简要概括。第二部分为本文核心，从餐具，座次，点餐及用餐氛围四个方面具体介绍中西方餐桌礼仪的差异。第三部分从地理因素，价值观，及传统习俗入手，讲述形成中西方餐桌礼仪差异的缘由。以此三个部分展现餐桌礼仪文化在中西方文化交流中占据重要地位。
Different countries and nations have different cultures as a result of regional differences.The social lifestyle of different countries form different diet culture and table manners, which are an important part of non language culture.As a foreign language learner, it is necessary to learn the differences between Chinese and Western food culture and table manners.Because it can not only increase the comprehension of the language culture, but also help to improve the success rate of intercultural communication, so as to avoid the misunderstanding caused by inproper behavior or manner.The first part of this paper gives a brief summary of Chinese and western table manners.The second part is the core of this paper, descriping specificly the difference between chinese and western table manner from four aspects that are tableware, seat arrangement, serving order and dining atmosphere.The third part from the geographical factors, values, and traditional customs introduces the reasons that the differences between Chinese and western table manners from the geographical factors, values, and traditional customs.The purpose of this paper shows that table manner plays an important role in the process of communication and colliding between Chinese and western culture.Etiquette is the process that show respect for others and constrain ourselves with a certain and conventional way in interpersonal communication, involving dress, communication, emotional intelligence and so on.Etiquette is a language, a tool, and a set of communicational rules between people.Table manner refers to the common eating polite standard in human society.On the contrary, some behaviors when eating are regarded as rude or destroying other’s appitite.In accordence with different culture of different countries, there are different table manner.According to the literature, chinese table manner has formed a quite complete system since Zhou Dynasty.This traditional banquent are still remaining in most parts of China.As the saying goes, food is the paramount necesssity of the people.In this way we can see that eating diet plays a significant role in Chinese daily life.Wheareas, table manner has high statue.While eating with traditional chinese family, we have to respect their manner, culture and custom.In addition, not to offend the taboo for Chinese believe that diet is closely related with fate.if you offend the taboo, it will lead to bad luck.For example, after dinner ,you can’t say I finish the meal, which it means you are dead and no chance to eat.Instead you should say I am full.Table manner occupies a important place in the modern chinese life order.They think that eating is not just to meet the basic phycial need, but also esencial social experience.Therefore it is particularly important to master some ceremorial knowledge about Chinese table manner, whether you are a host or a guest.dinnerware Western dinnerware are mainly the knife and fork which were widely used by France in the European continent in the 18th century.Westerners using knife and fork is consisted with their culture about nomadism and maritime, which shows vividly that they are competitive and adventurous.before eating, knife and fork are placed in accordance with the rule : left fork and right knifon both sides of the plate respectivly, with the blade took inward.At eating, right hand take the knife to cut food without blade outward, while left hand use the fork to eat food.If not to eat temporarily, one should place knife and fork in “eight” shape with the blade toward oneself.When the meal is finished, the fork is raised on the back and the blade is folded inward with the fork.Except knives and forks, spoon, napkin, glass are also essential for Western dishes.Spoons divide two types: soup spoon and sweet spoon.A large spoon is next to the knife, while small dessert spoon are placed on the top of the dessert dish.When drinking soup, one should take the spoon with the right hand.After drinking, one should place it in the opposite side of the plate.The napkin is usually prepared on the plate before the meal.The wine glasses are placed with the order :liqueur glass, red wine glasses, champagne glasses, beer mugs, and the type of wine is the same as the type of wine.The wine glass is usually on the top of the right side of the knife.Chopsticks, which has a long history of 3000 years, is the typical Chinese tableware, consistent with the traditional “harmony” thought.Pay attention to 2 notes about the use of chopsticks: first, place chopsticks neatly on the right side of the bowl before eating.Second, do not use chopsticks to make a sound, lick chopsticks, or not to point at anyone with chopsticks.Taking particular notice, do not insert the chopsticks in rice or pasta, because it is very similar to the ancient ritual candles and symbolizes infelicity.In addition to chopsticks, spoons, plates, cups, napkins, toothpicks are necessary.The spoon is used for soup or other small morsels.Attentiuon, do not put soup too full to smear the table cloth or clothing.After using, put the food into the plate immediately.In general, the big plate is for a variety of dishes, small dishes for the food dish, to hold the incoming food from the public plate.Remember not to put too many things in the disk cover so as not to avoid oil to spill , and put thorns on the front end of the plate.Napkins are often used in some large hotels.Before dinner, the waiters will prepare a hot wet towel for the guests.The cup is usually on the left of the dish, not to pour fully.Serving order Appetizers, the first dish, are sometime made of four kinds of cold platet representative appetizers are the cold jellyfish skin, preserved eggs and so on.After the cold plate, it is followed by four hot plate that commonly is fried shrimp, fried chicken and so on.However, hot plates are mostly omitted.While placing the hot plate, one ought to serve from the left of the opposite seats of guests of honor.The heads of the whole fish and duck should not be pointed at the chief seat.The following are the main course, also known as large dishes,will be taken on table.If the menu is marked “eight pieces”, it says that there are a total of eight main course.The number of courses in the main course is usually four, six, eight and so even, since the Chinese people think that even is the number of Kyrgyzstan.In the luxurious banquet, the main course even can be up to ten kinds of species.These dishes are made of different materials, added acid, sweet, bitter, spicy, salty flavors, with fried, steamed, boiled, fried, roasted, fried and other cooking methods.Most of the order of the dishes are matched interactively, for example, combining light taste with oily and greaty taste.Soup is the end.Dessert, such as pies, cakes, buns, almonds and so on, is provided after the main course.Last is the fruit, which is good for digesting.In western banquent, the appetizer is also the first dish which is specialty.As for the first dish , it usually match with aperitif.It is with acid and crisp taste and westerners’ favorite snack.The following dish, extremly different from China, is soup which is classified genelly into five categories: vegetable soup, cold soup, cream soup, pureed soup,and clear soup.Next is side dish, also called fish dish, including a viatery of seafood such as shellfish and molluscs for the seafood is full of nutrition and good for lung and eye.The fourth dish is main course, which also known as poultry or meat dish.Delicious steak or lamb is the most common main course.It is more tasty when drizzling fresh foie gras.After greasy meat dish, it is right time for salad, refreshing vegetable dish, such as tomato, broccoli, onion and so on.The following dish is dessert which have many different kinds.It can be chocolate cookie, croissant, mousse cake,macarons.Coffee is the final drinking, which can be added milk and sugar according to own taste.It also has different kinds such as blue mountain coffee, latte, macchino, mocha and so on.Table setting In the Chinese table manner, at the begining, let guests attend the seats, then please the elderly seat next to the guests.One should seat from the left side of the chair.When sitting on the chair, one should not move the chopsticks, or make noise, let alone walk casually unless having urgency.Host should invites guest to have a seat and notice that do not let guest sit close to the place that is seryed dishes.If you are the master, you should point to a chair and say to the guests with a gentle tone: “please sit here.” There are four fountamental way for sitting arrangement: first, taking the table of the host sitting as a sign, the guest on its right is honor and the left is low.Second, first host should sit facing the main door, then guest of honor sit on the right of the host and deputy chief gust on the left.Third, if the position of the host is inferior to the guest of honor, the host is able to ask guest to sit where the host should have seated, then the host sit on the right, host should have a seat that is faced the main door, and the guest of honor sit on the right of master.As for deputy chief guest, he should sit on the left.Western people believe that the right is honor and the left is low.when hostess announces that the dinner is ready, the host will lead the guests to sit in turn, with the hostess walking last.Some careful master willplace name card on the table in order to show seats.while, if there is no such arrangement, then the seat arrangement is generally:men and women sit separatedlly, male host first, gewhose seat is in the hostess On the right of hostess.the other couples are diagonally seated.Couple sitting dividually shows the opening and lively nature of the American banquet.They hope that the banquet can be used to enhance the relationship of each other and relaxing atmosphere.In the informal party, seat arrangment follows that women is first.If a gentlman shares a supper with a woman, the man should not let the woman sit near the passageway and should let the woman sit on his right;the man should let the woman sit inside.If two men with a woman, men ought to lead the woman sit in the middle．What is more, men should remove the chairs and let women sit first．When two man have a dinner，the junior sit outside． Atmosphere When chinese people enjoy yummy food they usually talk a lot, which shows the sincere and hospitality of hostess.Besides, lively table can reflect the guests’joy.The active atmosphere reflects the warmth of family, and harmony of the nation in a sence.However, in the western tradition, people think that excessive noise is rude, and only the quiet and orderly looks noble.There not exist these phenomenon such as pesuading to drink alcohol and carrying dish for others.This reflects the respect for the individual in the western culture.people hardly talk with each other but cut and eat their food with fork quietly.They avoid making noise while eating and drinking.Even if they have something important to talk, they keep the sound that both of them can heard.When chinese invited guests to have dinner, they usually prepare a wild variety of dishes, which is no less than seven or eight dishes.The more delicious and expensive the dishes are, the more important guests are.Although the hostness elaborate perpectly, she would say: I am so sorry that the dish does not cook well, eat more.Hope you bear with me.Please forgive me, there are not so much food for you all.Or some modest words similar like this.In addition, the host will ask the guest: Would you like some more? And maybe the host will ask this later.The guest answer with a little shame: just a little more.While in western dinner, there are four or five dishes.If it is at home, the guest had better eat all of the food, so the hostness will be very happy because of her good cook.Usually, host simply say to guest: heip yourself.When the host ask: would you like more fried chicken? The guest just answer according to himself.If he is full enough, he say: no , thanks.If not, he should answer: yes, I would like some more chickens.After dinner, guest could say it was out of the world！So delicious！I licked the plate clean.or I made a pig of myself.In this way can make hostness happy.By comparing this, we can know that Chinese obey the principle that is to belittle themselves and to respect others.Western people pay more attention to keeping their prestige and saving face.For example, western people never talk adout the disguesting things on table.They will try their best to use implicit and elegent words to replace toilet.such as: “Where can I wash my hand”, “I wonder if I could go somewhere.”, “Can I add some powder? ”
Geography China is located in the east Asia-Europe continental monsoon climate zone, rain and heat over the same period, very suitable for growing plant, which forms Chinese people's plant character.Most western countries are located in temperate maritime climate zone, which is the perfect place for natural pasture.So western people are fond of meat.For Europeans, pasture means food, and food means survival, which in turn leads to their expansion and the formation of aggressive character.There are big animals such as cattle and sheep in the vast ranch, so their diets are mainly steak and lamb, and thus have the argument that is “from Berlin to Los Angeles, steak is a taste”.This is why milk from Europe and the United States is spreaded into China.as we all know, chopsticks, fork and knife are the most foundemental difference between Chinese and western table manner.Chopsticks originate from the place where there is bamboo.More wood in the north , more bamboo in the south, ancestors use local materials, cuting bamboo and wood for making chopsticks.anyway, chopsticks play an indispensable role in Chinese daily life.knife and fork later than the chopsticks is the representative of Western tableware, which originated in the ancient European living nomadic habits.Before and after the 15th century, there appeared two-teeth fork, the emergence of four-teeth fork in the 18th century.They cut down and eat meat as soon as it cooked.From then on, western people use knife and fork as their tableware.The view of value In China, a state of ceremony, table manner reflects Chinese “solidarity” collectivist values.During the dinner, seat arrangement can give expression to it obviously.Chinese people emphasis that to respect the old and cherish the young, to be filial first.Relativly speaking, in western countries, the value of individualism occupies a position of importance, which shows individual valve and strength.Because they emphasis personality development, self-expression in their philosophical thought.They believe that it is not fate but your own laziness to contribute to your faiure.During Chinese dinner, seniority would give dish to the junior so that displays their kindness to children.This is lively and harmonious atmosphere conforming to chinese traditional value.On the contrary, western people eat their own food and pick up food they want to have.They refuse others to force themselve eating food they do not like.Different from chinese traditional food culture, western diet is more rational, more emphasis on science and health.Regarding nutrition as the highest standard, they eating food is just like adding a fuel to a biological machine, with particular emphasis on the nutrition of the food.Whether the amount of Protein, carbohydrates, fats, vitamins and all kinds of inorganic elements is reasonable, whether the supply of calories is proper, whether nutrients can be fully absorbed by the body, which are the westerners’ focus.Western diet that demonstrate strong pragmatism and utilitarianism will not combine the diet with spiritual enjoyment together.Chinese diet has always been pursuing the taste as the primary purpose of eating.A folk saying goes: “hunger breeds discontentment, and whether the food i9os delicious or not depends on taste.Chinese cook create a lot of cooking methods in ordre to make dish tasteful.Even if the dish name is poetic.Making food and eating food having special cultural connotation, to a certain extent, is the embodiment of the art.Although we attach importance to eating for keeping in good health, our cooking methods result in a lack of many nutrients in the processing process that is one disadvantage.culture The different national ethnic and historical development can lead to different history.Confucianism and Taoism are the origion of Chinese traditional culture, which have a long and profound influence on Chinese society.Faith, propriety, righteousness, wisdom, benevolence are the core of Chinese traditional culture.Mr.Yi Zhongtian, in the book Culture on Dinner Table said that the core thought of Chinese culture is group consciousness while the western corn thought is individual consciousness.Edward Hall, a famous American anthropologist, propose that time concept of human has two cultural patterns, Monochronic-time and Polychronic-time.Western people insisting on M-time follow close to the line of scheduling program, deal with things with time correspondently.By contrast, eastern people holding P-time are more flexible on time.In the Chinese banquet, the M-time model makes the guests more inclined to be late and the host seems to have prepared for the guests who arrive on time some intresting activities to kill time such as chating, watching TV so that the guests who come earlier would not feel boring.In China, especially in ancient times, women are not allowed to participate in formal banquets which is identical to the Chinese traditional feudal thought Males are supposed to be worth more than the other sex.In the book of the Chinese, Lin Yutang even said: ”since the primitive times,women has not occupied the deserved status in the Chinese people's blood.“ in the chinese traditional culture, woman has been in a subordinate position, Although Chinese women's status been significantly improved, but when there exist collision between the ”old“ principle and the ”lady first“ principle , Chinese choose the former instead of later.On the contrary, ”ladies first" is a traditional culture in the west, and an absolutely necessary etiquette in social activities.Women can enjoy many traditional customs of the knigh: When a woman enters a restaurant, all the men have to stand up;and in front of the table, the man take the chair for the lady.Conclusion
In recent years, with the rapid development of China, the trade and cultural exchanges between China and Western countries have become more and more frequent.Comparing the difference of table manner between China and west, we can see that it is important to improve the international image of our country, strengthen the cultivation of personal qualities, and promote the further cooperation between China and the west.
第二篇：英文中西方的餐桌礼仪+练习题
十条应该遵守的西方礼仪
How to behave at table in western society?
1.When helping a woman pull her chair to the table, hold it and guide it.Don't shove it against the back of her legs.为女士拉椅子的时候，要把椅子抓住了，留个角度，让女士好走过去。别让椅子腿碰到女士的腿。
2.If you're seated at a table with eight or fewer guests, wait for everyone to be served and for the hostess to begin eating before you dig in.At a long banquet table, it's OK to start when several people are seated and served.如果就餐人数少于等于八人，那就等所有人都坐好了，女主人开始用餐了，再开动。如果是长餐桌，那么只要有几个人入座进食了，你也就可以开始吃了。
3.All things not having to do with food should remain off the table: keys, clutch bags, cigarette packs, sunglasses, BlackBerrys.一切和食物无关的东西都不应该出现在餐桌上，包括：钥匙、手袋、烟盒、墨镜还有手机。
4.Don't snap your napkin open or unfurl it showily like it's an Olympic flag.不要把餐巾展开，看起来像是在展示奥林匹克会旗一样。
5.If you prefer not to have wine while dining out, don't turn your glass upside down, and don't make a big deal of saying you don't drink.Simply place your fingertips on the rim of the glass and say “Not today, thanks.”
如果在用餐时你不想饮酒，不要把酒杯倒过来放，也不要很在意地宣布你不喝酒。只要轻轻地把指尖放在酒杯边缘，说一句“今天不喝，谢谢。”
6.If you're eating and want to take a sip, dab your mouth with your napkin to avoid staining the rim of the glass.如果你在吃东西的时候，想要啜一口饮料的话，那就先拿餐巾把嘴擦干净了，以免在杯子边缘留下残迹。
7.Grabbing a bowl of salad or a saltshaker as it's being passed to someone who asked for it is the equivalent of cutting in line: greedy and rude.7.把原本要递给别人的沙拉碗或者盐瓶从半道截下来，这基本上就等于在说：你是个既贪婪又粗鲁的人。
8.On the subject of passing: Dishes go counterclockwise, but if someone to your left asks for something, you can hand it directly to him.8.餐桌上要传递东西的话，规则一般是逆时针传递。不过，如果坐在你左手边的人想要什么东西时，你也可以直接递给他。
9.When you excuse yourself to go to the restroom, just say “Please excuse me.”
9.想去洗手间的时候，只要说“失陪一下”就可以了。
10.When out with friends or familyit's OK to ask for your leftovers to be wrapped.But don't do it at a business lunch or dinner.10.和朋友家人一起外出用餐，即使是到很高级的餐馆，也可以要求把吃剩下的食物打包带走。不过，如果是在商务宴会上，就不要这么做了。改错
2.People go to a formal Western dinner party the first time may be surprising by the Western table manners.Next to the napkin, you’ll find some bread and three glass which are for the wine.The knife and fork that are closest to your plate are a little more bigger than the ones besides them.Dinner starts with a small dish, that is often called a starter.For the starter, which you eaten with the smaller pair, you keep the knife in your right hand and the fork in your left one.Although good manners always make you look good, but you do not need to worry about all these rules while you having dinner with your foreign friends.第一行：①People后加who / ② party后加for / ③ surprising → surprised 第二行：④glass → glasses 第三行：⑤去掉more 第四行：⑥besides → beside / ⑦ that → which 第五行：⑧eaten → eat 第六行：⑨去掉but 第七行：⑩去掉you或在you后加are
中国的餐桌礼仪和文化
The main difference on the Chinese dinner table is chopsticks instead of knife and fork, but that’s only superficial.Besides, in decent restaurants, you can always ask for a pair of knife and fork, if you find the chopsticks not helpful enough.The real difference is that in the West, you have your own plate of food, while in China the dishes are placed on the table and everyone shares.If you are being treated to a formal dinner and particularly if the host thinks you’re in the country for the first time, he will do the best to give you a taste of many different types of dishes.The meal usually begins with a set of at least four cold dishes, to be followed by the main courses of hot meat and vegetable dishes.Soup then will be served(unless in Guangdong style restaurants)to be followed by staple food ranging from rice, noodles to dumplings.If you wish to have your rice to go with other dishes, you should say so in good time, for most of the Chinese choose to have the staple food at last or have none of them at all.Perhaps one of the things that surprise a Western visitor most is that some of the Chinese hosts like to put food into the plates of their guests.In formal dinners, there are always “public” chopsticks and spoons for this purpose, but some hosts may use their own chopsticks.This is a sign of genuine friendship and politeness.It is always polite to eat the food.If you do not eat it, just leave the food in the plate.People in China tend to over-order food, for they will find it embarrassing if all the food is consumed.When you have had enough, just say so.Or you will always overeat!中西方餐桌礼仪文化差异
练习：
Can you imagine the situation that a Chinese student has dinner at his American professor’s house for the first time? Let’s read the following and try to make a comment about it by asking and answering with these words or phrases above.1.What impression did he leave on the American professor and his family? 2.How did he behave at the table? 3.Did he know any about American table manners? 4.Whose fault was it that he committed such Faux Pas(失礼)in American table manners? 5.Why did other people stare at him? Was he a disabled person with two horns on his head? Did they make jokes about him? 6.What advice can we follow about table manners? 7.（1-9）练习定语从句
The first course is soup.He picks up the bowl, slurps it down, and, to continues the tradition of not wasting food, tips the bowl over his head to get the last drop.Satisfied, he puts down the empty bowl, lets out a burp, and exclaims: “Great soup!” Then he notices that everyone at the table stops eating and is staring at him.“Why is everyone staring?” He is thinking… “Did I just grow two horns on my head?”
No!He has just committed almost every Faux Pas(失礼)in American table manners.Okay, perhaps the scene is a slight exaggeration(夸张).But it often happens to some newly arrived Chinese.At a Chinese restaurant, it’s perfectly okay to shout, burp, and slurp.But table manners in American homes and restaurants are very different.Here are some basics for you to follow the next time you go to your American professor’s house.Don’t talk with your mouth full.No one wants to see what you are chewing.This is one of the most common mistakes Chinese makes at the dinning table.Finish swallowing before you open your mouth.What’s the hurry? The person you are talking to will still be there after you take a few seconds to chew your food.Don’t put your elbows on the table when you are eating.It’s okay to do it once you are done with your food.Don’t eat with both a fork and a knife at the same time.Americans typically finish cutting, then put down the knife and eat with the right hand to hold the fork.The British will cut and eat at the same time.Don’t speak loudly in Chinese in a restaurant.It’s considered extremely rude.Don’t burp loudly in front of others.And if you do so by accident, politely say: “Excuse me.” And last but not least… Never pick up your plate to swipe food into your mouth!Never!
There are many other rules to follow in table etiquette.But unless you are going to dine at the White House, the ones above will certainly help shed the barbarian(不文明的)image.Remember, it is okay to have funny accent but not rude behavior.In Great Britain today good manners at table include eating with the mouth closed;not letting any of the food fall off the plate;using the knife only for cutting;and not trying to take food across the table.In other parts of the world there are also rules(1)which people should follow when they are eating, but they are not the same as those of Britain.Indeed, the things(2)that are considered good table manners in some other countries are the things(3)that British people try hardest to avoid.In Arabia, for example, the people at a feast(宴会)take pieces of food with their fingers and belch loudly(4), which shows that they have appreciated it.In the Western countries there are differences between table manners(5), which are not so marked(显著的).In North America it is polite to eat up meat and then put the knife down, take the fork in the right hand and eat with it.Most European people, like the British, keep the fork in the left hand and the knife in the right all the time when they are eating food(6)that has to be cut.In the British Isles and
Scandinavia(Norway, Sweden, Denmark and Iceland)special knives and forks are used for eating fish.In France, Belgium and Italy, however, it is correct to keep the same knife for every course(7), which people wipe on a piece of bread.Table manners of course have changed with time.The earliest meals were also the simplest(8), which were eaten on the ground round a line, and everyone took his food from the animal or bird(9)that had been cooked.The women waited on the warriors(武士)and afterwards ate the food(10)that they left.Table manners did not always include quiet behavior.Quarrels often took place at table, and in the 17th century King Louis XIV of France ordered that only the knives(11)that had rounded ends should be used to prevent people from stabbing(刺)each other while they were eating.
第三篇：中西方餐桌礼仪差异分析 英文
There are many difference in Chinese and western table manner , but which tings lead to these difference, There may be three aspects.Different cultural connotations,different ways of thinking ,different values.Now I will explain how the values make the culture different.The value is the deepest level in the culture , is used to evaluate the behavior things by members in society, and select the most suitable principle in a few possible targets, that is the theme of culture.Therefore every country and society use the same value which is recognized.The table manners behaved by the people is a microcosm of their value.Such as China , a country which emphasize “filial” “loyalty” reflect the value of collectivism.When we eat dinner ,we can find that Chinese people emphasize that caring the young, respecting the old.So the arrangement of the seat is regularly.In western countries , the values of individualism plays an important role.People use their own values.Embodies their personal energy This is because in Western philosophy, people tend to focus on individualism, personality development and self-expression.They believe that if one can not achieve the goal , that is not destiny ,but their laziness and lack of struggle spirit..It can be seen through the dining system, each of them eat t food on their own plate and choose their favourite food.and the scene that eating the food that hosts provide will not appear.
第四篇：浅析中西方餐桌礼仪差异
浅析中西方餐桌礼仪差异
海外教育学院 121280028 郑徐娇
摘要：餐桌礼仪是饮食文化的一个重要组成部分。由于中西方国家的文化，思维方式、生活习惯和行为方式迥然不同，在与西方交往的过程中不可避免的会出现文化冲突的现象，严重的影响了交往的顺利进行。餐桌礼仪在交际中占了很重要的地位。学习和分析中西方餐桌礼仪的差异对中西方跨文化交际具有重要的意义。
关键词：中西方，餐桌礼仪，差异
一、中国的餐桌礼仪
自古以来，中国就是“礼仪之邦”、“食礼之国”。懂礼、习礼、守礼、重礼的历史，源远流长。据《礼记礼运》记载：“夫礼之初，始诸饮食。”而最早出现的食礼，又与远古的祭神仪式直接相关。对此，《礼记礼运》又有一段概括性的描述，其大意是：原始社会的先民，把黍米和猪肉块放在烧石上烤炙而献食，在地上凿坑当作酒樽用手掬捧而献饮，还用茅草扎成长槌敲击土鼓，以次来表示对鬼神的敬畏和祭祀。后来食礼由人与神鬼的沟通扩展出人与人的交际，以便调节日益复杂的社会关系，逐步形成吉礼、凶礼、军礼、宾礼、佳礼等“先秦五礼”，奠定了古代饮食礼制的基石。
据文献记载,至少在周代,饮食礼仪就已形成一套相当完善的制度。作为汉族传统的古代宴饮礼仪,自有一套程序:主人折柬相邀,届时迎客于门外。宾客到时,互致问候,引入客厅小坐,敬以茶点。客齐后导客入席,以左为上,视为首席,相对首座为二座,首座之下为三座,二座之下为四座。客人坐定,由主人敬酒让菜,客人以礼相谢。席间斟酒上菜也有一定的讲究:应先敬长者和主宾,最后才是主人。宴饮结束,引导客人入客厅小坐,上茶,直到辞别。这种传统宴饮礼仪在我国大部分地区保留至今,如山东、香港及台湾,许多影视作品中多有体现。清代受西餐传入的影响,一些西餐礼仪也被引进,中西餐饮文化的交流,使得餐饮礼仪更加科学合理。
餐桌礼仪在中国的文化传统中特殊的意义，在中国，餐桌不仅仅是满足基本的生理需求之地，还是重要的社会交往乃至提示处事经验的场所，餐桌上的礼仪体现了一个人教养和素质。因此遵守好餐桌礼仪在中国就显得十分重要。
二、西方餐桌礼仪
西方餐桌礼仪起源于法国梅罗文加王朝，当时因着拜占庭文化启发，制定了一系列细致的礼仪。到了罗马帝国的查里曼大帝时，礼仪更为复杂，甚至专制。皇帝必须坐最高的椅子，每当乐声响起，王公贵族必须将菜肴传到皇帝手中。在十七世纪以前，传统习惯是戴着帽子用餐。在帝制时代，餐桌礼仪显得繁琐、严苛，不同民族有不一样的用餐习惯。高卢人坐着用餐；罗马人卧着进食；法国人从小学习把双手放在桌上；英国人在不进食时要把双手放在大腿上。欧洲的餐桌礼仪由骑士精神演变而来。在十二世纪，意大利文化流入法国，餐桌礼仪和菜单用语均变得更为优雅精致，教导礼仪的著作亦纷纷面世。
时至今日，餐桌礼仪还在欧洲国家继续传留下去。西方家庭素有把餐桌当成课堂的习俗。从孩子上餐桌的第一天开始，家长就对其进行餐桌礼仪的培养。在西方，孩子一般在四岁时就学会了用餐的所有礼仪。五岁的孩子都乐于做一些餐前摆好所有的餐具，餐后收拾餐具等力所能及的事情。另外，他们还非常注重环保教育，让孩子知道哪些是可再生的“环保餐具”，哪些是不可再生的“永久垃圾”。教育孩子们尽量少用易拉罐等现成的食品，并注意节约用水、用电。因为他们懂得“滥用资源，即意味着对环境保护的侵害”。
三、中西方餐桌礼仪的差异
中国和美国在餐桌上的要求存在很大差异,并各有特色,体现了不同的餐桌礼仪。
（一）饮食文化的差异
中国一直以来就是礼仪之邦，对于饮食也有自己独到的见解。孔子在《礼记》里讲“饮食男女，人之大欲存焉。”孔子对于人生的看法：凡是人的生命，不离两件大事：饮食、男女。因此中国人对饮食十分重视。在宴请宾客时，中国主人通常予以非常高的重视，餐桌上的菜品一般都是非常精致珍贵的，而且讲究荤素搭配，色彩搭配，在身份地位或者文化水平比较高的家庭，甚至连菜的取名也有特殊的含义。而西方国家则更珍惜时间，做事以效率为原则，所以快餐店大行其道。就算是宴请宾客，主人的准备野与中国有着很大的区别。主菜很可能就是几道数量不多但是比较珍贵的蔬菜。
（二）餐桌用语差异
在请客人用餐时也有很大的差异，在中国，即使餐桌上的菜琳琅满目，主人也会说“菜很少，招待不周，还请大家多担待“；而西方国家的主人则会很随便的说“help yourself to some vegetables”，显得很自然随意。同时中国的主人会不时往客人的碗里添布新菜，经常客人的碗被主人夹的菜装得满满的，但是在西方这是非常不礼貌的行为，主人的布菜会让客人觉得自己的意愿没有受到尊重。餐桌上的气氛中西方也是完全不同的，中国人讲究热闹，所以经常在餐桌上高声谈话，其气氛虽说是其乐融融十分和谐，但在西方人看来却是十分没有教养的表现。西方的餐桌礼仪讲究礼仪和素养，整个就餐过程应该是十分安静的，举止也十分优雅。
（三）座位排序不同 中西方都对宴请活动过程中的座位排序极为重视，中国人在传统的思想中，对八仙桌极为喜爱。在宴请中，年纪大的长者或是主人，以及德高望重的人坐到主要位置，其他客人会按顺序入座；而西方国家在宴请客人中，习惯用长桌，主人会坐在桌子的两端，而客人则按照次序入座，这种差异反映了中西方思想方面的差异，中国人喜欢幸福圆满的感觉，所以选择圆形的桌子。在桌子形状的采用中，可以看出西方人主张的是自我，个性张扬，符合西方的特质。
（四）餐具陈设和使用的不同
筷子是中餐最重要的餐具。在使用当中，用餐前筷子一定要整齐地放在饭碗的右侧，用餐后一定要整齐地竖向放在饭碗的正中。不论筷子上是否残留着食物，都不要去舔；和人交谈时，要暂时放下筷子；不要把筷子竖直插放在食物上
面；不能用筷子剔牙’挠痒或夹取食物以外的东西。勺子主要是用来喝汤的，有时也可以用来取形状比较小的菜。用勺子取食物时，不要过满，免得溢出来弄脏餐桌或自己的衣服。用勺子取食物后，要立即食用或放在自己的碟子里，如果
取用的食物太烫，可以先放到自己的碗里等凉了再吃，千万不要用嘴去吹，也不要把勺子塞进嘴里，或反复吮吸。
西方餐具摆放时托盘居中，左叉右刀，刀尖向上，刀口向内，盘前横匙，主食靠左，餐具靠右，其余用具酌情摆放。酒杯的数量与酒的种类相等，摆法是从左到右，依次摆烈性酒杯，葡萄酒杯，香槟酒杯，啤酒杯。西餐中餐巾放在盘子里，如果在宾客尚未落坐前需要往盘子里放某种物品时，餐巾就放在盘子旁边。餐具的取用应由外而内，切用时可以使用法式方式，即左手拿叉右手拿刀，边切边用；也可用英美式，即右手拿刀，左手拿叉，切好后再改用右手拿叉取用&一般用右手拿汤匙和杯子用餐具把食物送到嘴里，而不要把盘碗端起来。使用刀叉进餐时，刀用来切割食物，叉用来送食物入口。使用刀时，刀刃不可向外，而且不可将刀叉的一端放在盘子上，另一端放在桌子上；进餐中需要暂时放下刀叉时，应摆成八字型，分别放置餐盘边上，刀刃朝向自己，表示还要继续吃；用餐结束后将叉子的背面向上，刀刃向内与叉子并拢，平息放置于餐盘上，表示用餐结束。谈话时有肢体语言或传菜时，应将刀叉放下，不要手拿刀叉在空中挥动。用完刀叉后，应将其横放于餐盘中央，而不是盘边或餐桌上。
三、中西方餐桌礼仪存在差异的原因
（一）中西方思维方式不同
中西方受不同文化底蕴的影响，产生不同的思维方式，反过来，不同的思维方式又进一步影响文化的发展。中国人的思维是综合性的，在思考的过程中注重集体利益，而西方人则偏好分析性思维，在思考过程中以个人为中心，思维上更强调个人主义和自我，注重个性的张扬。例如在中国课堂对课文的解读就规范为段落的理解，作者的写作思路，写作目的等，对同一篇文章得出的结论都大同小异，而西方人则会在课文中寻找做人的哲理，不同的人对同一篇文章会有不同的见解。如：中国学生在解读《灰姑娘》时总是会一致认为后母和姐姐们是坏人，罪不可赦，灰姑娘是个善良的女孩，而西方学生会得出各种结论：后母对自己的孩子是很好的，是一个好母亲，灰姑娘在家人不在的时候偷偷去参加舞会是不诚实的。
（二）中西方价值观的不同
价值观是交际的核心，价值观是个人或者群体主要通过文化交际构成的模式。他们是最深层的文化，所以价值观反映出我们举止的不同，思维的不同。中国人的价值观是集体主义，相对的西方人的思想中个人主义占主要地位。中国人崇尚中庸的思想，主张通过努力来调和各种矛盾以达到共赢的结果。而西方则以个人利益为重，注重自我和个性的张扬。价值观的差异影响的意义深远，不仅在心灵思想上有着不小的影响，同时也可以影响整个国家的体系。
受思维方式和价值观的影响，中西方餐桌礼仪存在各方面的差异，这些差异对跨文化交际有重要的影响。因此在中西方交往之前，对对方的餐桌礼仪了解十分必要。
参考文献：
①
王静“ 中西方饮食文化之比较［J］.考试周刊，2009（17）.②
彭健” 浅议中西餐桌礼仪差异［J］.新西部：理论版，2009（6）.③
罗露莎“ 浅析中西饮食文化差异［J］”双语学习，2007（5）.④ 李海芳.浅析中西方饮食文化差异［J］.跨世纪：学术版，2009，17（4）.⑤ 余富林" 中西饮食文化差异［M］.北京：中国商务出版社，2004.⑥ 高永晨西方饮食文化概述［J］.湘潭师范学院学报，2005.⑦
卞浩宇，高永晨.论中西饮食文化的差异［J］.南京林业大学学报：人文社会科学版,2004(2).⑧ 张亚红.中西方饮食文化差异以及餐桌礼仪的对比［J］.边疆经济与文化，2009（4）.⑨ 庞瑛.中西方饮食文化比较研究［D］.西安：西北农林科技大学，2011.
第五篇：中西方餐桌礼仪差异
中西方餐桌礼仪差异
学院：人文社科
专业班级：文秘1班
学号：10871106
姓名：陈雅 摘要：
餐饮礼仪是饮食文化的一个重要组成部分。由于我们所面对的是来自陌生的文化和国家，思维方式、生活习惯和行为方式与我们迥然不同的，在与西方交往的过程中不可避免的会出现文化冲突的现象，严重的影响了交往的顺利进行。餐饮礼仪在交际中占了很重要的地位。我们有必要学习分析中西方在餐饮礼仪方面的差异。
关键词：餐桌礼仪 文化 差异
一．中西方餐桌礼仪差异中的中国餐桌礼仪(一)、入座的礼仪：
就宴会而言，一般都要事先安排好桌次和座次，以方便参加宴会的人都能各就各位，也体现出對客人的尊重。通常，桌次地位的高低以距主桌位置的远近而定。以主人的桌为基准，右高、左低，近高，远低。
就座次的高低而言，主要考虑以下几点：首先，以主人的座位为中心，如果女主人参加时，则以主人和女主人为基准，近高远低，右上左下，依次排列。其次，通常要把主宾安排在最尊贵的位置，即主人的右手位置，主宾夫人安排在女主人的右手位置。再次主人方面的陪客要尽可能与客人相互交叉，便于交谈交流，避免自己人坐在一起，冷落客人。
（二）位序讲究：
1、左高右低：當两人一同并排就座时，通常以右为上座，以左为下座。
2、中座为尊：三人一同就餐时，居中坐者在位次上要高于在其两侧就座之人。
3、面门为上：依照礼仪惯例则应以面對正门者为上坐，以背對正门者为下座。
4、观景为佳：在一些高档餐厅用餐时，室内外有优美的景致或高雅的演出可供用餐者观赏，此时应以观赏角度最佳处为上座。
5、临墙为好：在某些中低档餐厅用餐时，为了防止过往侍者和食客的干扰，通常以靠墙之位为上座，靠过道之位为下座。
6、临台为上：宴会厅内若有专用的讲台时，应该以靠讲台的餐桌为主桌，如果没有专用讲台，有时候以背邻主要画幅的那张餐桌为主桌。
7、各桌同向：如果是宴会场所，各桌子上的主宾位都要与主桌主位保持同一方向。
8、以远为上：當桌子纵向排列时，以距离宴会厅正门的远近为准，距门越远，位次越高贵。
（三）、进餐时的礼仪
先请客人.长着动筷子.夹菜时每次少一些.离自己远的菜就少吃一些.吃饭时不要出声音.喝汤时也不要出声响,喝汤用汤匙一小口一小口地喝.不宜把碗端到嘴边喝,汤太热时凉了以后再喝.不要一边吹一边喝.有的人吃饭喜欢用咀嚼食物.特别是使劲咀嚼脆食物,发出很清晰的声音来.这种做法是不合礼仪要求的.特别是和众人一起进餐时,就要尽量防止出现这种现象。
进餐时不要打嗝,也不要出现其他声音,如果出现打喷嚏,肠鸣等不由自主的声响时,就要说一声“真不好意思”.;对不起;.“请原凉”.之内的话.以示歉意。
如果要给客人或长辈布菜.最好用公筷.也可以把离客人或长辈远的菜肴送到他们跟前,按我们中华民族的习惯.菜是一个一个往上端的.如果同桌有领导,老人,客人的话.每当上来一个新菜时就请他们先动筷子.或着轮流请他们先动筷子.以表示对他们的重视。
吃到鱼头,鱼刺,骨头等物时,不要往外面吐,也不要往地上仍.要慢慢用手拿到自己的碟子里,或放在紧靠自己餐桌边或放在事先准备好的纸上。
要适时地抽空和左右的人聊几句风趣的话,以调和气氛.不要光着头吃饭,不管别人,也不要狼吞虎咽地大吃一顿,更不要贪杯。
最好不要在餐桌上剔牙.如果要剔牙时,就要用餐巾或手挡住自己的嘴巴。
（四）、离席时的礼仪
中途离席：中途离席的一些技巧，你不能不了解。和主人打过招呼，应该马上就走，不要拉着主人在大门大聊个没完。因为当天对方要做的事很多，现场也还有许多客人等待他（她）去招呼，你占了主人太多时间，会造成他（她）在其他客人面前失礼。
普通离席：离席时.必须向主人表示感谢.或者就此时邀请主人以后到自己家做客,以示回谢。
（五）中国人使用筷子的十二大禁忌
三长两短 仙人指路 品箸留声 击盏敲盅 执箸巡城 迷箸刨坟 泪箸遗珠 颠倒乾坤 定海神针 当众上香 交十字 落地惊神
一． 中西方餐桌礼仪差异中的西方餐桌礼仪
西方就餐的礼仪以自然、实际为主，不讲客套、谦让，但用餐中的规矩却很多。
（一）、进入餐厅：
1.进入高级餐厅，应等候带位，不可自行就座，最好能事先订位。
2.西餐习惯上由左侧入座，男士应协助女士入座，坐姿端正且尽量靠近椅背，女性可将皮包置於椅背间不可置於桌面。
（二）、使用口布：
1.口布（餐巾）应摊开后对折铺在大腿上，不宜扎在裤腰上或围在衣领上。2.口布可用於遮油烟、防止汤汁滴落在衣物、擦嘴（用反摺的内侧来擦），但不可擦脸、擦汗、擦餐具、擤鼻涕。
（三）、西餐顺序：
（开胃酒）→开胃菜→汤→鱼类→主菜（肉类）→水果→点心→饮料（咖啡或茶）→＊自助餐亦同
（四）、餐具的使用：
1.餐桌上摆放的刀叉有一定顺序，一般以三套刀叉居多，使用原则左叉右刀，用餐时由外向内，由上而下，依次取用。2.刀叉的用法 分美国式和欧洲式两种，美式用法是切完肉把刀放在盘子上，叉子从左手换到右手，然后用叉子叉起切好的肉。欧式用法则始终为左手拿叉，右手拿刀。
3.冷盘用叉，吃鱼用银刀叉，吃肉用钢刀叉，吃生菜用叉，布丁或点心用叉或匙，水果用刀叉。
4.切肉从左边开始，切一块吃一块，不可切一大块分数口吃，或一次全切开再吃。
5.吃有骨头的肉时，可以用手拿著吃。若想吃得更优雅，还是用刀较好。6.吃鱼时可以用左手拿著面包，右手拿著刀子，把刺拨开。7.若餐具掉落应请服务员拾起换新，不可捡起擦拭使用。
（五）、葡萄酒品尝：
1.饮酒方式先观其色，再闻其香，后品其味。
2.红酒配红肉、白酒配白肉、香槟可当开胃酒（也可佐餐）。
3.握杯应握杯脚，倒酒不可超过1/2，不可加入冰块，喝时先以口布擦嘴。
（六）、特殊吃法：
1.面包应以手撕开约一口之小块，涂上奶油食用，不可用叉子叉。
2.洗手盅（花瓣）通常在上必须用手的菜或甜点之前送上，碗内盛有温水，还有一些小花般的饰物，用时可将双手的手指在水中轻轻搓洗一下，再以口布擦乾。3.义大利面应以叉子卷起，再以汤匙辅助，不可吸食。
4.在欧洲，当第一道菜端上来时就可以吃了，在美国则要等最后一个人上好菜后才开始进餐。
（七）、离开座位：
1.刀叉分开成八字型置於餐盘上，叉在左边面朝下，刀在右边与叉形成一个角；不可放在桌面沾污桌巾，口布折好放於椅面上。
2.用毕将刀叉合并置於盘上的右边或中间，离开时将口布折好放於桌面左侧。3.礼貌并婉转告知对方，但无须讲的太直接，以化妆室代替厕所。4.若需要服务，可用眼神向他示意或微微把手抬高，侍者会马上过来。
（八）、.咖啡喝法：
1.先加入糖溶解，再加入奶精，咖啡匙用於搅拌。2.杯耳转向右，咖啡匙置於上方盛盘上，趁热喝完。
当今世界的礼仪内容更加广泛和复杂，这就需要我们在保持原有的传统礼仪的基础上去适应和接受西方的礼仪，我们应在适当的场合用适当的礼仪，既反对“全盘西化”，又反对“抱残守缺”。我们借鉴西方礼仪，不仅仅是要借鉴它的形式，更应当借鉴其内任灵魂，只有这样我们才能建立起自己的自信和优越感，才能确立我 的感染力。只有认清中西方餐饮礼仪文化的差异，将二者合理有效地融合，方能建立适合中。当代社会的礼仪文化体系，达成和持社会的理想。
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