第一篇:中西方餐桌礼仪文化差异[范文]
中西方餐桌礼仪文化差异
财管09-13班
宋佳
从比较中西餐桌礼仪的餐具使用差异、座次安排差异、就餐氛围差异、及餐桌话语差 论文摘要 异四个方面来看跨文化交际中的文化差异,旨在说明坚持自己的优秀文化传统的同时,要采用 一个客观、宽容、尊重的心态对待异国文化以便能在跨文化交际中能恰当地、得体地进行交际。易中天先生曾经在《餐桌上的文化》里对中西文化进行了精妙阐释中国文化的思想内核是“群。所以西方人即使请客吃饭,也是各点各的菜、体意识”,西方文化的思想内核则是“个体意识” 各喝各的酒,以免把自己的意志强加于人。中国文化则认为个人的意志,必须服从群体的共同 意志。其目的既然意在人情,意在血缘,则其方式礼仪,自然也就以和为贵了,因此中国人爱 聚餐、喜共食、讲和合。笔者认为在跨文化交际中,面对陌生文化,因思维方式、生活习惯和 行为方式不同,交往过程中难免发生文化冲突。笔者从如下四个方面对中西餐桌礼仪进行简单 的比较,以便在跨文化交际中能恰当地、得体地进行交际。
一、从餐具使用上看中西文化差异
筷子刀叉是中西餐桌礼仪最基本差异。浙江大学游修龄教授认为:东西方出现进食工具筷子和 刀叉的不同,和环境有关系。筷子要发源于有竹子的地方。我国北方多木,南方多竹,祖先就 地取材,竹木均成为我国最原始的筷箸原料。刀叉的出现比筷子要晚很多。据游修龄教授的研 究,刀叉的最初起源和欧洲古代游牧民族的生活习惯有关,他们马上生活随身带刀,往往将肉 烧熟,割下来就吃。大约 15 世纪前后,为了改进进餐的姿势,欧洲人才使用了双尖的
叉。到 18 世纪才有了四个叉尖的叉子。刀叉和筷子,不仅带来了进食习惯的差异,还影响了东西方人 生活观念。游修龄教授认为,刀叉必然带来分食制,而筷子肯定与家庭成员围坐桌边共同进餐 相配。西方一开始就分吃,由此衍生出西方人讲究独立,子女长大后就独立闯世界的想法和习惯。而筷子带来的合餐制,突出了老老少少坐一起的家庭单元,从而让东方人拥有了比较牢固 的家庭观念。笔者提醒在使用餐具时中西均有不同的规范。如中餐进餐时不可玩弄筷子(把它 们当鼓槌是非常失礼的做法),更不可以用筷子向人指指点点或打手势示意。当然,绝对不可吸 吮筷子或把筷子插在米饭中,这是大忌(这好像葬礼上的香烛,被认为是不吉利的)。在使用刀 叉时也有一些禁忌。如 手里拿着刀叉时切勿指手画脚。发言或交谈时,应将刀叉放在盘上才合 乎礼仪。忌用自己的餐具为别人夹菜。餐具掉落不要弯腰拾捡。餐品不要一次性切好,尤其带 汤汁的餐品,要一小块的逐一切食等等。
二、从座次安排上看中西文化差异
中西都讲究正式的宴请活动的座次安排。中国人请客传统上用八仙桌。对门为上,两边为偏座。请客时,年长者、主宾或地位高的人坐上座,男女主人或陪客者坐下座,其余客人按顺序坐偏 座。西方人请客用长桌,男女主人分坐两端,然后按男女主宾和一般客人的次序安排座位,即 男女穿插安排,以女主人的座位为准,主宾坐在女主人的右上方,主宾夫人坐在男主人的右上 方,讲究“女士优先”的西方绅士,都会表现出对女士的殷勤。在中国,左为尊,右为次;上 为尊,下为次;中为尊,偏为次。而在西方,右为尊,左为次。笔者特别提示西餐入座礼仪:最得体的入座方式是从左侧入座。手肘不要放在桌面上,不可跷 足。不可在进餐时中途退席(如有事确需离开应向左右的客人小声打招呼)用餐时。坐姿端正,背挺直,脖子伸长。上臂和背部要靠到椅背,腹部和桌子保持约一个拳头的距离。记得要抬头挺 胸着吃,在把面前的食物送进口中时,要以食物就口,而非弯下腰以口去就食物。
三、从就餐氛围上看中西文化差异
中国人餐桌上的闹与西方餐桌上的静是中西餐桌礼仪最根本差异。餐桌气氛上的差异,中国餐桌上动,西方餐桌上静。中国人以食为人生之至乐,排场之大,气氛之热闹常常令人叹为观止。中国人一坐上餐桌,便滔滔不绝,相互让菜,劝酒,尽情的享受山珍海味,美味佳肴。这样的 宴客方式才能体现主人的热情和诚恳,餐桌上的热闹反映了食客发自内心的欢快。这种“闹” 能从某种程度上折射中国人家庭温馨、邻里和睦、国人团结的“一团和气”。西方人一坐到餐桌 上便专心致志的去静静的切割自家的盘中餐。喝汤时不能发出响声,如汤菜过热,可待稍凉后 再吃,不要用嘴吹。吃东西时要闭嘴咀嚼。不要舔嘴唇或咂嘴发出声音。进餐时可以与左右客 人交谈,但不要只同几个熟人交谈。左右客人如不认识,可先自我介绍。别人讲话不可搭嘴插 话。音量保持对方能听见的程度。咀嚼食物不要说话,即使有人同你讲话,也要等咽下食物后 再回答。
四、从餐桌话语上看中西文化差异
中国人请客吃饭时,摆在桌上的菜花样繁多,至少有七、八道菜,如果是盛宴,主菜会更多,越名贵、越奇特的菜会越显示主任的殷勤和客人的身份。而主人却往往要说“今天没有什么好 菜招待大家”“菜做得不好,多吃一点” “多多包涵” “怠慢了您”之类的话。而西方盛宴、、一般四至五道菜,份量以吃完或稍有剩余为最佳。如果在家里,最好是吃完所有的菜,这样女 主人会很高兴,认为大家喜欢她做的菜。面对丰盛的宴席,主人会说“已经倾其所有来招待大 家” 的话。对中西主人的餐桌话语进行推理,很容易得出:中国人遵循了“贬己尊人”的原则。而西方人强调效率和实用主义价值观,在交际中十分注重自身面子的需要。如在宴席上西方人 不议论令人作呕之事,会千方百计采用含蓄文雅的词来替代 toilet,如: “Where can I wash my hand?”“I wonder if I could go somewhere.”“ Can I add some powder?”等。另外,在西方国家不要问“吃饭了吗?”等我国习惯的问候语。“您吃饭了吗?”容易使人莫名其妙,甚至会出 现误会。如在英国,你若问人吃饭没有,其含义是你有意请对方吃饭;这对于未婚男女,则表 明你有意约会对方。
五、结语
世界上各种文化都是平等的。文化无优劣之分。应该避免用自己的文化、道德、价值观作为标 准去衡量、评判而应采用一种客观的、宽容的态度对待异国文化;同时,又要避免盲目的追随、模仿异国文化,而应坚持自己的优秀文化传统。
第二篇:中西方餐桌礼仪的文化差异
中西方餐桌礼仪的文化差异
CULTURAL DIFFERENCES OF TABLE MANNERS BETWEEN EAST AND WEST
Abstract and Key Words
Abstract: Table manners are the rules of etiquette used while eating.Different cultures observe different rules for table manners.This article has some contrastive analysis and research on the cultural differences of table manners between East and West from the point of view on sense of arriving time, seat arrangement, order of serving dishes, tableware, behaviour and communication.It is concluded that with the wide spreading of intercultural communication people in East and West are deeply transformed,permeated and accepted to one another.They come to respect and tolerate different table manners, thus are even assimilative and syncretize with each other.Key words: table manners;cultural differences;syncretism
摘要:餐桌礼仪是用餐时的礼仪规则。不同的文化遵循不同的餐桌礼仪规则。本文从时间观念、座次安排、上菜顺序、餐具、行为和语言几个方面对中西方餐桌礼仪的文化差异做出对比分析,并由此得出结论,随着跨文化交际活动越来越广泛,中西方人经历了深刻的转变,从相互渗透到彼此接受,人们逐渐能够尊重和容忍不同文化的餐桌礼仪,甚至趋于同化和融合。关键词:餐桌礼仪;文化差异;融合
CONTENTS
1.Introduction…………………………………………………………………………1 2.Literature Review…………………………………………………………………...1 3.Cultural Differences of Table Manners...................................……………………...2
3.1 Sense of Arriving Time 3.2 Seat Arrangement 3.3 Order of Serving Dishes 3.4 Tableware 3.5 Behaviour and Communication
4.Main Factors Causing the Differences.................................................…………….6
4.1 Geography
4.2 Tradition
4.3 Custom
5.Trend of Syncretism.............................................................................…………….7 6.Conclusion………………………………………………………………………….9
Bibliography…………………………………………………………….…………….9 Acknowledgements ………………………………………………………………....10
Cultural Differences of Table Manners between
East and West
1.Introduction
With the rapid development of economy and culture, having meals is not only for the basic physical satisfaction, but also the important skill in social communication.Striving for civic virtues and having good manners have become increasingly common understanding of the public.In China, which has been a nation of etiquette and particular about food being the first necessity of the people since antiquity, table manners has a long history and has naturally become an important part of dining culture.With the deepening of open policy in our country and the strengthening of communication between East and West, people have more and more opportunities to cooperate with foreigners.Naturally, Chinese cannot avoid having dinners with foreigners.A series of table manners including sense of arriving time, seat arrangement, order of serving dishes, tableware, behaviour and communication reflect different culture and life-style in nations or countries.There are many differences of table manners between eastern and western countries.To understand these differences can not only avoid committing a breach of etiquette to each other, but also promote the development of humanity culture in both countries and achieve interpersonal harmony in cross-cultural communication.2.Literature Review
As we all know, different countries have different cultures.Culture is the collective programming of the mind which distinguishes the members of one category of people from another(Hofstede, 1991).As a kind of social customs, table manners are influenced by culture and vary in different areas.China, known as civilized ancient country, has characteristic table manners with a long history.Western countries also formed their own table manners during the syncretism of nations and modernization.To a certain degree, having good table manners is a symbol of a nation's civilization and an expression of a person's moral cultivation and accomplishment level as well.With the deepen of open policy in our country and the strengthen of communication between East and West, it is necessary for us to improve the consciousness of cross-cultural communication and know the differences of table manners, such as sense of arriving time, seat arrangement, order of serving dishes, tableware, behaviour, communication and so on.The fully understanding of the differences can prevent the failure in politeness and promote personal status on the dinner table.Only if we realize cultural connotation of table manners and the differences between East and West, can we talk and behave decently in cross-cultural communication and make social communication harmonious.With an acute eye and an irrepressible wit, Margaret Visser takes a fascinating look at the way we eat our meals in the book The Rituals of Dinner.From the ancient Greeks to modern yuppies, from cannibalism and the taking of the Eucharist to formal dinners and picnics, she thoroughly defines the eating ritual.She takes the different table manners in different areas and races to show the development of the world civilization.In the book Culture on Dinner Table, Mr.Yi Zhongtian(2004)says that the core thought of Chinese culture is group consciousness while the western core thought is individual consciousness.Westerners order respective dishes by themselves rather than ask others for what they want.On the contrary, Chinese agrees that personal will should obey group common thought.In the book Differences and Syncretize of Etiquette Culture between East and West, Mr.Li Xiaojun explores the syncretism of etiquette culture between East and West on the basis of table manners to achieve the harmonious society.Yu Lin and Zhou You compare the cultural differences between East and West from the point of view on tableware, seat arrangement, dinner atmosphere and language.It aims at warning people to treat exotic culture with an objective, tolerant and respectful attitude while insisting on their own culture, in order to communicate properly and appropriately in cross-cultural communication.3.Cultural Differences of Table Manners 3.1 Sense of Arriving Time Hall has classified two kinds of people according to his observation.One is monochromic time and the other is polychromic time(Edward Hall, 1976:17).People from western countries hold monochromic time assuming time is linear and can be cut, so they pay much more attention to timetables and pre-arrangements.They are slaves to nothing but the clock, and time is treated as if it were something almost precious.While people from eastern countries insist on polychromic time, having no ideas of fixed timetable.Therefore, this difference is more obvious when attending a banquet.Generally speaking, Chinese people which holding polychromic time tend to be later to show up.They often arrive half an hour later than the prescribed time and the host also seems to have prepares for that.They always arrange some other programs for guests while waiting, such as playing cards, drinking tea or chatting, so that the guests who come earlier would not feel boring.Both the host and guests are used to this phenomenon and they do not regard this as a contempt or impolite behavior to the host.While in western countries, people do things strictly abide by the schedule and all the activities begins according to the predetermined time.People should arrive at the party on time especially the formal banquets.It is considered as impolite and contempt for the host and other guests if one arrives 10 minutes later.3.2 Seat Arrangement The seating arrangement is probably the most important part of Chinese table manners.The seat of honor, reserved for the master of the banquet or the guest with highest status, is the one in the center facing east or facing the entrance.Those of higher position sit closer to the master of the banquet.The guests of lowest position sit furthest from the seat of honor.If the guest of honor is not seated, other people are not allowed to be seated.And if he hasn’t eaten, others should not begin to eat.When a family holds a banquet, the seat of honor is for the guest with the highest status and the head of the house takes the least prominent seat.If it is a round table, then the one facing the entrance door is the guest of honor.The seats on the left hand are in turn second, fourth and sixth, etc, while those on the right hand are in turn third, fifth and seventh, etc, until they join together.In ancient times there was a piece of furniture known as an Eight Immortals table, a big square table with benches for two people on each side.If it is an Eight Immortals table and there is a seat facing the entrance door, then the right seat facing the entrance door is for the guest of honor.If there is no seat facing the entrance door, then the right seat facing the east is the seat of honor.Then the seats on the left side of the seat of honor are the second, fourth, sixth and eighth and those on the right side are the third, the fifth and the seventh.While in western countries, after the hostess announced dinner ready, male host will lead guests to the table in turn, and the hostess walks behind them.Some attentive host will also place name card on the table to show the seat.If there has no arrangement, the general principle for seat arrangement is that men and women sit separately.Men guests of honour take the prior seats which on the right hand of hostess while women guests of honour seat on the right hand of him, and the other couples sit in diagonal respectively.Men and women sitting separately shows the open and lively of the American banquet.It can promote the familiarity between each other and make the dining topic diversification and dining atmosphere peaceful.The principle for the seat arrangement is that the guest takes the seat first, the elderly prior to young people, the married prior to unmarried and stranger prior to the acquaintance and families.3.3 Order of Serving Dishes In China, many dishes have symbolic connotations, representing everything from wealth to a long life and the order of serving dishes shows Chinese characteristics.A Chinese meal begins with appetizers which are accompanied by beverage and wine.There are usually four or five of these appetizers, including cold meats, preserved eggs, smoked fish and vegetable relishes, all beautifully arranged either on separate dishes or on one large platter.Hot dishes that were boiled or poached are usually served first, followed by foods that were fried, such as stir-fried chicken and stir-fried shrimp, which are omitted most of the time.Hot food should be served from the left of the opposite seats of guests of honour.When serving the whole duck, chicken and fish, the head and tail can not be put toward the major seat.After the hot dishes, then comes the main course, rice, which is China's staple food.While in a feast or banquet, people always eat little because of the abundant of the food.At last, desserts and fruits are provided to help digestion.If there are lots of tables on the banquet, every dish should be served simultaneously.These programs can not only make the whole process in harmony and order, but also make host and guests expression and communication well.Therefore, the table manners can make the dinner perfect and make host and guests both cultivation fully display.In western countries, the first dish is also appetizer which with distinctive flavor.It is always with salty and acid taste and small quantity but high quality.The second dish is soup, which very different from China.The soup can be roughly divided into four categories of clear soup, cream soup, vegetable soup and cold soup.Generally, the third dish is fish dish, also known as side dish, which including many kinds of fish, shellfish and molluscs.As fish is easy to digest, it is served in front of meat dishes.Meat and poultry dishes is the fourth dish, which also known as the main course.The most representative is beef and steak.Vegetable dishes, called salad in western, can be arranged either after or with the meat dish, so it can be a kind of side dish.The six dish is dessert, which including all the food after the main course in a sense, such as pudding, ice cream, cheese, fruit and so on.The final is beverage that often includes coffee with cream or tea with sugar.3.4 Tableware Of course, the main difference on the dinner table between East and West is the different tablewares.Chopsticks, which have a long history, are the most important tableware in China.The tradition of using chopsticks as tableware was introduced to many other countries in the world.The invention of chopsticks reflects the wisdom of Chinese ancient people.A pair of chopsticks, though they look simple, can nip, pick, rip and stir food.When having a meal, chopsticks should be put tidily on the right of the bowl.When finishing a meal, they should be put vertically on the mid-line of the bowl.Spoon is mainly used to drink soup or take quite small food.Do not get too full when using the spoon to get food, lest overflow make the table and clothes dirty.Plate is mainly used to fill the food, according the amount and shape of food it served.The plate that slight small should be put on the left of bowl to temporarily put food taken from the public dishes.Food wastes and bone should be put in the front of the small plate with chopsticks instead of directly spitting into it.Generally speaking, people do not use much tablewares when having meals in China.Chinese people mainly use bowl, chopsticks and spoons.While in serving English meals, they use so much tablewares with different kinds and sizes.For example, there are different kinds of glasses in English, such as wine glass, cherry glass, brandy glass, beer glass, snifter glass, champion flute and high bowl.The use of tableware also shows different food culture in different countries.The main tablewares in western are knives, forks, spoons, glass and napkin.To start with, the fork is on the left side of the plate and the knife is on the right side.The knife which used to cut food into small pieces should be hold in the right hand.The fork and spoon can be placed either on the left or right hand of the table with the plate in the middle, depending on the person's preference on using the tableware.In general, the spoon is usually for soup.When using the spoon, start from the one closest to the bowl which closest to you and ladle out soup then sip from the spoon.If no soup is being served then it's meant for dessert.If you are right handed, then the knife goes into your right hand, fork in your left hand, and using the knife for cutting and eating with the fork.Some people refer to cut their meat or other items on their place into small pieces all at once and then just use their fork in their right hand and in most instances this is still considered good table manners.3.5 Behaviour and Communication Chinese people talked a lot and enjoy the delicious food when on the dinner table, which can reflect the hospitality and sincere of hostess.The lively atmosphere on the dinner table reflects the cheerful of guests, and it can reflect the warmth of family, the peace of neighbourhood and unite of the whole nation in a sense.While in western, people talked little and cut their own food in the plate quietly.They should not make any sounds when drinking and eating.If the soup is hot, they should wait instead of blowing with mouth.When Chinese invited guests to have dinner, there are so many dishes on the table, at least seven dishes.But host will say “There are not so much food for you all.” “The dish does not cook well.” and similar words.If the host asks “Would you like some more?”, then the guest may answer “No, thank you.I am full.” even if he is not full.After the host ask for many times, they maybe accept with embarrassment and little shameful.While in western, a dinner generally has four or five dishes and the host will simply say “Help yourself, please”.When the host asks “Would you like another piece of meat pie?”, you can answer directly “Yes, please.” or “Thank you, a piece of meat pie.” if you are not full.During the dinner, guests can praise the host such as “It is delicious.” or “This meat is beautifully tender.” to make host happy.Chinese followed the principle that belittle themselves and respect others.While westerners emphasize efficiency and pragmatism values and pay much attention to saving face and keeping their prestige.4.Main Factors Causing the Differences 4.1 Geography As we all know, different areas have different culture and custom.Because of the different location, natural conditions and geographical environment, different areas formed different regional culture which shows in that different nationalities using different language expression forms for the same kind of phenomenon or things.The geographical location and the environment lead to the differences between Chinese and western cultures.China is a big country with a vast territory abounding in natural resources, and the people’s way of life, customs, economic and cultural development, as well as general local conditions, all vary.For example, Chopsticks and, knife and fork is the most basic differences between Chinese and western table manners.You Xiuling, the professor of Zhejiang University, said that east and west appear different tablewares are related to the environment.Chopsticks should be originated in the place of lots of bamboo.There are much wood in north China and much bamboo in south China.So ancestors use local materials to make chopsticks and they became China's most primitive raw materials of chopsticks.The emergence of knife and fork is much later than that of chopsticks.According to the research of professor You Xiuling, the origin of knife and fork is related to the life habit of ancient European nomads, who always took knife along them and live on horseback.They cut down and eat meat as soon as it cooked.From then on, westerners use knife and fork as their tablewares.4.2 Tradition
The different ethnic and national historical development process may result in different history and tradition.Thousands of years of Chinese traditional culture reflected in the Chinese Confucianism, Taoism and Buddhism.As the core of Chinese traditional culture, Confucianism produces a profound and long influence on Chinese society.Confucianism has the traditional thought mainly emphasized “benevolence, righteousness, propriety, wisdom, faith”.Taoists advocated “accustomization nature”, “pure” and he Buddhist is advocated “merciful Purdue beings” and “harmony”, “continued”.In the book Culture on Dinner Table, Mr.Yi Zhongtian said that the core thought of Chinese culture is group consciousness while the western core thought is individual consciousness.In sharp contrast, the western culture is a kind of “guilt”culture.They believe in god created man.The western culture, to be self-centered, the boundary between people is clear and they do not allow mutual interference.This individual culture contributed to western table manners without sharing a plate of food.But Chinese love peace and quiet life in the forest, and in the dining room use cheap chopsticks as tableware.The chopsticks can also reflect Chinese collective consciousness.Westerners prefer to colonize in restaurants, use a knife and fork in the class.Knife and fork also can reflect individual consciousness, and noble west of life.From the use of chopsticks we can see the whole course of using chopsticks is collaborative work.If one of them is absent, the whole work cannot be completed.It shows that collectivism is the core thought of Chinese nation.And knife and fork is born in modern industrial society, which is the production of socialization.Its main material is metal which shows social function of modern society, and failed to get rid of its offensive during socialization process.4.3 Custom
Custom culture refers to the culture that formed in the daily social life and human communication activity by ethnic and habits.The differences of custom between east and west are various.Different nationalities show different ethnic culture and custom on many aspects such as greeting, thanks, flattery, apology, or making telephone calls.For example, when Chinese meet acquaintance, they always greet each other by asking “have you eaten” or “where are you going”.While in western culture, it does not belong to the greeting but a real problem.They may think “why does he ask me whether I have eaten” “does he want to invite me to have dinner”.When Chinese invited guests to have dinner, there are so many dishes on the table, but host says repeatedly “there is nothing for you” “have a potluck” and similar words.The host also helps pick food for guests and try his best to make guests eat and drink more.Westerner often doubted about this phenomenon.It is not realistic behaviour that host said there is nothing when there are so many dishes on the table.And their meal is very simple which often with a small number of delicious vegetables when they treat others.Host just says “help yourself” and they never carry food to guest's bowl.5.Trend of Syncretism As a country that pays great attention to courtesy, the cuisine culture is deep rooted in Chinese history.In either a Chinese home or restaurant, it is easy to find that table manners are essential.And the distinctive courtesies displayed will invariably add to the enjoyment of meals and keep people in high spirits.It is really an admirable custom to respect others at the table, including the aged, teachers and guests while taking good care of children.Chinese people stress filial piety all the time.The practice of presenting the best or fine food first to the senior members of the family has been observed for countless generations.In ancient times the common people led a needy life but they still tried their best to support the elder mother or father who took it for granted.Although the hosts in China are all friendly and hospitable, we should also show them respect.Before starting to eat dinner, the host may offer some words of greeting.Guests should not start to eat until the host says, 'Please enjoy yourself' or something like that, otherwise it suggests disrespect and causes displeasure.When hosts place dishes on the table, they will arrange the main courses at the center with the supporting dishes evenly placed around them.When the main dishes are prepared in a decorative form either by cut or other means they will be placed facing the major guests and elder people at the table, which also embodies virtue.Westerners have gradually accepted Chinese sentimental thought.And Chinese food has always been very popular in America.Many Americans grew up frequently eating lunches with dishes like wonton soup, chow mein and fried rice.There are abundant and extensive table manners forming in the east, while there are exquisite and distinctive table manners forming in the west.Nowadays, the trend of syncretism of table manners between east and west is mainly reflected in Chinese learning from westerners.More and more western restaurants appear in many cities in China and more and more people like to have meals in it.People have learned western table manners gradually in daily life.It is obvious that the Chinese diet conception is sensible, western diet idea is rational.This difference seems to become blurred with the strengthening of communication between East and West and the development of science.Like westerners, instead of paying attention to the color, flavour and taste of the food, Chinese people pay more attention to its health and nutrition.We should learn from western manners not only learn its form but also adopt its inner spirit.Only in this way can we build up our confidence and superiority and establish our appeal.And western style food, which was introduced into our country several hundred years ago, has grown up to be a vital new force on the Chinese food and beverage market.The dissemination and development of western style food in China has unavoidably exerted great influence on Chinese food and beverage industry and made Chinese style food trade change in the aspects of managing concept, management mode, productive means, personnel cultivation and so on.6.Conclusion Table manners reflect many differences between east and west, whether on sense of arriving time, seat arrangement, order of serving dishes, tableware or behaviour and language.Knowing the differences people can easily understand the culture of each other.In face of these differences, we should comprehend and respect their habits and culture and should remember that every culture is equal and there is no one prior to the other.Thus we can decently communicate with each other.Only recognizing cultural differences between East and West and making a reasonable and effective integration, can we establish a social cultural etiquette system of contemporary China and reach the ideal harmonious society.Bibliography [1]Albala, K.The Cambridge World History of Food [M].Cambridge:Cambridge University Press,2000.[2]Finn, Carrie.Manners at the Table [M].America:Picture Window Books,2007.[3]King, Mia.Table Manners[M].America:Berkley Trade,2009.[4]李晓军.中西礼仪文化的差异与融合[J].内江科技,2007(03).[5]玛格丽特﹒维萨.餐桌礼仪[M].刘晓媛译.北京:新星出版社,2007.[6]彭健.浅议中西餐桌礼仪差异[J].新西部(下半月), 2009(06).[7]余琳,周游.从餐桌礼仪看中西文化差异[J].硅谷, 2008(18).[8]杨柳,田丹丹,苑富山.中美餐桌礼仪刍议[J].内江师范学院学报, 2008(01).[9]易中天.餐桌上的文化[J].当代学生, 2004(10).[10]张亚红.中西方饮食文化差异以及餐桌礼仪的对比[J].边疆经济与文化, 2009(04).
第三篇:中西方餐桌礼仪文化差异
中西方餐桌礼仪文化差异
一、中国的餐桌礼仪
根据文献的记载,早在我国周代,饮食礼仪就已经形成了一套相当完善的制度。比如汉族传统的宴饮礼仪程序是:主人向客人发出请柬,届时主人在门口相迎。出席的宾客也要互致问候,开席前客人先在客厅小坐,吃些茶点。
待客人到齐后一一就座,以左为上,相对上座的是二座,上座之下为三座。等到客人都坐定之后,主人开始敬酒让菜。
敬酒时先敬长辈和主宾,最后才是主人。这种传统的宴请礼仪在我国的大多数地方流传至今,我们在影视剧中也经常可以看到。
中国餐桌礼仪中的禁忌:与中国的传统家庭一起用餐,一定要尊重他们的习俗,不要触犯了他们的禁忌,因为中国人通常认为饮食与人的命运息息相关,如果在用餐时犯了禁忌会带来厄运。比如说吃鱼,当吃完一面鱼身,需要用筷子翻转到另一面时,通常开车的人是不会动筷子去翻的。他们认为:如果翻了鱼身,那么驾车的时候就会翻车。
这些迷信的习俗流传至今,餐桌礼仪在现代中国人的生活中占有相当重要的地位。用餐不仅是满足生理需要,而且也是重要的社交经验,体现着一个人的教养和素质。
二、西方的餐桌礼仪
西方家庭素有把餐桌当成课堂的习俗。从孩子上餐桌的第一天开始,家长就对其进行餐桌礼仪的培养。在西方,孩子一般在四岁时就学会了用餐的所有礼仪。五岁的孩子都乐于做一些餐前摆好所有的餐具,餐后收拾餐具等力所能及的事情。另外,他们还非常注重环保教育,让孩子知道哪些是可再生的“环保餐具”,哪些是不可再生的“永久垃圾”。教育孩子们尽量少用易拉罐等现成的食品,并注意节约用水、用电。因为他们懂得“滥用资源,即意味着对环境保护的侵害”。
在西方餐桌上也有一些注意事项:比如不要在餐桌上化妆,用餐巾擦鼻涕。用餐时打嗝是大忌,更不要对着人或者是菜打嗝或打喷嚏。取食时,拿不到的食物可以请别人传递,千万不要站起来。每次送到嘴里的食物不要太多,在咀嚼时不要说话。就餐时不可以狼吞虎咽。遇到自己不愿吃的食物也应一点放在盘中,以示礼貌。不应在进餐中途退席。确实需要离开,要向左右的客人小声打招呼。饮酒干杯时,即使不喝,也应该将杯口在唇上碰一碰,以示敬意。
当别人为你斟酒时,如果不需要,可以简单地说一声“No,thanks!”或以手稍盖酒杯,表示谢绝。进餐过程中,不要解开纽扣或当众脱衣。
三、中西方餐桌礼仪的比较
1.座次安排:中国的餐桌礼仪是:先请客人入座上席,再请长辈入座客人旁。入座的时侯要从椅子的左边进入。主人必须注意的一点是切不可让客人坐在靠近上菜的座位,此为一大忌。如果是圆桌子,则对着大门的是主座。
现代较为流行的中餐宴饮礼仪,其座次借西方以右为上的法则,第一主宾坐在主人的右边,第二主宾坐在主人的左边或者第一主宾的右边。
在西方的餐桌礼仪中,女主人宣布晚宴准备就绪后,男主人引宾客依次就座,一般座位的安排以男女分隔而坐的原则,男主宾先就座,其位置在女主人的右边,而女主宾则在男主宾的右边,其他的夫妇则以对角方式入座。
2.上菜顺序:中餐的上菜顺序一般是先上凉菜、饮料或酒,然后是热菜、主食和汤,最后是水果和甜点。而西方的上菜程序通常是:黄油面包、冷菜、海鲜、主菜、甜点、咖啡和水果。冷菜也叫开胃小菜,作为第一道菜,一般和开胃酒并用。3.餐具:中餐的餐具主要有筷子、碟,碗、勺子等。在正式的宴会上,水杯通常放在菜盘的左上方,酒杯放在菜盘右上方。西餐的餐具主要有刀子、叉子、碗、盘子、碟子等。4.餐巾:中餐在正式用餐前,服务员会为每人递上一·9·块热毛巾,它只能用来擦手,擦完手之后,应放回原来的盘子里,由服务员拿走,在宴会结束前,会再上一块湿毛巾用来擦嘴,千万不能用来擦汗、抹脸。西餐中,餐巾放在盘子里,要么放在盘子的旁边。
5.停菜方法:在中餐结束时,筷子应整齐地放在靠碗右边的桌上,并应等客人们都放下筷子以后,主人示意离席后方可以离开,不能自己吃完了放下筷子就走,这样做是很没礼貌的表现。而在西餐结束的时候,要将叉子的下面向上,刀子的刀刃侧向内与叉子并拢,平行地放在盘子上,而且要把柄放在盘子内以便于服务员收拾。
四、从餐具使用上看中西文化差异中国人吃饭惯用筷子,而西方人用刀叉。对此,浙江大学的游修龄教授认为,这与环境有关。在我国,北方多木,南方多竹,而筷子的主要原料就是木头和竹子。而刀叉的起源与欧洲古代的游牧民有关,他们随身带刀,往往遇到猎物,用刀子割下来,烧熟了,用刀子分着吃。大约到15世纪前后,为了改变进餐姿势,才慢慢开始使用叉子。不同的餐具反映了不同的生活观念。在中国,一家人坐在一起,用筷子合餐,体现了老老少少坐在一起的家庭单元,而西方人一开始就分吃,由此反映出西方人讲究独立,子女长大后就独立闯世界的想法和习惯。
五、从就餐氛围上看中西文化差异中国人就餐,图的是一个热闹,而西方人则好静。中国有句古话“民以食为天”,中国人以食为人生之至乐,其场面之宏大,常常热闹得令人叹为观止。中国人在一起就餐,常常相互劝酒、划拳,在古代还行酒令,这样方能显示主人的热情与真诚。这也正显示了中国人家庭和睦,邻里团结的文化氛围。而西方人坐在餐桌上则静静地划开自家的盘中餐,喝汤时不能发出声响。如果汤太烫,也不能用嘴吹,只能待汤稍凉些再喝。这也显示了西方人好静的特点。
六、从餐桌话语上看中西文化差异中国人请客吃饭时,摆在餐桌上的菜花样繁多,五花八门。如果是盛宴,主菜则会更多,越丰盛、越昂贵方能显示主人的殷勤和客人的身份。而在宴请结束时,主人往往会说“今天没什么好菜招待大家”“,菜做得不好,请多包涵”“,怠慢了您”等等的话语。而西方盛宴一般只有四到五个菜,以恰好吃完或者稍有剩余为最佳。如果在家里,最好吃完所有的菜,这样女主人会很高兴,认为这样是大家喜欢她做的菜,对她烹饪手艺的一种认可。面对丰盛的宴席,主人会说已经倾其所有来招待大家。对中西方主人的话语进行推敲,不难得出,中国人遵循“贬己尊人”的原则,而西方人强调效率和实用主义价值观,在交际中十分注重自身面子的需要。例如,西方人在宴会上常用文雅的词来代替令人作呕之事。问厕所在哪会说“WherecanIwashmyhand?”“,IwonderifIcangosomewhere?”另外,中国人见面打招呼经常会问“你吃饭了吗?”但是在西方国家,这样容易使人产生误解,以为你有意请对方吃饭,尤其是对于未婚男女,对方会以为你有意约会。
综上所述,通过对中西方餐桌礼仪差异的分析,了解到了中西方之间不同的文化传统。掌握二者之间的不同,对于我们提高自身的素质有着很大的帮助,对于我们更加了解西方的餐桌礼仪对中国文明的发展和更好地与人交往发面也起到了导向的作用。使得我们今后在社会上,与人交往的过程中,更多了一份从容。
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第四篇:中西方餐桌文化差异
中西方餐桌文化差异
中国餐桌文化
一、概述
中国餐桌文化的历史源远流长。古有“民以食为天”(Food is eating well-deserved for human life)、“丰衣足食”之说,今有“人是铁,饭是钢,一顿不吃饿得慌”的俗语。人们把饮食文化作为生活的重要部分,常我国古代一般“尚左尊东”、“面朝大门为尊”。然而由于器具、几案、餐桌椅形和时代、地域的不同,“上座”的标准也有所不同。两汉以前,“席南向并向,以西方为上”(《史记·项羽本纪》),既以而朝东坐为上。而在坐北朝南的“堂”上,则是以南向为最尊,次为西向,再为东向。隋唐以后,开始了由床向垂足高坐起居方式的转变,方形、矩形餐桌均已齐备,座次利益也随之有了新新的变化。清中叶后圆桌出现,一般取向阳或向门之位为首以饮食的好坏来衡量生活水平的高低。而盛大的节日也都与饮食相联系。由此可见,自古以来,中国人对饮食的重视一直延续至今。
另一方面,作为东方礼仪之邦,重视宴席座次礼仪、守礼仪是中国人数千年的传统。据有关史料记载,至少在周代,我国饮食礼仪就已初步形成,经过不断地发展变化,逐渐形成体系,并对西方餐桌文化产生一定影响。
随着时代的变迁,饮食文化正向多元化发展。自清代以来,一些西餐礼仪被引进。中西餐餐桌文化的交流,使得餐饮礼仪更加科学合理。
二、分配方式的演进
中国最早实行“分餐制”(the individual serving),到了北宋后期才进化到如今的合餐制。分餐制的历史远远长于合餐制。由于早期食物相对匮乏,“按人均分”是比较合适的分配原则。无法满足人们的口味、习惯的不同是分餐制的缺陷。随着生产力的进步,食物逐渐充足起来,种类越来越丰盛,分餐制显然不能适应食物多样化的发展。于是合餐制便逐渐取代了分餐制。
合餐是历史的进步,不仅体现在其演进过程的本身,也体现在对社会行为和文化的巨大影响上。合餐共食拉近了人们之间的亲密关系,养成了对他人关心照顾以及我们民族廉让的美德,也使中国人变得温良和善,进而增加了家人的凝聚力和整个社会的和谐;培养了中国人的沟通能力,创造了沟通场所,增加了合作机会;满足了人们对食物多样性的需求,以及丰富的精神和情感需求;也养成了中国人好商量、好通融的性格。
三、宴席座次礼仪
“不学礼,无以立。”中国人自古崇尚礼仪,而中国最早的礼和最普及、最重要的礼,可以说就是食礼。在中国宴会繁溽食礼的基础仪程和中心环节即是宴席上的座次之礼——“安席”。宴席上的贵客或主人应坐“上座”。
位。
现代较为流行的座次礼仪是在继承传统与参考国外礼仪的基础上发展而来的:借西方宴会上以右为尊的法则,第一主宾就坐于主人右侧,第二主宾在主人左侧或第一主宾右侧,变通处理。
四、餐具的演进
我们的祖先也曾与现代人一样,使用刀叉而非筷子。刀叉要同时使用左右手,因此人与人之间要保持相当的距离。同时刀叉只适于近距离的传输,大概也就限于从胸前的盘子到嘴之间。如果这个距离按合餐制的要求,至少要延长到嘴到桌子的中心,也就是说至少要比桌子的半径更长。显然,刀叉承担不了这个距离的传输功能。而筷子出现后,合餐就方便多了。从这个角度,我们大概可以这样理解,西方人至今仍然使用刀叉进食,与他们保持分餐制是互为因果的。
现代中国常用的餐具有:筷子(chopsticks)、勺子(ladle)、盘子(plate)等,它们分别与西方的刀叉(knives and forks)、铁匙(spoon)及碗(bowl)相对应。它们的使用,亦有讲究。
五、餐桌礼仪与宗教、迷信、节日的关系
中国人不单止十分尊重吃的艺术及礼仪,甚至会敬拜由“火神”衍生而来的“灶君”,人们认为“灶君”能保佑厨房避开火灾及各种不幸事件的发生。每年农历12月24日,各家都准备一顿美味佳肴祀奉“灶君”,包括一只完事的鸡、烧猪、多样蔬菜、饭等,以多谢“灶君”对他们过去一年的保佑。而许多节日亦与饮食息息相关。如春节吃年夜饭、元宵节吃元宵、端午节吃粽子、中秋节吃月饼等等。凡此种种,都表达了人们对美好、团圆生活的向往与追求。中国人认为饮食与个人命运几乎是息息相关的,用饭时犯了禁忌,便会惹来衰运。例如吃鱼,当吃完了一面鱼身,不要用筷子把整条鱼翻到另一面。人们认为若翻鱼时弄破鱼身,便意味着渔船会翻沉,这是由于香港在开埠初期是一个渔港,渔民很关注船只的安全航行。此外,中国人从不会端上七碟菜肴用饭。因为葬礼后的“解慰酒”须有七碟菜肴。不可用筷子垂直插入饭碗的中央,因这样有点象在拜祭祖先。用饭后不可说“我吃完了”,这意谓自己已死去,不会再有机会吃饭,而应该说“我吃饱了”。很严格的顺序上菜。通常在意大利宴请少量宾客时一般只有三道菜,桌上放有面包,可以自取。而这与在中国满桌的美味珍馐是完全不同的。在此时饮咖啡与茶上也有一些不同。在中国比较随意,由主人给客人一杯杯斟茶,没有用小碟。而在意大利,饮茶与咖啡时只端杯子,将小碟留在台上,喝完后,一定要把杯子放回碟上。
在席间,中国的主人往往很热情,敦促客人在吃大喝是完全合理的,并频频给客人夹菜、劝酒。在意大利,主人一般不管这些,而是只与客人聊天,旨在创造一种自由吃饭时避免筷子触碰饭碗面发出声音,这不单只是不礼貌,亦意味前“无饭吃”。要培养吃光碗中饭的习惯,一粒饭也不可剩余在饭碗,否则将来的太太或丈夫是“痘皮脸”的,亦不尊重辛劳耕种的农夫。这些迷信的饮食习俗流传到今,或多或少仍然成为中国人的饮食礼仪。
西方餐桌文化
一、意大利与中国餐桌礼仪的不同之处
意大利(Italy)的美食众多,是世界的美食之都之一。中国的饮食文化同样博大精深,源远流长。但两国的餐桌礼仪却是大相径庭。不同的餐桌礼仪也彰显出两国文化上的迥异与不同的东西方的风土人情。
我们暂且就两国请客吃饭的话题展开,以局部观整体。
就从客人进门开始说起。意大利人举办聚会,主人都要早早地在门口迎接,客人也一般会带来酒、甜食或一些纪念品,这在中国也是一样的。但意大利接受礼品后,礼貌的做法是当面拆开礼品并加以赞美,而这在中国是相当不礼貌的一种做法。在中国主人收到礼品后应先放置在一处,待客人回去后再拆封。
入席时,单从餐桌的选择上,就有不同。在中国,圆形餐桌受欢迎,因为可以坐更多人,而且大家可以面对面坐,以右为尊,主人坐在右首并面对正门而坐。而在意大利宴请宾客则喜用长桌,一家之主的身份因而比在圆桌上好辨认。此外,在意大利安排座位也比较随意,依客人喜爱而定。
上菜是有最大的不同。在中国是在桌上摆满所有的菜,客人随意夹取。而在意大利,实行分餐制,并且菜是按沙拉、开胃菜、副菜、主菜、甜食、咖啡或茶一道道按
自在、宽松从容的氛围。
二、加拿大餐桌礼仪
加拿大(Canada)是一个移民国家,拥有丰富多彩的饮食文化。其中,“三不”饮食文化别有一番情趣。
对中国人来讲,不论是家里还是酒店宴请朋友,一般都离不开烟酒,否则就有怠慢之嫌。然而,在加拿大请客吃饭则都不设烟酒。饮酒者只能在领有酒牌的地方或住宅内喝酒。在这些地方以外饮酒都是违法的。由此可见,加拿大人十分重视健康,甚至将禁烟禁酒的规则搬到了餐桌。而在中国则没有这样的特殊礼仪。
你听说过加拿大的“冷餐宴会”吗?那就是因为菜肴烧得比较早,时间一长,也就成了凉菜。加拿大人喜欢吃冷食,而中国人则有所不同,热菜是中国饮食文化的一大特色。
加拿大人宴请客人是不安排桌席的。通常是客人们手拿一次性使用的塑料餐盒和叉子,自己动手随意选取自己喜爱吃的食物和菜肴,然后自找地方用餐。客人们可无拘无束,如果没吃饱,还可以去取食。食毕要将一次性餐具放到废物的大塑料袋中。而中国人热闹,大多一堆人围成一桌进餐,而且讲究排列位次,通常是有主次尊卑之别。在中国的宴席中,必须要所有人都到齐了,才能开始进餐。中国人用筷子最有讲究了,如和人交谈时,要暂时放下筷子,不能一边说话,一边象指挥似地舞筷子,不能把筷子竖插放在食物上面,这样不吉利。
加拿大的餐桌礼仪除了以上几种特别的要求外,大多数与其他西方国家的没有什么差异,同样要注意坐姿和刀叉的使用,同样与中国的餐桌礼仪大有不同之处。
[总结] 餐桌文化由于地域、环境、风俗习惯等因素的影响,会出现在原料、口味、饮食习惯上的不同程度的差异。中西文化之间的差异造就了中西饮食文化的差异,而这种差异来自中西方不同的思维方式和处世哲学。中国人注重“天人合一”,西方人注重“以人为本”。
一、两种不同的饮食观念
对比注重“味”的中国饮食,西方是一种理性饮食观念。这种理性使之在自然科学上、心理学上、方法论上实现了突飞猛进的发展。但却大大阻碍了如饮食文化的发对自我的尊重。但各吃各的,互不相扰,缺少了一些中国人聊欢共乐的情调。
三、餐桌上用语的差异
中西方在请客吃饭上的文化差异也要注意,否则会引起笑话。
中国人热情好客,请客吃饭时一般都是菜肴满桌,但无论菜多么丰盛,嘴上总要谦虚的说:“没什么好吃的,菜做得不好,随便吃点。”然而,当英美人听到这样的客套话,会觉得很反感:“没什么吃的,又何必请我?菜做展。西餐讲究营养、菜色的搭配,讲究餐具与服务,但滋味上各种原料互不相干、调和,各是各的味,较为单一。
而在中国的烹调术中,对美味追求几乎达到极致。这也是中餐在世界各地广受欢迎的主要原因。遗憾的是,当我们把追求美味作为第一要求时,我们却忽略了食物最根本的营养价值。“民以食为天”的后半句是“食以味为先”,就是这种对美味的追求,使不够营养成为中国饮食文化的最大弱点。这种饮食观与中国传统的哲学思想也是吻合的。它包含了中国哲学丰富的辩证法思想,一切以菜的味的美好、谐调为度,度以内的千变万化就决定了中国菜的丰富和富于变化,决定了中国菜菜系的特点。
二、饮食方式的不同
中西方的饮食方式有很大不同,这种差异对民族性格也有影响。
在中国,任何一个宴席,不管是什么目的,都只会有一种形式,就是大家团团围坐,共享一席。筵席要用圆桌,这就从形式上造成了一种团结、礼貌、共趣的气氛。美味佳肴放在一桌人的中心,它既是一桌人欣赏、品尝的对象,又是一桌人感情交流的媒介物。虽然从卫生的角度看,这种饮食方式有明显的不足之处,但它符合我们民族“大团圆”的普遍心态,反映了中国古典哲学中“和”这个范畴对后代思想的影响,便于集体的情感交流,因而至今难以改革。
西式饮宴上,食品和酒尽管非常重要,但实际上那是作为陪衬。宴会的核心在于交谊,通过与邻座客人之间的交谈,达到交谊的目的。与中国饮食方式的差异更为明显的是西方流行的自助餐。这种方式便于个人之间的情感交流,不必将所有的话摆在桌面上,也表现了西方人对个性、得不好,又为什么要拿来招待我?”。按照中国的习俗,为了表示礼貌,习惯上会一再劝客人多吃点,而中国人往往是“言不由衷”,明明肚子饿,嘴上却说:“我饱了,不用了。”;直到主人一请再请,才慢条斯理地“恭敬不如从命”。而英美人招待客人一般没那么讲究,简简单单三四道菜就可以了。用餐时,一般主人会说:“Help yourself, please!”(“请吃。”即你想吃什么就吃什么。)英美人待客尊重个人意志,讲究实事求是,一再问客人要不要食物或强塞食物给客人,是很不礼貌的。所以,当主人给你添菜或问你要什么时,如:“Would you like another piece of meat pie?”(“想再来一块肉馅饼吗?”),如果你想吃的话,可以直截了当地回答:“Yes, please!”或“Thank you.A piece of meat pie.”倘若你确实什么也不想吃,只需简单地说:“No.Thank you.”就可以了。而客人在用餐期间,一定要赞美主人所准备的食物好吃,称赞主人的手艺好,否则不管你吃得多饱,主人都会不高兴。典型的英语客套话是:
客人:It’s delicious.(味道好极了。)/ This meat is beautifully tender.(这肉鲜嫩可口。)
主人:Thank you.I’m glad you like it.(谢谢,我很高兴你喜欢吃。)
有些不了解英美人习惯的中国人,到英美人家里做客,也客气一番,结果他们请你一遍,至多两遍,便以为你真的不想吃。英美人第二次的问法经常是:“Are you sure? It’s no trouble.”(“真的不要吗?一点也不麻烦的。”)注意,这可是最后一请,如果你再客气,只好去喝西北风了。此外,英美人认为菜吃不完留在盘子里,是很不文明的行为,所以宁可第一次少要一些,吃不饱,可大大方方地跟主人说:”Oh, this is delicious.”(“哦,这真好吃啊。”)并再要些刚才吃过的菜,主人对你欣赏他们的菜,会感到很高兴。
结论:所以,中西方餐桌文化差异归根结底还是感性与理性之间的差异。文化促进饮食的形成,饮食反映出各国的文化。但是,这种差异似乎在随着科学的发展和世界体现了不同的餐桌礼仪。
(一)座次安排
在中国的餐桌礼仪中:先请客人入座上席,再请长者入座客人旁依次入座。入座时要从椅子左边进入,入座后不要动筷子,更不要弄出响声来,也不要起身走动。如果有什么事要向主人打招呼。客人应该等候主人邀请才可坐下,主人必须注意不可叫客人坐在靠近上菜的座位,此为一大忌。如果你是主人,则以和缓的动手,指向某张椅子并对客人说:“请坐这里。”如果你是客人,等主人示意你坐下时,才坐下。如果主人径自坐下而没有示意你坐在哪里,你就坐在最靠近他的位置。要是坐圆桌子,对着大门的是主座。的交流而变的模糊。中西方餐桌文化互相影响,互相融合,使两者更趋于完善、科学。
中西方文化差异-中西餐桌礼仪
中方——据文献记载,至少在周代,饮食礼仪就已形成一套相当完善的制度。作为汉族传统的古代宴饮礼仪,自有一套程序。这种传统宴饮礼仪在我国大部分地区保留至今,如山东、香港及台湾,许多影视作品中多有体现。清代受西餐传入的影响,一些西餐礼仪也被引进,中西餐饮文化的交流,使得餐饮礼仪更加科学合理。
西方——西方餐桌礼仪起源于法国梅罗文加王朝,当时因着拜占庭文化启发,制定了一系列细致的礼仪。到了罗马帝国的查里曼大帝时,礼仪更为复杂,甚至专制。皇帝必须坐最高的椅子,每当乐声响起,王公贵族必须将菜肴传到皇帝手中。在十七世纪以前,传统习惯是戴着帽子用餐。在帝制时代,餐桌礼仪显得繁琐、严苛,不同民族有不一样的用餐习惯。高卢人坐着用餐;罗马人卧着进食;法国人从小学习把双手放在桌上;英国人在不进食时要把双手放在大腿上。欧洲的餐桌礼仪由骑士精神演变而来。在十二世纪,意大利文化流入法国,餐桌礼仪和菜单用语均变得更为优雅精致,教导礼仪的着作亦纷纷面世。时至今日,餐桌礼仪还在欧洲国家继续传留下去。若你前往朋友家做客,须穿上得体的衣服,送上合宜的礼物,处处表现优雅的言谈举止 西方家庭素有“把餐桌当成课堂”的传统。从孩子上餐桌的第一天起,家长就开始对他们进行有形或无形的“进餐教育”,帮助孩子学会良好的进餐礼仪。西方孩子一般两岁时开始系统学习用餐礼仪,四岁时就学到用餐的所有礼仪;五岁左右的孩子都乐于做一些餐前摆好所有餐具、餐后收拾餐具等力所能及的事。
在儿童的餐桌礼仪中,美国人还注重进行环保教育。五六岁的孩子应知道哪些是经过再生制造的“环保餐具”,哪些塑料袋可能成为污染环境的“永久垃圾”。外出郊游前,他们会在家长指导下自制饮料。尽量少买易拉罐等现成食品,并注意节约水电,因为他们懂得“滥用资源,即意味着对环境保护的侵害”。[3 ]对于这种餐桌教育,美国一位老师说:“文明礼貌对个人事业的成功极有帮助。大的商业交易或爱情往往是从餐桌上开始。”
中国和美国在餐桌上的要求存在很大差异,并各有特色,档次高一点的饭店,会用餐巾予以区分,餐巾最高大的位置不能随便坐,除非你打算好请客。
现代较为流行的中餐宴饮礼仪是在继续传统与参考国外礼仪的基础上发展而来的。其座次借西方宴会以右为上的法则,第一主宾就坐于主人右侧,第二主宾在主人左侧或第一主宾右侧,门边面对主人的,自然是跑腿招呼的陪客坐的。变通处理,斟酒上菜由宾客右侧进行,先主宾,后主人,先女宾,后男宾。
在西方的餐桌礼仪中:女主人宣布晚宴准备就绪后,男主人便会引领客人依次入座,而女主人则走在最后面。有些细心的主人也会在餐桌上放置姓名卡,以示座次,如果没有这项安排,那么座位安排原则一般为:座次安排以男女分隔而坐为原则,男主客优先入座,其位置在女主人右边,而女主客在男主客右边,其它夫妇则以对角方式就座。男女夫妇分坐显示出了美式宴会的开放及活泼,希望能藉由宴席上座次的安排来增进彼此间的熟稔,同时也可使用餐话题多样化,气氛和乐。
入坐原则是客人先入坐,长者先于年轻人入坐,已婚者先于未婚者入坐,陌生人又先于熟识客人或家人入坐。(二)上菜顺序
中餐上菜顺序是:先上冷菜、饮料及酒,后上热菜,然后上主食,最后上甜食和水果。宴会上桌数很多时,各桌的每一道菜应同时上。上菜顺序依然保持传统,先冷后热。这些程序不仅可以使整个宴饮过程和谐有序,更使主客身份和情感得以体现和交流。因此,餐桌之上的礼仪可使宴饮活动圆满周全,使主客双方的修养得到全面展示。
西餐上菜程序通常是:面包黄油→冷菜→汤斗海鲜→主菜→甜点心→咖啡和水果。冷菜、汤,同时就着面包吃。冷菜也叫开胃小菜,作为第一道菜,一般与开胃酒并用。汤分渍汤和奶油浓汤。主菜有鱼、猪肉、牛肉、鸡等。甜食常有冰淇淋、布丁等。然后是咖啡或红茶。至于水果,可上可不上。
(三)餐具
中餐的餐具主要包括筷子、碟子、调羹、碗、调盘等。在正式的宴会上,水杯放在菜盘左上方,酒杯放在右上方。筷子与汤匙可放在专用座子上或放在纸套内。公用的筷子和汤匙最好放在专用的座子上。
西餐餐具主要有刀、叉、匙、盘子、玻璃杯等。在摆放方法上,中餐较为简单,而西餐就比较复杂。世界上高级的西式宴会摆台是基本统一的。共同原则是:垫盘居中,叉左刀右,刀尖向上,刀口向内,盘前横匙,主食靠左,餐具靠右,其余用具酌情摆放。酒杯的数量与酒的种类相等,摆法是从左到右,依次摆烈性酒杯,葡萄酒杯,香槟酒杯,啤酒杯。西餐中餐巾放在盘子里,如果在宾客尚未落坐前需要往盘子里放某种事物时,餐巾就放在盘子旁边。(四)表示停餐方法
中方:筵席中暂时停餐,可以把筷子直搁在碟子或者调羹上。如果将筷子横搁在碟子上,那是表示酒醉饭饱不再进膳了。西方:略事休息时,刀叉的摆法。如果吃到一半想放下刀叉略作休息,应把刀叉以八字形状摆在盘子中央。若刀叉突出到盘子外面,不安全也不好看。边说话边挥舞刀叉是失礼举动。用餐后,将刀叉摆成四点钟方向即可。
(五)手机:在吃西餐的时候基本上都不会开手机,除非你有非常重要的事情,而手机铃声都会很小声,有电话要中西宴客方面的另一大差异,也就是餐桌气氛上的差异。总的来说是西方餐桌上静,中国餐桌上动。西方人平日好动,挥手耸肩等形体语言特别丰富。但一坐到餐桌上便专心致志的去静静的切割自家的盘中餐。中国人平日好静,一坐上餐桌,便滔滔不绝,相互让菜,劝酒。
所以,中国人餐桌上的闹与西方餐桌上的静反映出了中西饮食文化上的根本差异。中国人以食为人生之至乐,所以餐桌上人们尽情的享受这美味佳肴。餐桌上的热闹反映了食客发自内心的欢快。西方人以饮食为生存的必要条件,他们自然要遵守某些规范,以保证机器的正常运转。通过中西餐桌礼仪的比较,不仅仅反映了各地的文化传统,还折射出不同民族心理、价值观与道德标准、社会关系、社会礼仪和社会风俗等方面,即西方文化主张个人荣给大家说“对不起”,然后起身出去听电话。这一条吃中餐的时候也适用,在用餐的时候听电话走到哪里都是让人唾弃的。
讲到吃的礼节,不同的国家或文化常存在着许多差异,亚洲人认为挺礼貌的举动,欧洲人见了可能感到很不文雅;中东国家餐桌上特殊的用餐礼仪,到了美国人的餐桌上使用起来就变成了粗鲁的动作了尽管有着许多不同。换个角度来看,西方的宴客形式,从正式到非正式,远远多于中国。大致说来,他们有以下八种宴请形式:有席位的宴请(seated dinners),自助餐(buffet dinners),正式午餐(luncheons),招待会(receptions),鸡尾酒会(cocktail parties),聚餐会(BYOB and BYOF=Bring your own bottles and bring your own food),野餐(picnics),茶会(tea parties)。而从传统习俗上说,中国人请客,不论按长、尊、主、次围桌而坐,满桌丰盛的酒菜,主人频频劝酒,客人谦让礼到。中国人觉得这样的宴客方式才能体现主人的热情和诚恳。另外宴客时崇尚热闹欢快的气氛,讲究面子排场。排场之大,气氛之热闹常常令人叹为观止。
较随便的形式则是主人邀上三五知己,到家中由女主人炒几个菜,小酌一番。这种随便的宴客形式不讲究礼仪,不讲究坐次,不讲究饭菜,只讲气氛的和谐、主人的热诚、主客谈话的投机。当然,近年来西方的一些宴客形式,如酒会、招待会、自助餐或冷餐也会传到中国,但这些多是官方或单位出面组织的宴请形式,平民百姓还少有实行。其次,中西在宴客的观念上有较大的差异。而中国人请客吃饭,重在饭菜本身。宴席上的酒菜一定要丰富多彩。如果做得到,一定是山珍海味,美味佳肴。否则,很难称的上是在请客。中国人宴客时重视饭菜本身起源于中国人的传统价值观念:民以食为天;食色性也。在衣食住行四大生活要素中食为首。
西方人的饮食观念不同于中国人,林语堂先生说,英美人仅以“吃”为对一个生物的机器注入燃料,只要他们吃了以后能保持身体的结识,足以抵御病菌的感染,其他皆再不足道中。由于这一点,英语国家的饮食文化,尤其在烹饪方面不但逊色于中国,也远不如法意等国。他们的传统饭菜比较单一乏味。但比较注重营养,力求口味的清淡和膳食的均衡。
誉、自我中心、创新 精神和个性自由,而中国文化主张谦虚谨慎、无私奉献、中庸之道和团结协作;西方人平等意识较强、家庭结 构简单,由父母以及未成年子女组成核心家庭;而中国人等级观念较强,家庭结构较复杂,传统的幸福家庭多 为四代同堂等。
在跨文化交际中,由于文化障碍而导致的信息误解,甚至伤害对方的现象屡见不鲜。有时善意的言谈会使对方尴尬无比,礼貌的举止会被误解为荒诞粗俗。因此,研究不同文化之间的差异,研究正确的跨文化交际行为已成为不可忽视的问题。另外—— 用餐俗例
在饭食方式方面,中国人与西方人有点不同,西方人喜欢各自品尝放在自己面前的食物,中国人则有一定的用饭规例,他们喜欢叫数碟佳肴,放在饭桌的中央位置,各人有一碗饭共同配这数碟菜肴,饭吃完可再添;夹起的菜肴通常要先放在自己的饭碗中,直接把菜肴放入口是不礼貌的;依照惯例,客人出席正式或传统的晚餐,是不会吃光桌上的菜肴,以免令主人家误以为菜肴预备不足,因而感到尴尬。餐桌摆设
日常饭食的摆设是在各座席摆上一个饭碗、一双筷子、一只汤匙、一碟调味酱,用饭后通常会给客人一条热毛巾,代替纸巾抹手及抹嘴巴。所有菜肴同时端上餐桌中央,各人用自己的筷子直接从各碟共享的菜肴夹取食物;汤水一大锅的端上,各人同饮一锅汤。客人用饭时绝对可以来一招「飞象过河」,夹取放在远处的菜肴。由於中国人喜欢全体共享菜肴,他们的餐桌大多数是圆形或方形,而不是西方人多用的长形餐桌。
差异:中国与西方在饮食文化方面有不同之处,中国人比较喜欢大伙儿到茶楼,因可品尝更多款的点心及菜肴,虽然茶楼都备有二人饭桌,但大多数是供四位或以上食客用的饭桌。茶楼通常很噪吵,气氛不像西式餐厅浪漫,若二人吃饭,可考虑不选择去茶楼。
第五篇:中西方餐桌礼仪文化差异总结
中西方餐桌礼仪文化差异总结
饮食文化、餐具、进餐方式以及一系列的餐桌礼仪等都反映了不同民族的社会生活样式和文化取向。现代社会礼仪无处不在, 用餐不单是满足基本生理需要, 也是很重要的社交经验,而中西方在餐桌礼仪方面的要求也有许多差别, 了解了两者的不同防止失礼于人。1.餐桌气氛上的差异
总的来说是:西方餐桌上静, 中国餐桌上动。西方人平日好动, 但一坐到餐桌上便专心致志地去静静切割自家的盘中餐。中国人平日好静, 一坐上餐桌, 便滔滔不绝, 相互让菜, 劝酒。中国人餐桌上的闹与西方餐桌上的静反映出了中西饮食文化上的根本差异。
2.邀请的提前与赴宴的守时的差异
一般,不管是中方还是西方,邀请别人吃饭或者赴宴都要提前预定。
中方若是大型的婚宴请客要提前几天以上,这是表达一种对客人的尊重。
而西方宴请也要提前通知,像答应对方的邀请后,如果临时有事要迟到甚至取消约会,必须事先通知对方。另外,如果宴会时间是7点,你最好是6点55就要到。赴会时稍迟是可以接受的,但若超过15分钟便会给对方不重视约会的坏印象。
3.中西方座次安排上的差异
古代中国素有“礼仪之邦”之称,我国的传统作法是“以左为上”,即认为居左之位高于居右之位。并且先请客人入座上席,在请长者入座客人旁依次入座,入座时要从椅子左边进入。入座后不要动筷子,更不要弄出什么响声来,也不要起身走动,如果有什么事要向主人打招呼。
而国际通行作法并排排列座次时,国际上的通行作法是“以右为上”,即认为居右之位高于居左之位。他们会注意:以主人和女主人为中心,左手的位置为上,靠近主人女主人的位置为上;夫妇不应相邻,男女依次相邻,主人和主方陪客应与客人依次相邻;译员可以坐在主宾的右侧。有些大型场合,也可以在主人和主宾背后,另外安排用餐。4.从餐具的摆放中看差异
我们知道在中国的餐具中一般只有杯子,筷子,和碗、盘子等。它的摆放就相对比较简单。餐具的摆放是这样的:大盘是离身体最近的,正对领带;餐布一角压在大盘之下,一角垂落桌沿;小盘叠在大盘之上;大盘左侧放手巾;左前侧放小碗,小瓷汤勺放在碗内;右前侧放置酒杯;右侧放筷子。
西餐中的餐具,它的用餐顺序是有外向内的,所以,他的摆放也是有外向内的。它是根据一道道不同菜的上菜顺序精心排列起来的。座位最前面放食盘(或汤盘),左手放叉,右手放刀。汤匙也放在食盘右边。食盘上方,放着吃甜食用的匙和叉、咖啡匙,再往前略靠右放酒杯。右起依次是:葡萄酒杯、香槟酒杯、啤酒杯(水杯)。而餐巾叠放啤酒杯(水杯)里或放在食盘里。面包盘放在左手,上面的黄油刀横摆在盘里,刀刃一面要向着自已。正餐的刀叉数目要和菜的道数相等,按上菜顺序由外到里排列,刀口向内,用餐时按顺序由外向中间排着用,依次是吃开胃菜用的、吃鱼用的、吃肉用的 比较正式的餐会中,餐巾是布做的。另外,要注意高档的餐厅餐巾往往叠得很漂亮,有的还系上小缎带。注意,别拿餐巾擦鼻子或擦脸。通过对比,我发现造成这些差异的原因主要有两点。首先是中西方思维方式不同。从筷子与刀叉的区别看出,筷子是由两根组成的,缺一不可,在协同中完成整个的吃饭过程。可见,这样一个看似简单的吃饭过程却体现了中华民族团结的民族心理和集体主义的国家理念。而西方国家体现的是,在具体使用的过程中,用刀进行切,然后用叉将其夹住,最后才是送到口中的过程,通过这样的一个过程就可以分析出,每个独立的工具所承担的是各自独立的责任,完成的是分别的任务。
其次便是中西方价值观不同。每一个社会和国家都在使用自己所认可的价值观。在餐桌礼仪中人们所表现出的行为是各个国家的价值观的一个缩影,是在各自不同的价值观的指引下采取的与之相对应的行为。如在中国这样一个以“礼仪之邦”,并强调“孝”、“忠”的国度里,体现出集体主义价值观。在餐桌上就餐的时候,人们点好了菜以后,从座次就可以很明显的表现出来,中国人强调尊老爱幼,因此,座位的摆放很有规律,座位不仅有上下等级之分,而且还有具体的座位排序。对于西方国家来说,个人主义价值观占据主导地位,人们之间实行的是各自的价值,体现的是每个人的个体力量。这是因为在西方人的哲学思想中,倾向于侧重个人主义、个性发展与自我表现。他们认为一个人若达不到自己的目的,那不是天命,而是自己懒惰,缺乏斗争的精神。通过在就餐时候的分餐制就可以看出,他们每个人都是自己吃自己餐具里的东西,每个人都选择自己爱吃的东西,不会出现在中国可能出现自己勉强吃主人夹的菜肴。
以上,就是对于中西方餐桌礼仪差异的总结。