中西方礼仪文化差异

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第一篇:中西方礼仪文化差异

中西方礼仪文化的差异

一:研究的背景

礼仪是人与人之间交流的规则,是一种语言工具,由于形成礼仪的重要根源——宗教信仰不同,使得世界上信仰不同宗教的的人民遵守着各自不同的礼仪。中国的礼仪,使于夏商周,盛于唐宋,经过不断的发展变化,逐渐形成体系。西方礼仪曾一直和中国遥相呼应,经过中世纪的黑暗,迎来了文艺复兴,并孕育着资本资本主义和现代文明,产生了现代科技和文化。在现代社会生活中,随着经济于文化的发展,讲究文明礼貌,注重礼仪礼节,越来越成为人们的一种共识。讲礼貌、懂礼仪,是一个国家和一个民族文明程度的标志,也是一个人道德水准和修养水平的体现,对于提高国民素质,改善人际关系,败仗社会稳定,促进社会进步和经济发展有着不可忽视的作用。

二:研究的目的和意义

中华各族人民共同创造的中华文明源远流长,博大精深。在几千年的风雨洗礼之下依然熠熠生辉。中国自古就是礼仪之邦,西方的礼仪和我国存在着诸多差异。在当前国际交往频繁的形式下,不论是国内接待外宾或出国访问旅游,不论是将要留学或常驻国外工作都有必要学习一下西方的礼仪。

礼仪、礼节、习俗是人类生活中带有规范作用的文化现象,受到人们的普遍重视。礼仪文化在很大程度上反映一个国家或民族的历史传统、精神面貌和社会风尚。西方国家的礼仪文化在世界文化中占有重要地位,它不仅构成西方各国人民的社会生活要素,也越来越多流传到世界各地。我国是文明古国、礼仪之邦,许多礼仪习俗于欧美国家有一定的相同性,共通性,当然也存在不少差异。在今天改革开放的形势下,了解欧美国家的文明礼仪、熟悉他们的礼仪习俗,有利于我们开阔视野,遵守国际礼仪和确立的习惯做法,增进与各国人民的友谊。

三:研究的时间安排

1.2008年10月,邀请老师就本课题进行研究方法的指导; 2.2008年10—11月,到图书馆和网站查阅有关中习礼仪文化差别的资料,掌握中西礼仪文化的差别;

3.2008年11—2009年2月,走访外教、涉外办事旅游人员、归国留学生及华侨,掌握中西礼仪文化差异的真实资料;

4.2009年3月,课题小组成员汇总资料,就其研究发表自己的看法,撰写论报,与同学们分享研究成果,听取师生们的评议;

6.2009年5月,召开结题评议会。先课题组成员按总评项目进行自评,然后由老师为课题组成员和小组进行评价。

四:研究的内容

1.中西问候礼仪的不同

我们都知道,在迎接远方来客时,我们通常都会道:“你一路上辛苦了!”来表示对人的安慰。可是,如果我们用 “I am afraid you must have a tiring journey.”这一语法正确的中式英文去迎接西方国家的客人时,他们回觉得很不自然,因为这种场合他们使用的问候语是 “Did you have a good trip?” 或“Did you enjoy your trip”等这类令人愉快的语句。

这让我们明白:有些问候在中国是合乎礼节的,而在西方却不被采用。当然,这种差别不单单只有这些。如果你问侯一个西方人说“Where are you going?”或者说“Where have you been?”对西方人来说,这种打招呼方式他会想你再打听他的私事,实在是太失礼了,会令对方感到突然、尴尬,甚至不快。因为西方人会把这种问候理解成一种“盘问”,感到对方在询问他们的私生活。在西方,日常打招呼他们只说一声“Hello”,或按时间来分说声“Good morning!”、“Good afternoon”、“Good eveing”就可以了。而英国人见面通常会以“It is really a nice day.”

再者,如果你说“Have you had your dinner.”他可能会认为你想邀请他与你共进晚餐。因此,和西方人相处时,你最好使用西方通常的问候方式。并且,许多美国人认为问候时鞠躬是一种很失体面的行为,他们往往会大声地宣布“我不会向任何人鞠躬!”而在我国鞠躬则被视为一种尊重对方的问候方式。一般而言,它是我国人们相见时以行为代替语言向对方问候、致意的一种方式。称谓方面,在我国,一般只有彼此熟悉亲密的人之间才可以直呼其名。但在西方,直呼其名比在汉语里的范围要广得多,如你在向别人问好时,你可以说“Good afternoon,Mr.Belmont”或“Hi Mr.Belmont.”在西方的家庭里,家庭成员之间,不分长幼尊卑,一般可以互称姓名或昵称。在家里可以直接叫爸爸妈妈的名字。而这种现象,在我国是不会发生的。在西方,对所有男性长辈都可以称“叔叔”,对所有女性长辈都可以称“阿姨”。这在我们国家也是不行的,必须要分清楚辈分,老幼关系,否则就会被认为不懂礼貌。

同时,在中西方语言中有多种不同的告别语。如,在和病人告别时,中国人常说“多喝点开水”、“多穿点衣服”、“早点休息”之类的话,表示对病人的关怀。但西方人绝不会说这些,因为这样说会被认为有指手画脚之嫌。但他们会说“多保重”或“希望你早 日康复”等。

这些就是中西方问候礼仪方面的几个差异。

2中西就餐礼仪的不同

中西方由于文化的差异,在就餐礼仪上也存在着很多差异。

首先是入坐的位置,在中国,主人应等客人到齐后再导客入席。以左为上,视为首席,相对首座为二座,首座之下为三座。而在西方,一般说来,面对门的离门最远的那个座位是女主人的,与之相对的是男主人的座位。女主人右手边的座位是第一主宾席,一般是位先生;男主人右边的座位是第二主宾席、一般是主宾的夫人。女主人左边的座位是第三主宾席,男主人的左边的座位是第四主宾席。在我国,上菜的一般顺序是①汤②主食③餐酒 ④水果。西方是①菜和汤②水果③餐酒④主食⑤甜点和咖啡。

餐具方面,我们常用的是杯子、盘子、碗、碟子、筷子、匙羹等几种。西方人比较复杂,他们常用的是刀、叉、匙、盘、杯等,刀又分为食用刀、鱼刀、肉刀、奶油刀、水果刀;叉又分为食用叉、鱼叉、龙虾叉。公用刀叉的规格一般大于使用刀叉。匙又分汤匙,茶匙等。杯的种类更多,茶杯、咖啡杯为瓷器,并配小碟;水杯,酒杯多为玻璃制品。

再者,中西方表示停餐的方法也有所不同。在我国筵席中,暂时停餐,可以把筷子直搁在碟子或者调羹上。如果将筷子横搁在碟子上,那是表示酒醉饭饱不再进膳了。在西方,如果吃到一半想放下刀叉略作休息,应把刀叉以八字形状摆在盘子中央。若刀叉突出到盘子外面,不安全也不好看。边说话边挥舞刀叉是失礼举动。用餐后,将刀叉摆成四点钟方向即可。

并且,在用餐的过程中,中西方也存在很多的细节差异。如:

1在入座的方法上:我国人们入座时并没有西方那么讲究,大多是按自己的意愿而入座的。而在西方,人们都是由椅子的左侧入座.最得体的入座方式是从左侧入座。当椅子被拉开后,身体在几乎要碰到桌子的距离站直,领位者会把椅子推进来,腿弯碰到后面的椅子时,才可以坐下来。

2.餐巾:传统的中餐并没有餐巾。只是在用餐完毕时才用温热的湿毛巾来擦洗一下便完了。在西餐中,餐巾在用餐前就可以打开。点完菜后,在前菜送来前的这段时间把餐巾打开,往内摺三分之一,让三分之二平铺在腿上,盖住膝盖以上的双腿部分。最好不要把餐巾塞入领口。

3.在餐具的使用方法上;我国人们一般用的都是筷子。首先中指和无名指分别放在两只筷子的下方,大拇指按在筷子的上方,食指紧贴着大拇指,小指向内曲。筷子开合幅度可用中指的活动来调整。西方人一般使用的是刀叉。基本原则是右手持刀或汤匙,左手拿叉。若有两把以上,应由最外面的一把依次向内取用。刀叉的拿法是轻握尾端,食指按在柄上。汤匙则用握笔的方式拿即可。如果感觉不方便,可以换右手拿叉,但更换频繁则显得粗野。吃体积较大的蔬菜时,可用刀叉来折叠、分切。较软的食物可放在叉子平面上,用刀子整理一下。

此外,中西方人的饭后习惯亦有不同。在西方,饭后极少使用牙签。如果于外国人一道就餐,你就要暂时摒弃这个习惯。且切记在餐桌上夸夸奇谈,尽量少说客套话。不要让你的客人看见或者猜到账单金额,绝不要讨论价格和对账单提出质疑。

3中西服饰礼仪的不同

古今中外,着装从来都体现着一种社会文化,体现着一个人的文化修养和审美情趣,是一个人的身份、气质、内在素质的无言的介绍信。从某种意义上说,服饰是一门艺术,服饰所能传达的感情与意蕴甚至不是用语言所能代替的。在不同场合,穿着得体、适度的人,给人留下好印象,而穿着不当,则会降低人的身份,损害自身的形象。在社交场合,得体的服饰是一种礼貌,一定程度上直接影响着人际关系的和谐。影响着装效果的因素,重要的一是要有文化修养和高尚的审美能力,即所谓“腹有诗书气自华”。二是要有运动的健美的素质。健美的形体是着装美的天然条件。三是要掌握着装的常识、着装的原则和服饰礼仪的知识,这是内外和谐统一没的不可缺少的条件。中西方服饰礼仪着重点即代表服饰

西方人重视身份,把衣服变成象征,中国注重韵味。如果说西方文化刻意追求表现人体美,而完全忽略了服饰伦理,那么中国服饰文化由于受到传统的伦理观念的影响还或多或少地保留着一些道德上的体统。而最能代表我们国家的是中山装,西方待变装饰是西装。

传中山服时,不仅要扣上全部的衣扣,而且要系上领扣,并且不允许挽起衣袖。在穿双排扣西服时,必须扣上全部衣扣。穿单排三粒扣西服时,仅能扣上上一粒或中、上两粒扣子;穿单排两粒扣西服时,只能扣上上一粒扣子;不允许扣上单排扣西服的全部衣扣。在穿西服时,宜穿白色衬衫,打领带。他们喜欢黑色,因此一般穿黑色的皮鞋。西方女士在正式场合要穿礼服套装。另外女士外出有戴耳环的习俗。西方国家,尤其是在美国,平时人们喜欢穿休闲装,如T恤加牛仔服。此外,中西方在结婚是所穿的服饰也是有所不同的。中国传统婚礼进行时新郎和新娘具着红色的礼服,象征的吉祥如意,预示在结婚后日子红红火火。而西方的新娘则穿白色的礼服。这是因为自罗马时代开始,白色象征欢庆。1850年到1900年之间,白色亦是富贵的象征。到了本世纪初,白色所代表的纯洁意义更远超其他。西方认为白色与童贞有关。纱,象征着激情的火焰。在西方的天主教传统里。“传统”的白色结婚礼服,在早期是贵族的特权。在多利亚女王时代,大多数的新娘只能穿传统的国家服装,只有上层阶级才能穿代表权力和身份的白色婚纱。一直到近代,贵族阶级的特权消失以后,白色的婚纱才成为普通新娘的礼服。而相对于西方白色婚纱的历史,中国婚礼中的大红色的凤袍的历史则较简单。龙凤在中国的神话中有着重要的地位。龙主阳凤主阴,而阳则代表男子,阴就表示女子。因此新娘就用凤表示。所以中方新娘所穿的礼服上往往绣有凤的图案。

俗话讲,人是衣服,马是鞍。尽管以貌取人并不可取,但是在现代生活中,服饰越来越成为礼仪的一个重要部分,穿着打扮的得体与否,不仅仅是个人品味的体现,更能成为人们彼此考虑的一个尺度。伟大的英国作家莎士比亚曾经说:“一个人的穿着打扮,就是他的教养、品味、地位的最真实的写照。”那么在日常工作和交往中,尤其是在正规的场合,穿着打扮的问题越来越引起我们现代人的重视。

4中西婚礼礼仪的差异

结婚不仅是两个人的事,也代表著两个家族的结合,因此不同的地方也有著其独特的结婚习俗。这里我们拿中西方的婚礼礼仪做比较。

西式婚礼是证婚人(牧师,神父或主持婚礼的长辈)走到婚礼台的正中位置,面对宾客站定下来.新郎与主伴郎走到证婚人的左手边(即宾客的右边),面对宾客站好,女傧相们站在左边,男傧相们站在右边.花童站在主伴娘的后面,戒童站在主伴郎的后面.婚礼进行曲奏响,新娘手捧鲜花,挽着父亲的手入场.在新教的婚礼上,新娘的父亲与女儿站在一起,牧师站在新人面前一两步的距离,询问:"是谁嫁出这位女子?“他的父亲把女儿的右手放在牧师的手上说:”是她的母亲和我.“然后父亲退到台阶下面前排左边的座位跟前,坐在自己妻子的旁边.牧师用右手举起新娘的手,再用左手举起新郎的手,并且非常庄重地将新娘的手放在新郎的手上.如果新娘既没有父亲,近亲中又没有男性长辈,她可以独自走上圣坛.在天主教的婚礼上,无需在神夫面前举行嫁女儿的仪式.当新娘走进圣坛时,新郎应上前迎接,并让新娘站在他的左边.此时,新娘的父亲收回自己的胳膊,新娘把右手伸给新郎,挎在他的左臂上.也可以手拉手或者肩并肩地站着,面向圣坛.证婚人询问新郎新娘”是否愿意接受对方成为你的丈夫/妻子“,新人互相说完”我愿意“之后,宣读结婚誓言来表达他们相亲相爱,忠贞不渝的决心.接下来新人互相交换戒指,并说到:”这枚戒指象征我们两人的结合.“ 这时候,证婚人宣布新人的结合生效,并示意新郎亲吻新娘.之后证婚人示意新人转向宾客,并宣读:”女士们先生们,我荣幸地想你们介绍XX先生和夫人."新人在人们的起立鼓掌中,重新走过婚礼甬道,走出婚礼会场.婚宴开始前,新人还未入场之际,通常有一段鸡尾酒时间.在新人及全体来宾馆到达婚宴地点的时候,新郎,新娘,傧相和新人家长要站在会场入口迎宾.当所有来宾入座后,主持人宣布新人及家长入场,并依次介绍入场者的姓名和身份.顺序如下:新娘父母,新郎父母,伴娘和伴郎,主伴郎和住伴娘,最后是新婚夫妇入场,全场来宾起立鼓掌.在有席位的婚宴上,人们一入座,就应上第一道菜.在吃完餐未甜点和水果后才跳舞.如果在下午的婚礼后立即举行招待会,使晚宴向后推延,就应在晚宴前请大家跳舞.如果是自助餐形式的招待会,新郎和新娘在恢复了迎宾疲劳之后,就应开始跳舞.在新娘新郎跳第一支舞时,所有的宾客都应观看,喝彩。新娘的第二个舞伴是她的公公,然后是她的父亲。同时,新郎邀请他的岳母跳舞,然后请自己的母亲跳舞。接着是新郎的父亲邀请新郎的母亲跳舞。当新郎开始与伴娘们一起跳舞时,客人们也开始找舞伴跳舞。当然,所有的男宾们都应设法请新娘跳舞。宴会接近尾声时,新娘请来宾中的未婚女士集中在楼梯下面或其他适合的地方,新娘在走下一半楼梯时,将花束扔给她们,抢到花束的女孩被认为是下一个结婚的姑娘。为了表示没有偏袒,新娘在扔花时,要转过身,从肩头往后扔。然后,新娘在母亲和伴娘的陪同下回房间换旅行装。新郎也在伴郎的陪同下来到预先安排好的房间换装。双方的家人聚集在门口,欢送新婚夫妇启程。新人在众人的欢呼声中上车离去,踏上蜜月旅程。而中式礼仪则是吉日一到,新郎要亲自率领仪仗前往迎娶。男方至女方家迎亲,要先进雁为礼,以此表达夫妇坚贞不移,琴瑟合鸣,白头偕老的美好愿望。清代北京的婚礼,大多有模仿帝王仪仗的趋向,一人在最前边盛装骑马负责开路,然后依次是回避牌,吹鼓手,铡锣,缀灯,旌旗等,同时把金瓜,钺斧,朝天镫等各种兵器,也都排列在仪仗的行列里。新郎骑马或坐绿帏轿在前,新娘的绣花大红轿随行于后,真实威风凛凛,此时此地的新郎好比状元及第,难怪说结婚就是“小登科”了。花轿抵达女家门前时,女家一定大门紧闭,这叫拦门。男方在外叩门,催请新娘上轿。这时,便要有一番礼节性的对答,女家院内必有人隔门要"红包儿".拦门到了一定的时间,男方才能进门. 进门后除了特别的寒暄,男方要送上礼品.这些礼品因都会有喜庆的意义.娶亲的归途,必须走另一条路,表示"不走回头路."如果路上碰到庙,井,祠,坟,大石和大树等,都要张毡把轿子遮起来,为的是辟邪. 娶亲的花轿及仪仗回到男家门前时,男家亦照例大门紧闭,说是可以煞煞新娘的性子.大门开开之后,花轿抬进庭院,要先过火盆,送亲人和新娘的兄弟,就随着花轿进入庭院休息,男家以酒筵相款待. 轿的时辰一到,把花轿抬到大厅门口.此时新郎先向轿门作三个揖,由送亲太太启开轿门,由伴娘搀新娘下轿.然后递给新娘一个小瓷瓶,瓶内装以五谷及黄白戒指两枚或四枚.新娘把宝瓶抱在怀里,然后由伴娘及送亲太太挽扶,姗姗而行,另由两人前后接铺红毡,使新娘脚不沾地。此时新郎已站在天地神案前,手持弓箭向新娘身上轻射三箭,借以驱除邪魔。射箭的姿势是射一箭退一步,然后新娘跨马鞍,走火盆,这些礼节过了之后,就在供案前举行结婚大典,俗语叫“拜天地“。拜过天地之后,就引新娘进入洞房。新郎新娘进入洞房后,仪式也是一系列的。首先是坐帐,亦称“坐福”。新郎新娘双双坐在洞房的炕沿上或床上,新郎将自己的左衣襟压在新娘的右衣襟上,表示男人应该压女人一头。还要撒喜果于帐中,称为“撒帐”,一般所撒的物品有枣,栗子,花生等,利用谐音表示“早立子”,“花着生”。接着的节目就是吃子孙饽饽,子孙饽饽是从女家带拉的。吃过子孙饽饽,又吃长寿面,长寿面是由男家准备的,取“子孙万代,长生不老”的意思。然后是“合卺”酒,又称“交杯酒”。用一根红绳,两头各系一只酒杯。新郎新娘各饮半杯,在交换杯子喝尽杯中酒。交杯酒礼是在洞房之中举行的,然后在大厅里又摆一桌酒席,俗语叫“团圆饭”,席间新郎新娘坐上座,其余宾客均坐陪座,表示从此成为一家一姓。

5.中西宗教礼仪的不同

在现代社会里,宗教是一种不容忽略的客观存在。马克思主义认为:它实际上是人类社会发展到一定阶段时,所出现的一种社会的,历史的现象。所谓宗教礼仪,在此是指宗教信仰者为对其崇拜的对象表示崇拜与恭敬所举行的各种例行的仪式、活动,以及宗教密切相关的禁忌与讲究。这里以最能代表中西方宗教的当今世界三大宗教之二的佛教和基督教作为论述对象。基督教:与基督教信仰者打交道时,不已对其尊敬的上帝、圣母、基督以及其他圣徒、圣事说长道短,不宜任意使用圣象与其宗教标志。对神职人员,一般不应表现不敬之意。“666”在基督徒眼里代表魔鬼撒旦,“13”与“星期五”也被其视为不祥的事物,所有的基督徒都会对其敬而远之,因此不应有意令对方接触它们。

有些教派的基督徒有守斋之习。守斋时,他们绝对不食肉、不饮酒。在一般情况下,基督徒不食用蛇、鳝、鳅、鲶等无鳞无鳍的水生动物。就餐前,基督徒多进行祈祷。非基督徒虽然不必照此办理,但也不宜在其前面抢先而食。在基督教的专项仪式上,讲究着装典雅,神态庄严,举止检点。教堂为基督的圣殿。它允许非基督徒进入参观,但禁止在其中打闹、喧哗,或者举止有碍其宗教活动。佛教:佛门弟子及其居所的具体称呼有别。凡出家者,男称为僧,女称为尼。凡不出家者,则一律称为居士。僧之居所称为“寺”,尼之居所称为“庵”,有时统称二者为寺庙。对所有出家者,一律禁止称呼其原有的姓名。故民间有“僧不言名,道不言寿”之说。普通的佛教信徒为了“广种福田”,通常应向寺庙、僧尼或别人主动赠送财物,此举叫做“布施”。

佛教的基本礼节为合十礼,基本的礼颂用语是“佛祖保佑”。佛教信徒拜佛时,讲究行顶礼,即所谓“五体投地”。对于佛祖、佛像、寺庙以及僧尼,佛教均要求其信徒毕恭毕敬。不准攀登、侮辱佛像。不准触摸、辱骂僧尼,不得于僧尼“平起平坐”。进入寺庙时,宜慢步轻声,不乱动,不乱讲,不乱拍照等。

当正当的佛教仪式进行时,不应对其任意阻挠或者蓄意加以扰乱。我国的佛教各流派多属于“北传佛教”。它的关键性讲究有二:信徒应遵守“五戒”。即规定起信徒不杀生,不盗窃,不邪淫,不饮酒,不妄语;饮食上忌食“五荤”。即禁止其信徒食用葱、蒜、韭菜等几种气味刺鼻的菜蔬。有些教派,还规定其僧尼“过午不食”

了解宗教的礼仪,是帮助我们了解世界各国人民精神生活和日常习俗的一把钥匙,也是在交际活动中对游客尊重和友好的表现。

五.研究方法

1文献法:通过图书馆、网站等搜集关于中西礼仪文化的差异的资料; 2调查法:通过走访外教、涉外办事旅游人员、归国留学生及华侨,掌握中西礼仪文化差别的真实资料;

3讨论法:邀请语文教师、英语教师参与课题组讨论,实现材料与观点的交流与整合。

六.研究的成效

1.通过这次的研究性学习,我们粗略地了解了中西方礼仪文化上的差异。我们应尊重这些差异做到入乡随俗; 2同时我们也意识到了礼仪文化的重要性,因为交际过程中的礼仪文化包含着个人的文明素养,体现着个人的品行修养;

3主观方面,我们了解了中西方在问候、待客、就餐、服饰及宗教方面的差异之后,对西方的文化有了更近一步的了解,同时它让我们对西方的文化有了更深的兴趣,感受到了世界文化的多样性。

七,研究后的困惑

1.中西方礼仪文化有无相似之处?

2.既然中西方礼仪文化存在这么多差异,那是否可以让他们融为一体,减少交际中中产生的摩擦呢?

3.西方礼仪文化对中国青少年思维方式的影响产生的利弊。

4.在西方礼仪文化的冲击下,中国礼仪文化的发展前景

第二篇:中西方餐桌礼仪文化差异[范文]

中西方餐桌礼仪文化差异

财管09-13班

宋佳

从比较中西餐桌礼仪的餐具使用差异、座次安排差异、就餐氛围差异、及餐桌话语差 论文摘要 异四个方面来看跨文化交际中的文化差异,旨在说明坚持自己的优秀文化传统的同时,要采用 一个客观、宽容、尊重的心态对待异国文化以便能在跨文化交际中能恰当地、得体地进行交际。易中天先生曾经在《餐桌上的文化》里对中西文化进行了精妙阐释中国文化的思想内核是“群。所以西方人即使请客吃饭,也是各点各的菜、体意识”,西方文化的思想内核则是“个体意识” 各喝各的酒,以免把自己的意志强加于人。中国文化则认为个人的意志,必须服从群体的共同 意志。其目的既然意在人情,意在血缘,则其方式礼仪,自然也就以和为贵了,因此中国人爱 聚餐、喜共食、讲和合。笔者认为在跨文化交际中,面对陌生文化,因思维方式、生活习惯和 行为方式不同,交往过程中难免发生文化冲突。笔者从如下四个方面对中西餐桌礼仪进行简单 的比较,以便在跨文化交际中能恰当地、得体地进行交际。

一、从餐具使用上看中西文化差异

筷子刀叉是中西餐桌礼仪最基本差异。浙江大学游修龄教授认为:东西方出现进食工具筷子和 刀叉的不同,和环境有关系。筷子要发源于有竹子的地方。我国北方多木,南方多竹,祖先就 地取材,竹木均成为我国最原始的筷箸原料。刀叉的出现比筷子要晚很多。据游修龄教授的研 究,刀叉的最初起源和欧洲古代游牧民族的生活习惯有关,他们马上生活随身带刀,往往将肉 烧熟,割下来就吃。大约 15 世纪前后,为了改进进餐的姿势,欧洲人才使用了双尖的

叉。到 18 世纪才有了四个叉尖的叉子。刀叉和筷子,不仅带来了进食习惯的差异,还影响了东西方人 生活观念。游修龄教授认为,刀叉必然带来分食制,而筷子肯定与家庭成员围坐桌边共同进餐 相配。西方一开始就分吃,由此衍生出西方人讲究独立,子女长大后就独立闯世界的想法和习惯。而筷子带来的合餐制,突出了老老少少坐一起的家庭单元,从而让东方人拥有了比较牢固 的家庭观念。笔者提醒在使用餐具时中西均有不同的规范。如中餐进餐时不可玩弄筷子(把它 们当鼓槌是非常失礼的做法),更不可以用筷子向人指指点点或打手势示意。当然,绝对不可吸 吮筷子或把筷子插在米饭中,这是大忌(这好像葬礼上的香烛,被认为是不吉利的)。在使用刀 叉时也有一些禁忌。如 手里拿着刀叉时切勿指手画脚。发言或交谈时,应将刀叉放在盘上才合 乎礼仪。忌用自己的餐具为别人夹菜。餐具掉落不要弯腰拾捡。餐品不要一次性切好,尤其带 汤汁的餐品,要一小块的逐一切食等等。

二、从座次安排上看中西文化差异

中西都讲究正式的宴请活动的座次安排。中国人请客传统上用八仙桌。对门为上,两边为偏座。请客时,年长者、主宾或地位高的人坐上座,男女主人或陪客者坐下座,其余客人按顺序坐偏 座。西方人请客用长桌,男女主人分坐两端,然后按男女主宾和一般客人的次序安排座位,即 男女穿插安排,以女主人的座位为准,主宾坐在女主人的右上方,主宾夫人坐在男主人的右上 方,讲究“女士优先”的西方绅士,都会表现出对女士的殷勤。在中国,左为尊,右为次;上 为尊,下为次;中为尊,偏为次。而在西方,右为尊,左为次。笔者特别提示西餐入座礼仪:最得体的入座方式是从左侧入座。手肘不要放在桌面上,不可跷 足。不可在进餐时中途退席(如有事确需离开应向左右的客人小声打招呼)用餐时。坐姿端正,背挺直,脖子伸长。上臂和背部要靠到椅背,腹部和桌子保持约一个拳头的距离。记得要抬头挺 胸着吃,在把面前的食物送进口中时,要以食物就口,而非弯下腰以口去就食物。

三、从就餐氛围上看中西文化差异

中国人餐桌上的闹与西方餐桌上的静是中西餐桌礼仪最根本差异。餐桌气氛上的差异,中国餐桌上动,西方餐桌上静。中国人以食为人生之至乐,排场之大,气氛之热闹常常令人叹为观止。中国人一坐上餐桌,便滔滔不绝,相互让菜,劝酒,尽情的享受山珍海味,美味佳肴。这样的 宴客方式才能体现主人的热情和诚恳,餐桌上的热闹反映了食客发自内心的欢快。这种“闹” 能从某种程度上折射中国人家庭温馨、邻里和睦、国人团结的“一团和气”。西方人一坐到餐桌 上便专心致志的去静静的切割自家的盘中餐。喝汤时不能发出响声,如汤菜过热,可待稍凉后 再吃,不要用嘴吹。吃东西时要闭嘴咀嚼。不要舔嘴唇或咂嘴发出声音。进餐时可以与左右客 人交谈,但不要只同几个熟人交谈。左右客人如不认识,可先自我介绍。别人讲话不可搭嘴插 话。音量保持对方能听见的程度。咀嚼食物不要说话,即使有人同你讲话,也要等咽下食物后 再回答。

四、从餐桌话语上看中西文化差异

中国人请客吃饭时,摆在桌上的菜花样繁多,至少有七、八道菜,如果是盛宴,主菜会更多,越名贵、越奇特的菜会越显示主任的殷勤和客人的身份。而主人却往往要说“今天没有什么好 菜招待大家”“菜做得不好,多吃一点” “多多包涵” “怠慢了您”之类的话。而西方盛宴、、一般四至五道菜,份量以吃完或稍有剩余为最佳。如果在家里,最好是吃完所有的菜,这样女 主人会很高兴,认为大家喜欢她做的菜。面对丰盛的宴席,主人会说“已经倾其所有来招待大 家” 的话。对中西主人的餐桌话语进行推理,很容易得出:中国人遵循了“贬己尊人”的原则。而西方人强调效率和实用主义价值观,在交际中十分注重自身面子的需要。如在宴席上西方人 不议论令人作呕之事,会千方百计采用含蓄文雅的词来替代 toilet,如: “Where can I wash my hand?”“I wonder if I could go somewhere.”“ Can I add some powder?”等。另外,在西方国家不要问“吃饭了吗?”等我国习惯的问候语。“您吃饭了吗?”容易使人莫名其妙,甚至会出 现误会。如在英国,你若问人吃饭没有,其含义是你有意请对方吃饭;这对于未婚男女,则表 明你有意约会对方。

五、结语

世界上各种文化都是平等的。文化无优劣之分。应该避免用自己的文化、道德、价值观作为标 准去衡量、评判而应采用一种客观的、宽容的态度对待异国文化;同时,又要避免盲目的追随、模仿异国文化,而应坚持自己的优秀文化传统。

第三篇:中西方餐桌礼仪的文化差异

中西方餐桌礼仪的文化差异

CULTURAL DIFFERENCES OF TABLE MANNERS BETWEEN EAST AND WEST

Abstract and Key Words

Abstract: Table manners are the rules of etiquette used while eating.Different cultures observe different rules for table manners.This article has some contrastive analysis and research on the cultural differences of table manners between East and West from the point of view on sense of arriving time, seat arrangement, order of serving dishes, tableware, behaviour and communication.It is concluded that with the wide spreading of intercultural communication people in East and West are deeply transformed,permeated and accepted to one another.They come to respect and tolerate different table manners, thus are even assimilative and syncretize with each other.Key words: table manners;cultural differences;syncretism

摘要:餐桌礼仪是用餐时的礼仪规则。不同的文化遵循不同的餐桌礼仪规则。本文从时间观念、座次安排、上菜顺序、餐具、行为和语言几个方面对中西方餐桌礼仪的文化差异做出对比分析,并由此得出结论,随着跨文化交际活动越来越广泛,中西方人经历了深刻的转变,从相互渗透到彼此接受,人们逐渐能够尊重和容忍不同文化的餐桌礼仪,甚至趋于同化和融合。关键词:餐桌礼仪;文化差异;融合

CONTENTS

1.Introduction…………………………………………………………………………1 2.Literature Review…………………………………………………………………...1 3.Cultural Differences of Table Manners...................................……………………...2

3.1 Sense of Arriving Time 3.2 Seat Arrangement 3.3 Order of Serving Dishes 3.4 Tableware 3.5 Behaviour and Communication

4.Main Factors Causing the Differences.................................................…………….6

4.1 Geography

4.2 Tradition

4.3 Custom

5.Trend of Syncretism.............................................................................…………….7 6.Conclusion………………………………………………………………………….9

Bibliography…………………………………………………………….…………….9 Acknowledgements ………………………………………………………………....10

Cultural Differences of Table Manners between

East and West

1.Introduction

With the rapid development of economy and culture, having meals is not only for the basic physical satisfaction, but also the important skill in social communication.Striving for civic virtues and having good manners have become increasingly common understanding of the public.In China, which has been a nation of etiquette and particular about food being the first necessity of the people since antiquity, table manners has a long history and has naturally become an important part of dining culture.With the deepening of open policy in our country and the strengthening of communication between East and West, people have more and more opportunities to cooperate with foreigners.Naturally, Chinese cannot avoid having dinners with foreigners.A series of table manners including sense of arriving time, seat arrangement, order of serving dishes, tableware, behaviour and communication reflect different culture and life-style in nations or countries.There are many differences of table manners between eastern and western countries.To understand these differences can not only avoid committing a breach of etiquette to each other, but also promote the development of humanity culture in both countries and achieve interpersonal harmony in cross-cultural communication.2.Literature Review

As we all know, different countries have different cultures.Culture is the collective programming of the mind which distinguishes the members of one category of people from another(Hofstede, 1991).As a kind of social customs, table manners are influenced by culture and vary in different areas.China, known as civilized ancient country, has characteristic table manners with a long history.Western countries also formed their own table manners during the syncretism of nations and modernization.To a certain degree, having good table manners is a symbol of a nation's civilization and an expression of a person's moral cultivation and accomplishment level as well.With the deepen of open policy in our country and the strengthen of communication between East and West, it is necessary for us to improve the consciousness of cross-cultural communication and know the differences of table manners, such as sense of arriving time, seat arrangement, order of serving dishes, tableware, behaviour, communication and so on.The fully understanding of the differences can prevent the failure in politeness and promote personal status on the dinner table.Only if we realize cultural connotation of table manners and the differences between East and West, can we talk and behave decently in cross-cultural communication and make social communication harmonious.With an acute eye and an irrepressible wit, Margaret Visser takes a fascinating look at the way we eat our meals in the book The Rituals of Dinner.From the ancient Greeks to modern yuppies, from cannibalism and the taking of the Eucharist to formal dinners and picnics, she thoroughly defines the eating ritual.She takes the different table manners in different areas and races to show the development of the world civilization.In the book Culture on Dinner Table, Mr.Yi Zhongtian(2004)says that the core thought of Chinese culture is group consciousness while the western core thought is individual consciousness.Westerners order respective dishes by themselves rather than ask others for what they want.On the contrary, Chinese agrees that personal will should obey group common thought.In the book Differences and Syncretize of Etiquette Culture between East and West, Mr.Li Xiaojun explores the syncretism of etiquette culture between East and West on the basis of table manners to achieve the harmonious society.Yu Lin and Zhou You compare the cultural differences between East and West from the point of view on tableware, seat arrangement, dinner atmosphere and language.It aims at warning people to treat exotic culture with an objective, tolerant and respectful attitude while insisting on their own culture, in order to communicate properly and appropriately in cross-cultural communication.3.Cultural Differences of Table Manners 3.1 Sense of Arriving Time Hall has classified two kinds of people according to his observation.One is monochromic time and the other is polychromic time(Edward Hall, 1976:17).People from western countries hold monochromic time assuming time is linear and can be cut, so they pay much more attention to timetables and pre-arrangements.They are slaves to nothing but the clock, and time is treated as if it were something almost precious.While people from eastern countries insist on polychromic time, having no ideas of fixed timetable.Therefore, this difference is more obvious when attending a banquet.Generally speaking, Chinese people which holding polychromic time tend to be later to show up.They often arrive half an hour later than the prescribed time and the host also seems to have prepares for that.They always arrange some other programs for guests while waiting, such as playing cards, drinking tea or chatting, so that the guests who come earlier would not feel boring.Both the host and guests are used to this phenomenon and they do not regard this as a contempt or impolite behavior to the host.While in western countries, people do things strictly abide by the schedule and all the activities begins according to the predetermined time.People should arrive at the party on time especially the formal banquets.It is considered as impolite and contempt for the host and other guests if one arrives 10 minutes later.3.2 Seat Arrangement The seating arrangement is probably the most important part of Chinese table manners.The seat of honor, reserved for the master of the banquet or the guest with highest status, is the one in the center facing east or facing the entrance.Those of higher position sit closer to the master of the banquet.The guests of lowest position sit furthest from the seat of honor.If the guest of honor is not seated, other people are not allowed to be seated.And if he hasn’t eaten, others should not begin to eat.When a family holds a banquet, the seat of honor is for the guest with the highest status and the head of the house takes the least prominent seat.If it is a round table, then the one facing the entrance door is the guest of honor.The seats on the left hand are in turn second, fourth and sixth, etc, while those on the right hand are in turn third, fifth and seventh, etc, until they join together.In ancient times there was a piece of furniture known as an Eight Immortals table, a big square table with benches for two people on each side.If it is an Eight Immortals table and there is a seat facing the entrance door, then the right seat facing the entrance door is for the guest of honor.If there is no seat facing the entrance door, then the right seat facing the east is the seat of honor.Then the seats on the left side of the seat of honor are the second, fourth, sixth and eighth and those on the right side are the third, the fifth and the seventh.While in western countries, after the hostess announced dinner ready, male host will lead guests to the table in turn, and the hostess walks behind them.Some attentive host will also place name card on the table to show the seat.If there has no arrangement, the general principle for seat arrangement is that men and women sit separately.Men guests of honour take the prior seats which on the right hand of hostess while women guests of honour seat on the right hand of him, and the other couples sit in diagonal respectively.Men and women sitting separately shows the open and lively of the American banquet.It can promote the familiarity between each other and make the dining topic diversification and dining atmosphere peaceful.The principle for the seat arrangement is that the guest takes the seat first, the elderly prior to young people, the married prior to unmarried and stranger prior to the acquaintance and families.3.3 Order of Serving Dishes In China, many dishes have symbolic connotations, representing everything from wealth to a long life and the order of serving dishes shows Chinese characteristics.A Chinese meal begins with appetizers which are accompanied by beverage and wine.There are usually four or five of these appetizers, including cold meats, preserved eggs, smoked fish and vegetable relishes, all beautifully arranged either on separate dishes or on one large platter.Hot dishes that were boiled or poached are usually served first, followed by foods that were fried, such as stir-fried chicken and stir-fried shrimp, which are omitted most of the time.Hot food should be served from the left of the opposite seats of guests of honour.When serving the whole duck, chicken and fish, the head and tail can not be put toward the major seat.After the hot dishes, then comes the main course, rice, which is China's staple food.While in a feast or banquet, people always eat little because of the abundant of the food.At last, desserts and fruits are provided to help digestion.If there are lots of tables on the banquet, every dish should be served simultaneously.These programs can not only make the whole process in harmony and order, but also make host and guests expression and communication well.Therefore, the table manners can make the dinner perfect and make host and guests both cultivation fully display.In western countries, the first dish is also appetizer which with distinctive flavor.It is always with salty and acid taste and small quantity but high quality.The second dish is soup, which very different from China.The soup can be roughly divided into four categories of clear soup, cream soup, vegetable soup and cold soup.Generally, the third dish is fish dish, also known as side dish, which including many kinds of fish, shellfish and molluscs.As fish is easy to digest, it is served in front of meat dishes.Meat and poultry dishes is the fourth dish, which also known as the main course.The most representative is beef and steak.Vegetable dishes, called salad in western, can be arranged either after or with the meat dish, so it can be a kind of side dish.The six dish is dessert, which including all the food after the main course in a sense, such as pudding, ice cream, cheese, fruit and so on.The final is beverage that often includes coffee with cream or tea with sugar.3.4 Tableware Of course, the main difference on the dinner table between East and West is the different tablewares.Chopsticks, which have a long history, are the most important tableware in China.The tradition of using chopsticks as tableware was introduced to many other countries in the world.The invention of chopsticks reflects the wisdom of Chinese ancient people.A pair of chopsticks, though they look simple, can nip, pick, rip and stir food.When having a meal, chopsticks should be put tidily on the right of the bowl.When finishing a meal, they should be put vertically on the mid-line of the bowl.Spoon is mainly used to drink soup or take quite small food.Do not get too full when using the spoon to get food, lest overflow make the table and clothes dirty.Plate is mainly used to fill the food, according the amount and shape of food it served.The plate that slight small should be put on the left of bowl to temporarily put food taken from the public dishes.Food wastes and bone should be put in the front of the small plate with chopsticks instead of directly spitting into it.Generally speaking, people do not use much tablewares when having meals in China.Chinese people mainly use bowl, chopsticks and spoons.While in serving English meals, they use so much tablewares with different kinds and sizes.For example, there are different kinds of glasses in English, such as wine glass, cherry glass, brandy glass, beer glass, snifter glass, champion flute and high bowl.The use of tableware also shows different food culture in different countries.The main tablewares in western are knives, forks, spoons, glass and napkin.To start with, the fork is on the left side of the plate and the knife is on the right side.The knife which used to cut food into small pieces should be hold in the right hand.The fork and spoon can be placed either on the left or right hand of the table with the plate in the middle, depending on the person's preference on using the tableware.In general, the spoon is usually for soup.When using the spoon, start from the one closest to the bowl which closest to you and ladle out soup then sip from the spoon.If no soup is being served then it's meant for dessert.If you are right handed, then the knife goes into your right hand, fork in your left hand, and using the knife for cutting and eating with the fork.Some people refer to cut their meat or other items on their place into small pieces all at once and then just use their fork in their right hand and in most instances this is still considered good table manners.3.5 Behaviour and Communication Chinese people talked a lot and enjoy the delicious food when on the dinner table, which can reflect the hospitality and sincere of hostess.The lively atmosphere on the dinner table reflects the cheerful of guests, and it can reflect the warmth of family, the peace of neighbourhood and unite of the whole nation in a sense.While in western, people talked little and cut their own food in the plate quietly.They should not make any sounds when drinking and eating.If the soup is hot, they should wait instead of blowing with mouth.When Chinese invited guests to have dinner, there are so many dishes on the table, at least seven dishes.But host will say “There are not so much food for you all.” “The dish does not cook well.” and similar words.If the host asks “Would you like some more?”, then the guest may answer “No, thank you.I am full.” even if he is not full.After the host ask for many times, they maybe accept with embarrassment and little shameful.While in western, a dinner generally has four or five dishes and the host will simply say “Help yourself, please”.When the host asks “Would you like another piece of meat pie?”, you can answer directly “Yes, please.” or “Thank you, a piece of meat pie.” if you are not full.During the dinner, guests can praise the host such as “It is delicious.” or “This meat is beautifully tender.” to make host happy.Chinese followed the principle that belittle themselves and respect others.While westerners emphasize efficiency and pragmatism values and pay much attention to saving face and keeping their prestige.4.Main Factors Causing the Differences 4.1 Geography As we all know, different areas have different culture and custom.Because of the different location, natural conditions and geographical environment, different areas formed different regional culture which shows in that different nationalities using different language expression forms for the same kind of phenomenon or things.The geographical location and the environment lead to the differences between Chinese and western cultures.China is a big country with a vast territory abounding in natural resources, and the people’s way of life, customs, economic and cultural development, as well as general local conditions, all vary.For example, Chopsticks and, knife and fork is the most basic differences between Chinese and western table manners.You Xiuling, the professor of Zhejiang University, said that east and west appear different tablewares are related to the environment.Chopsticks should be originated in the place of lots of bamboo.There are much wood in north China and much bamboo in south China.So ancestors use local materials to make chopsticks and they became China's most primitive raw materials of chopsticks.The emergence of knife and fork is much later than that of chopsticks.According to the research of professor You Xiuling, the origin of knife and fork is related to the life habit of ancient European nomads, who always took knife along them and live on horseback.They cut down and eat meat as soon as it cooked.From then on, westerners use knife and fork as their tablewares.4.2 Tradition

The different ethnic and national historical development process may result in different history and tradition.Thousands of years of Chinese traditional culture reflected in the Chinese Confucianism, Taoism and Buddhism.As the core of Chinese traditional culture, Confucianism produces a profound and long influence on Chinese society.Confucianism has the traditional thought mainly emphasized “benevolence, righteousness, propriety, wisdom, faith”.Taoists advocated “accustomization nature”, “pure” and he Buddhist is advocated “merciful Purdue beings” and “harmony”, “continued”.In the book Culture on Dinner Table, Mr.Yi Zhongtian said that the core thought of Chinese culture is group consciousness while the western core thought is individual consciousness.In sharp contrast, the western culture is a kind of “guilt”culture.They believe in god created man.The western culture, to be self-centered, the boundary between people is clear and they do not allow mutual interference.This individual culture contributed to western table manners without sharing a plate of food.But Chinese love peace and quiet life in the forest, and in the dining room use cheap chopsticks as tableware.The chopsticks can also reflect Chinese collective consciousness.Westerners prefer to colonize in restaurants, use a knife and fork in the class.Knife and fork also can reflect individual consciousness, and noble west of life.From the use of chopsticks we can see the whole course of using chopsticks is collaborative work.If one of them is absent, the whole work cannot be completed.It shows that collectivism is the core thought of Chinese nation.And knife and fork is born in modern industrial society, which is the production of socialization.Its main material is metal which shows social function of modern society, and failed to get rid of its offensive during socialization process.4.3 Custom

Custom culture refers to the culture that formed in the daily social life and human communication activity by ethnic and habits.The differences of custom between east and west are various.Different nationalities show different ethnic culture and custom on many aspects such as greeting, thanks, flattery, apology, or making telephone calls.For example, when Chinese meet acquaintance, they always greet each other by asking “have you eaten” or “where are you going”.While in western culture, it does not belong to the greeting but a real problem.They may think “why does he ask me whether I have eaten” “does he want to invite me to have dinner”.When Chinese invited guests to have dinner, there are so many dishes on the table, but host says repeatedly “there is nothing for you” “have a potluck” and similar words.The host also helps pick food for guests and try his best to make guests eat and drink more.Westerner often doubted about this phenomenon.It is not realistic behaviour that host said there is nothing when there are so many dishes on the table.And their meal is very simple which often with a small number of delicious vegetables when they treat others.Host just says “help yourself” and they never carry food to guest's bowl.5.Trend of Syncretism As a country that pays great attention to courtesy, the cuisine culture is deep rooted in Chinese history.In either a Chinese home or restaurant, it is easy to find that table manners are essential.And the distinctive courtesies displayed will invariably add to the enjoyment of meals and keep people in high spirits.It is really an admirable custom to respect others at the table, including the aged, teachers and guests while taking good care of children.Chinese people stress filial piety all the time.The practice of presenting the best or fine food first to the senior members of the family has been observed for countless generations.In ancient times the common people led a needy life but they still tried their best to support the elder mother or father who took it for granted.Although the hosts in China are all friendly and hospitable, we should also show them respect.Before starting to eat dinner, the host may offer some words of greeting.Guests should not start to eat until the host says, 'Please enjoy yourself' or something like that, otherwise it suggests disrespect and causes displeasure.When hosts place dishes on the table, they will arrange the main courses at the center with the supporting dishes evenly placed around them.When the main dishes are prepared in a decorative form either by cut or other means they will be placed facing the major guests and elder people at the table, which also embodies virtue.Westerners have gradually accepted Chinese sentimental thought.And Chinese food has always been very popular in America.Many Americans grew up frequently eating lunches with dishes like wonton soup, chow mein and fried rice.There are abundant and extensive table manners forming in the east, while there are exquisite and distinctive table manners forming in the west.Nowadays, the trend of syncretism of table manners between east and west is mainly reflected in Chinese learning from westerners.More and more western restaurants appear in many cities in China and more and more people like to have meals in it.People have learned western table manners gradually in daily life.It is obvious that the Chinese diet conception is sensible, western diet idea is rational.This difference seems to become blurred with the strengthening of communication between East and West and the development of science.Like westerners, instead of paying attention to the color, flavour and taste of the food, Chinese people pay more attention to its health and nutrition.We should learn from western manners not only learn its form but also adopt its inner spirit.Only in this way can we build up our confidence and superiority and establish our appeal.And western style food, which was introduced into our country several hundred years ago, has grown up to be a vital new force on the Chinese food and beverage market.The dissemination and development of western style food in China has unavoidably exerted great influence on Chinese food and beverage industry and made Chinese style food trade change in the aspects of managing concept, management mode, productive means, personnel cultivation and so on.6.Conclusion Table manners reflect many differences between east and west, whether on sense of arriving time, seat arrangement, order of serving dishes, tableware or behaviour and language.Knowing the differences people can easily understand the culture of each other.In face of these differences, we should comprehend and respect their habits and culture and should remember that every culture is equal and there is no one prior to the other.Thus we can decently communicate with each other.Only recognizing cultural differences between East and West and making a reasonable and effective integration, can we establish a social cultural etiquette system of contemporary China and reach the ideal harmonious society.Bibliography [1]Albala, K.The Cambridge World History of Food [M].Cambridge:Cambridge University Press,2000.[2]Finn, Carrie.Manners at the Table [M].America:Picture Window Books,2007.[3]King, Mia.Table Manners[M].America:Berkley Trade,2009.[4]李晓军.中西礼仪文化的差异与融合[J].内江科技,2007(03).[5]玛格丽特﹒维萨.餐桌礼仪[M].刘晓媛译.北京:新星出版社,2007.[6]彭健.浅议中西餐桌礼仪差异[J].新西部(下半月), 2009(06).[7]余琳,周游.从餐桌礼仪看中西文化差异[J].硅谷, 2008(18).[8]杨柳,田丹丹,苑富山.中美餐桌礼仪刍议[J].内江师范学院学报, 2008(01).[9]易中天.餐桌上的文化[J].当代学生, 2004(10).[10]张亚红.中西方饮食文化差异以及餐桌礼仪的对比[J].边疆经济与文化, 2009(04).

第四篇:中西方文化差异

东西方传统文化的美与丑

摘要:随着经济全球化的到来,中西方文化的交流与碰撞日益频繁。在各种中西方跨文化交际的过程中,文化冲突的事例屡见不鲜。因此,我们有必要找出其中深层次的原因,客观的认识并分析中西文化差异,这些对我们提高跨文化交际能力具有重要的现实意义,同时,身为建筑学专业一名大三的学生,彻底剖析清楚中西方文化的差异,对今后的学习生活,课程设计有着举足轻重的意义。

关键字:中西方文化差异

碰撞交流

价值观

审美观

语言文化

建筑

绘画雕塑

饮食文化

俗话说,一方水土养一方人,世界上没有哪个民族是优势民族,也没有哪一种方化是劣等文化。中西方文化之所以能传承至今天仍然保持其鲜活的生命力,生生不息,历久弥新,必然有其存在的价值与独特性。因此,我们不能片面的断定哪一种文化是好的,哪一种文化是差的,这种行为是武断的。然而,对于中西方文化美与丑的认识,每个人有每个人不同的看法,所谓一千个读者就有一千个哈姆雷特,每一种认识和见解都代表着个人的审美情趣。

璀璨的中国文化

灿烂的西方文化

既让要说中西方文化的美与丑。首先来说一下生活中人们对“美”与“丑”的评价标准。人们对美丑的认识与职业,经历,文化素养,价值观等诸多方面有关,一个人随人生阅历的增长,对美丑的认识也会发生变化。总结一下,美与丑的关系包括以下几点:

1、美与丑相对的,缺少了任何一个就没有了比较。

2、美与丑是个人的审美,并不是所有人的审美。最简单的例子就是我觉得那些韩剧真心一点也没意思,金秀贤,李敏镐一点也不帅,而大多数女生觉得他们很帅。

3、美与丑并不矛盾。因为美与丑有很多种,一个个体上既可以存在美,也可以存在丑。例如一个人外表丑而心灵美。

4、美与丑有区别:因为有区别,我们才能够分辨什么是丑、什么是美,从而有了美、丑这两个词。.没有美何以见丑,没有丑岂能显美.这个哲学问题太宽泛了,我在这里就不展开论述了!

知道了美与丑的评价标准,那么现在就来谈谈我对东西方传统文化差异性的认识和其间美与丑的个人看法,可能有些见解比较偏面,还请大家见谅。文化是指一个社会所具有的民族知识、经验、价值、信仰、习惯、制度、宗教、等级和时空观念的总合,指一个社会、一个民族的整个生活方式。中西方文明在各自的发展历程中,由于自然环境、历史条件、地理位置和社会现实的不同,形成具有本民族特色的文化,深深印上民族精神的烙印,是民族灵魂最生动的写照。虽然全球经济一体化和网络技术的飞速发展使不同文化愈来愈呈现“文化全球化”的趋势,然而千年的文化积淀非一朝一夕所能改变,中西文化的博大精深和文化传统强劲的连续性决定了二者间在各个维度上的差异都仍然是巨大的。下面我就从从语言文字、建筑、绘画雕塑、饮食等方面具体进行论述。

1、语言文字方面

语言是文化的一部分,是传承文化的重要载体。以汉语和现在国际社会比较流行的英语为例,中国人的思考速度比美国人的思考速度快。因为,中国人的“声音的种类”比美国多。曾有人比较过,用英语和汉语背诵乘法口诀的速度:汉语用了30秒,英语用了45秒。因此,两人同时背诵乘法口诀。30秒的时候,汉语使用者一定想到了九九八十一,而英语使用者肯定想到不了这里,可能也就是七七四十九。这就说明了:声音种类多的语言的使用者比声音种类少的语言的使用者思考速度快。普通话的声音种类多于英语,所以,中国人的思考速度比美国人快。现在,英语单词的数量,已经超过百万了。惊人而可怕,普通人一辈子也记不完的。而这些单词都可以用四千个汉字表达。真庆幸,我们生在中国而不是美国。而且,汉语采用象形会意的文字符号,尽管由于经历历史演变而与词义的直观联系变得模糊了,但仍然留下文字理据性的痕迹。每一个文字背后都隐藏着一段动人的故事。而且,由于汉语独特的魅力还演变出各种文化,如书法,篆刻,剪纸,服饰等,剪纸艺术

刺绣艺术

篆刻艺术

服饰艺术 内容非常博大精深,因此,就语言文字来说,汉语相对英语来讲具有相当的优势,真心佩服我们先祖无与伦比的聪明才智。

2、建筑方面

作为一名建筑学的学生,我们已经在过去的两年多的时间里详细学习了《中国建筑史》和《外国建筑史》,我想我们对中西方建筑的总体特征了解的还是比较多的。从根本上说,中西方建筑艺术的差异首先来自于材料的不同:传统的西方建筑长期以石头为主体;而传统的东方建筑则一直是以木头为构架的。这种建筑材料的不同,为其各自的建筑艺

西方帕提农圣庙

中国传统建筑

术提供了不同的可能性。西方由于崇尚力量,建筑总体上都建的雄壮有力,而中国比较注重灵活美观,所以建筑比较轻巧,相比西方比较笨重的形体,我认为中国建筑优美的线条,精美的做工更胜一筹。

在造园艺术上,西方古典园林表现为一种人工的创造。园林中所有的景 物,无论是建筑物还是山水树木都有人工穿凿的明显印记, 其楼阁亭台排列整齐, 花木修剪成形, 水源理成喷泉,一切都很规整。比较有代表的是法国的凡尔赛宫园林。造园手法以几何直线为主,它与中国古典的皇家园林有着截然不同的风格。它完全是人工雕琢的,极其讲究对称和几何图形化。

凡尔赛宫庭院示意图

中国古典园林风格是崇尚自然, 在造园的过程中”自然”一直是中国园林进 行艺术创作的最高原则和审美标准。中国古

典园林把建筑、山水、植物有机地融为一体, 在有限的空间范围内利用自然条件, 模拟大自然中的美景, 力求再现大自然中各种事物、景物的造型和气势。中国古典园林无论是北方御园还是江南私园都很强调顺应自然,巧妙设置的山水树木、亭台楼阁, 显现出浓郁的自然韵味。所以就造园手法来说,随让各有优点,我还是欣赏中国融自然与山水的造园手法

3、绘画雕塑方面

要谈中西方绘画中美学的差异,必须要从它们的根源说起。中国绘画脱胎于工艺装饰艺术,古代中国绘画三大体系中的院体画、文人画、民间画都不同程度地传承了装饰艺术的典型特质,即平面性与装饰性的审美趣味,画者将表现对象依照自己的理解进行美化加工,而非追求写实的准确性。而西方绘画则溯源于古希腊艺术,古希腊人善于捕捉微妙的比例关系,精于数学与哲学,力求明白准确,追求心灵健康与肉体完美。他们的艺术也力求逼真、写实与理想的结合,从他们的雕塑中就可以看到这点:雕塑多以最美的人体为摹本,表现自编神话中的众神,形体极为精准,比例亦臻于完美。如柏拉图所说:“艺术是摹本的摹本”。

于是我们可以清晰地看出中西方绘画中最本原的美学差异:写意与写实。

中国绘画偏于精神性的写意,表达了画者对物象的理解及感受,表现物象最本质特征,并进行了理想性塑造加工。其精神性常常高于画本身的表达与技法,物象

中国水果画

西方水果画 作为抒情的媒介表达着作者的而西方绘画则偏于写实性地再于构思,技法展示遮蔽了画家层物象才能体味画家深藏的内心世界。而且西画常以故事性或场景性代替精神性,在立意上存在缺失。

就这两种风格而言,我个人都很喜欢,但中国画缺少明暗关系,画出来的人物山水都是平面化的,西方画透视学的应用使其更具有体型感,学了建筑

中国人物画

西方人物画

以后,特别是学了素描,水粉以后,我更喜欢西方的那种画风。但是毕加索的抽象画虽然被公认为传世之作,也许由于自己艺术修养不足的原因吧,个人完全欣赏不了,自然觉得没意思。

雕塑艺术是人类情感外溢的物化形态,是中西文化的重要组成部分,不论古代还是近代,雕塑的创造都体现着时代的文化精神,是人类主动的创造行为。从古希腊创立并奠定了以人为主题的雕塑形式后,一直到现代雕塑兴起的2500年

精神境界与人格追求。现对象,往往表

达重的精神表达,要透过层中,人像始终占据着雕塑题材的主导地位,涌现出众多优秀的人像雕塑作品。有单人的也有组合的,动作姿态丰富多彩,这与古希腊“人,乃万物之尺度”的观

念有着文化上的必然联系。相比之下,中国的雕塑显示了题材广泛的特点,不仅有人物,动物,虚构的动物(龙、凤、麒麟等),人与动物的合形(女娲、伏羲的人首蛇身),还有山水树林,云朵雾气,神话传说,历史故事,生活场景,以及大量动物器物的造型。尤其在早期雕塑艺术中,各种题材并无明显主次之分,也

西方雕塑

中国佛像 无主辅之别。只是到了后期,特别是宗教雕塑兴起后,人像才得以充分发展。若单独一人像来说的话,我认为西方的雕塑表达的人物思想更深刻一些,人物刻画的比较细腻,相对来首有较强的表现力。

4、饮食方面

吃中餐时,围坐在餐桌旁的进餐人各取所需,各自根据各自的喜好选取相应的饭菜;餐桌上的任何一种饭菜都不属于任何一个食客,大家为了相同的目的在同一张餐桌旁,面对相同的饭菜各取所需,解决饥饿问题和生存问题。筷子的发明是我们祖先的又有一个创举。筷子利用杠杆原理夹取食物,可以促进手、眼协调能力,强化手的精细协调动作,促进视觉发育,还有健脑益智的作用,相比西方的刀子叉子要更方便的多。所以说筷子文化相对于西方的刀叉文化要先进的多。然而吃西餐时,每个食客只能吃各自的那一份饭菜,不同的饮食文化,归根结底就是文化的不同。

结束语:中西方传统文化的美与丑是相对的,不存在绝对的美与丑,对中西方文化美与丑的认识,更多的反应了一个人的审美价值。现在随着中西方交流越来越频繁,世界成了一个地球村,在面对文化差异这个问题都要采取积极的态度。还是那句话,世界上没有哪个民族是优势民族,也没有哪一种方化是劣等文化,为了促进交流,我们都要对中西方的文化进行了解,相互理解,相互尊重,取其精华,弃其糟粕。

第五篇:中西方餐桌礼仪文化差异总结

中西方餐桌礼仪文化差异总结

饮食文化、餐具、进餐方式以及一系列的餐桌礼仪等都反映了不同民族的社会生活样式和文化取向。现代社会礼仪无处不在, 用餐不单是满足基本生理需要, 也是很重要的社交经验,而中西方在餐桌礼仪方面的要求也有许多差别, 了解了两者的不同防止失礼于人。1.餐桌气氛上的差异

总的来说是:西方餐桌上静, 中国餐桌上动。西方人平日好动, 但一坐到餐桌上便专心致志地去静静切割自家的盘中餐。中国人平日好静, 一坐上餐桌, 便滔滔不绝, 相互让菜, 劝酒。中国人餐桌上的闹与西方餐桌上的静反映出了中西饮食文化上的根本差异。

2.邀请的提前与赴宴的守时的差异

一般,不管是中方还是西方,邀请别人吃饭或者赴宴都要提前预定。

中方若是大型的婚宴请客要提前几天以上,这是表达一种对客人的尊重。

而西方宴请也要提前通知,像答应对方的邀请后,如果临时有事要迟到甚至取消约会,必须事先通知对方。另外,如果宴会时间是7点,你最好是6点55就要到。赴会时稍迟是可以接受的,但若超过15分钟便会给对方不重视约会的坏印象。

3.中西方座次安排上的差异

古代中国素有“礼仪之邦”之称,我国的传统作法是“以左为上”,即认为居左之位高于居右之位。并且先请客人入座上席,在请长者入座客人旁依次入座,入座时要从椅子左边进入。入座后不要动筷子,更不要弄出什么响声来,也不要起身走动,如果有什么事要向主人打招呼。

而国际通行作法并排排列座次时,国际上的通行作法是“以右为上”,即认为居右之位高于居左之位。他们会注意:以主人和女主人为中心,左手的位置为上,靠近主人女主人的位置为上;夫妇不应相邻,男女依次相邻,主人和主方陪客应与客人依次相邻;译员可以坐在主宾的右侧。有些大型场合,也可以在主人和主宾背后,另外安排用餐。4.从餐具的摆放中看差异

我们知道在中国的餐具中一般只有杯子,筷子,和碗、盘子等。它的摆放就相对比较简单。餐具的摆放是这样的:大盘是离身体最近的,正对领带;餐布一角压在大盘之下,一角垂落桌沿;小盘叠在大盘之上;大盘左侧放手巾;左前侧放小碗,小瓷汤勺放在碗内;右前侧放置酒杯;右侧放筷子。

西餐中的餐具,它的用餐顺序是有外向内的,所以,他的摆放也是有外向内的。它是根据一道道不同菜的上菜顺序精心排列起来的。座位最前面放食盘(或汤盘),左手放叉,右手放刀。汤匙也放在食盘右边。食盘上方,放着吃甜食用的匙和叉、咖啡匙,再往前略靠右放酒杯。右起依次是:葡萄酒杯、香槟酒杯、啤酒杯(水杯)。而餐巾叠放啤酒杯(水杯)里或放在食盘里。面包盘放在左手,上面的黄油刀横摆在盘里,刀刃一面要向着自已。正餐的刀叉数目要和菜的道数相等,按上菜顺序由外到里排列,刀口向内,用餐时按顺序由外向中间排着用,依次是吃开胃菜用的、吃鱼用的、吃肉用的 比较正式的餐会中,餐巾是布做的。另外,要注意高档的餐厅餐巾往往叠得很漂亮,有的还系上小缎带。注意,别拿餐巾擦鼻子或擦脸。通过对比,我发现造成这些差异的原因主要有两点。首先是中西方思维方式不同。从筷子与刀叉的区别看出,筷子是由两根组成的,缺一不可,在协同中完成整个的吃饭过程。可见,这样一个看似简单的吃饭过程却体现了中华民族团结的民族心理和集体主义的国家理念。而西方国家体现的是,在具体使用的过程中,用刀进行切,然后用叉将其夹住,最后才是送到口中的过程,通过这样的一个过程就可以分析出,每个独立的工具所承担的是各自独立的责任,完成的是分别的任务。

其次便是中西方价值观不同。每一个社会和国家都在使用自己所认可的价值观。在餐桌礼仪中人们所表现出的行为是各个国家的价值观的一个缩影,是在各自不同的价值观的指引下采取的与之相对应的行为。如在中国这样一个以“礼仪之邦”,并强调“孝”、“忠”的国度里,体现出集体主义价值观。在餐桌上就餐的时候,人们点好了菜以后,从座次就可以很明显的表现出来,中国人强调尊老爱幼,因此,座位的摆放很有规律,座位不仅有上下等级之分,而且还有具体的座位排序。对于西方国家来说,个人主义价值观占据主导地位,人们之间实行的是各自的价值,体现的是每个人的个体力量。这是因为在西方人的哲学思想中,倾向于侧重个人主义、个性发展与自我表现。他们认为一个人若达不到自己的目的,那不是天命,而是自己懒惰,缺乏斗争的精神。通过在就餐时候的分餐制就可以看出,他们每个人都是自己吃自己餐具里的东西,每个人都选择自己爱吃的东西,不会出现在中国可能出现自己勉强吃主人夹的菜肴。

以上,就是对于中西方餐桌礼仪差异的总结。

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