生态建筑论文中英文对照

第一篇：生态建筑论文中英文对照

国外著名建筑师的生态建筑思想比较

[摘要] 该文通过简要阐述生态建筑的概念和表现形式，以及对托马斯·赫尔佐格和诺曼·福斯特两位建筑大师的生态建筑思想和作品的比较，来学习和理解生态建筑，最后希望借助两位大师的突出成就来引起我国建筑师对生态建筑的重视和思考。关键词: 托马斯·赫尔佐格 诺曼-福斯特 生态建筑 生态建筑的表现形式生态建筑思想 生态美学

目前，随着人们对防治环境污染和保持生态平衡意识的不断增强，以及城市绿化的日益发展，创造低能耗的、可持续发展的生态建筑环境这个崭新的建筑研究方向，越来越受到重视和推崇。那么，什么样的建筑可称之为生态建筑呢?

生态建筑是将建筑作为一个生态系统，其内部各种物质能源有序的循环使用，因而获得高效率、低能耗、少污染的建筑环境，并与自然相平衡，以此达到与自然的和谐共生。本文对同样在生态建筑方面有突出贡献的两位国外建筑师(托马斯·赫尔佐格&诺曼·福斯特)进行分析和比较，希望能进一步达对生态建筑的认识和理解。生态建筑的概念

所谓生态建筑，就是根据当地自然生态环境，运用生态学、建筑技术科学的原理和其他相关学科知识，合理地安排并组织建筑与其他领域相关因素之间的关系，使其与环境形成一个有机结合的整体，且适合人类的栖居。生态建筑必须满足以下四点：第一，必须与周围环境协调，并且对周围生态环境起到保护作用；第二，建筑物本身绝不可对自然环境造成污染或破坏，建筑物内部的使用者能较好地享受大自然并感受到其赋予的舒适和愉快；第三．室内设计应尽量回归自然，如天然采光、自然通风、利用太阳能、理想的室内绿化等；第四，各种物质、源在建筑系统内可以有序的循环转换。归纳起来也就是要做到尊重环境和回归自然。

2生态建筑的表现形式

针对上述定义，结合目前国内外生态建筑实例，可将生态建筑的表现形式归纳为以下几点：

2．1建筑节能

以目前的建筑态势来看，低能耗已经成为生态建筑的重要标志之一。较为常见的方式有太阳能、风能、水能、地热能等无污染能源，直接或通过技术转换成为可被建筑利用的形式，帮助建筑在采光、通风、采暖等方面降低能耗。2．2建筑污染防治

建筑的污染防治是生态建筑的重要一环。三废问题一直以来都是环境保护的核心问题之一。人们的治污观念也从只注重生产、生活过程中排污的治理，逐渐转向了建筑从建设到营运、维护过程中的污染治理。2．3建筑资源再利用

在整个世界的能源消耗中有50％是在建筑的建造、维护和使用中所消耗的，所以对资源的高效利用、循环利用和降低对自然环境的影响是建筑资源利用在生态建筑这一领域中有待迅速提高的一个环节。

近年来，生态建筑材料③的出现缓解了这一问题。其主要特征首先是节约资源和能源，其次是减少环境污染，最后是易于回收和循环利用。

通过以上的论述，对生态建筑有了一定的了解。然而要进一步研究生态建筑，光靠理论阐述是不够的，我们必须去分析一些实例，理论与实践相结合，科学地研究和理解生态建筑。下文通过对两位大师(托马斯·赫尔佐格和诺曼·福斯特)的生态建筑思想和作品的分析和比较，来更进一步地认识和研究生态建筑，从大师的思想与实践中汲取营养，探讨生态建筑在我国的发展与前景。

3托马斯·赫尔佐格(Thomas HerZoq)

托马斯·赫尔佐格是一位将技术和艺术完美结合，同时对生态、环境等负有深深使命感的德国建筑大师。他的建筑作品具有很高的工艺技术水平，他工作的本质意义在于其对生态的关注，这不仅体现在他的设计中，在教学当中、在经常举办的展览中、在大量的著作中、在与其他建筑师进行的合作当中，他都身体力行。他超越了现代建筑的范式，并代之以更具生态倾 向的价值取向，而这种取向必然取代旧的范式。3．1 托马斯·赫尔佐格的生态建筑思想

托马斯·赫尔佐格很少把自己的创作愿望强加于环境之上，而是推测和听从生态环境的变化过程和循环，本着参与及合作的精神去完成他的工作。他的生态建筑思想是将人类和所有的人工制造物达到一个自然和人造自然的亲切和睦的境地。他始终坚持“从生态到建筑，从技术到自然”的原则，他已经把生态升华成一种思想和精神，并以此贯穿他一生的建筑设计过程。托马斯·赫尔佐格的设计不仅仅考虑一个孤立的内部工作和外在形式，相反，他的设计扩大到对影响建筑环境的所有方面及相互关系的塑造。另外，他十分注重和其他各方面专业人士的紧密合作，通过对新材料、新构件、新系统和合适的设计工具的发展给予建筑设计活动更大的自由，并最终达到建筑与自然环境的统一协调，以及建筑自身的可持续发展。

托马斯·赫尔佐格在从事建筑设计活动中除了运

用各种新材料、新构件、新系统之外，也一直在研究和开发更新、更生态、更合理的材料、构件和系统。如：佩托卡波那外墙体系、菲舍尔立面组装系统、日光栅格系统等。托马斯·赫尔佐格更关注的是建筑物在与周围环境协调基础上自身的节能程度、技术的精确性和高效 托马斯·赫尔佐格很少把自己的创作愿望强加于性。通过精心设计的建筑细部提高资源和能源的利用效率，减少不可再生资源的耗费，来达到对生态环境的关注。

托马斯认为，建筑师应该利用高效率的技术，因为可以通过采用比常规做法少得多的物质材料，满足同样的功能要求。当然，采用新技术的前提是它们必须是正确、恰当的。他同时非常关注设计的灵活性和建筑元素的灵活性，不仅强调建筑功能的灵活性，还强调建筑细部的灵活性和多功能性。

4．1诺曼·福斯特的生态建筑思想

在现今存在的一些对生态建筑的介绍以及许多建筑师对生态建筑的创作思路上，绝大多数集中在对建筑外部环境的物质层面的利用和适应上，如太阳能、地下水的利用等等。这些大都属于建筑物理方面的理解和运用。而诺曼·福斯特则认为建筑作为空间的建构和场所的确立不应仅仅停留在满足人的物理意义的舒适度上，而应向更高的层次上发展，以满足人的文化需求、审美取向等。从他的伦敦市政厅可以看出他对环境的关注以及对现代技术利用和审美取向的转变，其生态与艺术的完美结合是一种新的美学——生态美学的完美体现。

诺曼·福斯特除了以上关注点外还十分注重建筑物内部的微观气候，他对建筑微观气候的关注可以具体归纳为三方面：一是适宜的室内温度和湿度(满足人体热舒适及健康的要求)；二是尽可能最多地获得自然采光(减少人工照明的能耗)；三是最大限度地获得自然通风(减少空调能耗)。但在不同气候条件下对以上三要素的侧重点和处理方式又有所不同。因此，通过最高效的人工技术手段来实现以上目标或达到各要素之间的平衡就成为福斯特不懈追求的方向。他在法国南部的两个作品：卡里艺术中心和弗雷尤斯地方中等职业中学就是对他生的态气候观的充分表现。他的设计中不仅贯穿着生态设计的理念，同时也充分体现了对传统文脉和地域文化的关注和尊重，与过去的完全以自我为中心的“高技派”相比，这一转变无疑是十分深刻的。它使得“高技派”超越了一种简单的外在风格而步入更深层次的境界。在这一点上可以说他为“高技派”的未来指明了方向，同时也为我国致力于生态建筑领域的建筑师提供了宝贵的经验。

5两位大师的对比

通过以上两位建筑大师的生态建筑思想和作品可以看出： 5．1共同点

两位建筑大师都在生态建筑领域做出了突出的贡献，都提倡借助新材料、新技术、新系统和合适的设计工具来完成他们的生态建筑作品；都强调在人与自然、建筑与自然和谐共生的基础上去为人类创造更为舒适的工作和生活环境；都在为同一目标从不同层面做着不懈的努力，给人类创造美好的环境，给子孙后代留下更多的精神和物质财富。5．2不同点 托马斯·赫尔佐格在生态建筑方面主要是从整体环境人手(包括周围环境和建筑物自身环境)，去进行生态建筑的设计和研究；他一直强调要从人类持续发展的角度，而非短时、局部的视点看问题；他不仅关心过去和现在，他更关心未来；他不仅关心本地区域，而且关心相关区域甚至将来可能会产生影响的区域；他更多的是借助与新技术、建筑细部以及不同学科的协作来达到建筑物和周围环境以及人与自然的和谐与共生；他所强调的生态建筑不是一种建筑形式，而是 将生态作为一种态度和精神贯穿于他的设计过程及其一生；他在生态建筑方面的研究更加全面和彻底，是真正意义上的生态建筑设计，真正做到了与周围环境协调，并且对周围生态环境起到保护作用，尊重环境和回归自然。诺曼·福斯特在生态建筑方面主要是以满足人的文化需求，审美取向来达到生态与艺术的完美结合；通过技术支持以及建筑物内部的空间创作和外部形体来回应大自然、融合大自然。他的生态建筑设计和作品更大程度的是达到人对大自然的向往和享受大自然的目的，他的微观生态气候观在一定程度上更加符合“高技派”建筑的生态观。他是运用生态的建筑表皮和灵活、适用的内部空间两者的完美结合来达到建筑物自身与周围环境的协调和融合。

结 语

两位建筑大师的生态建筑思想和作品给我们以启示：生态建筑不是一种时髦的风格和标签，也不是一个口号。在中国这样一个经济和技术水平都不十分先进的国家里，建筑业的各个环节更应该贯彻的是生态建筑思想。其实，中国也不乏适应自然环境的建筑精品，如：西北的窑洞——纯粹的绿色建筑，低能耗、低污染、冬暖夏凉、环境宜人，还有大草原上的毡房、新疆的风塔等等。中国的未来建筑不应再盲目地效仿外国的种种风格流派，这种单纯从形式上的移植，不利于中国自身建筑特色的形成，对于建筑工作者的创造性也是一种扼杀。正如托马斯·赫尔佐格所说：“不能简单地制定一个生态的国际标准。不同的国家在不同的时期会有不同的条件，还是应该根据国情去定。”我国是一个人口大国，环境状况令人堪忧，中国的资源相对匮乏。因此，我们不可能在短时间内拥有发达国家所具有的技术、材料、系统以及理论支持，这就需要我们从实际出发，借助国外的经验寻求适合中国国情的生态建筑道路。

目前，我国对生态建筑的研究、实践以及认识还存在着许多不足，因此，一些针对性的相关策略的研究显得尤为必要。结合我国自身的情况，笔者认为可以从以下几点去尝试：一是加强生态意识及生态建筑的宣传，从而唤起全民的重视，培养生态意识；二是组织生态建筑科研机构，进行生态建筑及其相关领域的研究和开发，为中国建筑师的实践提供有力的支持；三在高校建筑学教育的大纲中增加生态建筑知识和设计课程的比重；四是通过建立机制来鼓励和推动生态建筑的发展。许多发达国家正在或已经这样做了，并取得了很好的成绩。■ 参考文献

刁文怡．法兰克福商业银行大厦．华中建筑，1999(3)：48—51． 奚于成．建筑·生态建筑·数字生态建筑．华中建筑，2005(5)：68—69． 3 金武．生态研究的误区华中建筑，2001(5)：18 4 郑炜迈向生态的高技术建筑．华中建筑，1999(1)：105—110． 5 万书元当代西方建筑美学．南京：东南大学出版社．2()01． 6 英格伯格·弗拉格等著托马斯·赫尔佐格——建筑+技术．李保峰译北京：中国建筑工业出 版社。2003

Ecological building and rather well-known foreign architects

Abstract

Generally stating the concept and the expression of ecological buldings and comparing Thomas Herzog and Norman Foster'stheories and works of ecological buildings to learn and acknowledge ecological buildings，this articIe wants to stimuIate Chinese architect s’attention and consideration of ecological buildings by the Outstanding achievement of the two masters． Key Words Thomas Herzog，Norman Foster，EcologicaI building，Expressjon form of ecological building，Theory Of ecological bullding．Ecological esthetic

Now, with the people continue to enhance the prevention of environmental pollution and maintaining ecological balance awareness, as well as urban greening, increasing development, to create low energy, sustainable development of eco-building environment of the new building research, more and more attention and respected.So, what kind of building could be called eco-buildings?

1The concept of eco-building

The so-called eco-building, according to the local natural environment, the use of the principle of ecology, building technology, science and other relevant subject knowledge, reasonably arrange and organize the relationship between buildings and other relevant factors in the field and the environment form an organic combination ofoverall, and suitable for human dwelling.Ecological building must meet the following four points: first, to be coordinated with the surrounding environment, and has protective effects on the surrounding ecological environment;buildings must not be on the natural environment caused by pollution or destruction of buildings within the usercan better to enjoy nature and feel that conferred comfortable and pleasant;The interior design should try to return to nature, such as natural lighting,natural ventilation, use of solar energy, the ideal indoor green;Fourth, a variety of substances, the source within the building systems can be orderedcycle of conversion.To sum up is to achieve respect for the environment andreturn to nature 2 Manifestations of ecological building For the above definition, the present ecological architecture instance,manifestations of ecological building can be summarized as follows:

2.1 building energy efficiency

View to the current architectural trend, low-power has become one of theimportant symbol of ecological building.The more common way to solar, wind, hydro, geothermal and other non-polluting energy, directly or throughtechnology transfer, building use form, to help the building to reduce energy consumption in lighting, ventilation, heating, etc..2.2 Building pollution prevention and control

Pollution prevention and control of the building is an important part of the ecological construction.The core issue of environmental protection has always been one of the waste problem.People's concept of pollution controlto focus only on production, the life process in sewagmagradually turned to the building from construction to operation andmaintenance of pollution control in the process.2.3 building re-use resources

In the entire world's energy consumption 50% in building

construction,maintenance and use of consumption, so efficient use of resources,recycling and reduce the impact on the natural environment is the construction of resource use in ecological building to be rapidly improving link.In recent years, the emergence of ecological building materials ③

alleviatethis problem.First of all the main characteristics of saving resources and energy, followed by reducing environmental pollution, and finally the easyrecovery and recycling.Above discussion, a certain understanding of the ecological building.However, in order to further study the ecological building, is not enough torely on theoretical explanations, we need to analyze some examples, theory and practice, scientific research and understanding of ecological building.Below through the analysis and comparison of eco-building ideas and works of two masters(Thomas Herzog and Norman Foster), to further understanding and study of ecological architecture, and learn from themaster of thought and practice nutrition, explore the development and prospects of ecological construction in China.3.Thomas Herzog

Thomas Herzog is a perfect combination of technology and the arts, have a deep sense of mission at the same time on the ecology and environment of the German masters of architecture.His architectural works have a high level of technology, the essential meaning of his work lies in its ecological concern, not only in his design, in the course of teaching, often exhibitions, a large number of works, in cooperation with other architects, he personally.He goes beyond the paradigm of modern architecture, and replaced with more eco-dumping Value orientation, and this orientation is bound to replace the old paradigm.3.1 Thomas Herzog, ecological building thought

Thomas Herzog rarely impose their own creative aspirations on the environment above, but to speculate and listen to the change process and the cycle of the ecological environment, the spirit of participation and cooperation to complete his work.His ecological building human and artificial matter to a natural and man-made natural cordial and harmonious situation.He always adhere to the principle of “from ecology to architecture, from technology to nature”, he has eco sublimated into a mental and spiritual, and throughout his life, the building design process.Thomas Herzog's design is not considered an isolated internal and external form, on the contrary, his designs expanded to all aspects of the built environment and the relationship between the shape.In addition, he attaches great importance to work closely with other professionals to give greater freedom of architectural design activities through the development of new materials, new components, the new system and appropriate design tools, and ultimately to achieve the unity of the building and the natural environment coordination, as well as building its own sustainable development.Thomas Herzog in the architectural activities in addition to transport In a variety of new materials, new components, the new system, has been updated in the research and development, more ecological, more reasonable materials, components and systems.Such as: Peituo Kaposi external wall system, Fischer facade assembly system, solar grid system, and so on.Thomas Herzog is more concerned about the accuracy and efficiency of the buildings in harmony with their surroundings on the basis of their own energy-saving technology Thomas Herzog rarely own creative desire to impose.Architectural detail through carefully designed to improve resource and energy use efficiency, and reduce the cost of non-renewable resources to focus on the ecological environment.Thomas believes that architects should take advantage of the technology, because of high efficiency by using much less material than conventional practice materials to meet the same functional requirements.Of course, the introduction of new technology, they must be correct and proper.He also is very concerned about the flexibility of the design flexibility and architectural elements, not only emphasizes the flexibility of the building function, but also stressed that the flexibility and versatility of the architectural details.4.1 Norman Foster ecological building thinking

The introduction of some of the ecological building exist today, and many architects of ecological building creative ideas, the vast majority focused on the use and adaptation of the material aspects of the construction of the external environment, such as solar energy, use of groundwater.These mostly belong to the understanding and use of building physics.Norman Foster building constructed as a space and place is established not merely meet the physical meaning of comfort should be a higher level of development to meet the cultural needs of the people, aesthetic orientation.His concern for the environment can be seen from the London Guildhall,and the transformation of modern technology and aesthetic orientation, theperfect combination of ecology and art is the perfect embodiment of a new aestheticArchitecture +technology.Li Baofeng translated Beijing: China Architecture & Building Publishing House.2003

第二篇：建筑专业名词中英文对照

1． 设计指标：statistics 用地面积：site area

建筑占地面积：building foot print 总建筑面积：total area

建筑面积 floor area，building area 地上建筑面积：ground area 地下建筑面积：underground area 整体面积需求: Demand for built area 公共绿地：public green land 备用地用地：reserved land 容积率：FAR

建筑密度：building coverage 绿地率：green ratio

绿化率：green landscape ratio 建筑高度：building height 层数：number of floors 停车位：parking unit 地面停车：ground parking 地下停车：underground parking 使用面积：usable area 公用面积：public area 实用面积：effective area 居住面积：living area 计租面积 rental area?租用面积 得房率：effien开间 bay 进深 depth 跨度 span 坡度：slope，grade 净空：clearance 净高：clear height

净空（楼梯间下）：headroom 净距：clear distance

套内面积：unit constraction area 公摊面积：shared public area 竣工面积：

辅助面积：service area 结构面积：structural area

交通面积：communication area，passage area 共有建筑面积：common building area

共有建筑面积分摊系数：common building area amount coefficient

公用建筑面积：public building area 销售面积 ：sales area

绿化覆盖率：green coverage ratio 层高：floor height

净高：clear height

公用建筑面积分摊系数：public building area amount coefficient

住宅用地： residential area 其他用地：

公共服务设施用地：land for public facilities 道路用地：land for roads 公共绿地：public green space 道路红线：road property line 建筑线（建筑红线）：set back line 用地红线： property line，boundary line

第一轮：1st round

计划和程序：schedule and program 工程进度表：working schedule

构造材料表：list of building materials and construction 设计说明：design statement

图纸目录和说明：list of drawings and descriptions 项目标准：project standards 总结：conclusion

文本及陈述： 封皮：cover 目录：content

技术经济指标：technical and economical index 概念规划设计：conceptual master paln and architectural design

基地分析：location analysis

项目区位分析图：description of the region site and city space view analyze

概念构思说明：chief design concept 指导思想（设计主旨）：key concepts 概述：introduction 宗旨：mission statement

愿景及设计效果：vision and design concept 城市空间景观分析：urban space landscape identity 绿化景观分析：landscape analysis 交通分析：traffic analysis 生态系统：ecological system 地块A：area A

模型照片：model images 案例分析：case study 草图：sketches

设计构思草图：concept sketches

规划总平面图：site plan 鸟瞰图：bird view

功能分区图：function organization 单体透视图：unit perspective 1-1剖面图：section 1-1 立面图：elevation

沿街立面图：street elevation平面图：plan

地下一层平面图：basement plan；B1 plan 首层平面图：F1 plan；ground floor plan 二层平面图：2F floor plan 设计阶段 stages of design 草图 sketch 方案 scheme

初步设计 preliminary design 施工图 working drawing平面图 plan

平面放大图 plan in enlarged scale 剖面图 section 立面图 elevation 节点详图 detail drawing 透视图 perspective drawings 鸟瞰图 birds-eye view 示意图 schematic diagram 区划图 block plan 位置图 location

示意图：schematic diagram 背景介绍：project background 报告书目的：purpose of report 专案区位背景：Context of。。

区域交通架构：regional circulation framework 区域活动架构：regional district framework 区域发展架构：regional developmentframework 基地分析：site understanding 现状土地利用：existing land use 现状交通系统：existing circulation 现状城市机理：existing city fabric 机遇与限制：opportunities and constrains 经济分析与策略：economic strategies 房地产经济：real estate market

标高 elevation

绝对标高 absolute elevation 相对标高 relative elevation 设计标高 designed elevation

海拔标高：altitude elevation above sea level 坐标 ordinate 基准点 datum mark 等高线 contour line 高差 difference in elevation 土方工程量 volume of earthwork

技术经济指标 technical and economic index 设计进度 period of design 设计范围scope of design

方案比较 scheme comparison，alter-native for competition

建筑形式architecturalstyle 自然条件 natural condition 风玫瑰图 wind rose 地形图 graphical map 现场勘查 field inspection

地质勘察资料 geological exploration data 城建规划部门 city planning department 防火等级 fire resistance rating 城市干道 city thoroughfares 回车场 turnarounds

地下水：subsurface water，ground water 地表水：surface water

汇水面积：water shed area，catchment area 洪水位：flood（tide）level 综合管沟：combination of pipe line 循环水系统：circulating water system 消防系统：hydrant system

雨水：rain water，storm water，drain water 雨水管（雨落管）：down pipe，rain water pipe 淋浴喷头：shower pipe 水泵：water pump 透明度：transparency 化粪池：septic tank 管井：tube well 雨水井：gully

合成树脂：synthetic resin 晶体：crystal

检修孔：inspection hole，access hole

建筑设计规范 code for architectural design 防火规范 fire protection standards 建造投资 investment of construction 景观设计 landscaping

概算：budgetary estimate 预算：budget 决算：final accounts

建筑绘图常用词 线条：lines 曲线：curve 虚线：dotted line 实线：full line 斜线：bias line

双曲线：hyperbola；hyperbole 轴线：axis

定位轴线：locating axis 中心线：center line 等高线：contour line 箭头：arrow 索引：index

垂直：vertical 水平：horizontal平行：parallel 横向的：transverse

横向尺寸：sectional dimension

几何图形：geometrical figure 圆形：round 方形：square 矩形：rectangle

平行四边形：parallelogram 六角形：hexagon 梯形：trapezoid 椭圆形：elliptic oval 扇形：sector 直角：right angle 圆角：rounded angle 半径：radius 直径：diameter 外径：outside diameter 内径：inside diameter

长度：length

展开长度：developed length 总长：overalllength

宽度：width 高度：height 厚度：thickness 薄：thin 深度：depth 单位：units 公里：kilometer 米：meter

分米：decimeter（dm）厘米：centimeter（cm）毫米：millimeter（mm）重量：weight 净重：net weight 总重：total weight 公斤：kilogram 克：gram 吨:ton 度：degree 体积：volume 数量：quantity 公升：litter 百分率：percentage

描图纸：tracing paper

一般建筑材料、建筑构件常用词 轴线，定位轴线：axis , locating axis 对称：symmetry 结构：structure 细节设计：Detailing 视线：Sightline 板：Plank

热桥：Thermal bridge 斜线：Oblique line 扶手：handrail, railing 钢结构：steel structure 饰面材料：facing materials 风口：air duct 封堵：Sealing 主墙：Chief Wall 铝板：Aluminum Sheet

真空保温板：Vip=Vacuum insulation panel 保温：thermal insulation 吸音：sound absorption

耐火材料：non-inflammable materials 磨砂玻璃：sandblased glass，rubbed glass 玻璃砖：glass brick 油漆：paint 金：gold 银：silves 铜（紫铜）：copper 黄铜：brass 青铜：bronze 铝：aluminium 铸钢：cast steel 不锈钢：stainless steel 纤维板：fibre board 铁钉：nails 铆钉：rivet 螺丝：screw 螺栓：bolt

高强螺栓：high strength tensile bolt 钢筋混凝土：reinforced concrete 砂浆：mortar 水泥：cement 水磨石：terrazzo 大理石：marble 花岗岩：granite 石膏：gypsum 面砖：tile

瓷砖：enameled brick 釉面砖：glazed tile 琉璃砖：terra cotta 砖：brick 马赛克：mosaic

卫生器具：sanitary fixture 马桶： closet bowl（pan）蹲坑：squatting pan 小便斗：urinal 洗脸盆：wash basin 妇洗器：bidet 洗涤盆，水池：sink 浴缸：bathtub 淋浴：shower 地漏：floor drain 水龙头：tap 毛巾架：towel rack 肥皂盒：soap holder 手纸盒：toilet paper holder 污水池：sewage sink

厨房水池：kitchen sink 起重机，吊车：crane，monorail 壁柜：closet 消火栓：fire hydrant 窗帘：curtain 窗帘盒：curtain box 窗台板：window board 外窗台：sill

老虎窗：dormer window 天窗：skylight，monitor 百叶窗：shutter 纱窗：screen window 卷帘门：rolling shutter door 旋转门：revolving door 折门：folding door 弹簧门：swing door

双向弹簧门：double acting sping door 防火门：fire door

一般建筑房间名词

梯田，屋子平顶，倾斜的平地：Terrace 柱子：Column 小块土地：Plot 玄关： foyer 隔断：partition 过道：passageway 标准层：standard floor 阳台：balcony平台：terrace中庭：atrium

走廊：corridor, passageway 遮雨篷（遮阳篷）：awning 入口：entrance

地下室：basement, cellar

半地下室：semi basement, sub basement公安局：police station 法院：court house 检察院：procuratorate

台北国际大厦：taibei international building

广播电视东方中心：oriental broadcasting & TV station 东方商务广场：oriental business concourse 综合行政中心：comprehensive administrative centre

和建筑有关的名词和形容词： 理性：rational；logos 浪漫：romatic 自然：nature 科技：technology 放松：relaxation 活化：reinvigoration 逻辑：logic 混乱：confusion 有秩序的：regular 完整的：integrated；whole 整齐：in order；orderliness 杂乱无章：scattered and disorderly 沉重：ponderosity

可持续发展：sustainable development 弹性：flexible 多元化：diverse 创造：creativity 启发：inspiration

人为环境：man-made environment 自然环境：natural environment 循环：cycle 二元：duality 摘要：abstract 关键词：key words 象征，代表：symbol

发展适宜性分析：Developments suitability analysis 环境分析：environmental analysis 土地使用测略：land use strategy 规划备选方案：Alternative master plans 土地使用平面：land use map 开放空间架构：open space framework 开放空间系统：open space system 区域中心： Regional/focal point 景观轴线：green axis/ finger 山谷/溪流： valley/ creek水体：water body 绿色屏障：green backdrop 山顶：hill top

景观视线分析：visual quality analysis 制高点：high point 景观点：visual focal point 标志性建筑群：signature buildings 地标建筑：landmark tower 视线通廊：view corridor

视觉景锥（视角）：view cone（angle）交通动线系统：circulation hierarchy 城市干道：express way，city major road 主干道：primary road 次干道：secondary road 支路：community street 交通节点：transit node 景观环路：scenic loop 公交终点站：bus terminal 特钲分区：district character 分期开发：phasing plan 一期：phasing 1

详细规划：detail control guideline 土地需求总量分析：land demand analysis 规划结构：planning framework 启动项目：pilot projects

邓加湖社区：dengjia lake community 创意街区：creative district 湖畔社区：lakeside community

景观设计概念：landscape design concepts 主要区域：key areas 感受：to feel 交流：to interact 颂赞：to embrace

视觉景观/认知景观：visual landscape / perceptual landscape

景观分区：landscape focal point 景观风格分区：landscape identity 软景和硬景：soft and hard edges 水之广场：water front plaza 亲水步阶：steps to water

草坡休闲椅：seat walls on slopping lawn 散步道：promenade 眺望点：look out point 大草坪：the grand lawn 塔：tower

野餐聚集地：picnic area

创意空间：multi purpose open space 水岸步道：water front board work 绿廊：green corridor

声乐雕塑公园：sound sculpture park 地块界线：parcel line 建议岸线：proposed lake edge 原有岸线：existing lake edge 开放空间：open space 水闸：water gate

水坝：dam

绿色建筑设计：green building design 节能，有能源效果的：Energy-efficient 建筑生态化：eco-architecture 生态复育：ecological restoration 热的：Thermal

热封闭：Thermal envelope

一、英美制到公制换算

Linear Measure 长度单位:inch 英寸=25.4 millimetres 毫米foot 英尺=12 inches 英寸=0.3048 metre 米yard 码=3 feet 英尺=0.9144 metre 米(statute)mile 英里=1760 yards 码=1.609 kilometre

s 千米nautical mile 海里=1852 m.米

Square Measure 面积单位:square inch平方英寸=***5 sq.centimetres平方厘米square foot平方英尺=144 sq.in.平方英寸=9.29 sq.de

cimetres平方分米square yard平方码=9 sq.ft.平方英尺=0.836 sq.metr

e平方米acre 英亩=4840 sq.yd.平方码=0.405 hectare 公顷square mile平方英里=640 acres 英亩=259 hectare

s 公顷

Cubic Measure 体积单位:cubic inch 立方英寸=1*** cu.centimetres 立方厘米cubic foot 立方英尺=1728 cu.in.立方英寸=0.0283 cu.metre 立方米cubic yard 立方码=27 cu.ft.立方英尺=0.765 cu.metr

e 立方米

Capacity Measure 容积单位:

1、Britich 英制 1 pint 品脱=20 fluid oz.液量盎司=34.68 cu.in.立方英寸=0.568 litre 升quart 夸脱=2 pints 品脱=1.136 litres 升gallon 加伦=4 quarts 夸脱=4.546 litres 升peck 配克=2 gallons 加伦=9.092 litres 升bushel 蒲式耳=4 pecks 配克=3*** litres 升quarter 八蒲式耳=8 bushels 蒲式耳=2.91 hectolitre

s 百升

2．1、American dry 美制干量pint 品脱=33.60 cu.in.立方英寸=0.550 litre 升quart 夸脱=2 pints 品脱=1.101 litres 升peck 配克=8 quarts 夸脱=8.81 litres 升bushel 蒲式耳=4 pecks 配克=35.3 litres 升

2．2、American liquid 美制液量pint 品脱=16 fluid oz.液量盎司=28.88 cu.in.立方英

寸=0.473 litre 升quart 夸脱=2 pints 品脱=0.946 litre 升gallon 加伦=4 quarts 夸脱=3.785 litres 升

Avoirdupois Weight 常衡单位:grain 格令=0.065 gram 克dram 打兰=1.772 grams 克ounce 盎司=16 drams 打兰=28.35 grams 克pound 磅=16 ounces 盎司=7000 grains 谷=0.4536 kil

ogram 千克stone 英石=14 pounds 磅=6.35 kilograms 千克quarter 四分之一英担=2 stones 英石=12.70 kilogram

s 千克 1 hundredweight 英担=4 quarters 四分之一英担=50.80 kilograms 千克 1 short ton 短吨(美吨)=2000 pounds 磅=0.907 tonne 公吨 1(long)ton 长吨(英吨)=20 hundredweight 英担=1.016 tonnes 公吨

二、公制到英制换算Linear Measure 长度单位: 1 millimetre 毫米=0.03937 inch 英寸 1 centimetre 厘米=10 mm.毫米=0.3937 inch 英寸 1 decimetre 分米=10 cm.厘米=3.937 inches 英寸 1 metre 米=10 dm.分米=1.0936 yards 码=3.2808 feet 英尺 1 decametre 十米=10 m.米=10.936 yards 码 1 hectometre 百米=100 m.米=109.4 yards 码 1 kilometre 千米=1000 m.米=0.6214 mile 英里 1 mile marin 海里=1852 m.米=1.1500 mile 英里Square Measure 面积单位:square centimetre平方厘米=0.155 sq.inch平方英寸square metre平方米=1.196 sq.yards平方码are 公亩=100 square metres平方米=119.6 sq.yard

s平方码hectare 公顷=100 ares 公亩=2.471 acres 英亩square kilometre平方公里=0.386 sq.mile平方英里

Cubic Measure 体积单位:cubic centimetre 立方厘米=0.061 cu.inch 立方英寸cubic metre 立方米=1.308 cu.yards 立方码

Capacity Measure 容积millilitre 毫升=0.002 pint(British)英制品脱centilitre 厘升=10 ml.毫升=0.018 pint 品脱decilitre 分升=10 cl.厘升=0.176 pint 品脱litre 升=10 dl.分升=1.76 pints 品脱decalitre 十升=10 l.升=2.20 gallons 加伦hectolitre 百升=100 l.升=2.75 bushels 蒲式耳kilolitre 千升=1000 l.升=3.44 quarters 八蒲式耳

Weight 重量单位:milligram 毫克=0.015 grain 谷centigram 厘克=10 mg.毫克=0.154 grain 谷decigram 分克=10 cg.厘克=1.543 grains 谷gram 克=10 dg.分克=15.43 grains 谷decagram 十克=10 g.克=5.64 drams 打兰hectogram 百克=100 g.克=3.527 ounces 盎司kilogram 千克=1000 g.克=2.205 pounds 磅ton(metric ton)吨,公吨=1000 kg.千克=0.984(lon

g)ton 长吨,英吨=1.1023 短吨,美吨

第三篇：常用论文术语中英文对照

A.安居工程 Housing project for low-income families

按成本要素计算的国民经济总值 GNp at factor cost

按揭贷款 mortgage loan

按劳分配 distribution according to one's performance

暗亏 hidden loss

奥姆真理教 Japanese Aum Doomsday Cult

B.巴黎证券交易所 paris Bourse

把握大局 grasp the overall situation

白色行情表 white sheet

白手起家 starting from scratch

摆架子 put on airs

拜年 pay New Year call

搬迁户 relocated families

半拉子工程 uncompleted project

棒球运动记者 scribe

包干到户 work contracted to households

包工包料 contract for labor and materials

保持国民经济发展的良好势头 maintain a good momentum of growth in the national economy

保持国有股 keep the State-held shares

保健食品 health-care food

保税区 the low-tax, tariff-free zone;bonded area

保证重点支出 ensure funding for priority areas

保值储蓄 inflation-proof bank savings

北欧投资银行 Nordic Investment Bank

本本主义 bookishness

《本草纲目》 Compendium of Materia Medica

本垒打 circuit clout, four-master, round trip

本命年 one's year of birth considered in relation to the 12 Terrestrial Branches

奔小康 strive for a relatively comfortable life

蹦击 bungee, bungee jumping

逼上梁山 be driven to drastic alternatives

闭门羹 given cold-shoulder

边际报酬 marginal return

边缘科学 boundary science

标书 bidding documents

表演赛 demonstration match

剥夺冠军 strip the gold medal of somebody

补缺选举 by-election

布达拉宫 potala palace

不败记录 clean record, spotless record

不承诺放弃使用武器 not undertake to renounce the use of force

不打不成交 No discord, no concord.《不见不散》 Be there or be square.不良贷款 non-performing loan

不夜城 sleepless city, ever-bright city

不正之风 bad(harmful)practice;unhealthy tendency

步行天桥 foot bridge

C.擦边球 edge ball, touch ball

擦网球 net ball

采取高姿态 show magnanimity

菜篮子工程 shopping basket program

参政、议政 participate in the management of State affairs

层层转包和违法分保 multi-level contracting and illegal sub-contracting

差额投票 differentail voting

差额选举 competitive election

茶道 sado

拆东墙补西墙 rob peter to pay paul

禅 dhyana

产粮大省 granary province

产品结构 product mix

产权明晰、权责明确、政企分开、科学管理 clearly established ownership, well defined power and responsibility, separation of enterprise from administration, and scientific management

产权制度、产权关系 property relations;property order

产销直接挂钩 directly link production with marketing

长二捆 LM-2E

长期共存、互相监督、肝胆相照、荣辱与共 long-term coexistence, mutual supervision, sincere treatment with each other and the sharing of weal or woe

畅通工程 “Smooth Traffic project”

唱高调 mouth high-sounding words

超高速巨型计算机 giant ultra-high-speed computer

超前消费 overconsuming, excessive consumption

城市规划 city's landscaping plan

城乡信用社 credit corroborative in both urban and rural areas

吃大锅饭 egalitarian practice of “everybody eating from the same big pot”

抽杀成功 hit through

筹备委员会 preparatory committee

出风头 show off;in the limelight

出口创汇能力 capacity to earn foreign exchange through exports

出口退税制度 the system of refunding taxes on exported goods

出口转内销 domestic sales of commodities orginally produced for exports

出家 pravrajana;cloister

创建卫生城市：build a nationally advanced clean city

春蕾计划 Spring Buds program

《春秋》 Spring and Autumn Annals

从粗放经济转变为集约经济 shift from extensive economy to intensive economy

促进全球经济一体化 foster integration with the global economy

存款保证金 guaranty money for deposits

D.“达标”活动 “target hitting” activities

打白条 issue IOU

打黑 crack down on speculation and profiteering

打破僵局 break the deadlock

打顺手 find one's touch, get into gear, settle into a groove

大包干 all-round responsibility system

大轰动 blockbuster

大力扣杀 hammer

大路货 staple goods

大满贯 grand slam

大款 tycoon

大排挡 sidewalk snack booth

大事化小，小事化了 try first to make their mistake sound less serious and then to reduce it to nothing at all

大胜 white wash

大腕 top notch

大要案 major and serious criminal cases

大专生 junior college student

大专文凭 associate degree

大藏经 Tripitaka

带薪分流 assign redundant civil servants to other jobs while allowing them to retain their original rank and benefits

待岗 await job assignment, post-waiting

待业 job-waiting

单循环制 single round-robin system

盗用公款 embezzlement

单刀赴会 start a solo run

倒计时 countdowm

倒爷 profiteer

等外品 off-grade goods, rejects

第二产业 secondary industry

第一发球权 first inning

第一发球员 first server

第一双打 first pair

地方保护主义 regional protectionism

地方财政包干制 system whereby local authorities take full responsibility for their finances

地区差异 regional disparity

点子公司 consultancy company

电话号码升位 upgrade telephone number

电话会议 teleconference

电视直销 TV home shopping

吊球 drop shot

吊销执照 revoke license

定向培训 training for specific posts

豆腐渣“工程 jerry-built project

独立核算工业企业 independent accounting unit(enterprise)

”渡假外交“ holiday-making diplomacy

短期债务 floating debt

对外招商 attract foreign investment

队长袖标(足球）skipper's armband

多党合作制 multi-party co-operation in exercising State power

多任务小卫星 small multi-mission satellite(SMMS)

夺冠 take the crown

E.恶性通货膨胀 hyperinflation

二板市场(创业板市场）second board on the country's stock market

二流选手 scrub, second-rater

F.发展不平衡 disparate development

法治国家 a country under the rule of law

法制国家 a state with an adequate legal system

翻两番 quadruple

反败为胜 bring about a complete turnabout, pull out of the fire

防洪工程 flood-prevention project

放高球 lob

飞行药检 spot check

费改税 transform administrative fees into taxes

分流 reposition of redundant personnel

分期付款 installment payment

（产品）分销 subunderwriting, distribution

锋利扣杀 razor-sharp smash

封闭式基金 close-ended fund

封杀出局 force out

“封圣” canonization of ”Saints“

福利彩票 welfare lotteries

福利分房 welfare-oriented public housing distribution system

扶贫 poverty alleviation

覆盖率 coverage rate

复式住宅 compound apartment

G.改制上市：An enterprise is re-organized according to modern corporate system so that it will get listed on the stock market.干部队伍革命化、年轻化、知识化、专业化 make the ranks of cadres more revolutionary, younger in average age, better educated and professionally more competent

高层次、全方位的对话 high-level and all-directional dialogue

高产优质 high yield and high quality

高级商务师 Certified Business Executive

高难度动作 stunner, stunt

高新技术产业开发区 high and new technology industrial development zone

(公路）隔离带 median

根本政治制度 fundamental political system

个人收入应税申报制度 the system of the declaration of individual incomes for tax payment

”各就位“ ”On your marks!“

跟踪审计 follow-up auditing

工商局 industrial and commercial bureau

工业园区 industrial park

公积金public accumulation funds, public reserve funds

公款吃喝 recreational activities using public funds

公正、公平、公开 just, fair and open

共产党领导下的多党合作与政治协商 multi-party cooperation and political consultation under the leadership of Communist party

国产化率 import substitution rate;localization rate of parts and components

国防动员体制 the mobilization for national defense

国际惯例 international common practice

《国际先驱论坛报》 International Herald Tribune

国家经济体制改革委员会 the State Commission for Restructuring the Economic Systems

国家一级保护 first-grade State protection

国库券 treasury bonds

过度开垦 excess reclamation

H.海湾战争综合症 the complexities of the Gulf War

豪赌 unrestrained gambling

好事不出门，恶事传千里 Good news never goes beyond the gate, while bad news spread far and wide.好出风头的运动员 exhibitionist, grandstander

好莱坞大片 Hollywood blockbuster

”好球“ ”Strike“

合理引导消费 guide rational consumption

合议庭 collegiate bench

黑店 gangster inn

宏观调控 macro-control efforts

红包（中）red paper containing money as a gift,(贬)bribe, kickback

环太平洋地区 pacific Rim

后防空虚 leave the defense exposed

胡子工程 long-drawn-out project(a project which takes so long that young workers become bearded)

虎父无犬子 A wise goose never lays a tame egg.户口管理制度 domicile system, residence registration system

户主 head of a household

护身法宝 amulet

华表 ornamental column/cloud pillar/stele

华盖 canopy

”坏球“ ”Ball“

还俗 resume secular life, unfrock

”黄、赌、毒“ pornography, gambling and drug abuse and trafficking

黄金时段 prime time

挥棒 swing

挥棒不中 fan

灰色收入 income from moonlighting

汇丰银行 Hong Kong and Shang Hai Banking Corporation

婚外恋 extramarital love

活到老，学到老 One is never too old to learn.货币回笼 withdrawal of currency from circulation

J.机构臃肿overstaffing in organizations(government)

基本路线要管一百年 The basic line must be followed unswervingly for a very long time to come.基本国情 fundamental realities of the country

基层民主 democracy at the grassroots level

基层组织 organizations at the grass-roots level

绩优股 blue chip

激烈竞争 cut-throat competition

吉祥物 mascot

缉私力量 the forces engaged in the fight against smuggling

集体婚礼 collective wedding ceremony

集中精力把经济建设搞上去 go all out for economic development

计划生育责任制 responsibility system of family planning

计算机中央处理器 central processing unit(CpU)

记者席 press box

技术下乡 spread technological knowledge to farmers

嘉宾 distinguished guest, honored guest

加班 work extra shifts

加密 encrypt

加强舆论监督 ensure that the correct orientation is maintained in public opinion

家庭联产承包责任制 the household contract responsibility system

假唱 lip-synch

假动作 deception, feint

甲骨文 inscriptions on oracle bones

假日经济 holiday economy

坚持统一，反对分裂，增加了解，化解歧见 persist in reunification, oppose separation, increase understanding and iron out differences

监督部门 watchdog

尖端产品 highly sophisticated products

剪彩 cut the ribbon

剪刀差 the scissors gap between the prices of...and...减负 alleviate burdens on sb.减员增效 downsizing for efficiency;cut payroll to improve efficiency

讲诚信，反欺诈： honor credibility and oppose cheating

脚踩两只船 sit on the fence

脚踏实地 be down-to-earth

侥幸球 fluke

接口 interface

解放生产力 emancipate the productive forces

解放思想、实事求是的思想路线 ideological line of emancipating the mind and seeking truth from facts

结售汇制度 the system of exchange, settlement and sales

戒毒所 drug rehabilitation center

戒急用忍 overcome impetuosity and exercise patience

金本位 gold standard

金边债券 gilt-edged bonds

金刚经 Vajra Sutra|

金降落伞 golden parachute

紧箍咒 inhibiting magic phrase

紧密型企业集团 tightly-knit groups of enterprises

紧追 cling to, shadow, thunder on one's trail

近海渔业 offshore fishery

进出口商会 chamber of import and export trade

进口渗透 import penetration

禁渔期 closed fishing seasons

禁止在任何地方、任何环境进行一切方式的释放核能的核武器试验保爆炸 prohibit any nuclear weapon test explosion which releases nuclear energy at any place and in any environment

经常项目顺差favorable balance of current account, surplus of current account

经常性贷款 commercial lending

经常性支出 running expenses

经济林 cash tree

经营管理高度科学化的现代化大企业 modern big enterprise with highly scientific management system

精简机构 streamline government organs

京剧票友 peking Opera fan

景泰蓝 cloisonné

劲射 power shot

竣工式 completion ceremony

K.卡丁车 kart

开放式基金 open-ended fund

开工不足 enterprises running under their production capacity

坎儿井 karez

抗美援朝战争 War to Resist US Aggression and Aid Korea

抗震棚 quake-proof shelter

考研 take part in the entrance exams for postgraduate schools

科技成果转化为生产力 transfer of scientific and technological achievements

科技含量 technology content

科技是第一生产力 Science and technology constitute a primary productive force.科教兴国 rely on science and education to rejuvenate the nation

可持续发展 sustainable development

空头支票 accommodation note, lip service

控股公司 holding company

扣帽子 put a label on

跨实际工程 a trans-century project

亏损企业 enterprises running in the red/under deficit

困难职工 the needy

国民党 Kuomintang

L.垃圾债券 junk bond

拉动经济增长 fuel economic growth

拉拉队 cheering squad

拉拉队长 cheer-leader, rooter king

拉关系 try to curry favor with

劳动合同制 labor contract system

老字号 an old and famous shop or enterprise

”篱笆墙“ barriers/ blockage to inter-regional trading

礼仪小姐 ritual girl

利改税substitution of tax payment for profit delivery

利基 niche

立体农业 three-dimensional agriculture

联合联络小组 joint liaison group

廉政、勤政、务实、高效政府 an honest, diligent, pragmatic and efficient government

廉洁奉公，以正治国(of an official)clean and devoted, and govern the state with his own example of uprightness

联合兼并 conglomeration and merger of enterprises

联合投标 syndicated tender

联想集团 Legend Group

练摊 to be a vendor

粮食收购部门(government's)grain procurement(purchasing)agencies

粮油关系：grain and oil rationing registration

两岸直航促进会 Association for promotion of Cross-Straits Direct Transportation

两弹一艇 A-bomb, H-bomb and nuclear-powered submarine

”两个对等的政治实体“ ”two equal political entities

两个文明一起抓 place equal emphasis on material and ethical progress

“两思”（致富思源，富而思进）to think of the source of getting rich and of making progress after becoming affluence

老少边穷地区 former revolutionary base areas, areas inhabited by minority nationalities, remote and border areas and poverty-stricken areas

猎头公司 head-hunting company

临时主教练 caretaker coach

领头羊 bellwether

留职停薪 retain the job but suspend the salary

留学咨询：consulting on the study abroad

流动人口 transient population

乱集资、乱摊派、乱收费 unwarranted pooling of funds, arbitrary requisition of donations and exaction of fees from enterprises

乱收费、乱摊派、乱罚款 arbitrary charges, fund-raising quotas and fines

《论语》 Analects of Confucius

裸机：bare mobile phone

绿地覆盖率 forest coverage rate

绿化 afforestation

M.满意度 degree of satisfaction

盲流和倒流人员 transient from the countryside

帽子戏法 hat trick

买一送一 two-for-one offer, buy one get one free

门前三包 be responsible for general sanitation, green covering and keeping good social order in a designated area outside the unit building

朦胧诗 misty poetry

民工潮 farmers' frenzied hunt for work in cities

民进党 Democratic progressive party

民主党派、工商联与无党派人士 non-Communist parties, federations of industry and commerce, personages without party affiliation

民族凝聚力 national cohesion

民族委员会 ethnic affairs commission

明明白白消费（2000年保护消费者权益工作主题）transparent consumption

磨洋工 dawdle along

N.纳米 nanometer

囊括 complete a sweep

耐用消费品 durable consumer items(goods)

南水北调 South-to-North water diversion

能官能民 be ready to both serve as an offical and be one of the common people

能上网的手机 WAp phone

内耗 in-fighting

年同比 year-on-year;on an annual basis

年夜饭 family reunion dinner

扭转局面 reverse the tide, turn the table

农村剩余劳动力 surplus rural labour(labourers)

O.p.跑龙套 utility man

泡沫经济 bubble economy

配股 allotment of shares

配套政策 supporting policies

碰钉子 get snubbed

疲软股票 soft stock

皮包公司 bogus company

票贩子 scalper, ticket tout

骗汇、逃汇、套汇 obtain foreign currency and false pretenses, not turn over foreign currency owed to the government and illegal arbitrage

贫富悬殊 polarization of rich and poor

瓶颈制约 “bottleneck”restrictions

扑网 rush-up, rushing

Q.起跑器 block

千代田寿险公司（日本）Chiyoda Mutual Life Insurance Co.抢跑 false start, beat the gun

亲民党 people First party

屈体 jackknife, pike

全能冠军 all-around winner

全球通 global system for mobile communications

拳头产品 competitive products;knock-out products;blockbuster

R.绕圈子 beat around the bush

人才流失brain drain

人浮于事 overstaffing

人工智能 artificial intelligence(AI)

人机交互 human-computer interaction

人类免疫缺陷病毒Human Immunodeficiency Virus(HIV)

人情债 debt of gratitude

任意球 free kick

融资渠道 financing channels

入水时水花很少 clean entry

软新闻 soft news

S.三八线 38th parallel

三步走战略 the three-step development strategy

三大作风 the party's three important styles of work(integrating theory with practice, forging close links with the masses and practicing self-criticism

“三个代表” “three represents” theory(The party should always represent the development needs of China's advanced social productive forces, always represent the onward direction of China's advanced culture, and always represent the fundamental interests of the largest member of the Chinese people.)

三个有利于 “three favorables”(whether it promotes the growth of the productive forces in a socialist society, increases the overall strenth of the socialist state and raises the people's living standards

三好学生 merit student

“三讲”教育（讲学习、讲政治、讲正气）“three emphases” education(to stress theoretical study, political awareness and good conduct)

三角债 chain debt

三通 three direct links of trade, mail, and air and shipping services across the Taiwan Straits

三通一平“three supplies and one leveling”;supply of water, electricity and road and leveled ground(conditions ready for further economic development)

三下乡 a program under which officials, doctors, scientist and college students go to the countryside to spread scientific and literacy knowledge and offer medical service to farmers

三字经 three-character scripture

“扫黄”、“打非” eliminate pornography and illegal publications

《山海经》the Classic of Mountains and Rivers

商检局 Commodity Inspection Bureau

商品条码 bar code

上市 to be listed

少数服从多数、下级服从上级、局部服从全体、全党服从中央 the minority is subordinate to the majority, the lower level to the higher level, the part to the whole and the entire membership of the party to the Central Committee

社会热点问题 hot spots of society

社会治安情况 public security situation

审时度势 size up the situation

渗透、颠覆和分裂活动 infiltrative, subversive and splittist activities

《生死抉择》 “Live or Die”

生态农业 environmental-friendly agriculture

失学儿童 dropout实践是检验真理的唯一标准 practice is the sole criterion for testing truth.实体经济 the real economy

实现中华民伟大复兴 bring about a great rejuvenation of the Chinese nation

实行国民待遇 grant the national treatment to

实行计划生育、控制人口数量、提高人口素质 promotion of family planning to control the population size and improve the health of the people

实现小康目标 to achieve the goal of ensuring our people a relative comfortable life

市场疲软 sluggish market

市场准入 market access

适度从紧的财政政策 moderately tight financial policy

适销对路的产品readily marketable products

手机入网费 mobile access fee

受灾地区 disaster-affected are

售后服务 after-sale services

树立企业良好形象 foster a good and healthy company image

涮羊肉 instant-boiled mutton

双刃剑 double-edged sword

水货 smuggled goods

水墨画 Chinese brush drawing;ink and wash painting

思乡曲 Nostalgia

思想僵铁 fossilized concept

四项基本原则 the Four Cardinal principles of adherence to the socialist road, the people's democratic dictatorship, the leadership of the Communist party of China, and Marxism-Leninism and Mao Zedong Thought

素质教育 education for all-around development

T.弹性外交 elastic diplomacy

套利 arbitrage

提高农产品收购价格 the government's increase in its procurement prices(for farm products)

铁饭碗 iron rice bowl

统一市场 single market

统一税 flat tax, consolidated tax

同乡会 an association of fellow provincials or townsmen

筒子楼：tube-shaped apartment

偷税漏税 tax evasion

偷税、骗税、逃税、抗税 tax evasion, tax fraud, and refusal to pay taxes

投手 pitcher

透过现象看本质 see through the appearance to perceive the essence

团身 bunch up the body

推广科研成果 turning laboratory achievements into commercial/mass production;commercialization of laboratory achievements

退耕还林还草 grain for green

脱贫 cast off poverty

脱手 release grip

W.汪辜会谈 Wang Daohan-Koo Chen-fu Talks(Wang-Koo talks)

网络出版 online publishing

网上冲浪surf the Internet

稳定压倒一切 Maintaining stability is of top priority

维护人权和不断改善人权状况 safeguard human rights and steadily improve the human rights situation

伪劣产品 fake and shoddy products

卫冕世界冠军 reigning world champion

屋顶花园 roof garden

无氟冰箱freon-free refrigerator

无人售票 self-service ticketing

无线应用协议 WAp（wireless application protocol）

物价局 price Bureau

物业管理 estate management, property management

X.西部大开发 West Development

吸收游资 absorb idle fund

希望工程 project Hope

喜忧参半 mingled hope and fear

洗钱 money laundering

下放权力给 delegating the management of...(to...)

下岗 laid-off workers

下海 plunge into the commercial sea

下网 off line

险胜 cliff-hanging win, narrow victory, nose out

县改市：county upgraded to city

县级市：county-level city

现代企业制度 modern enterprise system;modern corporate system

向钱看 mammonism, put money above all

项目立项：approve and initiate a project

消费信贷 consumer credit services

削减战略核武器会谈 strategic arms reduction talks(START)

小康 a comfortable level of living;a better-off life;moderate prosperity

新秀 up-and-coming star, rising star

信息港 inforport

信息化 informationize

信用紧缩 credit crunch

形象小姐/先生 image representative of a product or a brand

虚拟网 virtual net

选举权和被选举权 the right to vote and the right to be elected

徇私枉法 bend the law for the benefit of relatives or friends

Y.压水花技术 rip entry

压线(口令)Line!

严打斗争Strike-Hard Operation, campaign to crack down relentlessly on criminal activities

阳春（最经济方式）no-frills

羊肉串小摊 barbecue stall

养老金 pension

摇钱树 cash cow

药物检查 dope control, drug testing

一式两联(receipt or invoice)in duplicate

一手抓物质文明，一手抓精神文明；一手抓经济建设，一手抓民主法制；一手抓改革开放，一手抓打击犯罪惩治腐败 We must always work for material progress and at the same time for cultural and ethical progress;We should develop the economy and at the same time strengthen democracy and the legal system;We should promote reform and opening to the outside world and at the same time fight crime and punish corruption.以公有制为主体，多种经济成分共同发展 the pattern with the public sector remaining dominant and diverse sectors of the economy developing side by side

以经济建设为中心 focusing on the central task of economic construction

以谋略制胜 outmaneuver

以权谋私 abuse of power for personal gains

以人为本 people oriented;people foremost

以质量求生存、求发展、求效益 strive for survival, development and efficiency on the basis of equality

义和团运动 Boxer Uprising

义务兵役制 compulsory military service, conscription

义务教育 compulsory education

义演收入 proceeds from benefit performmance

易拉罐 pop can

因材施教 teach students according to their aptitude

隐性就业 unregistered employment

硬道理 absolute principle, top priority

营业税 turnover tax;business tax

应试教育 examination-oriented education system

优化结构 optimize structure

有法可依，有法必依，执法必严，违法必究 There must be laws to go by, the laws must be observed and strictly enforced, and law-breakers must be prosecuted.有理想、有道德、有文化、有纪律 with lofty ideals, integrety, knowledge and a strong sense of discipline

有望夺金者 a gold medal hopeful

有勇无谋 use brawn rather than brain

与国际市场接轨 integrate with the world market;become integrated into the global market

舆论导向 direction of public opinion

舆论监督 supervision by public opinion

冤假错案 cases in which people were unjustly, falsely or wrongly charged or sentenced;unjust, false or wrong cases

圆寂 parinirvana

缘分 chemical,(as if by)predestination, be preordained to come together

远景计划 long-term development targets

运球 dribble

Z.“宰人” rip off

在职博士生 on-job doctorate

再贷款 re-lending;subloan

再就业服务中心 re-employment service center

藏学 Tibetology

糟粕 dross

早恋 puppy love

造假帐 falsified accounts

斋月 Ramadan

债转股 debt-to-equity swap

沾光 benefit from one's association

站票 standing-room-only ticket

涨落线 advance balance line

朝阳产业 sunrise industry

招标投标制 the system of public bidding for project

正式照会 formal note

政府搭台，部门推动，企业唱戏 Governments set up the stage, various departments cooperate and enterprise put in the show.政府上网工程Government Online project

政企不分 without a clear line between the functions of the government and enterprises;the functions of the government and enterprises mixed up

政企分开 separate government functions from enterprise management

政务公开 make government affairs public

知识产权 intellectual property rights

知识经济 knowledge economy , knowledge-base economy

致命要害 Achilles' heel

掷钱猜先 toss

《中华人民共和国消费者权益保护法》 Law of the people's Republic of China on the protection of Consumers' Rights and Interests

中流砥柱 mainstay, chief corner stone

中美战略核武器互不瞄准对方 non-targeting strategic nuclear weapons against each other

中央大型企业工委：Central Work Committee for Large Enterprises

中央商务区 central business district(CBD)

重点发展 prioritize

主体经济 the mainstay of the economy

主持人 anchorperson

住房分配货币化进程 capitalization process of housing distribution/allocation

助跑 approach run, run-up

抓大放小 to invigorate large enterprises while relaxing control over small ones;focus on the restructuring of major enterprises and leave minor ones to fend for themselves

抓住机遇 seize the opportunity

转化机制(of State-owned enterprises)to shift to new management mechanisms

转基因食品 GM food(genetically modified food)追平produce the equalizer

转体 truck rotation, turn, twist

撞线 breast the tape

追赶型和跨越式发展 pursuant and leap-forward development

资产保值增值 maintain and increase the value of assets;maintenance and appreciation of assets value

资产阶级自由化 bourgeois liberalization

资源配置 the distribution(allocation)of resources

《资治通鉴》 History as a Mirror

自律机制 the self-discipline system

自我保护意识 self-protection awareness

自由港 free-trade port，free port

综合国力 comprehensive national strength

综合业务数字网 integrated service digital network(ISDN)

综合治理 comprehensive treatment

遵纪守法、廉洁奉公 observe the relevant code of conduct and the law and honestly perform one's official duties

第四篇：论文摘要中英文对照版本

中文摘要

在现代市场经济中，证券市场占据着越来越重要的地位，它的发达程度已经成为一个国家市场经济完善程度和经济发展水平的重要标志。也就是在现代企业制度和资本市场不断发展的背景下产生了上市公司信息披露问题。上市公司的相关信息能否真实、及时、完整地公开披露不仅关系到广大股东的权益，更关系到整个证券市场的运行秩序。

我国证券市场目前正处于初级阶段，上市公司的信息披露问题日益暴露。这些问题对资本市场的信用关系提出了严峻的挑战，损害了投资者的利益，严重扰乱了我国证券市场的正常秩序和平稳发展。为了治理上市公司信息披露中存在的各种问题，本文概括了信息披露存在的一般性问题及其产生原因和带来的不良影响，并结合美国证券市场的相关管理办法来提出解决问题的办法以供参考。

关键词：信息披露上市公司新会计准则

ABSTRACT

The securities market has taken a more an more important place in modern market economy.Its development level marks a nation’s market economy’ integrity and the development of the whole economy.And along with our modern corporation system and capital market, there emerges the problem of the information disclosure of listed company.Whether the relate information is veritable, timely, and completely disclosed matters.It not only relates to the behalf of shareholders, it’s also relevant to the circulation order of the whole securities business.China’s securities market is in the primary stage, and the problem of information disclosure is gradually uncovered.These problems are strongly challenging the credit of capital market, heavily damaging the investors’ benefits, and have totally broken the normal rule of our securities market.The paper shows these issues and analyzes the origin and bad influences.To resolve these problems, it also use the U.S.Securities and Exchange Commission(SEC)’s way for reference.Key words: Information disclosureListed companyNew Accounting Standers

第五篇：机械专业论文中英文对照

Gearbox NoiseCorrelation with Transmission Error and Influence of Bearing Preload

ABSTRACT The five appended papers all deal with gearbox noise and vibration.The first paper presents a review of previously published literature on gearbox noise and vibration.The second paper describes a test rig that was specially designed and built for noise testing of gears.Finite element analysis was used to predict the dynamic properties of the test rig, and experimental modal analysis of the gearbox housing was used to verify the theoretical predictions of natural frequencies.In the third paper, the influence of gear finishing method and gear deviations on gearbox noise is investigated in what is primarily an experimental study.Eleven test gear pairs were manufactured using three different finishing methods.Transmission error, which is considered to be an important excitation mechanism for gear noise, was measured as well as predicted.The test rig was used to measure gearbox noise and vibration for the different test gear pairs.The measured noise and vibration levels were compared with the predicted and measured transmission error.Most of the experimental results can be interpreted in terms of measured and predicted transmission error.However, it does not seem possible to identify one single parameter,such as measured peak-to-peak transmission error, that can be directly related to measured noise and vibration.The measurements also show that disassembly and reassembly of the gearbox with the same gear pair can change the levels of measured noise and vibration considerably.This finding indicates that other factors besides the gears affect gear noise.In the fourth paper, the influence of bearing endplay or preload on gearbox noise and vibration is investigated.Vibration measurements were carried out at torque levels of 140 Nm and 400Nm, with 0.15 mm and 0 mm bearing endplay, and with 0.15 mm bearing preload.The results show that the bearing endplay and preload

influence the gearbox vibrations.With preloaded bearings, the vibrations increase at speeds over 2000 rpm and decrease at speeds below 2000 rpm, compared with bearings with endplay.Finite element simulations show the same tendencies as the measurements.The fifth paper describes how gearbox noise is reduced by optimizing the gear geometry for decreased transmission error.Robustness with respect to gear deviations and varying torque is considered in order to find a gear geometry giving low noise in an appropriate torque range despite deviations from the nominal geometry due to manufacturing tolerances.Static and dynamic transmission error, noise, and housing vibrations were measured.The correlation between dynamic transmission error, housing vibrations and noise was investigated in speed sweeps from 500 to 2500 rpm at constant torque.No correlation was found between dynamic transmission error and noise.Static loaded transmission error seems to be correlated with the ability of the gear pair to excite vibration in the gearbox dynamic system.Keywords: gear, gearbox, noise, vibration, transmission error, bearing preload.ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS This work was carried out at Volvo Construction Equipment in Eskilstuna and at the Department of Machine Design at the Royal Institute of Technology(KTH)in Stockholm.The work was initiated by Professor Jack Samuelsson(Volvo and KTH), Professor Sören Andersson(KTH), and Dr.Lars Bråthe(Volvo).The financial support of the Swedish Foundation for Strategic Research and the Swedish Agency for Innovation Systems – VINNOVA – is gratefully acknowledged.Volvo Construction Equipment is acknowledged for giving me the opportunity to devote time to this work.Professor Sören Andersson is gratefully acknowledged for excellent guidance and encouragement.I also wish to express my appreciation to my colleagues at the Department of Machine Design, and especially to Dr.Ulf Sellgren for performing simulations and contributing to the writing of Paper D, and Dr.Stefan Björklund for performing surface finish measurements.The contributions to Paper C by Dr.Mikael

Pärssinen are highly appreciated.All contributionsto this work by colleagues at Volvo are gratefully appreciated.1 INTRODUCTION 1.1 Background Noise is increasingly considered an environmental issue.This belief is reflected in demands for lower noise levels in many areas of society, including the working environment.Employees spend a lot of time in this environment and noise can lead not only to hearing impairment but also to decreased ability to concentrate, resulting in decreased productivity and an increased risk of accidents.Quality, too, has become increasingly important.The quality of a product can be defined as its ability to fulfill customers’ demands.These demands often change over time, and the best competitors in the market will set the standard.Noise concerns are also expressed in relation to construction machinery such as wheel loaders and articulated haulers.The gearbox is sometimes the dominant source of noise in these machines.Even if the gear noise is not the loudest source, its pure high frequency tone is easily distinguished from other noise sources and is often perceived as unpleasant.The noise creates an impression of poor quality.In order not to be heard, gear noise must be at least 15 dB lower than other noise sources, such as engine noise.1.2 Gear noise This dissertation deals with the kind of gearbox noise that is generated by gears under load.This noise is often referred to as “gear whine” and consists mainly of pure tones at high frequencies corresponding to the gear mesh frequency and multiples thereof, which are known as harmonics.A tone with the same frequency as the gear mesh frequency is designated the gear mesh harmonic, a tone with a frequency twice the gear mesh frequency is designated the second harmonic, and so on.The term “gear mesh harmonics” refers to all multiples of the gear mesh frequency.Transmission error(TE)is considered an important excitation mechanism for gear whine.Welbourn [1] defines transmission error as “the difference between

the actual position of the output gear and the position it would occupy if the gear drive were perfectly conjugate.” Transmission error may be expressed as angular displacement or as linear displacement at the pitch point.Transmission error is caused by deflections, geometric errors, and geometric modifications.In addition to gear whine, other possible noise-generating mechanisms in gearboxes include gear rattle from gears running against each other without load, and noise generated by bearings.In the case of automatic gearboxes, noise can also be generated by internal oil pumps and by clutches.None of these mechanisms are dealt with in this work, and from now on “gear noise” or “gearbox noise” refers to “gear whine”.MackAldener [2] describes the noise generation process from a gearbox as consisting of three parts: excitation, transmission, and radiation.The origin of the noise is the gear mesh, in which vibrations are created(excitation), mainly due to transmission error.The vibrations are transmitted via the gears, shafts, and bearings to the housing(transmission).The housing vibrates, creating pressure variations in the surrounding air that are perceived as noise(radiation).Gear noise can be affected by changing any one of these three mechanisms.This dissertation deals mainly with excitation, but transmission is also discussed in the section of the literature survey concerning dynamic models, and in the modal analysis of the test gearbox in Paper B.Transmission of vibrations is also investigated in Paper D, which deals with the influence of bearing endplay or preload on gearbox noise.Differences in bearing preload influence a bearing’s dynamic properties like stiffness and damping.These properties also affect the vibration of the gearbox housing.1.3 Objective The objective of this dissertation is to contribute to knowledge about gearbox noise.The following specific areas will be the focus of this study: 1.The influence of gear finishing method and gear modifications and errors on noise and vibration from a gearbox.2.The correlation between gear deviations, predicted transmission error, measured transmission error, and gearbox noise.3.The influence of bearing preload on gearbox noise.4.Optimization of gear geometry for low transmission error, taking into consideration robustness with respect to torque and manufacturing tolerances.2 AN INDUSTRIAL APPLICATION − TRANSMISSION NOISE REDUCTION 2.1 Introduction This section briefly describes the activities involved in reducing gear noise from a wheel loader transmission.The aim is to show how the optimization of the gear geometry described in Paper E is used in an industrial application.The author was project manager for the “noise work team” and performed the gear optimization.One of the requirements when developing a new automatic power transmission for a wheel loader was improving the transmission gear noise.The existing power transmission was known to be noisy.When driving at high speed in fourth gear, a high frequency gear-whine could be heard.Thus there were now demands for improved sound quality.The transmission is a typical wheel loader power transmission, consisting of a torque converter, a gearbox with four forward speeds and four reverse speeds, and a dropbox partly integrated with the gearbox.The dropbox is a chain of four gears transferring the powerto the output shaft.The gears are engaged by wet multi-disc clutches actuated by the transmission hydraulic and control system.2.2 Gear noise target for the new transmission Experience has shown that the high frequency gear noise should be at least 15 dB below other noise sources such as the engine in order not to be perceived as disturbing or unpleasant.Measurements showed that if the gear noise could be decreased by 10 dB, this criterion should be satisfied with some margin.Frequency analysis of the noise measured in the driver's cab showed that the dominant noise from the transmission originated from the dropbox gears.The goal for transmission noise was thus formulated as follows: “The gear noise(sound pressure level)from the dropbox

gears in the transmission should be decreased by 10 dB compared to the existing transmission in order not to be perceived as unpleasant.It was assumed that it would be necessary to make changes to both the gears and the transmission housing in order to decrease the gear noise sound pressure level by 10 dB.2.3 Noise and vibration measurements In order to establish a reference for the new transmission, noise and vibration were measured for the existing transmission.The transmission is driven by the same type of diesel engine used in a wheel loader.The engine and transmission are attached to the stand using the same rubber mounts that are used in a wheel loader in order to make the installation as similar as possible to the installation in a wheel loader.The output shaft is braked using an electrical brake.2.4 Optimization of gears Noise-optimized dropbox gears were designed by choosing macro-and microgeometries giving lower transmission error than the original(reference)gears.The gear geometry was chosen to yield a low transmission error for the relevant torque range, while also taking into consideration variations in the microgeometry due to manufacturing tolerances.The optimization of one gear pair is described in more detail in Paper E.Transmission error is considered an important excitation mechanism for gear whine.Welbourn [1] defines it as “the difference between the actual position of the output gear and the position it would occupy if the gear drive were perfectly conjugate.” In this project the aim was to reduce the maximum predicted transmission error amplitude at gear mesh frequency(first harmonic of gear mesh frequency)to less than 50% of the value for the reference gear pair.The first harmonic of transmission error is the amplitude of the part of the total transmission error that varies with a frequency equal to the gear mesh frequency.A torque range of 100 to 500 Nm was chosen because this is the torque interval in which the gear pair generates noise in its design application.According to Welbourn [1], a 50% reduction in transmission error can be expected to reduce gearbox noise by 6 dB

(sound pressure level, SPL).Transmission error was calculated using the LDP software(Load Distribution Program)developed at the Gear Laboratory at Ohio State University [3].The “optimization” was not strictly mathematical.The design was optimized by calculating the transmission error for different geometries, and then choosing a geometry that seemed to be a good compromise, considering not only the transmission error, but also factors such asstrength, losses, weight, cost, axial forces on bearings, and manufacturing.When choosing microgeometric modifications and tolerances, it is important to take manufacturing options and cost into consideration.The goal was to use the same finishing method for the optimized gears as for the reference gears, namely grinding using a KAPP VAS 531 and CBN-coated grinding wheels.For a specific torque and gear macrogeometry, it is possible to define a gear microgeometry that minimizes transmission error.For example, at no load, if there are no pitch errors and no other geometrical deviations, the shape of the gear teeth should be true involute, without modifications like tip relief or involute crowning.For a specific torque, the geometry of the gear should be designed in such a way that it compensates for the differences in deflection related to stiffness variations in the gear mesh.However, even if it is possible to define the optimal gear microgeometry, it may not be possible to manufacture it, given the limitations of gear machining.Consideration must also be given to how to specify the gear geometry in drawings and how to measure the gear in an inspection machine.In many applications there is also a torque range over which the transmission error should be minimized.Given that manufacturing tolerances are inevitable, and that a demand for smaller tolerances leads to higher manufacturing costs, it is important that gears be robust.In other words, the important characteristics, in this case transmission error, must not vary much when the torque is varied or when the microgeometry of the gear teeth varies due to manufacturing tolerances.LDP [3] was used to calculate the transmission error for the reference and optimized gear pair at different torque levels.The robustness function in LDP was used to analyze the sensitivity to deviations due to manufacturing tolerances.The “min, max, level” method involves assigning three levels to each parameter.2.5 Optimization of transmission housing Finite element analysis was used to optimize the transmission housing.The optimization was not performed in a strictly mathematical way, but was done by calculating the vibration of the housing for different geometries and then choosing a geometry that seemed to be a good compromise.Vibration was not the sole consideration, also weight, cost, available space, and casting were considered.A simplified shell element model was used for the optimization to decrease computational time.This model was checked against a more detailed solid element model of the housing to ensure that the simplification had not changed the dynamic properties too much.Experimental modal analysis was also used to find the natural frequencies of the real transmission housing and to ensure that the model did not deviate too much from the real housing.Gears shafts and bearings were modeled as point masses and beams.The model was excited at the bearing positions by applying forces in the frequency range from 1000 to 3000 Hz.The force amplitude was chosen as 10% of the static load from the gears.This choice could be justified because only relative differences are of interest, not absolute values.The finite element analysis was performed by Torbjörn Johansen at Volvo Technology.The author’s contribution was the evaluation of the results of different housing geometries.A number of measuring points were chosen in areas with high vibration velocities.At each measuring point the vibration response due to the excitation was evaluated as a power spectral density(PSD)graph.The goal of the housing redesign was to decrease the vibrations at all measuring points in the frequency range 1000 to 3000 Hz.2.6 Results of the noise measurements The noise and vibration measurements described in section 2.3 were performed after optimizing the gears and transmission housing.The total sound power level decreased by 4 dB.2.7 Discussion and conclusions It seems to be possible to decrease the gear noise from a transmission by

decreasing the static loaded transmission error and/or optimizing the housing.In the present study, it is impossible to say how much of the decrease is due to the gear optimization and how much to the housing optimization.Answering this question would have required at least one more noise measurement, but time and cost issues precluded this.It would also have been interesting to perform the noise measurements on a number of transmissions, both before and after optimizing the gears and housing, in order to determine the scatter of the noise of the transmissions.Even though the goal of decreasing the gear noise by 10 dB was not reached, the goal of reducing the gear noise in the wheel loader cab to 15 dB below the overall noise was achieved.Thus the noise optimization was successful.3 SUMMARY OF APPENDED PAPERS 3.1 Paper A: Gear Noise and Vibration – A Literature Survey This paper presents an overview of the literature on gear noise and vibration.It is divided into three sections dealing with transmission error, dynamic models, and noise and vibration measurement.Transmission error is an important excitation mechanism for gear noise and vibration.It is defined as “the difference between the actual position of the output gear and the position it would occupy if the gear drive were perfectly conjugate” [1].The literature survey revealed that while most authors agree that transmission error is an important excitation mechanism for gear noise and vibration, it is not the only one.Other possible time-varying noise excitation mechanisms include friction and bending moment.Noise produced by these mechanisms may be of the same order of magnitude as that produced by transmission error, at least in the case of gears with low transmission error [4].The second section of the paper deals with dynamic modeling of gearboxes.Dynamic models are often used to predict gear-induced vibrations and investigate the effect of changes to the gears, shafts, bearings, and housing.The literature survey revealed that dynamic models of a system consisting of gears, shafts, bearings, and gearbox casing can be useful in understanding and predicting the dynamic behavior of a gearbox.For

relatively simple gear systems, lumped parameter dynamic models with springs, masses, and viscous damping can be used.For more complex models that include such elements as the gearbox housing, finite element modeling is often used.The third section of the paper deals with noise and vibration measurement and signal analysis, which are used when experimentally investigating gear noise.The survey shows that these are useful tools in experimental investigation of gear noise because gears create noise at specific frequencies related to the number of teeth and the rotational speed of the gear.3.2 Paper B: Gear Test Rig for Noise and Vibration Testing of Cylindrical Gears Paper B describes a test rig for noise testing of gears.The rig is of the recirculating power type and consists of two identical gearboxes, connected to each other with two universal joint shafts.Torque is applied by tilting one of the gearboxes around one of its axles.This tilting is made possible by bearings between the gearbox and the supporting brackets.A hydraulic cylinder creates the tilting force.Finite element analysis was used to predict the natural frequencies and mode shapes for individual components and for the complete gearbox.Experimental modal analysis was carried out on the gearbox housing, and the results showed that the FE predictions agree with the measured frequencies(error less than 10%).The FE model of the complete gearbox was also used in a harmonic response analysis.A sinusoidal force was applied in the gear mesh and the corresponding vibration amplitude at a point on the gearbox housing was predicted.3.3 Paper C: A Study of Gear Noise and Vibration Paper C reports on an experimental investigation of the influence of gear finishing methods and gear deviations on gearbox noise and vibration.Test gears were manufactured using three different finishing methods and with different gear tooth modifications and deviations.Table3.3.1 gives an overview of the test gear pairs.The surface finishes and geometries of the gear tooth flanks were measured.Transmission error was measured using a single flank gear tester.LDP software from Ohio State University was used for transmission error computations.The test rig described in Paper B was used to measure gearbox noise and vibration for the different test gear pairs.The measurements showed that disassembly and reassembly of the gearbox with the same gear pair might change the levels of measured noise and vibration.The rebuild variation was sometimes of the same order of magnitude as the differences between different tested gear pairs, indicating that other factors besides the gears affect gear noise.In a study of the influence of gear design on noise, Oswald et al.[5] reported rebuild variations of the same order of magnitude.Different gear finishing methods produce different surface finishes and structures, as well as different geometries and deviations of the gear tooth flanks, all of which influence the transmission error and thus the noise level from a gearbox.Most of the experimental results can be explained in terms of measured and computed transmission error.The relationship between predicted peak-to-peak transmission error and measured noise at a torque level of 500 Nm is shown in Figure 3.3.1.There appears to be a strong correlation between computed transmission error and noise for all cases except gear pair K.However, this correlation breaks down in Figure 3.3.2, which shows the relationship between predicted peak to peak transmission error and measured noise at a torque level of 140 Nm.The final conclusion is that it may not be possible to identify a single parameter, such as peak-to-peak transmission error, that can be directly related to measured noise and vibration.3.4 Paper D: Gearbox Noise and Vibration −Influence of Bearing Preload The influence of bearing endplay or preload on gearbox noise and vibrations is investigated in Paper D.Measurements were carried out on a test gearbox consisting of a helical gear pair, shafts, tapered roller bearings, and a housing.Vibration measurements were carried out at torque levels of 140 Nm and 400 Nm with 0.15 mm and 0 mm bearing endplay and with 0.15 mm bearing preload.The results shows that the bearing endplay or preload influence gearbox vibrations.Compared with bearings

with endplay, preloaded bearings show an increase in vibrations at speeds over 2000 rpm and a decrease at speeds below 2000 rpm.Figure 3.4.1 is a typical result showing the influence of bearing preload on gearbox housing vibration.After the first measurement, the gearbox was not disassembled or removed from the test rig.Only the bearing preload/endplay was changed from 0 mm endplay/preload to 0.15 mm preload.Therefore the differences between the two measurements are solely due to different bearing preload.FE simulations performed by Sellgren and Åkerblom [6] show the same trend as the measurements here.For the test gearbox, it seems that bearing preload, compared with endplay, decreased the vibrations at speeds below 2000 rpm and increased vibrations at speeds over 2000 rpm, at least at a torque level of 140 Nm.3.5 Paper E: Gear Geometry for Reduced and Robust Transmission Error and Gearbox Noise In Paper E, gearbox noise is reduced by optimization of gear geometry for decreased transmission error.The optimization was not performed strictly mathematically.It was done by calculating the transmission error for different geometries and then choosing a geometry that seemed to be a good compromise considering not only the transmission error, but also other important characteristics.Robustness with respect to gear deviations and varying torque was considered in order to find gear geometry with low transmission error in the appropriate torque range despite deviations from the nominal geometry due to manufacturing tolerances.Static and dynamic transmission error as well as noise and housing vibrations were measured.The correlation between dynamic transmission error, housing vibrations, and noise was investigated in a speed sweep from 500 to 2500 rpm at constant torque.No correlation was found between dynamic transmission error and noise.4 DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSIONS Static loaded transmission error seems to be strongly correlated to gearbox noise.Dynamic transmission error does not seem to be correlated to gearbox noise in speed

sweeps in these investigations.Henriksson [7] found a correlation between dynamic transmission error and gearbox noise when testing a truck gearbox at constant speed and different torque levels.The different test conditions, speed sweep versus constant speed, and the different complexity(a simple test gearbox versus a complete truck gearbox)may explain the different results regarding correlation between dynamic transmission error and gearbox noise.Bearing preload influences gearbox noise, but it is not possible to make any general statement as to whether preload is better than endplay.The answer depends on the frequency and other components in the complex dynamic system of gears, shafts, bearings, and housing.To minimize noise, the gearbox housing should be as rigid as possible.This was proposed by Rook [8], and his views are supported by the results relating to the optimization of a transmission housing described in section 2.5.Finite element analysis is a useful tool for optimizing gearbox housings.5 FUTURE RESEARCH It would be interesting to investigate the correlation between dynamic transmission error and gearbox noise for a complete wheel loader transmission.One challenge would be to measure transmission error as close as possible to the gears and to avoid resonances in the connection between gear and encoder.The dropbox gears in a typical wheel loader transmission are probably the gears that are most easily accessible for measurement using optical encoders.See Figure 5.1.1 for possible encoder positions.Modeling the transmission in more detail could be another challenge for future work.One approach could be to use a model of gears, shafts, and bearings using the transmission error as the excitation.This could be a finite element model or a multibody system model.The output from this model would be the forces at the bearing positions.The forces could be used to excite a finite element model of the housing.The housing model could be used to predict noise radiation, and/or vibration at the attachment points for the gearbox.This approach would give absolute values, not just relative levels.REFERENCES [1] Welbourn D.B., “Fundamental Knowledge of Gear Noise −A Survey”, Proc.Noise & Vib.of Eng.and Trans., I Mech E., Cranfield, UK, July 1979, pp 9–14.[2] MackAldener M., “Tooth Interior Fatigue Fracture & Robustness of Gears”, Royal Institute of Technology, Doctoral Thesis, ISSN 1400-1179, Stockholm, 2001.[3] Ohio State University, LDP Load Distribution Program, Version 2.2.0, http://www.xiexiebang.com/ , 2007.[4] Borner J., and Houser D.R., “Friction and Bending Moments as Gear Noise Excitations”,SAE Technical Paper 961816.[5] Oswald F.B.et al., “Influence of Gear Design on Gearbox Radiated Noise”, Gear Technology, pp 10–15, 1998.[6] Sellgren U., and Åkerblom M., “A Model-Based Design Study of Gearbox Induced Noise”, International Design Conference – Design 2004, May 18-21, Dubrovnik, 2004.[7] Henriksson M., “Analysis of Dynamic Transmission Error and Noise from a Two-stage Gearbox”, Licentiate Thesis, TRITA-AVE-2005:34 / ISSN-1651-7660, Stockholm, 2005.[8] Rook T., “Vibratory Power Flow Through Joints and Bearings with Application to Structural Elements and Gearboxes”, Doctoral Thesis, Ohio State University, 1995.