中西方葬礼文化差异

第一篇：中西方葬礼文化差异

Funeral Cultural Differences between East and West

With the rapidly challenging world, people through the world have found it increasingly necessary to minimize the rate of misunderstanding due miscommunication in their contacts with another.Everything is relative, cultural difference being no exception.Culture, as the total pattern of human behavior and its products, oversteps geographical limits and historical conditions in many ways, and it is characterized by its strong penetrativeness and fusibility.The advancement of the globalized economy and the rapidity and ease of modern communication, transportation, and mass media have resulted in an ever increasing exchange between cultures, unprecedented

in

scale，scope，and

speed.Consequently, an increase in universality and a reduction in difference between cultures is an inevitable trend.It is no surprise to see phenomena characteristic of one culture existing in another.As a result, some people even fear that the world will become a dull place when all the different nationalities behave exactly alike.Nevertheless, the “cultural sediment” formed through long-range accumulation is not to be easily removed, and the cultural tradition handed down from generation to generation shows great consistency and continuity.The cultures of different regions and nations still have their own distinctive peculiarities, and therefore significance still needs to be attached to the study of the individualities of different cultures against the background of their universality.I will talk about the funeral cultural difference between Chinese and western.If life is a trip, funeral is the end of the long journey.Death for people who believe in reincarnation does not mean the end of life, but the conversion of life.In other world.Funeral is to put the soul of the deceased to the underworld.The funeral ceremony refers to the etiquette of living deal with the deceased, and it is considered the last step of one’s whole life.When original human-being was in the world, they had a problem how to deal with the bodies.This is the beginning of funeral.Archeologists proved that the earliest original funeral appeared in China about 20,000 years ago.We can say the funeral is the oldest ceremony in human history.People‘s life is limited.Funeral ceremony symbolizes the end of human’s life journey in the world.The activities we carry out around the deceased show many aspects of the real world.These activities have a lot of very close connections with people’s religion believes, ethical notions, national consciousness, customs, even the scheme of society scheme directly or indirectly.Different cultural backgrounds and religions cause the different funeral customs.China and the English speaking countries all have log stories.It’s very difficult to show their funeral customs comprehensively and exactly.In this thesis, the author will introduce the different funeral ceremonies customs, and then search the root of these differences by comparing their different customs.To Chinese people, death means the emancipation from earthliness.If people die in the house peacefully, when he/she is extremely old, we call his/her funeral ‘white occasion’.As a very admirable way of death that one’s life ends at home without pain and disease is people’s long-cherished wish of lifetime and it’s also the glory of the family.Funeral preparation is ready shroud, coffin and for the dead.In China it’s very important and formal.There is a lot of custom taboos in this step.T he shroud is generally made from cotton.Nobody will like his/her shroud made by fur or silk, because Chinese believe that furs can make people into animals in the other life.Silk is not used to make shroud for it’s Chinese pronunciation ‘duan’ which means bad for the death’s children.The coffin is divided into different grades according to the hardness of the timber, the harder the better.A prerequisite for the implementation of the funeral, obviously, we must determine the person is dead.In China, people will cotton on the person’s nostrils to test whether or not people die.I t is named a fine cotton in The Book of Rites.A fine cotton is much accurate than directly testing by hand and show respect for the deceased.If relatives were sure the person had been dead, everyone started crying.Crying means starting the funeral ceremony.In some place of China, especially in rural, people always open the roof tiles to wish the death go heaven.At the central plains region, it is bathed in his deathbed.Then put shroud on for him before he death.Medium civil funeral have “停灵”customs ,continued for three days, five days or seven days, it shows relatives look forward to the resurrection of the deceased, set aside enough time to the escape soul can return to when there is physical dependence.Western funeral rituals and customs are essentially religious funeral

rites.Western

people

advocate “individual-based” and “individual-centered”, so people focus on resettlement of the deceased “soul” at the funeral.Father of repentance to him.This is also o hospice, so that the dying people will get correct view of the death of the deceased, and get out of the fear of death.At death, under the auspices of Father give the deceased corpse washing, dressing, religious meaning of his sins are washed away, clean see God after the priest want to pray.Chinese cemeteries are generally located on hillsides since this is thought to improve Fengshui(geomantic omen).The higher a grave is located, the better.At the graveside, when the coffin is taken down from the hearse and lowered into the ground, all present must turn away.Family members and other relatives throw a handful of earth into the grave before it is frilled.After the funeral, all of clothes worn by the mourners are burned to avoid had luck associated with death.After the coffin is buried, the keeper of the cemetery will also offer prayers to the deceased.Family members and relatives are presented with a red packed(A sign of gratitude from the deceased’s family, and the money in it must be spent).A white towel is also a sign of gratitude although it is also used by funeral guests to wipe away perspiration.The eldest son of the deceased will retrieve some earth from the grave to put into an incense holder, and the deceased will be worshipped by the family at home using an ancestral tablet.Western funeral is religious funeral.The customs of western countries’ are influenced by their religions.Western funerals mainly pray for the deceased, wish souls ascend to heaven as soon as possible.Christians thought people should give the deceased’ soul need to be quiet after death ,so western funeral customs are simple and enmity.Confucian established the Chinese traditional funeral rites.I n traditional Chinese culture, the soul is immortal;it’s attached the gods, worshiped in the Temple.Later, the introduction of Buddhism, bring the “six reincarnation, reincarnation Health care “and other concepts.At the same time, the Chinese local religion Taoism put forward the concept of Hell.Chinese people mixed these different believe together, and formed Chinese funeral customs-the Confucian tradition as the main body, the convergence of Buddhism and Taoism’s funeral rites.Today ,the globalization gives us much more chances to get in touch with foreigners than ever before.When people different areas communicate with each other, their different cultural backgrounds may cause misunderstanding.As two oldest cultures, Chinese and Western culture both have their own cultural characteristics.Though their boundaries have been not so clear after many years mingling, people need to know the others’ national characteristics still, especially when take part in foreigner’s funeral ceremony.As the last step of human’s life journey, funeral ceremony has its different status and meanings in each areas.We search these differences through searching the different customs of funeral ceremonies.By comparing these differences and their roots, people can understand the senses of worth and the cultural backgrounds of people in different countries.It will help us to avoid misunderstanding in crossing-cultural communication.

第二篇：中西方葬礼文化差异

Funeral Cultural Differences between East and West

I will talk about the funeral cultural difference between Chinese and western.If life is a trip, funeral is the end of the long journey.Death for people who believe in reincarnation does not mean the end of life, but the conversion of life.In other world.Funeral is to put the soul of the deceased to the underworld.The funeral ceremony refers to the etiquette of living deal with the deceased, and it is considered the last step of one’s whole life.To Chinese people, death means the emancipation from earthliness.If people die in the house peacefully, when he/she is extremely old, we call his/her funeral ‘white occasion’.As a very admirable way of death that one’s life ends at home without pain and disease is people’s long-cherished wish of lifetime and it’s also the glory of the family.Funeral preparation is ready shroud, coffin and for the dead.In China it’s very important and formal.There is a lot of custom taboos in this step.T he shroud is generally made from cotton.Nobody will like his/her shroud made by fur or silk, because Chinese believe that furs can make people into animals in the other life.Silk is not used to make shroud for it’s Chinese pronunciation ‘duan’ which means bad for the death’s children.The coffin is divided into different grades according to the hardness of the timber, the harder the better.A prerequisite for the implementation of the funeral, obviously, we must determine the person is dead.In China, people will cotton on the person’s nostrils to test whether or not people die.I t is named a fine cotton in The Book of Rites.A fine cotton is much accurate than directly testing by hand and show respect for the deceased.If relatives were sure the person had been dead, everyone started crying.Crying means starting the funeral ceremony.In some place of China, especially in rural, people always open the roof tiles to wish the death go heaven.At the central plains region, it is bathed in his deathbed.Then put shroud on for him before he death.Medium civil funeral have “停灵”customs ,continued for three days, five days or seven days, it shows relatives look forward to the resurrection of the deceased, set aside enough time to the escape soul can return to when there is physical dependence.Western funeral rituals and customs are essentially religious funeral

rites.Western

people

advocate “individual-based” and “individual-centered”, so people focus on resettlement of the deceased “soul” at the funeral.Father of repentance to him.This is also o hospice, so that the dying people will get correct view of the death of the deceased, and get out of the fear of death.At death, under the auspices of Father give the deceased corpse washing, dressing, religious meaning of his sins are washed away, clean see God after the priest want to pray.Chinese cemeteries are generally located on hillsides since this is thought to improve Fengshui(geomantic omen).The higher a grave is located, the better.At the graveside, when the coffin is taken down from the hearse and lowered into the ground, all present must turn away.Family members and other relatives throw a handful of earth into the grave before it is frilled.After the funeral, all of clothes worn by the mourners are burned to avoid had luck associated with death.After the coffin is buried, the keeper of the cemetery will also offer prayers to the deceased.Family members and relatives are presented with a red packed(A sign of gratitude from the deceased’s family, and the money in it must be spent).A white towel is also a sign of gratitude although it is also used by funeral guests to wipe away perspiration.The eldest son of the deceased will retrieve some earth from the grave to put into an incense holder, and the deceased will be worshipped by the family at home using an ancestral tablet.Western funeral is religious funeral.The customs of western countries’ are influenced by their religions.Western funerals mainly pray for the deceased, wish souls ascend to heaven as soon as possible.Christians thought people should give the deceased’ soul need to be quiet after death ,so western funeral customs are simple and enmity.Confucian established the Chinese traditional funeral rites.I n traditional Chinese culture, the soul is immortal;it’s attached the gods, worshiped in the Temple.Later, the introduction of Buddhism, bring the “six reincarnation, reincarnation Health care “and other concepts.At the same time, the Chinese local religion Taoism put forward the concept of Hell.Chinese people mixed these different believe together, and formed Chinese funeral customs-the Confucian tradition as the main body, the convergence of Buddhism and Taoism’s funeral rites.

第三篇：中西方文化差异

东西方传统文化的美与丑

摘要：随着经济全球化的到来，中西方文化的交流与碰撞日益频繁。在各种中西方跨文化交际的过程中，文化冲突的事例屡见不鲜。因此，我们有必要找出其中深层次的原因，客观的认识并分析中西文化差异，这些对我们提高跨文化交际能力具有重要的现实意义，同时，身为建筑学专业一名大三的学生，彻底剖析清楚中西方文化的差异，对今后的学习生活，课程设计有着举足轻重的意义。

关键字：中西方文化差异

碰撞交流

价值观

审美观

语言文化

建筑

绘画雕塑

饮食文化

俗话说，一方水土养一方人，世界上没有哪个民族是优势民族，也没有哪一种方化是劣等文化。中西方文化之所以能传承至今天仍然保持其鲜活的生命力，生生不息，历久弥新，必然有其存在的价值与独特性。因此，我们不能片面的断定哪一种文化是好的，哪一种文化是差的，这种行为是武断的。然而，对于中西方文化美与丑的认识，每个人有每个人不同的看法，所谓一千个读者就有一千个哈姆雷特，每一种认识和见解都代表着个人的审美情趣。

璀璨的中国文化

灿烂的西方文化

既让要说中西方文化的美与丑。首先来说一下生活中人们对“美”与“丑”的评价标准。人们对美丑的认识与职业，经历，文化素养，价值观等诸多方面有关，一个人随人生阅历的增长，对美丑的认识也会发生变化。总结一下，美与丑的关系包括以下几点：

1、美与丑相对的，缺少了任何一个就没有了比较。

2、美与丑是个人的审美，并不是所有人的审美。最简单的例子就是我觉得那些韩剧真心一点也没意思，金秀贤，李敏镐一点也不帅，而大多数女生觉得他们很帅。

3、美与丑并不矛盾。因为美与丑有很多种，一个个体上既可以存在美，也可以存在丑。例如一个人外表丑而心灵美。

4、美与丑有区别：因为有区别，我们才能够分辨什么是丑、什么是美，从而有了美、丑这两个词。.没有美何以见丑,没有丑岂能显美.这个哲学问题太宽泛了,我在这里就不展开论述了!

知道了美与丑的评价标准，那么现在就来谈谈我对东西方传统文化差异性的认识和其间美与丑的个人看法，可能有些见解比较偏面，还请大家见谅。文化是指一个社会所具有的民族知识、经验、价值、信仰、习惯、制度、宗教、等级和时空观念的总合，指一个社会、一个民族的整个生活方式。中西方文明在各自的发展历程中，由于自然环境、历史条件、地理位置和社会现实的不同，形成具有本民族特色的文化，深深印上民族精神的烙印，是民族灵魂最生动的写照。虽然全球经济一体化和网络技术的飞速发展使不同文化愈来愈呈现“文化全球化”的趋势，然而千年的文化积淀非一朝一夕所能改变，中西文化的博大精深和文化传统强劲的连续性决定了二者间在各个维度上的差异都仍然是巨大的。下面我就从从语言文字、建筑、绘画雕塑、饮食等方面具体进行论述。

1、语言文字方面

语言是文化的一部分，是传承文化的重要载体。以汉语和现在国际社会比较流行的英语为例，中国人的思考速度比美国人的思考速度快。因为，中国人的“声音的种类”比美国多。曾有人比较过，用英语和汉语背诵乘法口诀的速度：汉语用了30秒，英语用了45秒。因此，两人同时背诵乘法口诀。30秒的时候，汉语使用者一定想到了九九八十一，而英语使用者肯定想到不了这里，可能也就是七七四十九。这就说明了：声音种类多的语言的使用者比声音种类少的语言的使用者思考速度快。普通话的声音种类多于英语，所以，中国人的思考速度比美国人快。现在，英语单词的数量，已经超过百万了。惊人而可怕，普通人一辈子也记不完的。而这些单词都可以用四千个汉字表达。真庆幸，我们生在中国而不是美国。而且，汉语采用象形会意的文字符号，尽管由于经历历史演变而与词义的直观联系变得模糊了，但仍然留下文字理据性的痕迹。每一个文字背后都隐藏着一段动人的故事。而且，由于汉语独特的魅力还演变出各种文化，如书法，篆刻，剪纸，服饰等，剪纸艺术

刺绣艺术

篆刻艺术

服饰艺术 内容非常博大精深，因此，就语言文字来说，汉语相对英语来讲具有相当的优势，真心佩服我们先祖无与伦比的聪明才智。

2、建筑方面

作为一名建筑学的学生，我们已经在过去的两年多的时间里详细学习了《中国建筑史》和《外国建筑史》，我想我们对中西方建筑的总体特征了解的还是比较多的。从根本上说，中西方建筑艺术的差异首先来自于材料的不同：传统的西方建筑长期以石头为主体；而传统的东方建筑则一直是以木头为构架的。这种建筑材料的不同，为其各自的建筑艺

西方帕提农圣庙

中国传统建筑

术提供了不同的可能性。西方由于崇尚力量，建筑总体上都建的雄壮有力，而中国比较注重灵活美观，所以建筑比较轻巧，相比西方比较笨重的形体，我认为中国建筑优美的线条，精美的做工更胜一筹。

在造园艺术上，西方古典园林表现为一种人工的创造。园林中所有的景 物,无论是建筑物还是山水树木都有人工穿凿的明显印记, 其楼阁亭台排列整齐, 花木修剪成形, 水源理成喷泉，一切都很规整。比较有代表的是法国的凡尔赛宫园林。造园手法以几何直线为主，它与中国古典的皇家园林有着截然不同的风格。它完全是人工雕琢的，极其讲究对称和几何图形化。

凡尔赛宫庭院示意图

中国古典园林风格是崇尚自然, 在造园的过程中”自然”一直是中国园林进 行艺术创作的最高原则和审美标准。中国古

典园林把建筑、山水、植物有机地融为一体, 在有限的空间范围内利用自然条件, 模拟大自然中的美景, 力求再现大自然中各种事物、景物的造型和气势。中国古典园林无论是北方御园还是江南私园都很强调顺应自然，巧妙设置的山水树木、亭台楼阁, 显现出浓郁的自然韵味。所以就造园手法来说，随让各有优点，我还是欣赏中国融自然与山水的造园手法

3、绘画雕塑方面

要谈中西方绘画中美学的差异，必须要从它们的根源说起。中国绘画脱胎于工艺装饰艺术,古代中国绘画三大体系中的院体画、文人画、民间画都不同程度地传承了装饰艺术的典型特质，即平面性与装饰性的审美趣味，画者将表现对象依照自己的理解进行美化加工，而非追求写实的准确性。而西方绘画则溯源于古希腊艺术，古希腊人善于捕捉微妙的比例关系，精于数学与哲学，力求明白准确，追求心灵健康与肉体完美。他们的艺术也力求逼真、写实与理想的结合，从他们的雕塑中就可以看到这点：雕塑多以最美的人体为摹本，表现自编神话中的众神，形体极为精准，比例亦臻于完美。如柏拉图所说：“艺术是摹本的摹本”。

于是我们可以清晰地看出中西方绘画中最本原的美学差异：写意与写实。

中国绘画偏于精神性的写意，表达了画者对物象的理解及感受，表现物象最本质特征，并进行了理想性塑造加工。其精神性常常高于画本身的表达与技法，物象

中国水果画

西方水果画 作为抒情的媒介表达着作者的而西方绘画则偏于写实性地再于构思，技法展示遮蔽了画家层物象才能体味画家深藏的内心世界。而且西画常以故事性或场景性代替精神性，在立意上存在缺失。

就这两种风格而言，我个人都很喜欢，但中国画缺少明暗关系，画出来的人物山水都是平面化的，西方画透视学的应用使其更具有体型感，学了建筑

中国人物画

西方人物画

以后，特别是学了素描，水粉以后，我更喜欢西方的那种画风。但是毕加索的抽象画虽然被公认为传世之作，也许由于自己艺术修养不足的原因吧，个人完全欣赏不了，自然觉得没意思。

雕塑艺术是人类情感外溢的物化形态，是中西文化的重要组成部分，不论古代还是近代，雕塑的创造都体现着时代的文化精神，是人类主动的创造行为。从古希腊创立并奠定了以人为主题的雕塑形式后，一直到现代雕塑兴起的2500年

精神境界与人格追求。现对象，往往表

达重的精神表达，要透过层中，人像始终占据着雕塑题材的主导地位，涌现出众多优秀的人像雕塑作品。有单人的也有组合的，动作姿态丰富多彩，这与古希腊“人，乃万物之尺度”的观

念有着文化上的必然联系。相比之下，中国的雕塑显示了题材广泛的特点，不仅有人物，动物,虚构的动物（龙、凤、麒麟等），人与动物的合形（女娲、伏羲的人首蛇身），还有山水树林，云朵雾气，神话传说，历史故事，生活场景，以及大量动物器物的造型。尤其在早期雕塑艺术中，各种题材并无明显主次之分，也

西方雕塑

中国佛像 无主辅之别。只是到了后期，特别是宗教雕塑兴起后，人像才得以充分发展。若单独一人像来说的话，我认为西方的雕塑表达的人物思想更深刻一些，人物刻画的比较细腻，相对来首有较强的表现力。

4、饮食方面

吃中餐时，围坐在餐桌旁的进餐人各取所需，各自根据各自的喜好选取相应的饭菜；餐桌上的任何一种饭菜都不属于任何一个食客，大家为了相同的目的在同一张餐桌旁，面对相同的饭菜各取所需，解决饥饿问题和生存问题。筷子的发明是我们祖先的又有一个创举。筷子利用杠杆原理夹取食物，可以促进手、眼协调能力，强化手的精细协调动作，促进视觉发育，还有健脑益智的作用，相比西方的刀子叉子要更方便的多。所以说筷子文化相对于西方的刀叉文化要先进的多。然而吃西餐时，每个食客只能吃各自的那一份饭菜，不同的饮食文化，归根结底就是文化的不同。

结束语：中西方传统文化的美与丑是相对的，不存在绝对的美与丑，对中西方文化美与丑的认识，更多的反应了一个人的审美价值。现在随着中西方交流越来越频繁，世界成了一个地球村，在面对文化差异这个问题都要采取积极的态度。还是那句话，世界上没有哪个民族是优势民族，也没有哪一种方化是劣等文化，为了促进交流，我们都要对中西方的文化进行了解，相互理解，相互尊重，取其精华，弃其糟粕。

第四篇：中西方文化差异演讲稿

中西方文化差异演讲稿

随着社会经济的不断发展，中西方经济贸易交流的增多，中西方文化也开始更加剧烈的碰撞、交织。中西方文化的差异成了现代许多专家研究的对象，而在日常生活中的我们的老百姓，也耳濡目染的接触到了外来文化，并且，外来文化正扮演着重要的角色。那么，中西方文化到底有什么样的差异呢？下面，让我们来一起来看一看。

(1)在对待人与自然的关系问题上。中国注重天人合一,西方文化强调征服和改造自然.肖尚军的《传统文化概要》（2006.12）中指出，中国文化重视人与自然的和谐统一，即“天人合一”，西方文化则强调人对自然的征服与改造，即征服自然。《东西文化及其哲学》(梁濑溟1999.7.1)中指出，在方法上，中国人注重抽象和虚的意味，“往往拿这抽象玄学的推理应用到属经验知识的具体问题”，所以中国传统不具有西方征服自然、科学方法、民主精神之异彩。《中西伦理文化差异的比较与启示》(刘宗碧 2006.2)中指出，西方持幸福论为主的维度,追求主体权益满足的自我确证;中国持功德论的维度,追求“顺天意”的功名。

(2)在对待家庭问题上。中国强调家族和整体利益,而西方追求个人利益与尊严.在《传统文化概要》里,中国文化强调“家族本位”，突出国家和家族的整体利益。西方文化则奉行“个人本位”，以自我为中心，注重个人的人格与尊严。未来之舟编著的《礼仪培训手册》(2009.8)中指出，我们一直以谦虚为美德,不论是对于自己的能力还是成绩，总是喜欢自谦。外国人非常注重个人隐私权，日常交谈中，一般不会涉及对方的“私人问题”。而我国的个人隐私观念比较淡薄。特别是在亲朋好友之间，大家喜欢不分你我，共同分享对方的私人生活。长者往往可以随意问及晚辈的私人生活，以显示关心。在万艺玲所著的《汉语词汇教程》(2000.1)中，特有词语显示了此方面的差异,每个民族都有自己的称谓系统，称谓语从一个侧面反映着各民族的传统文化。中国有着几千年封建社会的历史，封建的宗法、家庭、伦理等观念具体反映在汉民族的家庭、亲戚的称谓关系上。而西方对家庭亲戚的称谓只有aunt和uncle两种,由此可见东西方家族观念的差异.(3)在对待民族关系问题上。中国历史上基本奉行以和为贵的政策,西方人则有征服天下的野心.中国文化奉行的是“亲仁善邻”和“协和万邦”，而西方则奉行“征服天下”。在徐言行所著的《中西文化比较》(2007.9)一书中，指出中国文化中庸和平和西方文化崇力尚争的特点，中国人注重节制、追求和谐与平稳的文化性格和西方人鼓励竞争、追求功利、崇尚力量和进取的价值目标。《中国文化概论》(檀江林2009.12)指出:对民族关系问题的处理原则上，中国的原则是亲仁善邻、协和万邦、顺俗施化、以德怀远，西方民族的原则是以武力征服天下。

中西方在日常生活中表现得差异更突出。

中西方在饮食上有很多差异。就说说早餐吧，在西方，典型的欧洲大陆早餐包括吐丝面包，各式维也纳甜面包，牛角面包，黄油，果酱，茶和咖啡，美式早餐要丰盛的多，除了以上的食物外，还包括煎的培根，香肠，土豆，煎蛋，麦片，牛奶，水果或果汁。而中国人早餐则吃炒米饭

第五篇：中西方美术文化差异

中西方美术文化差异

中西方美术的最主要差异就在于透视，这是最根本的，中国绘画在创作上重视构思，讲求意在笔先和形象思维，注重艺术形象的主客观统一。造型上不拘于表面的肖似，而讲求“妙在似与不似之间”和“不似之似”，在透视上将焦点（一点）透视与散点（多点）透视结合；而西方绘画着重于焦点透视，比较客观科学地体现了物体的外观，真实客观是其特点。绘画风格对于整个社会的影响都是巨大的，同时整个社会所形成的文化底蕴也同时反哺给了绘画。举例来说，从建筑上来说，人文，天气和建筑材料以及建筑工艺都对其有很大的影响，同样是巴洛克风格，每个地方都有些细微的变化。

西方人文在文艺复兴时期，思想波澜起伏，海纳百川形成了众多的艺术风格，功不在风格多少，而在于这一风气带动了人们的思想，不段的创新；反观中国古代，由于封建社会统治阶级的思想统治，迫使人们在一定框架中，不对君王，只对青山绿水，千年时间造就了中国画的辉煌，但也限制了中国绘画新时代的发展。当然在明清两代发展起来的工笔绘画，在一定意义上也偏重了西方绘画的焦点透视（工笔建筑要稍少一些）。

绘画工具的不同也造就了中西方绘画的差异。毛笔，纸张，绘画颜料可谓独树一帜，更体现了中国古代人民的智慧，当然整个当时西方社会的工艺水平也是很高的