中西方餐桌礼仪对比及其深层文化差异材料

第一篇：中西方餐桌礼仪对比及其深层文化差异材料

中西方餐桌礼仪的差异

信息之舟精文荟萃栏目编者按:

不少人在吃西餐时，都会担心“失礼”。其实，所谓餐桌礼仪是为了让餐膳可以不受阻碍和破坏，而得以顺利流畅地进行的实用守则。谨记“整齐、清洁和保持安静”三项原则便可无往而不利。

一、宴会礼仪

（1）在当你应邀赴宴时，你对同桌进餐的人和餐桌上的谈话，大概要比对饮食要更感兴趣。因此进餐时，应该尽可能地少一些声响，少一些动作。

（2）女主人一拿起餐巾时，你也就可以拿起你的餐巾，放在腿上。有时餐巾中包有一只小面包；如果是那样的话就把它取也，放在旁边的小碟上。

（3）餐巾如果很大，就双叠着放在腿上；如果很小，就全部打开。千万别将餐巾别在领上或背心上，也不要在手中乱揉。可以用餐巾的一角擦去嘴上或手指上的油渍或脏物。千万别用它来擦刀叉或碗碟。

（4）正餐通常从汤开始。在你座前最大的一把匙就是汤匙，它就在你的右边的盘子旁边。不要错用放在桌子中间的那把匙子，因为那可能是取蔬菜可果酱用的。

（5）在女主人拿起她的匙子或叉子以前，客人不得食用任何一道菜。女主人通常要等到每位客人都拿到菜后才开始。她不会像中国习惯那样，请你先吃。当她拿起匙或叉时，那就意味着大家也可以那样做了。

（6）如果有鱼这道菜的话，它多半在汤以后送上，桌上可能有鱼的一把专用叉子，它也可能与吃肉的叉子相似，通常要小一些，总之，鱼叉放在肉叉的外侧离盘较远的一侧。

（7）通常在鱼上桌之前，鱼骨早就剔净了，如果你吃的那块鱼还有刺的话，你可以左手拿着面包卷，或一块面包，右手拿着刀子，把刺拨开。

（8）如果嘴里有了一根刺，就应悄悄地，尽可能不引起注意地用手指将它取出，放在盘子边沿上，别放在桌上，或扔在地下。

此外，我对法国餐桌礼仪的忌讳有些了解，如后：

二、法国餐桌礼仪七忌

答应对方的邀请后如果临时有事要迟到甚至取消约会，必须事先通知对方。赴会时稍迟是可以接受的，但若超过15分钟便会给对方不重视约会的坏印象。在点菜时自己应选定想吃的食物，如果看遍菜牌也没有头绪的话，可请侍应为你推荐餐厅的招牌菜，但要给明确的表示，如想吃海鲜、不吃红肉等，切记事事拿不定主意，只懂说“是但(随便也罢)”的人只会为同台客人添加麻烦。用餐要注意的细节甚多，但其实大部分也是日常的礼仪，只要保持冷静，不做大动作，不出声响或阻碍别人用餐的话已算合格。

1、使用餐具最基本的原则是由外至内，完成一道菜后侍奉收去该份餐具，按需要或会补上另一套刀叉。

2、吃肉类时(如牛扒)应从角落开始切，吃完一块再切下一块。遇到不吃的部分或配菜，只需将

它移到碟边。

3、如嘴里有东西要吐出来，应将叉子递到嘴边接出，或以手指取出，再移到碟子边沿。整个过程要尽量不要引别人注意，之后自然地用餐便可。

4、遇到豆类或饭一类的配菜，可以左手握叉平放碟上，叉尖向上，再以刀子将豆类或饭轻拨到叉子上便可。若需要调味料但伸手又取不到，可要求对方递给你，千万不要站起来俯前去取。

5、吃完抹手抹嘴切忌用餐巾大力擦，注意仪态用餐巾的一角轻轻印去嘴上或手指上的油渍便可。

6、就算凳子多舒服，坐姿都应该保持正直，不要靠在椅背上面。进食时身体可略向前靠，两臂应紧贴身体，以免撞到隔壁。

7、吃完每碟菜之后，如将刀叉四边放，又或者打交叉乱放，非常难看。正确方法是将刀叉并排放在碟上，叉齿朝上。

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中西方餐桌礼仪差异

内容预览：

中西方餐桌礼仪的差异是很多的。不少人在吃西餐时，都会担心“失礼”。其实，所谓餐桌礼仪是为了让餐膳可以不受阻碍和破坏，而得以顺利流畅地进行的实用守则。谨记“整齐、清洁和保持安静”三项原则便可无往而不利。

一、宴会礼仪（1）在当你应邀赴宴时，你对同桌进餐的人和餐桌上的谈话，大概要比对饮食要更感兴趣。因此进餐时，应该尽可能地少一些声响，少一些动作。（2）女主人一拿起餐巾时，你也就可以拿起你的餐巾，放在腿上。有时餐巾中包有一只小面包；如果是那样的话就把它取也，放在旁边的小碟上。（3）餐巾如果很大，就双叠着放在腿上；如果很小，就全部打开。千万别将餐巾别在领上或背心上，也不要在手中乱揉。可以用餐巾的一角擦去嘴上或手指上的油渍或脏物。千万别用它来擦刀叉或碗碟。（4）正餐通常从汤开始。在你座前最大的一把匙就是汤匙，它就在你的右边的盘子旁边。不要错用放在桌子中间的那把匙子，因为那可能是取蔬菜可果酱用的。（5）在女主人拿起她的匙子或叉子以前，客人不得食用任何一道菜。女主人通常要等到每位客人都拿到菜后才开始。她不会像中国习惯那样，请你先吃。当她拿起匙或叉时，那就意味着大家也可以那样做了。（6）如果有鱼这道菜的话，它多半在汤以后送上，桌上可能有鱼的一把专用叉子，它也可能与吃肉的叉子相似，通常要小一些，总之，鱼叉放在肉叉的外侧离盘较远的一侧。（7）通常在鱼上桌之前，鱼骨早就剔净了，如果你吃的那块鱼还有刺的话，你可以左手拿着面包卷，或一块面包，右手拿着刀子，把刺拨开。（8）如果嘴里有了一根刺，就应悄悄地，尽可能不引起注意地用手指将它取出，放在盘子边沿上，别放在桌上，或扔在地下。此外，我中西方餐桌礼仪差异„„

本站提供转自http://(四)表示停餐方法

中方：筵席中暂时停餐，可以把筷子直搁在碟子或者调羹上。如果将筷子横搁在碟子上，那是表示酒醉饭饱不再进膳了。西方：略事休息时，刀叉的摆法。如果吃到一半想放下刀叉略作休息，应把刀叉以八字形状摆在盘子中央。若刀叉突出到盘子外面，不安全也不好看。边说话边挥舞刀叉是失礼举动。用餐后，将刀叉摆成四点钟方向即可。

（五）手机：在吃西餐的时候基本上都不会开手机，除非你有非常重要的事情，而手机铃声都会很小声，有电话要给大家说“对不起”，然后起身出去听电话。这一条吃中餐的时候也适用，在用餐的时候听电话走到哪里都是让人唾弃的。

讲到吃的礼节，不同的国家或文化常存在着许多差异，亚洲人认为挺礼貌的举动，欧洲人见了可能感到很不文雅；中东国家餐桌上特殊的用餐礼仪，到了美国人的餐桌上使用起来就变成了粗鲁的动作了尽管有着许多不同。

换个角度来看，西方的宴客形式，从正式到非正式，远远多于中国。大致说来，他们有以下八种宴请形式：有席位的宴请（seated dinners），自助餐（buffet dinners），正式午餐（luncheons），招待会（receptions），鸡尾酒会（cocktail parties），聚餐会（BYOB and BYOF=Bring your own bottles and bring your own food），野餐（picnics），茶会（tea parties）。而从传统习俗上说，中国人请客，不论按长、尊、主、次围桌而坐，满桌丰盛的酒菜，主人频频劝酒，客人谦让礼到。中国人觉得这样的宴客方式才能体现主人的热情和诚恳。另外宴客时崇尚热闹欢快的气氛，讲究面子排场。排场之大，气氛之热闹常常令人叹为观止。

较随便的形式则是主人邀上三五知己，到家中由女主人炒几个菜，小酌一番。这种随便的宴客形式不讲究礼仪，不讲究坐次，不讲究饭菜，只讲气氛的和谐、主人的热诚、主客谈话的投机。当然，近年来西方的一些宴客形式，如酒会、招待会、自助餐或冷餐也会传到中国，但这些多是官方或单位出面组织的宴请形式，平民百姓还少有实行。其次，中西在宴客的观念上有较大的差异。而中国人请客吃饭，重在饭菜本身。宴席上的酒菜一定要丰富多彩。如果做得到，一定是山珍海味，美味佳肴。否则，很难称的上是在请客。中国人宴客时重视饭菜本身起源于中国人的传统价值观念：民以食为天；食色性也。在衣食住行四大生活要素中食为首。

西方人的饮食观念不同于中国人，林语堂先生说，英美人仅以“吃”为对一个生物的机器注入燃料，只要他们吃了以后能保持身体的结识，足以抵御病菌的感染，其他皆再不足道中。由于这一点，英语国家的饮食文化，尤其在烹饪方面不但逊色于中国，也远不如法意等国。他们的传统饭菜比较单一乏味。但比较注重营养，力求口味的清淡和膳食的均衡。

中西宴客方面的另一大差异，也就是餐桌气氛上的差异。总的来说是西方餐桌上静，中国餐桌上动。西方人平日好动，挥手耸肩等形体语言特别丰富。但一坐到餐桌上便专心致志的去静静的切割自家的盘中餐。中国人平日好静，一坐上餐桌，便滔滔不绝，相互让菜，劝酒。

所以，中国人餐桌上的闹与西方餐桌上的静反映出了中西饮食文化上的根本差异。中国人以食为人生之至乐，所以餐桌上人们尽情的享受这美味佳肴。餐桌上的热闹反映了食客发自内心的欢快。西方人以饮食为生存的必要条件，他们自然要遵守某些规范，以保证机器的正常运转。

通过中西餐桌礼仪的比较，不仅仅反映了各地的文化传统，还折射出不同民族心理、价值观与道德标准、社会关系、社会礼仪和社会风俗等方面，即西方文化主张个人荣誉、自我中心、创新 精神和个性自由，而中国文化主张谦虚谨慎、无私奉献、中庸之道和团结协作；西方人平等意识较强、家庭结 构简单，由父母以及未成年子女组成核心家庭；而中国人等级观念较强，家庭结构较复杂，传统的幸福家庭多 为四代同堂等。

在跨文化交际中，由于文化障碍而导致的信息误解，甚至伤害对方的现象屡见不鲜。有时善意的言谈会使对方尴尬无比，礼貌的举止会被误解为荒诞粗俗。因此，研究不同文化之间的差异，研究正确的跨文化交际行为已成为不可忽视的问题。

上述材料来自http://blog.163.com/sj_dingding/blog/static/***4130889/ 另外—— 用餐俗例

在饭食方式方面，中国人与西方人有点不同，西方人喜欢各自品尝放在自己面前的食物，中国人则有一定的用饭规例，他们喜欢叫数碟佳肴，放在饭桌的中央位置，各人有一碗饭共同配这数碟菜肴，饭吃完可再添；夹起的菜肴通常要先放在自己的饭碗中，直接把菜肴放入口是不礼貌的；依照惯例，客人出席正式或传统的晚餐，是不会吃光桌上的菜肴，以免令主人家误以为菜肴预备不足，因而感到尴尬。

餐桌摆设

日常饭食的摆设是在各座席摆上一个饭碗、一双筷子、一只汤匙、一碟调味酱，用饭后通常会给客人一条热毛巾，代替纸巾抹手及抹嘴巴。所有菜肴同时端上餐桌中央，各人用自己的筷子直接从各碟共享的菜肴夹取食物；汤水一大锅的端上，各人同饮一锅汤。客人用饭时绝对可以来一招「飞象过河」，夹取放在远处的菜肴。由於中国人喜欢全体共享菜肴，他们的餐桌大多数是圆形或方形，而不是西方人多用的长形餐桌。

差异：中国与西方在饮食文化方面有不同之处，中国人比较喜欢大伙儿到茶楼，因可品尝更多款的点心及菜肴，虽然茶楼都备有二人饭桌，但大多数是供四位或以上食客用的饭桌。茶楼通常很噪吵，气氛不像西式餐厅浪漫，若二人吃饭，可考虑不选择去茶楼。

China table manners

People always think, household decoration, furniture speak just such as the element just.Home In fact, our house is our life, household includes all aspects of life, the change of attitude towards life due to the household with the changes of ideas, reflect compatriots quality.Also, on the dining table etiquette can also reflect personal quality and grade.And the Chinese people must to Chinese multifarious table manners, not to know just a little to the thousands of years of our history and civilization, will not then.Table manners in Chinese complete life order occupies a very important position, they think, is not only meet the basic meal physiological needs method-is also the first important social experience.Therefore, some Chinese food rules of the master knowledge and is very important, no matter you are the master, or just a guest, must grasp some rules.-vice round table popular.Because can take, and everyone can more DuoRen face to face, the head of a family sit the identity of the western image is not as long on the table is very clearly through his seat and identify.Guests should wait for master invited to sit down.Master must pay attention to do not make the guests sit close to serving the seat.This is the big one.Must wait until all the people here can begin any form of dining activities-even if someone was late, will have to wait.Once everyone in the family, they can do the prologue.During the meal, the host must bear a active role-urged guests enjoy eating and drinking is entirely reasonable.Had a typical Chinese style table looks quite empty, particularly in western eyes.Each seat visible on the plate before a bowl;The right side is a group of chopsticks and spoon, and put their seat respectively.On formal occasions, can appear the napkin, mainly on the knee.Chinese ancient and modern table manners

Dining etiquette problems has a long history.It is documented that at least in the zhou dynasty, diet etiquette has developed a quite perfect system, especially the served the Confucius praised the JiJiu lu esteem and become a performance of different dynasties country look, and formal state of civilization, the important aspect.As the han nationality traditional ancient feasts etiquette, had a program: master fold in Cambodia, welcome to temporary at the door outside.The guests arrived, greeted each other, the introduction of the sitting room, and small sit with refreshments.The guest's guide to take after guest, left for on, as chief, relative's first two seats, first for three seats, two under a bridge for four under.The guests were seated by the master, toast and dishes for with the ceremony, the guest is welcome.At dinner I serve food also to have certain exquisite: should first and elder and the guest, the last is master.Drinking over, guide guests into the living room, on tea, small sit until farewell.This kind of traditional etiquette in the mid-north in most regions of China, such as shandong, kept in Hong Kong and Taiwan, many many of film and television works reflect.By the influence of the western food to the qing dynasty, some western etiquette were also introduced.If cent food, stock, into the wine and so on also because of the way the reasonable health food was introduced into Chinese food in etiquette method.Both Chinese and western food diet culture exchange, makes dining etiquette more scientific and reasonable.The modern popular Chinese meal etiquette is drinking in traditional foreign manners and the reference to continue and develops on the basis of.The seating borrow western dinner party for the law on the right, the guest host in the first sitting on the right, the second the guest host

in the left or the right, first the guest of flexible processing, wine served on the right, by guests from main Penn, master, first after female guests, male guest.Wine served eight points, not too full.Still keep the traditional order food, cold hot first after.The guest of hot food should be opposite to the left of the seats;The single or dishes at maple point and snacks to save the first guest, chicken, duck, fish, etc.All the plastic food, cannot end is Lord toward a.These programs can not only make the whole process of a harmonious and orderly, more make subjective and identity and emotional expression and communication.Therefore, the above table etiquette can make a thoughtful and events to both sides of the cultivation and fully display.Table manners introductory article China

Table manners in Chinese complete life order occupies a very important position, they think, is not only meet the basic meal physiological needs method-is also the first important social experience.Therefore, some Chinese food rules of the master knowledge and is very important, no matter you are the master, or just a guest, must grasp some rules.-vice round table popular.Because can take, and everyone can more DuoRen face to face, the head of a family sit the identity of the western image is not as long on the table is very clearly through his seat and identify.Guests should wait for master invited to sit down.Master must pay attention to do not make the traveler in * nearly serving seat.This is the big one.Must wait until all the people here can begin any form of dining activities-even if someone was late, will have to wait.Once everyone in the family, they can do the prologue.During the meal, the host must bear a active role-urged guests enjoy eating and drinking is entirely reasonable.Had a typical Chinese style table looks quite empty, particularly in western eyes.Each seat visible on the plate before a bowl;The right side is a group of chopsticks and spoon, and put their seat respectively.On formal occasions, can appear the napkin, mainly on the knee.In formal banquet on how to eat, the dishes like the slide show, every time a dish.Surprisingly, rice is not with the dishes again, but can choose to eat with.Because the dishes have distinguishing feature each, individual taste, and should be a time from a bowl to have a mixed taste, is not.Do not use, can use to eat dish bowl.Bones and shells class on individual plate.Don't clean plate must often use clean plate is replaced.In addition to the soup, had outside table with chopsticks all food.Might provide the knife *, but as a Chinese, better use the chopsticks.Chopsticks dining tools, so 10 million do not play with chopsticks-when they GuChui is very rude of practice, the more you can't use chopsticks to pointing fingers or motioned toward.And, of course, absolutely not sucking chopsticks or chopsticks inserted in the rice, this is the big-this is just like a funeral, the XiangZhu considered unlucky.Again, do not use chopsticks in a dish in keep flipping, should first eyes with certain you want to take food.When you use chopsticks to take a piece of food, avoid to meet any other food.possible

 People who go to a formal Western dinner party for the first time may be surprised by table manners in Western culture.Knowing them will help you make a good impression.Having good table manners means knowing,for example,how to use knives and forks,when to drink a toast and how to behave at the table.Beside your napkin you will find a small bread roll and three glasses—one for white wine,one for the red wine,and one for water.There are two pairs of knives and forks on the table,forks on the left and knives in the right of the plate.When you see two spoons,the big one id for the suop and the samll one for the dessert.The knife and fork that are closest to your plate are a litte bit bigger than the ones beside them.When you sit down at the table, you can take your napkin, unfold it and put it on your lap.In Chinese you sometime get a hot,damp cloth to clean your face and face and hands,whinch,however,is nat the custom in Western countries.Dinner start with a small dish, which is often called a starter.Sime people pray before they start eating , and other people may keep silent for a moment.Then you can say“Enjoy your meal”to each other and everybody start eating.For the starter,which you eat with the smaller pair,you keep the knife in your right hand and the fork in your left.After the starter you will get a bowl of soup—but only one boel of soup and never ask for a seconf serving.The next dish is the main course.Many Westerners think the chicken breast with its tender white flesh is the best part of the bird.Some people can use their fingers when they eating chicken or other birds,but never touch beef or other meat in bones.It is polite to finish eating everthing on your plate,so don't take more food than you need.At table ,you should try to speak quietly and smile a lot,but do

not laugh all the time.Most Westerners like soft drink if they will drive home.Many of them drink white or red wine with the food.When drinking to someone's health,you raise your glasses,but the glasses should not touch.The custom of toasting in some parts of China is to finish the drink at once,but Westerners usually take only a sip.For drinking during a dinner,the best advic is never to drink too much.Table manners change over time.They follow the fashion of the day.Beside,table manners are only important at formal dinner parties.If you're not sure what to do ,you can always follow your hosts.Although good manners always make you look good,you do not need to worry about all these rules while having dinner with your friends or family.·人们去一次正式的西餐聚会可能第一次吃惊于西方文化中的餐桌礼节。知道他们将帮助您做出一个好的印象。具有良好的餐桌礼仪,比如,意味着知道如何使用刀叉,何时祝酒以及如何在用餐时举止得当桌子。在你的餐巾你会找到一个小面包卷和三个glasses-one为白葡萄酒,一为红酒,和一个用于水。有两对刀、叉放在桌子上,叉子和刀子在左边的盘子的右边。当你看到两个勺子,这个大的id为suop和一个小点心。那把刀,叉,最近你的盘子是一个小一点的比他们旁边。当你坐在桌子上,你可以把你的餐巾,打开它,把它放在你的大腿上。在中国,你有时可以得到一块温热的餐巾擦洗干净你的脸和手、脸,不过,whinch nat的风俗西方国家。

晚餐开始用一个小碟子,常常叫做“曲。有些人饭前要祈祷,和其他人可以保持沉默一会儿。那么你会说“祝您用餐愉快”,每个人都开始吃对方。你的先发,小对吃的,你把刀在你右手和左手拿叉。先发投手后你会得到一个碗soup-but伯尔汤,只有一个从来不索要场服务。

第二盘是主菜。许多西方人认为鸡胸肉有著柔软白色的最好部分的鸟。有些人可以用自己的手指当他们吃鸡肉和其他鸟类,但从来不牛肉或其他肉骨头。这是礼貌的一切在你的盘子里吃完,所以不要把更多的食物比你需要的多。

在餐桌上,你应该尝试小声说话和笑,但不会笑的。

大多数西方人喜欢软饮料,如果他们要开车回家。他们中的许多人喝白或红酒和食物。当祝某人健康时,你举起g



10.01.03 【摘 要】 本文通过对中国餐桌礼仪和西方餐桌礼仪进行比较,旨在更深了解餐桌礼仪,以便顺利的实现跨文化交际。【关键词】 餐桌礼仪;中西方差异

一、前言

由于中西方所处的自然环境和劳动方式的不同,使中西方在餐饮

礼仪方面有许多差别。我国的饮食文化源远流长,博大精深,据文献记 载:至少在周代,饮食礼仪已形成了一套相当完善的制度。这些礼仪日 臻成熟和完善,它们在古代社会发挥过重要的作用,对现代社会依然产 生着影响。西方餐桌礼仪起源于法国梅罗文加王朝,在20 世纪,意大 利文化流入法国,餐桌礼仪和菜单用语均变得更为优雅精致,教导礼仪 的著作亦纷纷面世。时至今日,餐桌礼仪还在欧洲国家继续传留下去。随着西方文化大量涌入中国,中国传统礼仪也不断受到西方礼仪文化 的冲击,保护中国传统礼仪,并与西方礼仪进行有效地融合,更有利于 我们和西方各国的跨文化交际。

二、中西餐桌礼仪差异

1、席位安排礼仪

(1)中餐餐桌礼仪。在中餐宴请活动中,往往采用圆桌。不单是在 不同位置摆放的圆桌有尊卑的区别,每张圆桌上的不同座次也有尊卑之 分。由两桌组成的小型宴请通常是两桌横排或两桌竖排的形式。当两桌 横排时,面对正门右边的桌子是主桌;当两桌竖排时,离正门最远的那张 桌子是主桌。由三桌或三桌以上的数桌所组成的宴请除了注意“门面定 位”,“以右为尊”,“以远为上”等规则外,还应兼顾其他各桌离主桌的远近。通常,距离主桌越近,桌次越高;距离主桌越远,桌次越低。每张餐桌上排列位次的基本方法有以下五点: ①主人大都应面对 正门而坐,并在主桌就坐。主宾和副主宾分别坐在主人的右侧和左侧。②举行多桌宴请时,每桌都要有一位主桌主人的代表在座。位置一般 和主桌主人同向,有时也可以面向主桌主人。③各桌次的尊卑,应以与 这桌主人的距离远近来定,离主人近的位置比较尊贵。④与本桌主人 的距离相同的位次,则以本桌主人面向为准,主人座位右边的位置比较 尊贵。⑤如果主宾身份高于主人,为表示尊重,可以安排在主人位子上

坐,主人则坐在主宾的位置上。对于少于5人的便餐,位次的排列可以 遵循四个原则:右高左低;中坐为尊;面门为上;灵活安排。

2、西餐餐桌礼仪

西餐中,一般均使用长桌。在正式宴会上桌次的高低尊卑以距离 主桌的位置远近而定,越靠右的桌次越尊贵,在同一桌上,越靠近主人 的位置越尊贵。在正式宴会上,英国式座位的顺序是:男女主人坐在桌 子的两头,客人男女错开坐在桌子两侧,男主宾和女主宾分别坐在女主 人和男主人的右边。如果客人中没有主宾,女主人可把客人中年龄最 大的女士安排在男主人右边。在非正式宴会上,遵循女士优先的原则。如果是男女二人进餐,男士应请女士坐在自己的右边,还要注意不可让 她坐在人来人往的过道边;若只有一个靠墙的位置,应请女士就坐,男 士坐在她的对面;如果是两对夫妻就餐,夫人们应坐在靠墙的位置上, 先生们则坐在各自夫人的对面;如果两位男士陪同一位女士进餐,女士 应坐在两位男士的中间;如果两位同性进餐,靠墙的位置应让给其中的 年长者。此外,男士应当主动为女士移动椅子让女生先坐。

二、餐具的使用礼仪

1、中餐餐具的摆放和使用方法

(1)筷子。筷子是中餐最重要的餐具。在使用当中,用餐前筷子一 定要整齐的放在饭碗的右侧,用餐后一定要整齐的竖向放在饭碗的正 中。不论筷子上是否残留着食物,都不要去舔;和人交谈时,要暂时放 下筷子;不要把筷子竖直插放在食物上面;不能用筷子剔牙、挠痒或用 来夹取食物以外的东西。

(2)勺子。勺子主要是用来喝汤的,有时也可以用来取形状比较小 的菜。用勺子取食物时,不要过满,免得溢出来弄脏餐桌或自己的衣 服。用勺子取食物后,要立即食用或放在自己的碟子里,如果取用的食

物太烫,可以先放到自己的碗里等凉了再吃,千万不要用嘴去吹,也不 要把勺子塞进嘴里,或反复吮吸。

(3)盘子。盘子主要用来盛食物的,根据所盛食物的多少和形状不 同而大小形状各异。稍微小一点的盘子为食碟,一般放在碗的左边,是 用来暂放从公用菜盘里取来享用的菜肴。用食碟时,一次不要取过多 的菜肴,不要把多种菜肴放在一起,以防它们相互串味。不吃的残渣、骨、刺应放在食盘的前端,放的时候不能直接从嘴里吐在食碟上,要用 筷子加放到碟子旁边。

(4)水杯。水杯主要用来盛放清水、汽水、果汁、可乐等饮料,一般 放在碟子的左上方。不要用它来盛酒,也不要倒扣水杯。另外,喝进嘴 里的东西不能再吐回水杯。

(5)餐巾。在用餐前,比较讲究的餐厅或主人,会为每位用餐者上一 块湿毛巾,它只是用来擦手的,擦手后,由服务员或主人拿走。有时候,在 正式宴会结束前,会上一块湿毛巾,它是用来擦嘴的,不能擦脸、抹汗。(6)牙签。剔牙时,应用另一只手掩住口部,剔出来的东西,不要当 众欣赏或再次入口,也不要随手乱弹,随口乱吐。剔牙后,不要长时间 的叼着牙签。

2、西餐餐具的摆放和使用方法

(1)餐具摆放和取用原则。餐具摆放时托盘居中,左叉右刀,刀尖 向上,刀口向内,盘前横匙,主食靠左,餐具靠右,其余用具酌情摆放。酒杯的数量与酒的种类相等,摆法是从左到右,依次摆烈性酒杯,葡萄 酒杯,香槟酒杯,啤酒杯。西餐中餐巾放在盘子里,如果在宾客尚未落 坐前需要往盘子里放某种事物时,餐巾就放在盘子旁边。餐具的取用应由外而内,切用时可以使用法式方式,即左手拿叉右 手拿刀,边切边用;也可用英美式,即右手拿刀,左手拿叉,切好后再改

用右手拿叉取用。一般用右手拿汤匙和杯子,用餐具把食物送到嘴里, 而不要把盘碗端起来。

(2)餐具的使用方法。①刀叉的使用原则:使用刀叉进餐时,刀用 来切割食物,叉用来送食物入口。使用刀时,刀刃不可向外。而且不可 将刀叉的一端放在盘子上,另一端放在桌子上;进餐中需要暂时放下刀 叉时,应摆成“八”字型,分别放置餐盘边上,刀刃朝向自己,表示还要继 续吃;用餐结束后,将叉子的背面向上,刀刃向内与叉子并拢,平息放置 于餐盘上,表示用餐结束。谈话时有肢体语言或传菜时,应将刀叉放 下,不要手拿刀叉在空中挥动。用完刀叉后,应将其横放于餐盘中央, 而不是盘边或餐桌上;放置方式为刀口朝着自己,叉口朝左,以便于取 走时的安全性。②餐匙的使用原则:通常,餐匙可以分为两种,一种是 汤匙,个头比较大,被摆放在右侧最外端,与刀并齐摆放;一种是甜品 匙,个头比较小,被横摆在吃甜品所用的刀叉正上方。当用汤匙合调味 料时,需右手拿汤匙,左手拿叉。食物切好后,在盘中上将食物与酱料 一同舀起食用;喝完汤之后,应该把汤匙放在餐盘对面的一方。要注意 餐匙绝对不能直接用来舀取任何主食或者菜肴,已经开始使用的餐匙 不能放回原处。③酒杯的使用原则:在西餐中,吃不同的菜需要搭配不 同的酒,通常不同的酒杯用来喝不同的酒。在每位用餐者右边餐刀的 上方,会摆着三四只酒水杯。可一次由外侧向内侧使用,一般香槟酒 — 109 —

浅议中西餐桌礼仪差异文化研究 《新西部》2009.12期

杯、红葡萄酒杯、白葡萄酒杯以及水杯是不可缺少的。

3、西餐上菜顺序的差异

中餐上菜顺序是:先上凉菜、饮料及酒,后上热菜,然后上主食,最

后上甜食和水果。宴会上桌数很多时,各桌的每一道菜应同时上。上 菜顺序依然保持传统,先冷后热。热菜应从主宾对面席位的左侧上;上 单份菜或配菜和小吃先宾后主,上全鸡、全鸭、全鱼等整形菜,不能头尾 朝向正主位。上菜的方式大体上有以下几种:一是把大盘菜端上,由各 人自取;二是由侍者托着菜盘逐一给每位分让;三是用小碟盛放,每人 一份。在正式宴席上,菜式的吃法很像放映的幻灯片,每一次一道菜。西餐上菜程序通常是:面包黄油→凉菜→汤→海鲜→主菜→甜点心→ 咖啡和水果。冷菜、汤,同时就着面包吃。凉菜也叫开胃小菜,作为第 一道菜,一般与开胃酒并用。汤分渍汤和奶油浓汤。主菜有鱼、猪肉、牛肉、鸡等。甜食常有冰淇淋、布丁等。

4、用餐过程中应注意的礼仪

(1)餐桌上取食的礼仪。中餐的取食原则:菜品需由主宾先取;取 菜时,不要取得太多;邻座的男士可以替女士服务。敬酒应以年龄大 小、职务高低、宾主身份为序,要先给尊者、长者敬酒。应注意的事项: 取菜时不要左顾右盼,在公用的菜盘里挑挑拣拣;多人一桌用餐,取菜 应注意相互礼让,依次而行,取用适量;够不着的菜,可以请人帮忙盛 取,切忌起身甚至离座去取;进餐时不要打嗝,吃面喝汤时也不要发出 “呼噜声”;假如打了喷嚏、肠鸣、咳嗽,应说一声“对不起”之类的话以 示歉意。西餐的取食原则:进餐时尽量不要发出餐刀刮盘子的声音;就 餐时尽量少说话,饭后吃甜点时才是聊天时间;喝汤时,用汤勺从里向 外舀,不要发出声;吃面包时,先用刀将其切成两半,然后用手撕成块 吃;吃意大利面时应用叉子慢慢将面条卷起来送入口中,如果不是条形 的面,直接用叉匙舀起来即可;吃水果时不要拿着水果整个去咬,应先 用水果刀切成几瓣,再用刀去掉皮、核,用叉子叉着吃。应注意的事项: 不要用自己的餐具为他人夹菜;不要将盘子里的食物全部切好后再用

右手拿叉子吃;骨头或者不吃的食物,不能扔在地上或放在台布上,而 应当放在盘子的一角。

(2)餐桌上交谈的礼仪。中餐讲究热闹,喜欢边吃边聊。交谈时注

意几点:讲话要有分寸、有礼节、有教养、有学识。避隐私、避浅薄、避粗 鄙、避忌讳,不宜深谈对方不感兴趣的话题,交谈中要神态专注,用词委 婉,礼让对方。西方餐桌上以静为主,进餐时与左右客人交谈,但应避 免高声谈笑。不要只同几个熟人交谈,左右客人如不认识,可选自我介 绍,别人讲话不可搭嘴插话。

5、餐桌上离席的礼仪

中餐在宴会结束时,只能由主人来示意宴会结束;在主人和主宾离 开座位后,其它宾客才能散席;主人应在门口为宾客送行;客人应向主 人致谢;如果中途道别只需和主人打个招呼或向左右宾客点头示意即 可。西餐在宴会结束时,首先将腿上的餐巾拿起,随意叠好,再把餐巾 放在餐桌的左侧,然后起身离座。用餐后,须等男、女主人离席后,其他 宾客方可离席。离席时,应帮助隔座长者或女士拖拉座椅,告别时应向 主人致谢,更为慎重时,还可再以电话或谢卡致谢。

三、结语

通过中西餐桌礼仪的比较,发现个人在用餐的仪态会对别人造成 某种程度的心理影响。我国正面临着前所未有的挑战,无论在物质还 是精神和文化方面,都急迫的需要一套完整合理的价值观进行统一,只 有了解了中西礼仪文化的差异,将二者合理有机的融合,方能建立适合 我国当代社会的礼仪文化体系和消除在跨文化交际中由于文化障碍而 产生的误解,对我国文明的发展和在国外生存有一定的帮助作用。【参考文献】

[ 1 ] 段洁,陈谦.餐桌礼仪与口才[M ].中国经济出版社, 2008.1.[ 2 ] 胡文仲,杜学增.中英文化习俗比较[M ] ,外语教学与研究出 版社, 1999.7.[ 3 ] 胡文仲,平洪,张国扬.英语习语与英美文化[M ] ,外语教学 与研究出版社, 2000.1.[ 4 ] 金正昆,礼仪金说Ⅰ[M ].陕西师范大学出版社, 2006.5.[ 5 ] 王小梅.不可不知的1000 个礼仪常识[M ].中央翻译出版 社, 2008.9.[ 6 ] 殷莉,韩晓玲.英语习语与民俗文化[M ].北京大学出版社, 2007.11.[ 7 ] 张晓梅.小梅说礼仪[M ].中国青年出版社, 2008.1.(上接第108页)317120.【作者简介】

何 萌(1983)男,江苏金湖人,南京航空航天大学外国语学院副 院长,教授,硕士生导师,研究方向为英美文学、语言文化与翻译.(上接第111页)浪漫主义作家在作品中构思离奇曲折的情节,渲染奇特的异国情调,描 写异乎寻常的自然环境和广阔多变的场面,采取鲜明的对照、极度夸张 的艺术手法,塑造非凡的英雄人物,让美好的理想在美与丑、善与恶的 强烈对照中得到更集中、更充分的体现,以期达到奇异的艺术效果。如 雪莱的《解放了的普罗米修斯》中色彩缤纷的神奇世界,雨果的《巴黎圣 母院》的情调奇特的宗教节日画面,都给人深刻的印象。虽然浪漫主义文学占据文**流主导地位的历史时期早已结束, 但浪漫主义文学的创作手法将长期影响着文学创作。浪漫主义文学别 具特色的表现手法对于研究西方文学,或把浪漫主义创作技巧运用到 文学创作中,具有深远的意义。【参考资料】

[ 1 ] 林亚光.简明外国文学史[M ].重庆:重庆出版社, 1983, 04.[ 2 ] 张立明,刘欣,胡小林.外国文学史纲[M ].海口:南海出版 社, 1997, 07.[ 3 ] 朱维之,赵澧.外国文学简编(欧美部分)[M ].北京:中国人 民大学出版社, 1980, 06.【作者简介】

桑艳霞(1977-)女,德州学院大学外语教学部教师,讲师,硕士,主 要研究英美文学、翻译等.— 110 —

文化研究浅议中西餐桌礼仪差异

【 pick to 】 this article through to the Chinese table manners and western table manners, compared to a deeper understanding of the table manners, so as to realize smooth intercultural communication.【 key words 】 table manners;Differences between Chinese and western This article The differences between Chinese and western in the natural environment and the different ways of labor, make the differences between Chinese and western culture in restaurants There's a lot of difference etiquette.Our country's food culture has a long history, and extensive and profound, according to document to remember

Load: at least in the zhou dynasty, diet etiquette has formed a fairly sound system.These manners, Reaches maturity and perfection in the ancient society, they played an important role in modern society is still, production The effect was born.Western table manners started in France may LuoWenJia dynasty, in the 20 th century, Italy The culture into France, table manners and menu expressions are become more elegant and delicate, teach manners Work is also available in succession.Today, the table manners also in European countries continue to ChuanLiu down.Western culture with an influx of China, Chinese traditional etiquette is also constantly by western etiquette culture The impact of the protection of traditional etiquette, China, and with the etiquette of western effective integration, better

We and the western countries intercultural communication.Second, Chinese and western table manners differences 1, seats arrangement etiquette

(1)Chinese food table manners.In Chinese banquets, often take the round table.Not just in Different positions of the round the difference between being a round table, each of the different seating also have the honour low

Points.By two table of small fete is usually two table the horizontally or two table ShuPai form.When two table The horizontally, when on the right of the front desk is Lord table;When two table ShuPai, from the farthest on the front door

The table is the main table.By three table or more than three table number of dinner table of besides attention “appearance set A ”, “to the right for honour”, “beyond the” rules for the consideration should be given to both the other table of a table.The Lord is far from

Near.Usually, the distance from the table more close, and the higher the table times;The farther the distance table, desk time is lower.Each table arrangement of the seating arrangement has the following five basic methods:(1)the master should face the most

Main gate and sit, and sit in the table.The guest and deputy chief guest sit at the right and the master respectively on the left.(2)more than a table, held each table should have a master table master represent all.Position general And the main table as the first degree turn, sometimes also can master the table for master.(3)the table times, with the honour low should be

This table of master of distance to decide, from the position of the master is nearly honor.(4)the table with master

The distance of the seating arrangement is same, in this table for master, master shall prevail on the right position comparison.Seat Noble.5.If the guest of identity, respect for higher than the master, can be arranged in the master the seat Sit, host, sitting on the position of the guest.For less than 5, the arrangement of the seating arrangement meal can be Follow the four principles: right left lower;high Sitting in for honour;Face immediately for;Flexible arrangements.2, western-style food table manners Western food, the general all the long use.In a formal dinner ready to the discretion of the time being in distance The position of the table near the and decide, on the right of the table times more noble, in the same table, the closer the master Position the honour.In a formal dinner, the order of the British seat is: men and women host sits table The two ends of the son, the men and women sitting at a desk, on both sides of the man stagger the guest and NvZhu Penn NvZhu respectively.Sitting

And the male host on the right.If the guest in the guest, the hostess but not the age of the guests Big lady arranged in male host on the right.In an informal dinner party, follow the principles of ladies first.If two people dine is men and women, men should please lady sitting in your own right hand, but also pay attention to not let She sat in the heats had people come and go;If only one against the wall, should please lady sitting position, male Then sit on her on;If two couples repast, ladies should sit by the position of the wall, Gentlemen, sitting on their opposite;Mrs.If two men accompanied a lady to dine, madam Should be sitting in the middle of the two men;If two gay dine, rely on a wall should be located to it Older people.In addition, the man shall voluntarily for lady move chairs let girls sit down first.Second, the use of tableware etiquette 1, Chinese food tableware put and use

(1)the chopsticks.Chopsticks are the most important Chinese tableware.Using in the center, before a meal a chopsticks To be neat, the rice bowl right after meals must be straight vertical rice bowl of positive.No matter whether remain food chopsticks, don't go to lick;And during a conversation, to

temporarily put The chopsticks;Don't put the chopsticks inserted in food;above vertical Can't use chopsticks teeth, scratch a little or use To clip food things outside.(2)the spoon.Spoon is mainly used to drink soup, and sometimes also can be used to take shape quite small The food.But spoons get food, don't too full, lest overflow to dirty table or their clothes Clothing.But spoons get food, immediately after eating or put on her plate, if access food Content is too hot, can be in your bowl and cool to eat, 10 million don't blow with the mouth, also do not To spoon plug into the mouth, or repeated to suck.(3)the dishes.Mainly used to put the food dish, according to the food and how many and form not With different shapes and sizes.A little bit a little bit small plates for food dish, generally in the left side of the bowl, is Used to temporarily put dishes from the public to get to enjoy dishes.With food dish, a don't take too much Dishes, don't put the DuoZhong dishes together, just in case they applicant each other.Don't eat of residue, Bone, thorn in the plate should be the front of, can't put directly from the bark on a plate, in food with Chopsticks add in dish side.(4)cup.Mainly used for holding water glass, soda, fruit juice, coke, etc drinks, general The plate on the upper left.Don't use it to wine, also do not pour cup.In addition, drink into mouth What can't spit back to the cup.(5)the napkin.In before having dinner, more exquisite and restaurant or master, will be for each diner on one Wet towels, it just to wipe the hand, after hand rub, by a waiter or master take away.Sometimes, in A formal dinner, meeting before the end of a wet towel, it is used to wipe your mouth, can brush a face, wipe the sweat.(6)toothpick.When your teeth, the application of the other hand cover mouth and department, carved out of the things, do not when All the appreciate or again, also do not conveniently strum entrance, freely to vomit.A After your teeth, don't long time

第二篇：中西方餐桌礼仪文化差异[范文]

中西方餐桌礼仪文化差异

财管09-13班

宋佳

从比较中西餐桌礼仪的餐具使用差异、座次安排差异、就餐氛围差异、及餐桌话语差 论文摘要 异四个方面来看跨文化交际中的文化差异，旨在说明坚持自己的优秀文化传统的同时，要采用 一个客观、宽容、尊重的心态对待异国文化以便能在跨文化交际中能恰当地、得体地进行交际。易中天先生曾经在《餐桌上的文化》里对中西文化进行了精妙阐释中国文化的思想内核是“群。所以西方人即使请客吃饭，也是各点各的菜、体意识”，西方文化的思想内核则是“个体意识” 各喝各的酒，以免把自己的意志强加于人。中国文化则认为个人的意志，必须服从群体的共同 意志。其目的既然意在人情，意在血缘，则其方式礼仪，自然也就以和为贵了，因此中国人爱 聚餐、喜共食、讲和合。笔者认为在跨文化交际中，面对陌生文化，因思维方式、生活习惯和 行为方式不同，交往过程中难免发生文化冲突。笔者从如下四个方面对中西餐桌礼仪进行简单 的比较，以便在跨文化交际中能恰当地、得体地进行交际。

一、从餐具使用上看中西文化差异

筷子刀叉是中西餐桌礼仪最基本差异。浙江大学游修龄教授认为：东西方出现进食工具筷子和 刀叉的不同，和环境有关系。筷子要发源于有竹子的地方。我国北方多木，南方多竹，祖先就 地取材，竹木均成为我国最原始的筷箸原料。刀叉的出现比筷子要晚很多。据游修龄教授的研 究，刀叉的最初起源和欧洲古代游牧民族的生活习惯有关，他们马上生活随身带刀，往往将肉 烧熟，割下来就吃。大约 15 世纪前后，为了改进进餐的姿势，欧洲人才使用了双尖的

叉。到 18 世纪才有了四个叉尖的叉子。刀叉和筷子，不仅带来了进食习惯的差异，还影响了东西方人 生活观念。游修龄教授认为，刀叉必然带来分食制，而筷子肯定与家庭成员围坐桌边共同进餐 相配。西方一开始就分吃，由此衍生出西方人讲究独立，子女长大后就独立闯世界的想法和习惯。而筷子带来的合餐制，突出了老老少少坐一起的家庭单元，从而让东方人拥有了比较牢固 的家庭观念。笔者提醒在使用餐具时中西均有不同的规范。如中餐进餐时不可玩弄筷子（把它 们当鼓槌是非常失礼的做法），更不可以用筷子向人指指点点或打手势示意。当然，绝对不可吸 吮筷子或把筷子插在米饭中，这是大忌（这好像葬礼上的香烛，被认为是不吉利的）。在使用刀 叉时也有一些禁忌。如 手里拿着刀叉时切勿指手画脚。发言或交谈时，应将刀叉放在盘上才合 乎礼仪。忌用自己的餐具为别人夹菜。餐具掉落不要弯腰拾捡。餐品不要一次性切好，尤其带 汤汁的餐品，要一小块的逐一切食等等。

二、从座次安排上看中西文化差异

中西都讲究正式的宴请活动的座次安排。中国人请客传统上用八仙桌。对门为上，两边为偏座。请客时，年长者、主宾或地位高的人坐上座，男女主人或陪客者坐下座，其余客人按顺序坐偏 座。西方人请客用长桌，男女主人分坐两端，然后按男女主宾和一般客人的次序安排座位，即 男女穿插安排，以女主人的座位为准，主宾坐在女主人的右上方，主宾夫人坐在男主人的右上 方，讲究“女士优先”的西方绅士，都会表现出对女士的殷勤。在中国，左为尊，右为次；上 为尊，下为次；中为尊，偏为次。而在西方，右为尊，左为次。笔者特别提示西餐入座礼仪：最得体的入座方式是从左侧入座。手肘不要放在桌面上，不可跷 足。不可在进餐时中途退席（如有事确需离开应向左右的客人小声打招呼）用餐时。坐姿端正，背挺直，脖子伸长。上臂和背部要靠到椅背,腹部和桌子保持约一个拳头的距离。记得要抬头挺 胸着吃，在把面前的食物送进口中时，要以食物就口，而非弯下腰以口去就食物。

三、从就餐氛围上看中西文化差异

中国人餐桌上的闹与西方餐桌上的静是中西餐桌礼仪最根本差异。餐桌气氛上的差异，中国餐桌上动，西方餐桌上静。中国人以食为人生之至乐，排场之大，气氛之热闹常常令人叹为观止。中国人一坐上餐桌，便滔滔不绝，相互让菜，劝酒，尽情的享受山珍海味，美味佳肴。这样的 宴客方式才能体现主人的热情和诚恳，餐桌上的热闹反映了食客发自内心的欢快。这种“闹” 能从某种程度上折射中国人家庭温馨、邻里和睦、国人团结的“一团和气”。西方人一坐到餐桌 上便专心致志的去静静的切割自家的盘中餐。喝汤时不能发出响声，如汤菜过热，可待稍凉后 再吃，不要用嘴吹。吃东西时要闭嘴咀嚼。不要舔嘴唇或咂嘴发出声音。进餐时可以与左右客 人交谈，但不要只同几个熟人交谈。左右客人如不认识，可先自我介绍。别人讲话不可搭嘴插 话。音量保持对方能听见的程度。咀嚼食物不要说话，即使有人同你讲话，也要等咽下食物后 再回答。

四、从餐桌话语上看中西文化差异

中国人请客吃饭时，摆在桌上的菜花样繁多，至少有七、八道菜，如果是盛宴，主菜会更多，越名贵、越奇特的菜会越显示主任的殷勤和客人的身份。而主人却往往要说“今天没有什么好 菜招待大家”“菜做得不好，多吃一点” “多多包涵” “怠慢了您”之类的话。而西方盛宴、、一般四至五道菜，份量以吃完或稍有剩余为最佳。如果在家里，最好是吃完所有的菜，这样女 主人会很高兴，认为大家喜欢她做的菜。面对丰盛的宴席，主人会说“已经倾其所有来招待大 家” 的话。对中西主人的餐桌话语进行推理，很容易得出：中国人遵循了“贬己尊人”的原则。而西方人强调效率和实用主义价值观，在交际中十分注重自身面子的需要。如在宴席上西方人 不议论令人作呕之事，会千方百计采用含蓄文雅的词来替代 toilet，如： “Where can I wash my hand?”“I wonder if I could go somewhere.”“ Can I add some powder？”等。另外，在西方国家不要问“吃饭了吗？”等我国习惯的问候语。“您吃饭了吗？”容易使人莫名其妙，甚至会出 现误会。如在英国，你若问人吃饭没有，其含义是你有意请对方吃饭；这对于未婚男女，则表 明你有意约会对方。

五、结语

世界上各种文化都是平等的。文化无优劣之分。应该避免用自己的文化、道德、价值观作为标 准去衡量、评判而应采用一种客观的、宽容的态度对待异国文化；同时，又要避免盲目的追随、模仿异国文化，而应坚持自己的优秀文化传统。

第三篇：中西方饮食文化差异以及餐桌礼仪的对比

中西方饮食文化差异以及餐桌礼仪的对

比

进入2l世纪以来，跨文化交际已经成为人们 生活中不可或缺的内容。由于地区差异，不同的民 族、国家形成了不同的文化。饮食文化及餐桌礼仪 也是跨文化交际中非语言文化的重要组成部分。了 解中西方饮食文化及餐桌礼仪方面的差异及其渊 源，对于外语学习者来讲，不仅能增加对所学语言 文化的理解，更能提高跨文化交际的成功率，避免 因为不恰当的方式或行为造成误鳃和交际障碍。

一、中西方饮食文化的差异

1．理性的西方人更多关注的是营养与生存 中西饮食文化最大的差异是关注的重点不同，即“营养”和“美味”两者孰轻孰重的问题。在 西方国家，饮食大多仅仅作为一种生存的必要手段 和交际方式。西方饮食是一种理性观念，不论食物 的色、香、味、形如何，营养一定要得到保证，西 方烹调讲究营养而忽视味道。他们拒绝使用昧精，认为其是既不营养又有副作用的化学产品；生吃的 蔬菜，不仅包括西红柿、生菜，甚至是洋白菜、西 兰花。因而他们的“色拉”有如一盘饲料，使我 们难以下咽。虽然现在的中国人也讲究营养保健，也知道蔬菜爆炒加热后会丢失一部分维生素，生吃 则避免丢失，可还是宁愿选择前者，因为习惯使

然，更是因为味道确实好多了。2．感性的中国人追求的是美味和享受 在中国，民间有句俗话：“民以食为天，食以 味为先”，味道是烹调的最高准则。在中国人的眼 里，“吃”远不单纯是为了饱，也不是为了营养，有时吃饱了，还要吃，这是因为受不了“美味” 的诱惑而尽情进行味觉享受。但在西方的理性饮食 观看来，这种超负荷的饮食不仅造成浪费，而且危 害人体。尽管中国人讲究食疗、食养，重视以饮食 来养生滋补，但我们的烹调却以追求美味为第一要 求，致使许多营养成分损失破坏，因此营养问题也

许是中国饮食的最大弱点。3．西方烹调遵循的是规范与科学 西方人强调科学与营养，因此烹调的全过程都 严格按照科学规范行事。菜谱的使用就是一个极好 的证明。西方人总是拿着菜谱去买菜，制作菜肴，但相比起来，还是一个非常机械的东西，而这导致 了西餐的一个弊端——缺乏特色。当人们身处异地 想品尝当地美食时，肯定是不会有人选择肯德基或 麦当劳之类食品的。另外，规范化的烹调甚至要求 配料的准确，调料的添加精确到克，烹调时间精确 到秒。由于西方菜肴制作的规范化，使其毫无创造 性。令西方人不能理解的是，中国烹调不仅不追求 精确的规范化，反而推崇随意性。翻开中国的菜 谱，常常发现原料的准备量、调料的添加量都是模 糊的概念。而且中国烹调中，不仅讲究各大菜系要 有各自的风味与特色，即使是同一菜系的同一个 菜，所用的配菜与各种调料的匹配，也会依厨师的 个人爱好特点有变化。同样是一道“麻婆豆腐”。为四川客人烹制和为苏州客人烹制，所用的调料肯 定是不同的。而在西方，一道菜在不同的地区不同 的季节面对不同的食者，都毫无变化。4．崇尚自由的西方人重分别与个性 在中西饮食文化之中也明显体现出这种“和 合”与“分别”的文化特征。西菜中除少数汤菜，正菜中各种原料互不相干，鱼就是鱼，牛排就是牛 排，纵然有搭配，那也是在盘中进行的，这体现了

“西方重分别”的社会文化。这种重分别的社会文 化同样体现在用餐方式上。西方人奉行的是分餐 制，人对个性、对自我的尊重。西方流行的自助餐 形式更是各吃各的，缺少中国人聊欢共乐的情调。

5．向往和谐的中国人重和合与整体 中国人一向以“和”与“合”为最美妙的境 界，音乐上讲究“和乐”、“唱和”，医学上主张 “身和”、“气和”，希望国家政治实现“政通人 和”。称美好的婚姻为“天作之合”，而当一切美 好的事物凑集在一起时，我们将其称誉为“珠联 璧合”。而这种“和合”的思想体现在烹饪上就反 映为“五味调和”。所以中国菜几乎每个菜都要用 两种以上的原料和多种调料来调和烹制。中国人把 做菜称之为“烹调”，美味的产生。在于调和。因 此中国人烹调不是“I+1=2”那么简单，而是应

该等于“3”甚至更多。

总之，中西饮食在诸多方面存在着各式各样的 差异，当然，这些差异都具有相对性，几千年来的 东西方文化的交流也促成中西方的饮食文化的不断 融合。全球化态势下的跨文化交际使得多样的饮食 文化不断的互补与兼容。今天，享受东西方各具特 色的饮食已成为当代人日常生活中司空见惯的事 情。我们在大街上随处可见法式大餐、肯德基等西 方的舶来饮食，而中国菜馆也开遍了全世界。

二、餐桌礼仪方面的差异

饮食文化、餐具、进餐方式以及一系列的餐桌 礼仪等则反映了不同民族的社会生活样式和文化取 向。现代社会礼仪无处不在，用餐不单是满足基本 生理需要，也是很重要的社交经验。而中西方在餐 桌礼仪方面的要求也有许多差别，了解了两者的不

同防止失礼于人。1．餐桌气氛上的差异

总的来说是西方餐桌上静，中国餐桌上动。西 方人平日好动，但一坐到餐桌上便专心致志地去静 静切割自家的盘中餐。中国人平日好静，一坐上餐 桌，便滔滔不绝，相互让菜，劝酒。中国人餐桌上 的闹与西方餐桌上的静反映出了中西饮食文化上的

根本差异。2．餐桌举止

在中国文化传统中，人们在出席各种正式的会 餐时也是比较讲究的，但是在现代风俗变迁和发展 中，有进步的一面，也有落后的一面，有对传统的 继承，也有对传统文化习俗的违背。比如就餐时的 衣着，要远比过去随意多了，可着中山装、夹克或 西服等，这也正体现了传统文化的变迁和发展，这 正是中西方文化融汇，相互发生正迁移作用最好例证。

当今许多西方人，尤其是美国人不喜欢吸烟或 喝酒，许多人也不喜欢别人在他们的住处吸烟喝 酒。而在当今的中国，许多人既吸烟又喝酒，有一 种社会怪现象似乎是“不吸烟不喝酒”就无以社 交。所以在中国的餐桌上依旧存在吞云吐雾、烂醉 如泥的“陋习”，尽管他们知道这有伤风范，但依 旧不能禁绝之。想必这就是文化迁移和发展的不完 全性、不彻底性的表现，我们有必要在正确理解和 认识文化现象的基础上，不断推动人文文化的发

展，提高民族人文素质。

3．座位的排序

中西都讲究正式的宴请活动的坐次安排。中国 人传统上用八仙桌。对门为上，两边为偏座。请客 时，年长者、主宾或地位高的人坐上座，男女主人 或陪客者坐下座，其余客人按顺序坐偏座。西方人 请客用长桌，男女主人分坐两端，然后在按男女主 宾和一般客人的次序安排座位。对于餐桌的规矩，西方人进餐用刀叉，中国人用筷子。当然刀叉和筷

子的用法都有各自的规矩。

通过中西方饮食文化差异以及中西方餐桌礼仪 的比较，不仅仅反映了各地的文化传统，还折射出 不同民族心理、价值观与道德标准、社会关系、社 会礼仪和社会风俗等方面，即西方文化主张个人荣 誉、自我中心、创新精神和个性自由，而中国文化 主张谦虚谨慎、无私奉献、中庸之道和团结协作； 西方人平等意识较强、家庭结构简单；而中国人等 级观念较强，家庭结构较复杂，传统的幸福家庭多

为四代同堂等。

在跨文化交际中，由于文化障碍而导致的信息 误解，甚至伤害对方的现象屡见不鲜。有时善意的 言谈会使对方尴尬无比，礼貌的举止会被误解为荒 诞粗俗。因此，研究不同文化之间的差异，研究正 确的跨文化交际行为已成为不可忽视的问题。在对 比研究过程中，各自的优、缺点显而易见。这种研 究有利于文化的正迁移作用，以“取其精华，去 其糟粕”，从而促进本民族语言、人文文化的

发展。

第四篇：中西方饮食文化差异及餐桌礼仪的对比

Cultural differences between Chinese and Western food as well as the comparison of table manners Yahong(, Harbin Normal University, Spanish University, Harbin 150080)Abstract: The existence of different peoples and countries with distinctive food culture, with strong national character and diversity of features.Cuisine And the differences in table manners is also a cross-cultural communication factors that influence the outcome of communication.From a cross-cultural perspective revealed in the Western food culture and table manners Of their differences and allows people to understand its profound culture, exploring its cultural heritage, and improve cross-cultural awareness.Key words: cross-cultural communication;food culture;table manners;cultural differences Into the 21st century, cross-cultural communication have become an indispensable element in people's lives.Due to regional differences, different peoples, nations have developed different cultures.Food culture and table manners is also a Cross-Cultural Communication Central Africa an important part of language and culture.Understanding of Chinese and Western food culture and table manners differences and their origins, for foreign language learners in terms of, not only to increase the understanding of language and culture of learning, can increase the success rate of cross-cultural communication, avoid inappropriate manner or behavior result in misunderstanding and communication barriers.一 the differences between Chinese and Western food culture 1.Rational Westerners pay more attention to the nutrition and survival The greatest difference between Chinese and Western food culture is the focus of attention is different from the “nutrition” and “delicious” Both the pros and cons of the issue.In Western countries, catering mostly only as a necessary means of survival and communication methods.The Western diet is a rational concept, regardless of food color, smell, taste, shape how, nutrition must be assured that the West pay attention to nutrition, the neglect of cooking flavor.They refused to use MSG, that its nutrition is neither chemical products have side effects;raw vegetables, including not only tomatoes, lettuce, and even cabbage, broccoli.And thus their “salad” like a feed, so that we hard to swallow.Although the Chinese people pay attention to nutrition and health, but also know that vegetables will be lost sensation in the heating part of the vitamins, raw and avoid the loss, they still prefer the former because customary patronage, but also because the taste did much better.2.Sensibility is the Chinese people to pursue and enjoy the delicious In China, people have a saying: “Hunger breeds discontent, food to taste as the first” taste is the highest principles of cooking.In the eyes of the Chinese people, “eat” far from being simply in order to eat, nor for nutrition, and sometimes eaten, but also to eat, it is unable to bear “delicious,” the temptation to enjoy the taste to enjoy.However, in the West view to rational eating, this diet

is not only wasteful overload, but also risk Harm the human body.Although the Chinese people pay attention to diet, food support, and attention to diet To health tonic, but we are in pursuit of delicious cooking as the first to be Demand, resulting in the loss of many nutrients destroyed, so nutrition was also Xu is the biggest weakness of Chinese cuisine 3.To follow the norms of Western cooking and science Westerners emphasize science and nutrition, so the whole process of cooking in strict accordance with the scientific norm.The use of recipes is an excellent proof of this.Westerners are always holding a cookbook to buy food produced dishes, but the comparison, is still a very mechanical thing, and this has led to Western, a drawback---the lack of features.When people are in different places when you want to taste the local cuisine is definitely not some people choose to like Kentucky Fried Chicken or McDonald's food.In addition, the standardized cooking even called the exact ingredients, spices to add precision to the grams, cooking time, accurate to seconds.Since the standardization of Western dishes produced so there is no creativity.So that Westerners can not understand is that the Chinese cook not only the pursuit of accurate standardized, but respected randomness.Opening China's recipes, the preparation of raw materials often found the amount of spices to add volume are fuzzy concepts.Moreover, Chinese cooking, not only pay attention to the major cuisines have their own flavor and characteristics, even the same dish the same cuisine, the spices used in matching with a variety of side dishes will cook according to characteristics of the individual hobbies have changed.Is also a “Mapo tofu”, the guests in Sichuan cooking, and cooking for the guests in Suzhou, the seasoning used is certainly different.In the West, a dish in different regions face different in different seasons of the food, and both are without any changes.4.Advocating freedom and individuality were Westerners re-Chinese and Western food culture is clearly reflected this kind of “harmony” and “respectively” cultural identity.Western cuisine, in addition to a few Brussels sprouts, are dishes of various materials having nothing to do, fish is a fish, steak is the steak, even if there are matching, which are also carried out in the disk, This reflects the “Western emphasis on the respective” culture of society.This emphasis on the social and cultural difference also reflected in the meal pattern.Westerners pursuing a Fencan system, people's individuality, self-respect.Buffet style popular in the West to eat all the more, the lack of Chinese people talking Huan mood music.5.Aspire to the Chinese emphasis on harmony and harmony with the overall Chinese have long used “and” and “together” as the realm of the most beautiful music on the stress “and music”, “chimed,” medical claim “body and”, “gas and” I hope the country's political achievement, “Governance and Social

Harmony.” Said the beautiful marriage as “marriage made in heaven”, and when all the good things that assemble together, we will of its reputation as “a perfect fit.” This kind of “harmony” on the idea embodied in the cooking is reflected in the “flavors to reconcile.” So, Chinese food in almost every dish had to spend two or more of the raw materials and a variety of spices to reconcile the cooking.Chinese people to cook as “cooking”, delicious produce, is to reconcile.Therefore, the Chinese people cooking is not a “1 +1 = 2” so simple, but should be equal to “3” or more.In short, the Chinese and Western diet in many areas there are a wide range of differences, of course, these differences are relative, for several thousand years of cultural exchanges between East and West in the West also contributed to the continued integration of the food culture.Under the globalization trend of the cross-cultural communication makes a variety of food culture is compatible with and complement each other constantly.Today, enjoy the distinctive eastern and western diet has become commonplace in daily life of contemporary people do.We are in the streets everywhere French dinner, KFC and other Western Exotic food, and the Chinese restaurant has opened all over the world.二, table manners differences Food culture, cutlery, eating patterns and a range of table manners and so reflects the social life styles of different ethnic and cultural orientations.Everywhere in modern society, etiquette, eating is not just to meet basic physical needs, but also a very important social experience.While the Western table manners requirements there are many differences, understand the difference between the two to prevent the breach of etiquette to others.1.Table differences in the atmosphere Is generally quiet on the Western table, the Chinese table movement.Westerners normally a good move, but one will be dedicated to sit on the table to go quietly cut its own Panzhong Can.Chinese people normally a quiet, sit a table, they talked at each other for vegetables, urge somebody to drink.Chinese people downtown on the table static on the table with the West and Western food culture reflects the fundamental differences on.2.Table manners In the Chinese cultural tradition, people attending a formal dinner party, when all is relatively stress, but in the modern customs change and development, there is progressive side and backward side, There are the traditional inheritance, but also a breach of traditional cultural practices.Example, when dining inClothing, should be more casual than in the past can be a tunic, jacket orSuits, etc.This also reflects the traditional culture of change and development, whichIs precisely the fusion of Western culture, the role of positive transfer occurred between the bestIllustration.Many of today's Westerners, especially Americans do not like smoking or drinking, and many people do not like people smoking in their residence drinking.In China today, many people both smoke and drink, there is aKinds of

social strange phenomenon seems to be “non-smokers do not drink” to the non-social.Therefore, on the table in China, there is still smoke, stinking, “bad habits”, even though they know that this style of injury, but still can not ban the.Presumably this is the culture of migration and development, incomplete, incomplete nature of the performance, we need a correct understanding and appreciation of cultural phenomena, based on, and constantly promote human and cultural development, and enhancing the national human qualities.3.Seat sort Chinese and Western people are fastidious about the activities of a formal dinner arrangements for Zuo Ci.Chinese people traditionally used square table.Door is on both sides for the side seat.Host a party, the elderly, guest of honor, or high-status people sit seat, the owner or Peike men and women who sit down and blocks the rest of the guests in order to sit side seat.Westerners host a party with a long table, men and women to sit at both ends of the master points, and then guest of honor at the press of men and women and the general order of the guests seating arrangement.For the table of rules, Westerners eat with knife and fork, the Chinese use chopsticks.Of course, the usage of knives and forks and chopsticks have their own rules.Through the cultural differences between Chinese and Western food as well as the comparison of Chinese and Western table manners, not only reflects the cultural traditions from around, but also reflects different national psychology, values and moral standards, sociology, social etiquette and social customs, etc., that is, Western culture, ideas personal honor, self-centered, innovative spirit and individual freedom, while the Chinese culture advocates modest, selfless dedication, moderation and unity and coordination;the West a strong sense of equality, the family structure is simple;while the Chinese people a strong sense of hierarchy and family structure more complex, the traditional well-being of families, and so on for four generations living under one roof.In cross-cultural communication, because of cultural barriers caused by misunderstanding of the information, and even hurt each other, were common occurrences.Sometimes, good conversation make each other extremely awkward, polite manners would be misinterpreted as absurd vulgar.Therefore, studying the differences between different cultures to study the behavior of the correct cross-cultural communication has become an issue can not be ignored.In the comparative study of the process, their respective advantages and disadvantages of obvious.Such studies are beneficial to transfer the role of culture in order to “essence, to its dregs,” so as to promote the national language, human and cultural development.References: [1] Jia new.Intercultural Communication [M].Shanghai: Shanghai Foreign Language Education Press, 1997.[2] Hu Wenzhong.Introduction to Intercultural Communication [M].Beijing: Foreign Language Teaching and Research Press, 1999.[3] SAMOVAR,.L A, cross-cultural communication [M].Beijing: Foreign

Language Teaching and Research Press, 2000.

第五篇：中西方餐桌礼仪的文化差异

中西方餐桌礼仪的文化差异

CULTURAL DIFFERENCES OF TABLE MANNERS BETWEEN EAST AND WEST

Abstract and Key Words

Abstract: Table manners are the rules of etiquette used while eating.Different cultures observe different rules for table manners.This article has some contrastive analysis and research on the cultural differences of table manners between East and West from the point of view on sense of arriving time, seat arrangement, order of serving dishes, tableware, behaviour and communication.It is concluded that with the wide spreading of intercultural communication people in East and West are deeply transformed，permeated and accepted to one another.They come to respect and tolerate different table manners, thus are even assimilative and syncretize with each other.Key words: table manners;cultural differences;syncretism

摘要：餐桌礼仪是用餐时的礼仪规则。不同的文化遵循不同的餐桌礼仪规则。本文从时间观念、座次安排、上菜顺序、餐具、行为和语言几个方面对中西方餐桌礼仪的文化差异做出对比分析，并由此得出结论，随着跨文化交际活动越来越广泛，中西方人经历了深刻的转变，从相互渗透到彼此接受，人们逐渐能够尊重和容忍不同文化的餐桌礼仪，甚至趋于同化和融合。关键词：餐桌礼仪；文化差异；融合

CONTENTS

1.Introduction…………………………………………………………………………1 2.Literature Review…………………………………………………………………...1 3.Cultural Differences of Table Manners...................................……………………...2

3.1 Sense of Arriving Time 3.2 Seat Arrangement 3.3 Order of Serving Dishes 3.4 Tableware 3.5 Behaviour and Communication

4.Main Factors Causing the Differences.................................................…………….6

4.1 Geography

4.2 Tradition

4.3 Custom

5.Trend of Syncretism.............................................................................…………….7 6.Conclusion………………………………………………………………………….9

Bibliography…………………………………………………………….…………….9 Acknowledgements ………………………………………………………………....10

Cultural Differences of Table Manners between

East and West

1.Introduction

With the rapid development of economy and culture, having meals is not only for the basic physical satisfaction, but also the important skill in social communication.Striving for civic virtues and having good manners have become increasingly common understanding of the public.In China, which has been a nation of etiquette and particular about food being the first necessity of the people since antiquity, table manners has a long history and has naturally become an important part of dining culture.With the deepening of open policy in our country and the strengthening of communication between East and West, people have more and more opportunities to cooperate with foreigners.Naturally, Chinese cannot avoid having dinners with foreigners.A series of table manners including sense of arriving time, seat arrangement, order of serving dishes, tableware, behaviour and communication reflect different culture and life-style in nations or countries.There are many differences of table manners between eastern and western countries.To understand these differences can not only avoid committing a breach of etiquette to each other, but also promote the development of humanity culture in both countries and achieve interpersonal harmony in cross-cultural communication.2.Literature Review

As we all know, different countries have different cultures.Culture is the collective programming of the mind which distinguishes the members of one category of people from another(Hofstede, 1991).As a kind of social customs, table manners are influenced by culture and vary in different areas.China, known as civilized ancient country, has characteristic table manners with a long history.Western countries also formed their own table manners during the syncretism of nations and modernization.To a certain degree, having good table manners is a symbol of a nation's civilization and an expression of a person's moral cultivation and accomplishment level as well.With the deepen of open policy in our country and the strengthen of communication between East and West, it is necessary for us to improve the consciousness of cross-cultural communication and know the differences of table manners, such as sense of arriving time, seat arrangement, order of serving dishes, tableware, behaviour, communication and so on.The fully understanding of the differences can prevent the failure in politeness and promote personal status on the dinner table.Only if we realize cultural connotation of table manners and the differences between East and West, can we talk and behave decently in cross-cultural communication and make social communication harmonious.With an acute eye and an irrepressible wit, Margaret Visser takes a fascinating look at the way we eat our meals in the book The Rituals of Dinner.From the ancient Greeks to modern yuppies, from cannibalism and the taking of the Eucharist to formal dinners and picnics, she thoroughly defines the eating ritual.She takes the different table manners in different areas and races to show the development of the world civilization.In the book Culture on Dinner Table, Mr.Yi Zhongtian(2004)says that the core thought of Chinese culture is group consciousness while the western core thought is individual consciousness.Westerners order respective dishes by themselves rather than ask others for what they want.On the contrary, Chinese agrees that personal will should obey group common thought.In the book Differences and Syncretize of Etiquette Culture between East and West, Mr.Li Xiaojun explores the syncretism of etiquette culture between East and West on the basis of table manners to achieve the harmonious society.Yu Lin and Zhou You compare the cultural differences between East and West from the point of view on tableware, seat arrangement, dinner atmosphere and language.It aims at warning people to treat exotic culture with an objective, tolerant and respectful attitude while insisting on their own culture, in order to communicate properly and appropriately in cross-cultural communication.3.Cultural Differences of Table Manners 3.1 Sense of Arriving Time Hall has classified two kinds of people according to his observation.One is monochromic time and the other is polychromic time(Edward Hall, 1976:17).People from western countries hold monochromic time assuming time is linear and can be cut, so they pay much more attention to timetables and pre-arrangements.They are slaves to nothing but the clock, and time is treated as if it were something almost precious.While people from eastern countries insist on polychromic time, having no ideas of fixed timetable.Therefore, this difference is more obvious when attending a banquet.Generally speaking, Chinese people which holding polychromic time tend to be later to show up.They often arrive half an hour later than the prescribed time and the host also seems to have prepares for that.They always arrange some other programs for guests while waiting, such as playing cards, drinking tea or chatting, so that the guests who come earlier would not feel boring.Both the host and guests are used to this phenomenon and they do not regard this as a contempt or impolite behavior to the host.While in western countries, people do things strictly abide by the schedule and all the activities begins according to the predetermined time.People should arrive at the party on time especially the formal banquets.It is considered as impolite and contempt for the host and other guests if one arrives 10 minutes later.3.2 Seat Arrangement The seating arrangement is probably the most important part of Chinese table manners.The seat of honor, reserved for the master of the banquet or the guest with highest status, is the one in the center facing east or facing the entrance.Those of higher position sit closer to the master of the banquet.The guests of lowest position sit furthest from the seat of honor.If the guest of honor is not seated, other people are not allowed to be seated.And if he hasn’t eaten, others should not begin to eat.When a family holds a banquet, the seat of honor is for the guest with the highest status and the head of the house takes the least prominent seat.If it is a round table, then the one facing the entrance door is the guest of honor.The seats on the left hand are in turn second, fourth and sixth, etc, while those on the right hand are in turn third, fifth and seventh, etc, until they join together.In ancient times there was a piece of furniture known as an Eight Immortals table, a big square table with benches for two people on each side.If it is an Eight Immortals table and there is a seat facing the entrance door, then the right seat facing the entrance door is for the guest of honor.If there is no seat facing the entrance door, then the right seat facing the east is the seat of honor.Then the seats on the left side of the seat of honor are the second, fourth, sixth and eighth and those on the right side are the third, the fifth and the seventh.While in western countries, after the hostess announced dinner ready, male host will lead guests to the table in turn, and the hostess walks behind them.Some attentive host will also place name card on the table to show the seat.If there has no arrangement, the general principle for seat arrangement is that men and women sit separately.Men guests of honour take the prior seats which on the right hand of hostess while women guests of honour seat on the right hand of him, and the other couples sit in diagonal respectively.Men and women sitting separately shows the open and lively of the American banquet.It can promote the familiarity between each other and make the dining topic diversification and dining atmosphere peaceful.The principle for the seat arrangement is that the guest takes the seat first, the elderly prior to young people, the married prior to unmarried and stranger prior to the acquaintance and families.3.3 Order of Serving Dishes In China, many dishes have symbolic connotations, representing everything from wealth to a long life and the order of serving dishes shows Chinese characteristics.A Chinese meal begins with appetizers which are accompanied by beverage and wine.There are usually four or five of these appetizers, including cold meats, preserved eggs, smoked fish and vegetable relishes, all beautifully arranged either on separate dishes or on one large platter.Hot dishes that were boiled or poached are usually served first, followed by foods that were fried, such as stir-fried chicken and stir-fried shrimp, which are omitted most of the time.Hot food should be served from the left of the opposite seats of guests of honour.When serving the whole duck, chicken and fish, the head and tail can not be put toward the major seat.After the hot dishes, then comes the main course, rice, which is China's staple food.While in a feast or banquet, people always eat little because of the abundant of the food.At last, desserts and fruits are provided to help digestion.If there are lots of tables on the banquet, every dish should be served simultaneously.These programs can not only make the whole process in harmony and order, but also make host and guests expression and communication well.Therefore, the table manners can make the dinner perfect and make host and guests both cultivation fully display.In western countries, the first dish is also appetizer which with distinctive flavor.It is always with salty and acid taste and small quantity but high quality.The second dish is soup, which very different from China.The soup can be roughly divided into four categories of clear soup, cream soup, vegetable soup and cold soup.Generally, the third dish is fish dish, also known as side dish, which including many kinds of fish, shellfish and molluscs.As fish is easy to digest, it is served in front of meat dishes.Meat and poultry dishes is the fourth dish, which also known as the main course.The most representative is beef and steak.Vegetable dishes, called salad in western, can be arranged either after or with the meat dish, so it can be a kind of side dish.The six dish is dessert, which including all the food after the main course in a sense, such as pudding, ice cream, cheese, fruit and so on.The final is beverage that often includes coffee with cream or tea with sugar.3.4 Tableware Of course, the main difference on the dinner table between East and West is the different tablewares.Chopsticks, which have a long history, are the most important tableware in China.The tradition of using chopsticks as tableware was introduced to many other countries in the world.The invention of chopsticks reflects the wisdom of Chinese ancient people.A pair of chopsticks, though they look simple, can nip, pick, rip and stir food.When having a meal, chopsticks should be put tidily on the right of the bowl.When finishing a meal, they should be put vertically on the mid-line of the bowl.Spoon is mainly used to drink soup or take quite small food.Do not get too full when using the spoon to get food, lest overflow make the table and clothes dirty.Plate is mainly used to fill the food, according the amount and shape of food it served.The plate that slight small should be put on the left of bowl to temporarily put food taken from the public dishes.Food wastes and bone should be put in the front of the small plate with chopsticks instead of directly spitting into it.Generally speaking, people do not use much tablewares when having meals in China.Chinese people mainly use bowl, chopsticks and spoons.While in serving English meals, they use so much tablewares with different kinds and sizes.For example, there are different kinds of glasses in English, such as wine glass, cherry glass, brandy glass, beer glass, snifter glass, champion flute and high bowl.The use of tableware also shows different food culture in different countries.The main tablewares in western are knives, forks, spoons, glass and napkin.To start with, the fork is on the left side of the plate and the knife is on the right side.The knife which used to cut food into small pieces should be hold in the right hand.The fork and spoon can be placed either on the left or right hand of the table with the plate in the middle, depending on the person's preference on using the tableware.In general, the spoon is usually for soup.When using the spoon, start from the one closest to the bowl which closest to you and ladle out soup then sip from the spoon.If no soup is being served then it's meant for dessert.If you are right handed, then the knife goes into your right hand, fork in your left hand, and using the knife for cutting and eating with the fork.Some people refer to cut their meat or other items on their place into small pieces all at once and then just use their fork in their right hand and in most instances this is still considered good table manners.3.5 Behaviour and Communication Chinese people talked a lot and enjoy the delicious food when on the dinner table, which can reflect the hospitality and sincere of hostess.The lively atmosphere on the dinner table reflects the cheerful of guests, and it can reflect the warmth of family, the peace of neighbourhood and unite of the whole nation in a sense.While in western, people talked little and cut their own food in the plate quietly.They should not make any sounds when drinking and eating.If the soup is hot, they should wait instead of blowing with mouth.When Chinese invited guests to have dinner, there are so many dishes on the table, at least seven dishes.But host will say “There are not so much food for you all.” “The dish does not cook well.” and similar words.If the host asks “Would you like some more?”, then the guest may answer “No, thank you.I am full.” even if he is not full.After the host ask for many times, they maybe accept with embarrassment and little shameful.While in western, a dinner generally has four or five dishes and the host will simply say “Help yourself, please”.When the host asks “Would you like another piece of meat pie?”, you can answer directly “Yes, please.” or “Thank you, a piece of meat pie.” if you are not full.During the dinner, guests can praise the host such as “It is delicious.” or “This meat is beautifully tender.” to make host happy.Chinese followed the principle that belittle themselves and respect others.While westerners emphasize efficiency and pragmatism values and pay much attention to saving face and keeping their prestige.4.Main Factors Causing the Differences 4.1 Geography As we all know, different areas have different culture and custom.Because of the different location, natural conditions and geographical environment, different areas formed different regional culture which shows in that different nationalities using different language expression forms for the same kind of phenomenon or things.The geographical location and the environment lead to the differences between Chinese and western cultures.China is a big country with a vast territory abounding in natural resources, and the people’s way of life, customs, economic and cultural development, as well as general local conditions, all vary.For example, Chopsticks and, knife and fork is the most basic differences between Chinese and western table manners.You Xiuling, the professor of Zhejiang University, said that east and west appear different tablewares are related to the environment.Chopsticks should be originated in the place of lots of bamboo.There are much wood in north China and much bamboo in south China.So ancestors use local materials to make chopsticks and they became China's most primitive raw materials of chopsticks.The emergence of knife and fork is much later than that of chopsticks.According to the research of professor You Xiuling, the origin of knife and fork is related to the life habit of ancient European nomads, who always took knife along them and live on horseback.They cut down and eat meat as soon as it cooked.From then on, westerners use knife and fork as their tablewares.4.2 Tradition

The different ethnic and national historical development process may result in different history and tradition.Thousands of years of Chinese traditional culture reflected in the Chinese Confucianism, Taoism and Buddhism.As the core of Chinese traditional culture, Confucianism produces a profound and long influence on Chinese society.Confucianism has the traditional thought mainly emphasized “benevolence, righteousness, propriety, wisdom, faith”.Taoists advocated “accustomization nature”, “pure” and he Buddhist is advocated “merciful Purdue beings” and “harmony”, “continued”.In the book Culture on Dinner Table, Mr.Yi Zhongtian said that the core thought of Chinese culture is group consciousness while the western core thought is individual consciousness.In sharp contrast, the western culture is a kind of “guilt”culture.They believe in god created man.The western culture, to be self-centered, the boundary between people is clear and they do not allow mutual interference.This individual culture contributed to western table manners without sharing a plate of food.But Chinese love peace and quiet life in the forest, and in the dining room use cheap chopsticks as tableware.The chopsticks can also reflect Chinese collective consciousness.Westerners prefer to colonize in restaurants, use a knife and fork in the class.Knife and fork also can reflect individual consciousness, and noble west of life.From the use of chopsticks we can see the whole course of using chopsticks is collaborative work.If one of them is absent, the whole work cannot be completed.It shows that collectivism is the core thought of Chinese nation.And knife and fork is born in modern industrial society, which is the production of socialization.Its main material is metal which shows social function of modern society, and failed to get rid of its offensive during socialization process.4.3 Custom

Custom culture refers to the culture that formed in the daily social life and human communication activity by ethnic and habits.The differences of custom between east and west are various.Different nationalities show different ethnic culture and custom on many aspects such as greeting, thanks, flattery, apology, or making telephone calls.For example, when Chinese meet acquaintance, they always greet each other by asking “have you eaten” or “where are you going”.While in western culture, it does not belong to the greeting but a real problem.They may think “why does he ask me whether I have eaten” “does he want to invite me to have dinner”.When Chinese invited guests to have dinner, there are so many dishes on the table, but host says repeatedly “there is nothing for you” “have a potluck” and similar words.The host also helps pick food for guests and try his best to make guests eat and drink more.Westerner often doubted about this phenomenon.It is not realistic behaviour that host said there is nothing when there are so many dishes on the table.And their meal is very simple which often with a small number of delicious vegetables when they treat others.Host just says “help yourself” and they never carry food to guest's bowl.5.Trend of Syncretism As a country that pays great attention to courtesy, the cuisine culture is deep rooted in Chinese history.In either a Chinese home or restaurant, it is easy to find that table manners are essential.And the distinctive courtesies displayed will invariably add to the enjoyment of meals and keep people in high spirits.It is really an admirable custom to respect others at the table, including the aged, teachers and guests while taking good care of children.Chinese people stress filial piety all the time.The practice of presenting the best or fine food first to the senior members of the family has been observed for countless generations.In ancient times the common people led a needy life but they still tried their best to support the elder mother or father who took it for granted.Although the hosts in China are all friendly and hospitable, we should also show them respect.Before starting to eat dinner, the host may offer some words of greeting.Guests should not start to eat until the host says, 'Please enjoy yourself' or something like that, otherwise it suggests disrespect and causes displeasure.When hosts place dishes on the table, they will arrange the main courses at the center with the supporting dishes evenly placed around them.When the main dishes are prepared in a decorative form either by cut or other means they will be placed facing the major guests and elder people at the table, which also embodies virtue.Westerners have gradually accepted Chinese sentimental thought.And Chinese food has always been very popular in America.Many Americans grew up frequently eating lunches with dishes like wonton soup, chow mein and fried rice.There are abundant and extensive table manners forming in the east, while there are exquisite and distinctive table manners forming in the west.Nowadays, the trend of syncretism of table manners between east and west is mainly reflected in Chinese learning from westerners.More and more western restaurants appear in many cities in China and more and more people like to have meals in it.People have learned western table manners gradually in daily life.It is obvious that the Chinese diet conception is sensible, western diet idea is rational.This difference seems to become blurred with the strengthening of communication between East and West and the development of science.Like westerners, instead of paying attention to the color, flavour and taste of the food, Chinese people pay more attention to its health and nutrition.We should learn from western manners not only learn its form but also adopt its inner spirit.Only in this way can we build up our confidence and superiority and establish our appeal.And western style food, which was introduced into our country several hundred years ago, has grown up to be a vital new force on the Chinese food and beverage market.The dissemination and development of western style food in China has unavoidably exerted great influence on Chinese food and beverage industry and made Chinese style food trade change in the aspects of managing concept, management mode, productive means, personnel cultivation and so on.6.Conclusion Table manners reflect many differences between east and west, whether on sense of arriving time, seat arrangement, order of serving dishes, tableware or behaviour and language.Knowing the differences people can easily understand the culture of each other.In face of these differences, we should comprehend and respect their habits and culture and should remember that every culture is equal and there is no one prior to the other.Thus we can decently communicate with each other.Only recognizing cultural differences between East and West and making a reasonable and effective integration, can we 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