苏教版牛津高中英语语法总结[模版]

第一篇：苏教版牛津高中英语语法总结[模版]

牛津高中英语－模块一

第一单元

一定语从句：定语从句的介绍

1．就像是一个形容词或介词短语修饰名词一样，定语从句也可以修饰名词。定语从句所修饰的名词称为先行词。形容词：The green team 介词短语：The team in green 定语从句：The team who were wearing green

2．定语从句通常由关系代词来引导，如which, that, who, whom, whose,或关系副词来引导，如when, where, why。关系代词可以在定语从句中担当主语，宾语，表语，定语；关系副词可以在定语从句中担当状语。

如：做主语The trees which are on the school campus have lost their leaves.做宾语The student whom we saw just now is the best runner in our school.做表语Jack is no longer the lazy boy that he used to be.做定语She has a brother whose name I can’t remember.做状语The school where he studied is in Shenzhen.二定语从句：关系代词：that，which，who，whom，和whose 1．在定语从句中，that和which用来指代物。

如：This is the story that /which we wrote for our storytelling contest.2．在定语从句中，who 用来指代人。

如：I am going to see a friend who has just come back from the UK.3．当who在定语从句中做宾语时，可以用whom来取代，且whom比who更正式。

如：I don’t know the name of the teacher who/whom I saw in the computer room the other day.4．当关系代词在定语从句中做宾语时，who，whom，which和that可以被省略。

如：He likes all the birthday presents(that/which)his friends gave him.5． Whose用来表示所属，它既可指人也可指物。

如：I sat next to a girl whose name was Diane.The club whose members are music fans meet in the school garden every Saturday afternoon.第二单元

一定语从句：介词提前的定语从句（preposition＋which;preposition＋whom）

1．当关系代词（which/whom）做定语从句中介词的宾语时，可以把介词提到关系代词的前面。

如：We thought you were a person from whom we could expect good decisions.2．在非正式英语中，介词通常放在定语从句的最后。

如：Art is the subject which I know little about.3．如果介词放在定语从句的最后，which 可以被that取代，whom可以被that和who取代。

如：Dad is a person whom/that/who I can easily talk to.4．当关系代词做定语从句中介词的宾语，并且介词又放在定语从句的末尾时，我们通常省略关系代词who和that。

如：The topic(which)Eric is interested in is Physics.Daniel is the person(whom)I want to make friends with.5．当先行词是way时，我们用in which或that来引导定语从句，这种情况下，in which或that 可以被省略。

如：I didn’t like the way(that /in which)she talked to me.二定语从句：关系副词：when，where，why 1．我们通常用关系副词when 引导先行词是time，moment，day，season，year 等的定语从句。

如：Do you remember the day when we left you in charge? I often think of the moment when I saw the UFO.2．我们通常用关系副词where引导先行词是place，house，city，country，city，world等的定语从句。

如：The police searched the house where the thief had stayed.This is not a family where bad behavior goes unpunished.3．我们通常用关系副词why引导先行词是reason的定语从句。如：I don’t know the reason why the house is so dirty.4．在更加正式的英语中，where，when和why能够被介词＋which 所替代。

如：The study is the place where/in which I often have talks with my father.This is the reason why/for which my parents got home earlier.It rained the whole day when/on which he traveled with his family.第三单元

一定语从句：非限制性定语从句

1．非限制性定语从句是一个为主句添加额外信息的从句，在非限制性定语从句前通常有个逗号。

如：Amy, who took weight-loss pills, now realizes that health is important.My pills are in the bathroom, where I always keep them.2．当先行词是整个主句时，可以用which来引导定语从句。如：He missed the show, which was a great pity.3．我们可以用all＋whom/which 来表示全部数量，用some of＋whom/which来表示部分数量。

如：I am doing different types of exercises, all of which are quite helpful to my health.Many people, some of whom are not overweight, are going on diet.二附加疑问句

1．附加疑问句是放在陈述句后面的短问句。它们通常被用在口语中来引出一段对话，以一个更加礼貌的方式来询问信息，温柔的发号施令或要求某人做某事。我们用附加疑问句来询问意见或征求同意。

当我们用附加疑问句来询问意见时，为了期待对方能同意我们的观点，附加疑问句会用降调来表达。

当我们用附加疑问句来征求同意时，我们实际上是在询问我们自己也不太能确信的事情，这时候附加疑问句会用升调来表达。2．附加疑问句的构成有以下几种：

1）在肯定的陈述句之后，我们会用否定的附加疑问句。在否定的陈述句之后，我们会用肯定的附加疑问句。

如：We can still be friends, can’t we? He doesn’t like ice cream, does he? 2）当主句中有像neither，none，nobody，nothing，few，little，never，hardly或seldom这类词时，它们被认为是否定的，因此后面会跟个肯定的附加疑问句。如：Neither of you will have coffee, will you? No one has found my CD, have they? Nobody understood his speech, did they? His sister seldom argues with people, does she? 3）人称代词如I，we，you，he，she，it或they会放在附加疑问句中。如：I was pretty silly, wasn’t I?

Everyone has advises you not to go on a diet, haven’t you? 4）助动词，情态动词或be动词会放在附加疑问句中。

如：You like traveling, don’t you?

There is something wrong, isn’t there? You can’t speak Italian, can you?

5）祁使句后用will you，Let’s后用shall we 如：Post a letter for me, will you? Let’s have a break, shall we?

牛津高中英语－模块二

第一单元

一现在完成时态

1．我们用现在完成时态来表示在最近的过去发生的但跟现在有联系的事情。如：The disappearance of Justin has made Kelly very unhappy.2．我们也用现在完成时态来表示在过去刚开始，并且现在还没结束的事情。如：I have not seen Justin since last Friday night.3．当动作发生的确切时间不清楚或不重要时，我们也用现在完成时态。经常连用的时间短语有：already ever for just lately never recently since yet already 用语肯定句，yet用语否定句。

如：The boy has already come home.I haven’t heard anything from him yet.for+一段时间 since+点时间

如：We haven’t seen him for two years.We haven’t seen him since 2002.注：当已给定具体的时间时，我们往往用一般过去时态，而不是现在完成时态。4．我们用现在完成时态来谈论刚刚完成的动作。

如：The police have just finished searching the area.5．我们也用现在完成时态来表示重复的动作。

如：Some villages say that they have seen UFOs many times.6．现在完成时态的构成是：have/has+动词的过去分词

二现在完成进行时态

1．我们用现在完成进行时态来表示在过去发生的并且仍将继续的动作。如：I have not been sleeping well since I returned home.2．我们用现在完成进行时态来表示刚刚结束但以某种方式和现在有联系的动作。如：---Sorry I’m late.Have you been waiting long?---Yes, I’ve been waiting for an hour.3．现在完成进行时态的构成：have/has +been +doing

注：for和since和现在完成进行时态连用。

如：I have been waiting for a long time.He has been waiting since nine o’clock.三现在完成时态还是现在完成进行时态

1．我们用现在完成时态来谈论刚刚完成的动作，用现在完成进行时态来表示发生在过去并且现在仍在发生的动作。

如：Li Jia has read a book about Stonehenge.(She finished reading the book.)Li Jia has been reading a book about Stonehenge.(She is still reading the book.)2．我们用现在完成时态表示重复的动作，用现在完成进行时态来表示不停的动作。如：I have visited Egypt twice this month.I have been touring Egypt for two months.现在完成时态用于回答how many/much的提问，现在完成进行时态用语回答how long的提问。

如：How many times have you swum in the lake? How long have you been swimming in the lake? 3．状态动词和动作动词都可以用在现在完成时态中，但只有动作动词可以用在现在完成进行时态中。

如：I have had this camera for five years.(状态动词)I have taken photos of UFO with this camera.（动作动词）

I have been taking photos of UFO with this camera.（动作动词）

注：动作动词表示发生或变化的动作，如go，play。状态动词表示保持不变的动作，如like，know，exist 4．当 never，yet，already，ever出现在句子中时，只用现在完成时态，而不用现在完成进行时态。

如：I’ve never visited Paris.I’ve already been to Paris.第二单元

一将来进行时态

1．我们用将来进行时态来：

1）谈论将来一段时间正在进行的事情。

如：Toby will be climbing in the Himalayas all next week 2）谈论从将来的某一点开始并且有可能要持续一段时间的事情。如：Toby will not be in London next Tuesday.He will be climbing in the Himalayas.3）没有任何意图的表达将来的事情。

如：The weather report says that it will be raining when we arrive in London.在这种情况下表示事情是很自然的发生的，没有人为的安排。

4）礼貌地询问有关其他人将来的计划。

如：Will you be visiting your uncle in Tanzania? 2．将来进行时态的构成： 1）陈述句：will(not)+v-ing 如：Toby and his brother, Colin, will(not)be flying to Morocco.2）疑问句：will 提到主语的前面

th如：Will they be flying to Morocco on 15 July? 3）回答：will（not）

如：Yes, they will./No, they will not(won’t)二过去将来时态

1．我们用过去将来时态和过去进行时态来： 1）表示过去的将来某一时间要发生的动作。

如：They set off at 9 a.m.and would reach the airport an hour later.2)暗指一个过去的目的。

如：I was going to leave, but then it rained.3)暗指一个过去的安排。

如：Colin called Jennifer to say that he was seeing her later that afternoon.4)指代实际已经发生过的将来的动作。

如：The journey that was to change Toby’s life started in July that year.2．陈述句中过去将来时态的构成： 1）would +动词原形

如：I told you Colin and I would spend a few weeks traveling.2)was/were going to，was /were to , was/were about to 如：We were going to see the wild animals, but then we didn’t have time.It was his last day at school---he was to leave the next morning.Colin was about to get off the camel when a child ran towards him.第三单元

一过去完成时态

1．我们用一般过去时态来谈论一个过去的动作。当我们想要谈论比过去更早的时间里发生的事情时，就用过去完成时态。

如：Upon entering the tomb, Carter’s lucky pet bird, which had led him to the place, was eaten by a snake.2．在直接引语中，我们用过去完成时态来指代说话的时候就已经发生的动作。直接引语中的一般过去时态和现在完成时态在间接引语中改为过去完成时态。如：‚We emptied the tomb of everything it contained,‛ said Carter.-------Carter said that they had emptied the tomb of everything it contained.3．过去完成时态只是指在另一个过去的动作之前发生的动作，并不是指发生在一长段时间以前的动作。

如：I had done my homework this morning before I went to the museum.4．过去完成时态经常跟以下引导的时间短语连用，如when, after, before, as soon as, until, since, by, for, already.如：Then a few months after Carter had opened the tomb, Lord Carnarvon fell ill with a fever and died.5．过去完成时态的构成：had+v-ed 如：Howard Carter had received money from Lord Carnarvon before he made his most amazing discovery.二现在完成时态还是过去完成时态

当我们谈论一个与现在有关的过去的事情时，我们用现在完成时态。

如：Howard Carter is one of the most famous explorers the world has ever known.当我们在谈论过去，并要说明一个更早发生的动作的时候，我们就要用过去完成时态。如：Not long after the tomb had been opened, people in Carter’s team began to fall ill and die strangly.牛津高中英语－模块三

第一单元

一名词性从句：名词性从句的介绍

名词性从句在句中的作用和名词或名词短语的作用是一样的。1．我们可以用名词性从句做句子的主语。

如：That I can pay back the help people give me makes me happy.Whether he’ll be able to come is not yet known.Why they have not left yet is unclear.我们可以用it来做形式主语。

如：It was good news that everyone got back safely.2．我们可以用名词性从句来做动词的宾语。

如：she sensed that she was being watched.I wonder if/whether that’s a good idea.Polly didn’t know which way she should go.我们可以用名词性从句来做介词的宾语。

如：I’m interested in who that tall man is.There was a discussion about whether Polly had found the blind man.我们可以用it来做形式宾语。

如：we all thought it good news that the fog had finally gone.The conductor has made it clear that no buses will be running.3．我们可以用名词性从句来做表语。

如：the truth is that the fog is too think for the bus to run that far.My question is whether Polly can find her way home.The problem is how Polly is going to find us in the crowd.4．我们可以用名词性从句来做一个名词的同位语。

如：the fact that Polly didn’t ask for the man’s name is a pity.The news that the plane had crashed made us sad.Whatever gave you the idea that I can sing? 5．我们用that，if/whether或一个疑问词来引导名词性从句。

如：I hope that Polly will be OK.No one knew if/whether he lost his sight because of an accident.She couldn’t imagine how the blind man had found her.二名词性从句：用that或if/whether引导的名词性从句

1．我们用that 来引导名词性从句。

1）当从句是一个陈述句时，我们用that来引导名词性从句。

如：She sensed that she was being watched by a tall man in a dark coat.2)在大多数情况下，我们不用that来引导介词后的名词性从句，但是，可以用that来引导in或except后的宾语从句。

如：The problem lies in that the mist may become a thick fog.I didn’t tell him anything except that I wasn’t able to find my way back.3）当名词性从句做句子的主语时，that不能省略。

如：That we couldn’t find our way out was really bad news.4）在非正式英语中，当名词性从句做句子的宾语或表语时，that可以省略。

如：She wished(that)someone would come along to help her.The truth is(that)the buses will not be running.1．我们用if或whether 来引导名词性从句。

1）当从句是个一般疑问句时，我们用if或whether来引导名词性从句。我们把if或whether后面从句的顺序改成陈述句的语序。

如：She wondered.Would the buses still be running? She wondered if/whether the buses would still be running.2）介词后只能用whether，而不能用if。

如：She is not certain about whether she has done anything wrong.3）当从句做主语放在句子开头时，只能用whether，而不能用if。如：Whether it is going to clear up keeps me wondering.4）只能用whether or not，而不能用if or not。

如：I want to know whether or not the train goes to King Street.2．如果and或but引导两个并列的that或whether/if引导的名词性从句，后一个句子的that或whether/if不可省。

如：He said that he liked rain very much and that he wouldn’t use an umbrella when it was raining.No one knows whether it will be fine tomorrow and whether he will come to work.第二单元

一名词性从句：由疑问词引导的名词性从句

我们用以下的疑问词来引导名词性从句：what, which, who/whom, whose, when, where, why and how。

1．当从句是wh-引导的疑问句时，我们用疑问词来引导名词性从句。从句可以做句子的主语，宾语或表语。

如：Where a person comes from will affect their style of speech.You can begin to see why English has such strange rules.That is why English is a language with so many confusing rules.2．我们把疑问词后面的句式改成陈述句的语序。

如：What are people from the north saying? People from the south find it difficult to understand.People from the south find it difficult to understand what people from the north are saying.3．在任何情况下，都不可以省略名词性从句中的疑问引导词。

二形式主语it 在英语中，我们通常把最重要的信息放在句子的末尾用于强调。这被称做句末强调效果。用形式主语it就可以达到这一效果。It只是语法意义上的主语，真正的主语在句子的后面。1．我们通常用it来做形式主语。

1）当我们用一个名词性从句来做句子的主语时：

（更好的）It is certain that we would not be able to understand Old English today.（正确的）That we would not be able to understand Old English today is certain.2）当主语是带to的动词不定式时：

（更好的）It is hard to master a foreign language.（正确的）To master a foreign language is hard.3）当主语是动词-ing形式时：

（更好的）Smoking is difficult to stop.（正确的）It is difficult to stop smoking.2． It可以被放在seem，appear，happen，chance，turn out 和prove前做句子的形式主语。

如：It seems that he speaks two languages.=he seems to speak two languages.It happens that my new neighbor comes from my hometown.=my new neighbor happens to come from my hometown.3．我们可以用句型it+be+被强调的名词或短语+that或who引导的从句来强调句子中的主语，宾语或状语。如：It was last night(not any other time)that I read about the history of English.如果不强调任何成分，句子可以是：

I read about the history of English last night.第三单元

一宾语补足语

1．宾语补足语为宾语提供更多的信息。

如：They called her the Loulan Beauty.2．宾语补足语通常以下面形式出现：动词+宾语+宾语补足语，宾语补足语通常可以是名词短语或形容词。

如：They made Professor Zhang chairman of the society.We found the ruins most interesting.3．有时侯带to的动词不定式和不带to的动词不定式可以做宾语补足语。如：They believed him to be honest.Professor Zhang’s speech made us all laugh.4．宾语补足语可以时介词短语。

如：She found ourselves in the middle of a desert.5．宾语不足语通常和宾语在数上是一致的。如：She made Joe her assistant.She made Joe and Sue her assistants.二 Either… or… 和 Neither… nor…

1．我们用either…or…来表示选择性。如：（连接主语）either Ann or Jane should have arrived by now.(连接动词)people either tried to escape or stayed in their houses.(连接宾语)we could choose to eat either noodles or rice.(连接状语)they are going to the museum either today or tomorrow.3．我们用neither…nor…来连接表示否定的观点。（both…and…的反义词）如：neither the museum nor the site itself interested her.They neither told me the location nor showed me the map.I ate neither the noodles nor the rice.They went there neither by train nor by air.三主谓一致

主谓一致是指在主语后选择正确的单复数形式。以下几点帮助我们决定动词是单数或是复数。

1．动词应是单数，如果主语是： 1）单数的名词或不可数名词

th如：the city was founded in the 8 century BC.The food they offered on the plane was delicious.2)计量的短语，标题或名字

如：two hours is too short for the visit.Little women is a great novel.3)一个短语或从句

如：travelling to Pompeii is exciting.That it keeps raining worries the tourists.2．动词应是复数，如果主语是： 1）一个复数名词

如：both cities were very rich.2）由and连接的两个或两个以上的单词或短语

如：the noodles and rice they offered on the plane were quite plain.3．当主语是all of/ most of/ some of/ half of/ a part of +名词/代词，动词与名词或代词保持一致。

如：all of us have attended the lecture about Pompeii.Most of the lecture was about how the ancient city was discovered.4．当主语是集合名词，如band, crowd, class, dozen, family, public, team 时，如果名词指代的是集体，动词用单数；如果名词指代的是个体，动词用复数。如：our team is very important to me.Our team are now traveling to Xinjiang.5．当主语是news, physics, mathematics, Aids时，动词用单数；当主语是goods, clothes, congratulations, earnings, remains, belongings 时，动词用复数。

如：the latest news is that the Loulan Beauty is being displayed in Shanghai.All their belongings were destroyed in the earthquake.6．当either…or…, neither…nor…, not only…but also…, not…but…,连接句子的主语时，动词采取就近原则。

如：either the team leader or the guides are looking after the students.Either the guides or the team leader is looking after the students.注：当主语是anybody/anyone/anything/everybody/everyone/everything/nobody/no one/nothing/somebody/someone/something/each/each one/either/neither/one时，动词用单数。

牛津高中英语－模块四

第一单元

一直接引语和间接引语

1．我们用直接引语来阐述所说的话。如果我们把引语写下来，这些单词就会被放在引号但是，我们通常更愿意用间接引语来阐述所说的话。

直接引语：She said, ‚China has been using PSAs to educate people.‛ 间接引语：She said China had been using PSAs to educate people.2．我们可以通过把所说的话改成宾语从句或动词不定式短语的形式来把直接引语变成间接引语。

如：She said, ‚I’m used to ads.‛----She said that she was used to ads.‚We must not fall for this kind of trick!‛ she said.-----She warned us not to fall for that kind of trick.3．除了句型的改变外，还有其它的改变： 1）人称代词的改变：

如：She said, ‚I did some research.‛-----She said that she had done some research.2）时态的改变：

如：She said, ‚This as is very clever.‛-----She said that that ad was very clever.下面列举当动词是过去时态时，时态是如何变化的：直接引语间接引语一般现在时一般过去时现在进行时过去进行时一般过去时过去完成时现在完成时过去完成时一般将来时过去将来时过去完成时过去完成时

现在完成进行时过去完成进行时注：当陈述一个不变的事实时，时态不变。

如： ‚light travels at great speed,‛ he said.----He said that light travels at great speed.3）时间和地点状语的变化：

如：Tom said, ‚I am working here today.‛-----Tom said he was working there that day.下面列举这种变化的例子：

直接引语间接引语

today that day/ yesterday / on Wednesday, etc.tomorrow the next day / the following day / on Thursday, etc.yesterday the day before / the previous day/ on Tudesay,etc.next month the month after/ the following month / in July,etc.last year the year before / the previous year, etc.a week ago a week before / a week earlier,etc.4）其它的例子：

直接引语间接引语 this that these those come go

二间接引语：陈述句，疑问句和祈使句

1．陈述句

1）我们用that引导的名词性从句来陈述一件事。

如：She said, ‚Advertisements are an important part of our lives.‛------She said that advertisements are an important part of our lives.2)除了say之外，还有其它的动词可以这样用：

tell, advise, agree, explain, insist, promise, remind, suggest, warn 如： ‚PSAs are often placed for free,‛ the writer said.-----The writer explained that PSAs are often placed for free.2．疑问句

1）我们用whether/if引导的名词性从句来陈述一般疑问句。

如：Matt asked Ann, ‚Are you the happiest person in the world?‛-----Matt asked Ann whether/if she was the happiest person in the world.2）我们用wh-疑问词引导的名词性从句来陈述wh-疑问句。如：I asked her, ‚How can that could be?’-----I asked her how that could be true.3．祈使句

1）我们用以下结构来陈述祈使句：陈述动词+宾语+（not）+ to-动词不定式

如：The writer said, ‚Think about why you should do the things the ad suggests.‛-----The writer told us to think about why we should do the things the ad suggested.‚Don’t worry, Mickey,‛ Jen said.-----Jen asked Mickey not to worry.2)其它的单词也有同样的用法：advise, encourage, invite, remind, warn 如： ‚Don’t believe every advertisement you read,‛ Michelle said to me.-----Michelle advised me not to believe every advertisement I read.第二单元

一情态动词：总体介绍

1．我们用情态动词来谈论： 1）能力

如：He can run the 100m sprint in11seconds.2)义务

义务性由弱到强排列：ought to/ should----have to-----must 如：You must work hard to win the gold medal.3)确定

确定性由弱到强排列：might----may----could----should-----ought to----will----must 如：She might win a medal at the Olympics.4)允许

正式性由弱到强排列：can----could----may----might 如：He is injured but may take part in the games.2 我们也用情态动词来： 1）提要求：

正式性由弱到强排列：will---can----could----would 如：Can you help me with my training? 3）提意见：

如：Shall we do exercise this morning? 4）提供帮助：

如：I’ll wash your sports jacket.Shall I get a ticket for you? 5）提建议：

如：You should not/ ought not to eat a lot before swimming.3 情态动词后应该接不带to的动词不定式。如：She could win the gold medal.4 我们用情态动词的进行时来谈论现在可能发生的事情，用情态动词的完成时来谈论过去可能发生的事情。

如：The boys may be playing football on the playground.He plays basketball very well.He must have practiced it a lot.二情态动词：can和be able to 等

1．Can 和be able to 1）当指能力时，can和be able to可以互换，但be able to比can更加正式但也不常用。如：My brother can/is able to play table tennis very well.2)我们用can来谈论将来可能发生的动作。

如：Let’s get some exercise.We can go and jog in the park.3）be able to可以用在不同的时态中，可以后面直接接动词原形或放在另一个情态动词

之后。

如：I’m sorry I haven’t been able to play tennis with you recently.It’s nice to be able to attend the lecture.Wang Gong might be able to win the chess game.4)can的过去式是could，be able to的过去式是was /were able to 如：He could swim across the river when he was young.Mike was a good swimmer, so he was able to take first place in the competition.2 shall和 will 1）我们通常用shall来表达承诺，用will来表达决心或决定。

如：Don’t worry.You shall have the tickets for the games.Liu Mei will go and buy the tickets for the games.2)在疑问句中，shall用于第一人称或第三人称提供帮助或提建议，will用于第二人称和第三人称询问意愿。

如：Shall we go swimming this weekend? A group of students are waiting to see you outside.Shall they come in? Will you go hiking with me in the mountain? Will he pay for me? 3 mustn’t和needn’t Mustn’t用来表达让某人不做某事，needn’t用来表达做某事没必要。

如：You mustn’t miss this football match.It’s very important.You needn’t watch the game if you don’t want to.4 need和dare 当用做情态动词时，这两个词常出现在否定句和疑问句中。这两个词还可以当做普通动词来用。

如：You needn’t / don’t need to go training if you feel tired.Dare he/ Does he dare to dive into the water from the bridge?

第三单元

一被动语态

1．主动语态和被动语态在意思上没有太大区别，可以互换。在主动语态的句子中，我们用动作的发出者作为句子的主语；在被动语态的句子中，我们用动作的承受者作为句子的主语。如：Scientists designed a VR headset.A VR headset was designed by scientists.2 被动语态的基本结构是：be+-ed（动词的过去分词），在不同的时态中，be的形式是不一样的。例如，在一般现在时态中，be是is或are；在现在进行时态中，be是is/am/are+being；在现在完成时态中，be是have/has+been；在一般将来时态中，be是will+be。

如：Right now the new product is being developed in the laboratory.An agreement has been put forward.3．当用被动语态的时候，以下几点需要注意：

1）我们通常用by来引导动作的发出者，但当没必要提及动作的发出者或动作的发出者不重要，或很难说出动作的发出者是谁时，动作的发出者可以省略不提。如：he believes that VR films will be accepted by viewers.Both the headsets and the gloves are connected to the RealCine computer system.2）动词give，lend，offer，send，tell和show后面可以接两个宾语，分别指人和物。当这些

动词用做被动语态的时候，我们通常把动词后面接的人做为句子的主语；有些时候，也会把物作为主语。

如：They are offered headsets and gloves in the cinema.Headsets and gloves were offered to them in the cinema.3）在主动语态中，一些动词后面往往接宾语和动词原形。在被动语态中，动词原形前面要接to。

如：I saw him go there.He was seen to go there.4)有时候，在被动语态中，get可以替换be。如：get changed, get dressed, get hurt 如：Please wait a while.I’ll just go and get changed.4）有些动词主动形式表被动含义。

如：This kind of computer sells well in China.Your article reads well.5）状态动词不能用于被动语态。如：I have many science books.VR films belong to the latest wave of new technology.4．被动语态的其它特殊形式： 1）it+动词的被动语态+that从句

如：It is said that the technology behind RealCine is virtual reality.2）主语+动词的被动语态+to do 如：The technology behind RealCine is said to be virtual reality.类似的动词还有：believe, report, suppose, know, prove 等。

二情态动词和被动语态

1．在被动语态中用情态动词来表达能力，可能性，责任，允诺等。如：Firefighter could be trained using RealCine.2．情态动词被动语态的形式是：情态动词+be+动词的过去分词

如：The position of the viewer can be calculated at any time.注意其它情态动词被动语态的用法：主动语态被动语态

Can touch can be touched May feel may be felt Might not impress might not be impressed Could use could be used Should use should be used Ought to develop ought to be developed Must wear must be worn 被动语态通常被用在科学报告中。

三经常被用做被动语态的动词

1．一些经常被用做被动语态的动词可以充当形容词的作用.如：be bored with be born in/on be disappointed at /by be fascinated by be impressed at /by/with be interested in be set up by be situated in /on be surprised at/by 如：Andy was bored with listening to the same CD every day.I was born on a Wednesday.My dad was disappointed by my test results.People have always been fascinated by new technology.She was impressed at the number of points I scored.Some of my friends are interested in studying abroad.This new exhibition was set up by the Students’Union.Our school is situated in a quiet area.They were surprised at the possibilities of the Internet.这里的be都可以用become来取代。

牛津高中英语－模块五

第一单元

一动词不定式：带to的动词不定式

带to-的动词不定式的结构是to+动词原形，如，to do, to work.它可以单独使用，也可以组成动词不定式短语。

如：I was determined to be cheerful.1．带to-的动词不定式可以做： 1）句子的主语

如：To find a best friend is difficult.= It is difficult to find a best friend.2）句子的宾语

如：I need to sleep for eight hours every night.3）宾语不足语

如：I asked him to come over.4）定语

如：I have a very important meeting to attend.5）同位语

如：His intention was to cheer me up.6）状语

如：My dad arranged some swimming lessons to surprise me.2．带to-的动词不定式有进行时态和完成时态

如：Things seem to be getting better.John pretended not to have seen me.二动词不定式：不带to的动词不定式

1．可用于不带to的动词不定式的动词有： 1）let make have（有时候）

如：I let her borrow my book.She made me promise to write every day.The teacher often has his students read aloud in class.2)感官动词：feel hear see watch 如：I saw her talk to her new friends.3）would rather had better why not 如：I would rather go swimming.You had better tidy your bedroom Why not visit your cousin in Japan? 注：感官动词后可以接v-ing 如：I saw her talk to her new friend.(见证谈话的整个过程)I saw her talking to her new friend.(见证谈话正在发生，但不一定见证整个谈话过程)2．当有and, or, except, but, than, rather than, 连接两个动词不定式时，后一个不定式往往省略to。

如：She told me to be cheerful and look on the bright side.Do you want to go shopping or watch a film? We had nothing to do but watch TV? I decided to write rather than phone.三 V-ing 作名词

1．V-ing可以充当名词用。可以被用做： 1）做主语（指一般性的动作）

如：Swimming is good for your health.2）做宾语（指一般性的动作）

如：I love swimming in the sea during the summer.3)介词之后

如：I keep fit by swimming every day.4）物主代词之后

如：Her swimming has improved since she started training every day.注：如果所谈论的人比较明确，那么物主代词可以省略。

如：Thank you for coming.5）组成复合名词

如：There is a shoe in the swimming pool.2．以下动词后面接v-ing

Admit dislike imagine delay consider mind understand avoid enjoy practice miss finish keep suggest 3．以下常用词组后面接v-ing Would you mind cannot help look forward to feel like cannot stand it is no use/good put off keep on 如：Would you mind helping me with my homework? I cannot help wondering why she does not like me.I look forward to seeing you at the party.I don’t feel like doing anything now.She cannot stand seeing that boy.I think it is no use crying about your exam results now.I had to put off shopping for a while.He kept on asking me for my phone number.4．以下动词后面可以接v-ing或to do，意思上几乎没有区别。Continue prefer begin hate like start 5．一些动词后面既可以接v-ing，也可以接to do，但意义和用法上有区别。在使用时要确保形式的正确。如，forget regret remember mean try go on forget+ to do(事情还没做)如：He forgot to close the door when he left.Forget+ doing(事情已经做了)如：I’ll never forget winning my first gold medal.第二单元

一 V-ing 充当形容词或副词

1．v-ing可作： 1）定语

v-ing 可以放在名词前，像形容词一样修饰名词。如：This will have a lasting effect.有时候会把一个副词放在v-ing前。

如：That was an extremely interesting speech.v-ing 可以和副词或名词构成复合词。

如：The fast-growing economy has caused environmental problems.A wood-burning stove is environmentally friendly.v-ing 可以放在名词后，像定语从句一样修饰名词，v-ing还可以被改成定语从句。

如：people running these factories are very concerned about the environment.= People who run these factories are very concerned about the environment.2）表语

如：This destruction is frightening.3）宾语补足语

如：We all found his argument convincing and interesting.2．v-ing可放在stand, sit, lie 的后面，表示动作同时发生。

如：They stood talking to each other.=They stood when they were talking to each other.3．v-ing有完成时态，如，having worked 如：Having worked side by side with many environmentalists, I know that a healthy environment and stable economy should be possible at the same time.二V-ing 短语

v-ing短语可以单独使用，后面也可以接宾语或状语。如：They sat there smiling.They sat there smiling at each other.1．v-ing短语可以表示： 1）时间

如：Asking around, I find many people willing to pay slightly higher prices for things that are environmentally friendly.=When I ask around, I find many people willing to pay slightly higher prices for things that are environmentally friendly.Having observed the problem for many years, he announced that we are now facing the biggest environmental problem of our time.= After he observed the problem for many years, he announced that we are now facing the biggest environmental problem of our time.2）原因

如：We are making bigger holes in the nets, hoping to avoid catching fish that are not fully grown.= We are making bigger holes in the nets, because we hope to avoid catching fish that are not fully grown.3）结果

如：The factory keeps releasing smoke, making the air dirty.= The factory keeps releasing smoke.As a result, the air is made dirty.4)条件

如：Preparing fully, we can achieve great things.= If we prepare fully, we can achieve great things.2．连词+v-ing 也可以来表示时间。常用的连词有：when whenever while once until 如：We have to take environmental protection into consideration when developing the economy.3．v-ing 从句的逻辑主语通常和主句的主语一致。

如：He traveled on the plane like this, keeping the tortoise in a blanket.= When he traveled on the plane like this, he kept the tortoise hidden in a blanket.4．否定形式是： not+v-ing 如：He sat there, not knowing what to say.第三单元

一 V-ed形式

v-ed在句中可以充当形容词和副词的用法。1．v-ed可以被用作： 1）定语

v-ed放在名词的前面，像形容词一样修饰名词。V-ed可以改成定语从句。

如：If I had the chance, I would have a cloned baby.= if I had the chance, I would have a baby who is cloned.大部分名词前的v-ed表达被动的含义。但有些v-ed 表达过去的含义，如，escaped retired fallen。比较下面的短语：

表被动：the highly praised scientist(The scientist has been highly praised.)表过去：the retired scientist(The scientist has retired.)有时候可以把副词放在v-ed之前。如：well-trained teachers v-ed 可以和副词或名词连用构成复合词。

如：underdeveloped region handmade furniture v-ed可以像定语从句一样放在名词后修饰名词。

如：I think the scientific advances mentioned in your article are interesting.= I think the scientific advances that are mentioned in your article are interesting.2）表语

如：My grandfather was delighted to hear I passed my exams.3）宾语补足语

如：After the robbery, they found the front windows broken.2．v-ed可以接在动词后面表示动作同时发生。如：stand sit lie 如：She lay trapped under the building for three days.(She lay there and was trapped.)

二 V-ed短语

v-ed短语可以是v-ed单独使用，也可以后面接宾语和/或状语。如：She left the restaurant, disappointed.She left the restaurant, disappointed with the bad service.1．表被动的v-ed短语可以表示： 1）时间如：The scientist has copied a human cell, assisted by recent advances in medical science.= The scientist has copied a human cell, and at that time was assisted by recent advances in medical science.2）原因

如：Shocked by the article, the woman wrote a letter to the newspaper.= The woman wrote a letter to the newspaper because she was shocked by the article.3)条件

如：Treated with electricity, the cell tissue will split into several parts.= If it is treated with electricity, the cell tissue will split into several parts.2．v-ed形式有一个逻辑主语。在上述例子中，逻辑主语都是主句的主语。

如：the scientist who was assisted by recent advances in medical science the woman who was shocked by the article the cell tissue which is treated with electricity 所有这些主语都跟主句的主语一致。

三 V-ed和V-ing 都可以做形容词

1．v-ing形式用来描述某人或某物给人造成某种感觉，在意义上通常是主动的。如：I noticed an amazing difference.Some people find it exciting that they could make copies of themselves in the future.2．v-ed形式用来表达我们对某人或某事的感觉，在意义上通常是被动的，因为它表示我们被一个动作所影响。

如：I was surprised to learn that they had copied a human cell.The boy was more frightened than hurt.牛津高中英语－模块六

第一单元

时态的概要1：现在时态

现在时态可以用来谈论现在的时间，包括一般现在时态，现在进行时态，现在完成时态和现在完成进行时态。

1．我们用一般现在时态来谈论： 1）现在或一直是正确的事情。如：I am at a comedy show.The sun rises in the east.2）经常发生的事情。

如：The Academy Awards show is on television every year.Every time a prop comedian tells a joke, he or she uses a thing, called a prop.2．我们用现在进行时态来谈论：

1）现在正在发生或正在进行的动作

如：The audience is laughing at the joke.I don’t understand why I am not losing weight!2）现在正在被计划，但在将来发生的动作。

如：The Comedy Club is giving a lecture about stand-up next month.They are going to the Academy Awards show in February.3）重复发生的动作，和always一起使用，通常带有否定的附加含义如：You are always making the same mistakes!Sue is always changing her mind.3．我们用现在完成时态来谈论过去和现在是如何联系起来的。它用于： 1）重复的经历。

如：He has hosted the show eight times.Billy Crystal has been in many films and television show.2）过去发生的事情，但对现在有影响的事情。

如：Doctors have found that people who laugh a lot live longer!Some stand-up comedians have become famous as television and film actors later on in life.3）过去开始，但现在仍在发生的事情。

如：People have always enjoyed laughing.Comedian have always told jokes and performed comic acts.4．我们用现在完成进行时态来谈论从过去开始，持续到现在，并且还有可能继续进行的事情。

如：Doctors have been researching that question.The curtains finally open—the audience have been waiting an hour for the show to start.第二单元

时态的概要2：过去和将来时态

过去时态用来谈论过去的事情，包括一般过去时态，过去进行时态，过去完成时态等。1．我们用一般过去时态来谈论发生在过去并且现在已经结束的事情。如：Sang Lan was born in Ningbo, China in 1981.2．我们用过去进行时态来谈论发生在过去，并且持续了一段时间的事情。

如：She knew that in those years she was making her parents proud.3．我们用过去完成时态来谈论：

1）在过去的过去发生并且在过去的某一个动作发生之前就已经结束的事情。

如：Instead of crying about what she had lost, Sang Lan thought abut what she could do to get better.2)在过去的一个动作发生的同时所发生的事情。

如：By the time she competed in the New York Goodwill Games, she had been a dedicated junior gymnast for eleven years.将来的时态用来讨论将来的事情，包括一般将来时态，将来进行时态，过去将来时态等。1．我们用一般将来时态来讨论将来将要发生的事情。

如：She will come with us to watch the football match tomorrow.一般将来时态的结构：

1）will shall（用于提供有关将来的信息）

如：I know I will think about her whenever my life feels unbearable.I shall work hard and learn to become a gymnast.2）be going to+do（用于谈论将来的计划和意图）

如：Today, I’m going to talk about how to find happiness.2．我们用将来进行时态来谈论始于将来并且要持续一段时间的动作。如：Dr Brain will be talking about success next time.3．我们用过去将来时态来谈论在过去的时间被提起的时候发生在将来的事情。

如：Before she went to the Goodwill Games, Sang Lan told her parents she was going to win her event.第三单元

非真实条件句

非真实条件句阐述的条件或情况是不真实的或是想象的。

1．我们用非真实条件句来阐述不真实的或想象的一个现在的条件。如：If I got married in the USA, I would expect a present.I could reach the book if I were a bit taller.If I had the chance, I might want to be a translator.2．我们用非真实条件句来指代一个想象的过去的动作。

如：If you had joined the chat room ten minutes ago, you would have known what we were talking abut!If the man had pointed with his first finger while he was in Brunei, everyone would have thought that he was very rude.3．我们用非真实条件句来谈论想象的将来的情况。

如：If I had time tomorrow, I would certainly help you.4．非真实条件句的构成：

现在 If… was/were/did… , … would/could/might do…

过去 If… had been/done… , … would/could/might have done… 将来 If… was/were/did… , … would/could/might do… 注：would，could，might经常可以互换，但在意思上有一些不同。Would表意图，计划；could表能力，可能性；might表可能性非真实条件句还有几点需要注意：

1．在书面英语或正式的场合中，我们通常用were来代替条件句中的was.但在日常谈话中，was也经常用到。

如：If he was/were here, he would be able to help us.2．在表将来的非真实条件句中，还可以用were to/should

如：If I were to fail my Maths test, I would have to take it again at the end of the term.If he should come tomorrow, I would talk to him about it.3．在非真实条件句中，可以把if省略，把should，were，had放在条件句的前面。如：Should you make a mistake, you should not be embarrassed.Had you told me earlier, I would not have this problem now.Were you to take the train, you would be there much sooner.4．在if从句中还可以用到could+ have done 来表示非真实的条件。

如：If I could have told you about cultural differences between Italy and the UK, I would have.第四单元

非真实条件句：其它情况

非真实条件句还有以下其它情况。

1．当主句是有关现在发生的事情，而从句是有关过去发生的事情，或相反，我们可以用混合的条件句。

如：If you had listened to the talk about the UN yesterday, you would know the answer to the question now.If Tang Ning were in town, I would have heard about it.2．我们用otherwise, or，及以with，without，but for 开头的短语来替代if条件句，来表达隐含的条件的意思。

如：With(if I had)more money, I could help more people in need.Without(If we didn’t have)the UN Goodwill, Ambassadors, people working on projects would not be encouraged.But for the(If there was no)help from the UN, those women would not have been able to set up their mind.I’m too busy now, otherwise/or(If I weren’t so busy)I would help you do the work.3．我们也可以用even if，as if，as though，if only 来引导非真实条件句。如：I would never go there even if I were given the chance to.Nicholas is smiling as if he knew nothing about.Mike talks as though he had been to the Great Wall before.If only I were a Goodwill Ambassador!4．Wish和would rather后面可以表达非真实的情况。如：I wish there were no wars in the world.I would rather you hadn’t told me about it.牛津高中英语－模块七

第一单元

一介词

介词可以放在名词或名词短语的前面来表达时间，地点，行动等等。介词也可以放在v-ing 的前面。1．时间介词

at, in, on, for, by 和since 可以被用来表示时间。At后接点时间，in后接段时间，on后接具体某一天。For用来表示某事延续了多长时间，by指的是不晚于什么时间（到为止），since指从过去某个时间到稍晚的某个时间或现在为止。其它表示时间的介词还有during，after，before，between，from，until等。

如：At that time, the record player had to be wound up by hand.Regular public TV broadcasting first began in 1928.The first record players only played a record for two minutes.By 1967, most TV broadcasts were in color.Since the beginning of 1999, the popularity of MP3 has increased greatly.注：我们经常说in the morning/afternoon/evening,但当谈论具体的早上，下午和晚上时，th则要用on，如on Sunday morning on the afternoon of 5 June.2．地点介词

at，in和on是表示地点的介词。At后接小地方或一个场合，in后接大地方，on表示在某个东西的表面。其它表示地点的介词还有above, against, behind, between, by, near, opposite, under 等。

如：I’ll meet you at the department store.Wang Li is at a media and technology exhibition.Cable TV began in 1948 in the USA, but it took 50years before 66percent of USA families had it in their homes.This new type of TV can be hung on the wall.3．行动介词

介词to经常用来表示行动，意思是‚朝着方向‛。其它的介词还有across, along, down, into, off, over, out of, past, round, through, under, up 等。如：The invention of the transistor led to the development of cassette recorders.二介词短语

介词可以和动词，名词，和形容词连用构成介词短语。1．介词与动词连用

许多介词可以跟动词连用构成词组，如：agree with, look for, look into, head for, stand for.如：Scientists agree with each other that the development of TV will not stop.I am looking for the most recent model.Do you have any in store? The British Association for the Advancement of Science will look into the case.The ship set sail and headed for Shanghai.MD stands for MiniDisc.2．介词与名词连用

介词可以跟名词连用，如：in time for, on time, by means of, by accident/mistake, for/on sale, on the market, in that case, up to date 如：We thought we would be late, but we were in time for the programme.The products were delivered on time.You can connect the CD player to the computer by means of a special jack.Be careful not to press ‚delete‛ by accident/mistake!When will the new model be for/on sale? There are several new model on the market.You want a TV linked with the Internet? In that case, get a Web TV!This technology is quite up to date.注：当up to date出现在名词前时，要用连字符，如：up-to-date products 3．介词与形容词连用

一些介词可以和形容词连用，如：good at, capable of, fond of, satisfied/happy with 如：I am good at science.The program is of capable of calculating our budget for the year.I am fond of watching black-and-white films.Su Mei is satisfied with her new job.第二单元

动词短语

动词短语是由一个动词加副词或介词构成的。

动词+副词：If you open up any medicine cupboard in the world, there is a high probability that you will find asprin.动词+介词：It was over a decade before someone else turned penicillin into the great thdrug of the 20 century.在使用动词短语时有一些规则需要注意：

1．在动词短语里，副词可以放在名词的前面或后面。

如：Fleming tried out this mould on another bacterium.Fleming tried this mould out on another bacterium.注：如果宾语是代词，只能放在动词和副词之间。

如：Fleming tried it out on other bacteria.2．动词短语后面不一定要接宾语。

如：The fire broke out at midnight.Fleming did not give up.3．在有介词的动词短语里，介词的宾语总是放在介词的后面

如：Doctors are looking into the case for new treatment.Sometimes people ask for medicine that they do not really need.4．有时候动词短语里的副词后会接一个介词。

如：How can you put up with this for so long? It is not right to look down up those who have AIDS.5．动词词组有特殊的含义，如：

动词词组含义例句

try out test Don’t try the drug out on animals.give up stop doing something Tell your father to give up.wash up clean plates, bowls, etc.after a meal She is washing up in the kitchen.talk over discuss thoroughly Let’s talk the issue over.set up create or start Dr Armstrong set up his own surgery in 2000.look after take care of I spent a whole day looking after my sick dog.turn up arrive They did not turn up until 10 o’clock.6．许多动词短语的意思不止一个，如，make out 就有许多不同的意思，以下列举其它三个意思：

1）能够看见或听见某事

如：It was too dark, and I couldn’t make out the words written on the wall.2）理解某事（用于否定句和疑问句中）

如：I can’t make out what the article says.3)阐述可能不是正确的事情

如：He made out that he was a famous doctor.第三单元

系动词

系动词是连接主语和说明主语是什么样状态的成分的动词。最常用的系动词是‚to be（be/am/is/are/was/were/been）‛

如：The information is true and acute.1．Appear, seem, prove, keep, stay, remain 是系动词。

如：Now it seems very common for families to spend a lot of time apart.They appear in favor of the Internet.The internet proved of great value to us during our project.You shouldn’t keep quiet in a debate.People stayed silent and listened to us, and applauded at the end.For these reasons, I believe the Internet remains a positive tool that helps make our lives better.2．感官动词是系动词，sound，taste，feel，look，smell 如：That sounds wonderful, but some people claim that the internet is a waste of time.If you always eat fast food, vegetables may not taste delicious to you.It feels good to sit in front of the TV after a hard day’s work.When he got up on stage, he looked a little nervous.The air often smells bad in Internet cafes.3．暗指变化的词是系动词：turn，go，fall，grow，get，become 如：Leaves turn green in spring.The boy will go mad if you don’t allow him to use the computer.Alisha fell asleep the moment she got into bed.Your son has grown much taller.John gets easily excited when he plays computer games.The amount of false information on the Internet becomes more of a problem every day.4．大多数情况下，系动词后面接形容词。但有时也接名词或介词短语。

如：I feel it remains important for us either or limit our use of the Internet, or to learn how to solve the problems it has caused.He became a teacher after graduation from college.The article is about using the Internet to help people or all ages.第四单元

V-ed和V-ing v-ed和v-ing通常被称作分词。分词可以做定语修饰名词，或做时间，原因，结果和方式状语。

1．v-ed和v-ing可以像形容词一样使用

1）v-ing通常表达正在进行的动作，或某事是什么样子。

如：she sat beside the window, watching the falling leaves floating in the air.It was an exciting development.2)v-ed通常表达被动的含义，或指代一个完成的动作，或告诉别人我们对某事的感觉。如：The police found the stolen car.There was a thick layer of fallen leaves on the ground.Many excited wanted to travel on the underground.3）分词短语通常放在它所修饰的名词的后面。

如：The trains going to London stop at the edge of the city.In 1933, a public organization called the London Passenger Transport Board was created.2．v-ed和v-ing可以像副词一样使用。1）v-ed和v-ing可以用来表示原因。

如：Realizing he would have to take two different trains, he decided to take a

taxi instead.Encouraged by the success of the Metropolitan Railway Company, the Metropolitan District Railway opened another line in 1868.2）v-ed和v-ing可以用来表示时间。如：Traveling through the tunnel, the man felt uncomfortable because of the noise.When asked how old the underground system was, she made no reply.3）v-ed和v-ing可以用来表示方式。

如：The train headed for London, puffing and rattling.4)v-ed和v-ing可以用来表示条件。

如：Turning to the left at the crossroad, you will see the railway station on your right.注：v-ing也可以表达紧随主句动作之后的动作。

如：Arriving at the airport, he started looking for the tourist guide.3．v-ing有被动和完成形式。

1）being+v-ed表示进行时态的被动态。

如：The underground system being built in the city will be open next year.2）having+v-ed表示完成时态的主动形式：having been+ v-ed表示完成时态的被动形式。如：Having seen the situation , a wealthy American businessman, Charles Yerkes, tried to improve the system.Having been developed over many years , the underground system is now able to transport millions of people effectively.4．当v-ed和v-ing被用做状语时，它的逻辑主语就是主句的主语。如：Having been trapped in traffic, he was late for work.Given enough time, we will see the whole city.5．否定形式：not+v-ing/v-ed 如：Not knowing which line to take, she turned to me for help.牛津高中英语－模块八

第一单元

否定句

否定句用来改正一个错误的观点。如：Money does not buy happiness.在这句话里，钱能买来幸福的错误观点被改正了。注：否定句有是表达肯定含义。

如：He didn’t leave anything to his son but a big library of books.我们有几种方式来表达否定含义。最常用的否定词有：no，not，never，和neither。

1．助动词+not 在最简单的否定句里，not或n’t放在助动词后表否定。

如：They might not(mightn’t)have been written last year.I do not(don’t)think so.2．Not和其它词连用

1）当把not放在一个前面加上否定前缀（如：un-dis-in-）的单词的时候，意思就变成肯定的了。但这种肯定没有直接的肯定句强烈。

如：It is not uncommon to find her reading the newspaper.(It is quite common to find her reading the newspaper.)2）当not放在表示时间，距离，数量的短语前时，则起到了强调否定含义的作用。如：Not many people heard the speech.(Very few people heard the speech.)3．If-从句中额外的否定含义

有时候，我们把否定的表达放在whether和if的后面来表达对一种情况的怀疑。这种表达更加随意而且常被用在英语口语中。

如：I wonder whether /if I shouldn’t bring an umbrella.(I wonder whether /if I should bring an umbrella.)I wouldn’t be surprised if they didn’t move soon.(I wouldn’t be surprised if they moved soon.注：当表达有关自己的事情时，用I wonder whether/if… ,当表达有关别人的事情时，用I wouldn’t be surprised if… 4．还有许多其它的否定表达。一些常用的有hardly，far from，seldom, unless，free from, 和would rather…than。

如：Pip can hardly wait to begin his new life.The classic are far from disappearing.Pip’s sister seldom has a kind word to say.Unless you read the novel yourself, you will never know what happens at the end.The fortune sets him free from financial worries.Joe would rather die than se any harm come to Pip.第二单元

省略

当我们不想重复含义比较明显的单词或短语时，我们就用省略。省略是使句子简明的有效的方法。

1．省略可以用于

1）祈使句中，主语常被省略。

如：(I)Thank you very much.(You)Come here, please.2)答句，省略助动词后面的单词。如：‚Did you enjoy the opera?‛ ‚Yes, I did(enjoy it).‛ 3)动词不定式短语中，省略to后的内容。

如：Although he would like to(break his promise), the emperor cannot break

his promise.4）非正式英语中，省略句中的某些单词。如：(Are you)Ready? How(is it)about the result? 5）hence后

如：Hence(comes)the happy ending of the story.6)在介词或than之后。

如：Mum: Could you water the plants for me? Son: What about(watering them)after I finish my homework? The opera house now looks better than(it did)when I visited it last year.7)同一个句型和同一个动词后的两个从句中。

如：Puccini wrote Turandot and(he also wrote)Madam Butterfly.The actor was born in 1961, and his wife(was born)in 1964.2．为了节省空间和时间，一些单词被省略，包括： 1）标志和标签

如：No smoking(No smoking is allowed here.)2)报纸标题

如：Turandot on stage(The opera Turandot is being performed on stage.)3)说明

如：Do not bend(Do nor bend this envelope.)4）明信片和日记

如：Have not had time to write diary(I have not had time to write my diary.)5)笔记

如：Opera OK, costumes great(The opera was OK and the costumes were great.)

第三单元

倒装

倒装就是改变句子中单词的顺序。当我们用倒装的时候，我们把谓语提到主语的前面，因此我们强调的是谓语而不是主语。倒装用于以下情况。1．最常见的倒装的形式出现在问句里

如：Did you go to visit the Louvre? What do you know about van Gogh? 2．在以下情况下，我们把助动词放在主语的前面 1）以否定词或短语开头的句子，如：neither, nor, never, not, at no time, seldom, hardly 如：He did not like the painting.Neither did I.Neither am I impressed by the paintings nor do I like them.Never in my life have I seen such wonderful pictures.Not a word did he say about his visit to the art museum.At no time during the tour was I bored.Seldom does he paint now.32

Hardly had I got to Amsterdam when it began to snow.2）以so和only开头的句子

如：Li Ming enjoyed the museum.So did his grandmother and aunt.So crowded was the art gallery that I could hardly move about.Only on such a trip can you learn as much about European artists.注：当only修饰主语时，不需倒装。

如：Only teachers went to the art gallery yesterday.3 在以下情况，主语放在动词的后面 1）句子是直接引语或部分是直接引语。

如： ‚I’d like to come back and see Monet’s garden,‛ said my aunt.‚This, ‚said the artist ‚is the most beautiful place I have ever seen.‛

2)主语太常。

如：Present at the party were a group of young people who called themselves pioneers of modern art.3)以here，there，in，out，up，down，on 等开头的句子。

如：Look!Here comes the bus.The door opened and in came Mr.Smith, the artist.Out rushed the children.Down came the water from the top of the mountain.注：当主语是代词时，不需要倒装。

如：Here I am in Amsterdam.There it goes.4）在正式的非真实条件句中，我们把should, were，had to 放在句子的开头。

如：Should you have gone on the trip, you would have learnt a lot about painting.Were the picture unique, it would be valuable.Had the museum been closed, we would have been upset.第四单元

强调句

当我们需要用英语表达自己观点的时候，我们必须要考虑的不止是词汇和发音。我们选择强调的单词和句子成分能改变我们想要传达的含义。

1．强调句可以借助某些单词来表达，如：so，such，really，和just。如：Everyone was so excited about her speech.It was such an interesting television show.I really want to see it again.Actually, the festival in Venice doesn’t just feature Hollywood films.2．如果强调的不是动词，而是句子某一成分，我们可以用以下句型‚ It + be+强调部分+that从句。

如：It was because of his Hollywood background that he knew how many small, unknown actors were being ignored by Hollywood.33

1)上述句型可以用来强调主语，宾语或状语。

如：Robert Redford took over the festival in 1981.强调主语：It was Robert Redford that/who took over the festival in 1981.强调宾语：It was the festival that Robert Redford took over in 1981.强调状语：It was in 1981 that Robert Redford took over the festival.2)当强调的主语是代词时，代词通常要用宾格。

如：It was me who represented the Toronto International Film Festival last year.注：当强调的是人时，引导词用that或who。3)强调结构还可以用语问句。

如：Is it the Cannes Film Festival that gives awards mostly to American films? How often is it that famous actors and directors come to Toronto? Who was it that told him what had happened? 4）我们用 ‚It was not until…that…‛结构来强调时间短语。

如：It was not until I spoke to Kathy that I knew how special the Sundance Film Festival was.3．如果我们想强调一般现在时态和一般过去时态中的肯定句中的动词，我们可以在动词前加助动词do或did。

如：Many of the films are from the USA, but we do give awards to films from other countries.We did want to have a festival that was fair.Do tell us a little about the festival you represent.牛津高中英语－模块九

第一单元

从句的概要

当许多观点被融合在一个句子里时，其中某些观点比另一些要更重要，这个时候，我们用从句来表达不太重要的观点。从句包括状语从句，名词性从句或定语从句。

1．状语从句可以表达时间，地点，方式，比较，条件，原因，目的或结果。它们由隐含这些意思的引导词来引导，如：when, where, how , although, if, since, because, in order that, so that.如：Because the population of Quebec is still over 70 per cent French, Montreal has wonderful mix of Old World and New World architecture and culture.2．名词性从句在句中充当名词的作用，可以做主语，宾语或表语。可以由that，或疑问词（what, which, whose, when, how, why, where, who）或if/whether来引导。当名词性从句作宾语的时候，that常省略，尤其是在口语和非正式的书面语中。

如：Montreal has colorful nightlife to ensure(that)no visitor is ever bored.当我们用名词性从句来陈述问句时，句子的顺序是陈述句的语序而不是问句的语序。

如：I do not know when she will travel.(NOT I do not know when will she travel.)3．定语从句就像形容词—它们为某物提供更多的信息。定语从句由关系代词（which, that, who, whom, whose）和关系副词（where, why, why）来引导。定语从句有两种，限定性和非限定性。

1）限定性定语从句所提供的信息用来定义所修饰的物或人。在关系代词或副词之前没有逗号。

如：For those who love outdoor activities, it is possible to hike, sail, cross-country ski or travel for hours-or even days—without meeting another person.2)关系代词可以用来替换who和which。

如：It is good to learn about the cultures of people who/that come from other countries.3）如果关系代词做定语从句中的宾语时，关系代词通常被省略，在英语口语中由为如此。

如：The maple leaf is the pattern(that)you can see on the Canadian flag.4)非限定性定语从句用来提供额外的信息，它可以被省略而不会影响句子的语法结构，而且要放在逗号的后面。

如：Located in the heart of Toronto is the Canadian National Tower, which is often called the CN Tower for short.第二单元

分词从句

像分词一样，分词从句在句中也可以当作形容词或副词使用。现在分词和过去分词都可以构成分词从句。

1．分词从句可以作： 1）定语

如：The artist supervising the building of the Parthenon was the famous sculptor Pheidias.2)状语

如：Built of marble, the monument has lasted hundreds of years.大多数情况下，分词从句的主语就是句子的主语。否则的话，分词从句有自己的主语。

如：Time permitting, the restoration work could be done better.有时候主语可以是不同的。只有当没有误解的时候，主语才可以是不一致。

如：Knowing how badly the restoration work had been done, the unsafe structures did not surprise them.3)补语

如：I saw the Temple of Nike standing there on the hill.2．可以把现在分词或过去分词放在连词的后面，如：when, while, once, if, although.如：You will find the Acropolis very beautiful when visiting the city.35

While reading the article, I was thinking of the World Heritage sites in China.Once caught, people who deliberately damage the monument would be fined even imprisoned.If repaired well, the monument could be restored to its former glory.Although being conserved, the Acropolis is still facing serious problems such as deliberate damage and stealing of atones.第三单元

同位语

当两个名词短语一前一后出现在句子中并且指代同一个事物时，这两个短语互为同位语。如：The French flag, the ‚Tricolore‛, was first used in 1789, at the start of the French Revolution.The USA was also born from revolution, and its flag, the ‚Stars and Stripes‛, symbolizes this.1．当同位语提供更多信息时，第二个短语之前和之后有一个逗号。

如：The flag, a simple design of red over white, has a long history that dates

thback to the 13 century.2．当同位语是用来解释第一个名词短语时，同位语的前和后都不需要逗号。

如：The colors red, white and blue used on the flag are a visual reminder of the motto of the Revolution—liberty, equality and fraternity.3．我们有时侯用同位语来强调我们的观点。

如：We love our flag, our unique flag.4．名词后的名词性从句也是一种形式的同位语。

如：The news that France had a successful revolution had a big effect on many other countries, particularly those in Europe.The fact that some countries use the same colors on their flags can mean they share similar beliefs.同位语从句可以把两个句子连在一起。

如：The team has won the game.Everyone in the city is excited by the news.-----Everyone in the city is excited by the news that the team has won the game.5．可以用在同位语从句前的名词还包括：truth，idea，hope，information 如：Many people are unaware of the truth that the USA was colonized by Britain.The idea the red represents bravery and blood is widely believed.I am reading this book in the hope that I can learn more about national flags.Did he give you the information that the meanings of different flags should be explained in your report?

第四单元

复杂句子的分析

当我们看到复杂句时，我们可能需要对这些句子进行分析以便能更好的理解它们的含义。1．长简单句

每一个长简单句都包含一个主语和一个谓语。在这些句子中，辨别出主语和谓语是非常有用的。主语是这个句子所讲述的的事物，而谓语则告诉我们这个事物是怎么样的，并且谓语通常包含一个动词。

如：Islam was started about 1400 years ago by a man called Muhammad.2．复合句

在复合句中，有两个或以上的从句。这些从句通常由关联词引导的，如：and，or和but，每一个从句都独立成句。

如：There are many idioms used in English and quite a few of them come from the Bible.‚By and by‛ now means ‚before long‛, but in the Bible, it was used to men ‚immediately‛.3．复杂句

复杂句是由一个主句和一个或更多的从句构成。它们由引导词连接，如：because, when, where, If, since, that , unless, whereas, whose, while, although.如：Unless you recognize when an idiom is being used, you can easily misunderstand the meaning of a sentence.There are lots of examples of idioms where animals are used to create an image.The text goes on to say that if salt loses its flavor, then it should be thrown away, meaning that if you are not honest, then you are worth nothing.This has meant that since the Bible was translated into English centuries ago, many Hebrew or Greek idioms have become part of the English language.An idiom is a combination of words, whose meaning often cannot be understood by looking separately at the meanings of the words that make it up.4．复杂复合句

当复合句和复杂句一起出现时，这就是复杂复合句。

如：People who follow this religion study Buddhist sutras and they follow the teachings of Buddha.37

牛津高中英语－模块十

第一单元

连词

连词用于连接句子。如果没有连词，读者就会弄不懂句子的意思。连词帮助读者弄清楚文章当中接下来会发生什么事情。句子间常用的连词有： 1．时间顺序连词显示观点或行为发生的顺序。常见的表达有：firstly, secondly, finally, now, in the end等。如：The programme has several aims: firstly, to help unemployed people find work;secondly, to teach new mothers about nutrition;and thirdly, to help young people develop problem solving skills.Geldof intended the concert to raise money for and public awareness of the famine.In the End, 100$ million was raised.2．原因和结果连词表示做某件事的原因或结果。常用的表达有：for one thing, therefore, so, as a result.等

如：Reporter: Why did you organize the concert? Bob: Well, for one thing, I wanted to raise money for the hungry people.Also, I wanted to raise public awareness of poverty and famine.Very often, people who receive food aid become lazy and do not want a job, so it is possible That the gift of a single meal sometimes causes more harm than good.These people will be given a chance to help themselves instead of being dependent on other people.As a result, they will enjoy a higher standard of living.3．对比连词也是连接句子的重要连词，用于引出与之前观点相对比的观点。常用的有：however, in contrast, instead, nevertheless, on the contrary, on the other hand等

如：Poverty is still killing people.However, these small victories are a good start towards a better future.Many people believe that hunger is only a problem in the developing world.On the contrary, it is a problem all over the world.4．添加连词用于引出更多的信息。常用的表达有：also, on the top of something, above all, besides, furthermore, in addition, moreover等。

如：For example, the disease malaria, which is spread by mosquitoes, kills

over one million children yearly.On top of this, according to the United Nations, hunger and malnutrition claim ten million lives each year.Our organization is working to raise money for the local homeless shelters.Furthermore, we are collecting clothing to give to those in need.第二单元

段落的构成

段落在一篇段落中就像是楼房中的一层，用于在论文，故事或文章中组织信息。在写段落的时候，通常包括以下几个方面： 1．主题句

1）每个段落都应该含有一个观点。这个观点通常在主题句中表达，并且清晰的阐述这个段落所要传达的信息。

如：Young adults give many different reasons for moving to cities.并不是所有的段落都有主题句，尤其是当一个段落是上一个已经有主题句的段落的延续的时候。

2）主题句通常是一个段落的第一句话。但是，为了吸引读者的注意力，在一篇论文，一个故事，或一篇文章的第一段里，作者会在主题句之后加上一个有趣的事实，一个问句或一段引言。

如：Older Americans are on the move.2．支持句

1）主题句后应该跟着一些句子来解释或证明主题句的正确。

如：For decades, Florida has been attracting older residents.In fact, according to the national Population survey conducted in 2000, Florida was home to the largest population of people aged 65 and older.2)一个段落里的句子应该按一定的顺序列举出来。我们可以用一些过渡连词来连接这些句子。如：for example, for instance, furthermore, first, second, third, on the other hand, however, also.如：Florida is a popular choice for these people because of the climate and the state’s relatively flat landscape.However, as the number of older Americans moving there increases, more Changes are made to cater to them.For example, ambulance response time has decreased, And many houses have bathrooms designed for elderly homeowners, with things like walk-in bathtubs that reduce the risk of slips and falls.3）结束句

一个段落应该以一句话结束，而这句话应以一种新的方式来重述主题，这就是结束句。结束句应该用来表达有关这个话题的最后的观点或引出下一个段落的观点。

如：Across the USA, people are noticing the same thing: young people want to live in cities.第三单元

篇章的构成

一篇文章应该让读者很容易的从一个观点领悟到另一个观点。要想是一篇文章具有逻辑性，应当注意以下几点： 1．题目

题目不应该太长，但应该清晰并且简单（如： ‘Aids today’）2．起始段落

1）起始段落应该包含一个主题句，这个主题句常常是段落的第一句话。

如：When discussing the problem of Aids, we use a lot of technical and scientific terms on this websites.有时候主题句后面会跟一句话来起到吸引注意力的作用。

有些情况，起始段落根本不需要主题句。例如，在一个解释一系列事件的段落中，主题就是有关这些事件的细节，因此不再需要主题句。

2）像其它段落一样，起始段落里的主题句之后也应该跟随一些支持句。

3）起始段落应该吸引读者的注意力并且让读者有兴趣继续读下去。我们可以加入一些有趣的事实，问题或给出一些细节来达到目的。

如：In an African village, eleven-year-old Ajani hears a far-off scream as he washes his little sister In a bath that leaks water.3．中间段落 1）主题句

主题句通常是段落的第一句话，并且包含段落的主旨大义。主题句应该简单，明了，易于读者领会它的含义。2)支持句

支持句应该跟在主题句的后面，并要用细节和证据来证明主题句。它对主题句所阐述的观点进行延伸和扩展。3）结束句

一个段落的最后一句往往引出下一个段落的观点。4．结束段落

结束段落里应该给出一个最终的观点（或许是一个预言），或它可以继续阐述其始段落里给出的句子。

第四单元

语言的风格

英语中有许多不同的语言风格。语言风格是由所运用的场合决定的。风格最重要的不同在于英语口语和书面语。在口语和书面语中，又有正式和非正式的不同。

正式非正式

书面语论文给朋友或家人的信

报告邮件

申请信消息

跟熟悉的人谈话口语正式的演讲（家人和朋友）

跟陌生人谈话 1．正式的风格

1）我们经常用复杂结构的句子，包括被动语态和从属句。

如：Ordinary citizens are aware of the frequent computer-related crimes that happen since many computer users are affected by computer viruses.2)我们经常用抽象名词。

如：There has been an increase in the incidence of crime.2．非正式风格

1）我们经常用简单句。

如：People are worried about computer viruses.2)我们经常用主动语态。

如：You should go to the university and talk to the detective in charge of campus police about the theft.3）我们也会用许多口语，而且句子里有缩写。

如：We’ve heard lots of reports of financial fraud.41

第二篇：高中英语语法总结

高中英语语法整理总结

组成句子的各个部分叫句子成分。英语句子成分有主语，谓语，表语，宾语，宾语补足语，定语，状语等。

顺序一般是主语，谓语，宾语，宾语补足语，而表语，定语，状语的位置要根据情况而定。

1、主语

主语表示句子主要说明的人或事物，一般由名词，代词，数词，不定式等充当。

Helikeswatch'ingTV.他喜欢看电视。

2、谓语

谓语说明主语的动作，状态或特征。

一般可分为两类：

1)，简单谓语

由动词(或短语动词)构成。

可以有不同的时态，语态和语气。

Westud'yforthepeo'ple.我们为人民学习。2)，复合谓语：情态动词+不定式

Icanspeakalit'tleEng'lish.我可以说一点英语。

3、表语

表语是谓语的一部分，它位于系动词如be之后，说明主语身份，特征，属性或状态。一般由名词，代词，形容词，副词，不定式，介词短语等充当。

Mysis'terisanurse.我姐姐是护士。

4、宾语

宾语表示动作行为的对象，跟在及物动词之后，能作宾语的有名词，代词，数词，动词不定式等。

WelikeEng'lish.我们喜欢英语。

有些及物动词可以带两个宾语，往往一个指人，一个指物，指人的叫间接宾语，指物的叫直接宾语。

Hegavemesom'eink.他给了我一点墨水。

有些及物动词的宾语后面还需要有一个补足语，意思才完整，宾语和它的补足语构成复合宾语。如：

Wemakehimourmon'itor.我们选他当班长。

5、定语在句中修饰名词或代词的成分叫定语。

用作定语的主要是形容词，代词，数词，名词，副词，动词不定式，介词短语等。形容词，代词，数词，名词等作定语时，通常放在被修饰的词前面。

Heisanewstu'dent.他是个新生。

但副词，动词不定式，介词短语等作定语时，则放在被修饰的词之后。

Thebikeintheroomismine.房间里的自行车是我的。

6、状语

修饰动词，形容词，副词以及全句的句子成分，叫做状语。用作状语的通常是副词，介词短语，不定式和从句等。状语一般放在被修饰的词之后或放在句尾。副词作状语时可放在被修饰的词前或句首。

HelivesinLon'don.他住在伦敦。

7.补语用来说明宾语或主语所处的状态或正在进行的动作，因为英语中有些动词加宾语后意思仍然不完整，如：make(使...),ask(请)等等。如果我们说：我们使我们的祖国。这不是一句完整的话。应该说：我们使我们的祖国更美丽。这是的“美丽的(beautiful)”为形容词做补语，说明祖国的状态。英语句子为:We will make our country more beautiful.作补语的词或词组为：形容词，副词，名词，不定式，ing形式，数词等。

句子的类型：

1.主语+谓语 2.主语+谓语+状语

3.主语+谓语+宾语

4.主语+系动词+表语

5.主语+谓语+间接宾语+直接宾语

6.主语+谓语+直接宾语+间接宾语

7.主语+谓语+宾语+宾语补足语

高中英语常见语法错误列举分析

[导读] 本文将对高中英语常见语法错误进行列举分析，近年来，随着课程新标准的颁布，高中英语的改革不断深化，系统的语法学习显得越来越重要。一个好的语法基础无疑会高效率地帮助学生清楚地了解句子结构，规范语言的实际运用并使之富有逻辑性，同时提高语言功底以及融会贯通和理解能力。

本文将对高中英语常见语法错误进行列举分析，近年来，随着课程新标准的颁布，高中英语的改革不断深化，系统的语法学习显得越来越重要。一个好的语法基础无疑会高效率地帮助学生清楚地了解句子结构，规范语言的实际运用并使之富有逻辑性，同时提高语言功底以及融会贯通和理解能力。同时，高考中对语法的考查也呈现出新特点：单纯的语法规则测试题减少，而代之以语法加语境，语法加上下文，语法加比较辨析等三个方面的题目。我们的语法学习也应该顺应这个潮流。从易犯错误的地方入手，无疑是系统学习语法，应对高考新特点的最好切入点。

下面笔者依据近年的高考试题，总结了英语学习中易犯的一些错误：

一.词法方面

词法方面，词语的辨析成为现今高考命题的重点，对考生来说也是一大难点。其综合性越来越强，很多题目要根据上下文，反复比较才能做出正确判断。这也提醒我们学习词语时，要关注它的多个意思，同时不要死记硬背，要在具体的语言环境里灵活地学习和掌握。

1.____ two exams to worry about, I have to work really hard this weekend.(2004 北京)A.With B.Besides C.As for D.Because of 本题说的是：因为担心两门考试，这个周末我不得不拼命学习。句意很简单明了，besides“除了”，as for“至于”两个选项很容易排除，因此许多同学根据字面意思选择了错误选项D。错误的原因是because of后边不能接复合宾语，而正确答案A项构成的with独立结构也可表原因。所谓with独立结构是指with+名词(或代词)+分词/不定式/形容词/副词/介词短语

2.----Do you like____ here?----Oh , yes.The air, the weather, the way of life.Everything is so nice.(2004 全国一)A.this B.these C.that D.it 很多同学看到The air, the weather, the way of life，以为这么多东西，当然应该是these了，从而误选了B。此处it指代这些东西，同时对应了Everything。正确答案是D 二.动词的时态

动词的时态依然是亘古不变的重点。时态的考查也不再局限于过去时，过去完成进行时等也开始出现在考卷上。这一类题目中，理解其所给的语境成为答对题目的关键。另外，试题中还故意设计出了一些陷阱：如经常出现在某一种时态中的时间状语放在另一种时态里。考生极易犯思维定式的错误，所以，务必认真审题也变得非常重要。

1.The crazy fans____ patiently for two hours, and they would wait till the movie star arrived.(2004重庆)A were waiting B.had been waiting C.had waited D.would wait 这道时态题难度不小，从题目中的场景可知，空格处的“等待”动作应发生在“arrived”之前，即过去的过去，所以应用过去完成时;同时“for two hours”这个时间状语告诉我们该句强调的是动作在过去一直持续进行。综合二者，我们选择一个最佳答案：过去完成进行时。答案为：B 2.It is said in the book that Thomas Edison(1847-1931)____the world leading inventor for sixty years.(2004辽宁)A.would be B.has been C.had been D.was 此题难度较大，无数考生拜倒在其脚下。错误的原因是：看到for sixty years，再加上前面用了一般现在时的动词is，便以为是现在完成时，所以选择B。殊不知题目中给出的是一段过去的时间(1847-1931)，而一般过去时也可以用以描述过去的一段时间的事实。所以答案是D：爱迪生过去曾经连续60年是世界上发明创造界的领袖。

三.三大类从句

对于从句的把握，不仅对语法题目意义重大，对写作也大有裨益。要弄明白名词性从句、状语从句、定语从句三者的区别和联系，要了解各自的引导词以及引导的句子种类，从本质上把握它们。

1.A modern city has been set up in____ was a wasteland ten years ago.(2004 天津)A.what B.which C.that D.where 此题解答时，易把汉语的习惯移植进去：十年前曾是一片废墟的地方，从而误选D。本题中，空格及空格后面的部分共同做介词in的宾语。而在这个宾语从句中，空格部分又要做主语。毫无疑问，where是副词的性质，从来只能做状语，决不可能做主语。同时本题有没有给定一个供选择的范围，所以排除了which。正确答案是A 四.分词

分词使我们中国学生最头疼的语法点知识。很多学生读了研究生后依然搞不清楚现在分词和过去分词。其实，只要适当的加以分类和记忆，便能迅速地理情头绪，并彻底掌握它。1.-----such a good chance, he planed to learn more.A.To be given B.Having been given C.Having given D.Giving 该题有三个关键点：主语he，谓语动作plan，非谓语动作give;he与give之间很显然是被动关系，所以排除表主动的现在分词C和D;give这个动作明显在谓语动作plan之前，所以选择完成式B 2.-----time, he will make a first-class tennis player.A.Having given B.To give C.Giving D.Given 该题的三个关键点：主语he，谓语动作make，非谓语动作give：he与give之间同样是被动关系，而ABC均为主动，所以选D。该题如果增加难度，可以加入一个迷惑选项：被动完成式having been given，此项也不可选，因为完成式必须表示动作已发生过;本题中动作只是一种假设，尚未发生。

高中英语语法专项复习之情态动词

[导读] 本文将对高中英语语法专项复习之情态动词进行详细介绍，希望对大家的英语学习有所帮助：

本文将对高中英语语法专项复习之情态动词进行详细介绍，希望对大家的英语学习有所帮助：

情态动词的语法特征 1)情态动词不能表示正在发生或已经发生的事情，只表示期待或估计某事的发生。

2)情态动词除ought 和have 外，后面只能接不带to 的不定式。

3)情态动词没有人称，数的变化，即情态动词第三人称单数不加-s。

4)情态动词没有非谓语形式，即没有不定式，分词，等形式。

比较can 和be able to 1)cancould 表示能高考资源网力;可能(过去时用could), 只用于现在式和过去式(could)。be able to可以用于各种时态。

They will be able to tell you the news soon.他很快就能告诉你消息了。

2)只用be able to a.位于助动词后。

b.情态动词后。

c.表示过去某时刻动作时。

d.用于句首表示条件。

e.表示成功地做了某事时，只能用was/were able to，不能用could。

He was able to flee Europe before the war broke out.= He managed to flee Europe before the war broke out.注意：could不表示时态

1)提出委婉的请求，(注意在回答中不可用could)。

---Could I have the television on?---Yes, you can./ No, you can't.2)在否定，疑问句中表示推测或怀疑。

He couldn't be a bad man.他不大可能是坏人。

比较may和might 1)表示允许或请求;表示没有把握的推测;may 放在句首，表示祝愿。

May God bless you!He might be at home.注意： might 表示推测时，不表示时态。只是可能性比may 小。

2)成语： may/might as well，后面接不带to 的不定式，意为“不妨”。

If that is the case, we may as well try.典型例题

Peter ___come with us tonight, but he isn't very sure yet.A.mustB.mayC.canD.will 答案B.表可能性只能用may.此句意可从后半句推出。

比较have to和must 1)两词都是'必须'的意思，have to 表示客观的需要，must 表示说话人主观上的看法，既主观上的必要。

My brother was very ill, so I had to call the doctor in the middle of the night.我弟弟病得很厉害，我只得半夜里把医生请来。(客观上需要做这件事)He said that they must work hard.他说他们必须努力工作。(主观上要做这件事)2)have to有人称、数、时态的变化，而must只有一种形式。但must 可用于间接引语中表示过去的必要或义务。

He had to look after his sister yesterday.3)在否定结构中： don't have to表示“不必” mustn't表示“禁止”，You don't have to tell him about it.你不一定要把此事告诉他。You mustn't tell him about it.你一定不要把这件事告诉他。

must表示推测

1)must用在肯定句中表示较有把握的推测，意为“一定”。

2)must表对现在的状态或现在正发生的事情的推测时，must 后面通常接系动词be 的原形或行为动词的进行式。

You have worked hard all day.You must be tired.你辛苦干一整天，一定累了。(对现在情况的推测判断)He must be working in his office.他一定在办公室工作呢。

比较：

He must be staying there.他现在肯定呆在那里。

He must stay there.他必须呆在那。

3)must 表示对已发生的事情的推测时，must 要接完成式。

I didn't hear the phone.I must have been asleep.我刚才没有听到电话，我想必是睡着了。

4)must表示对过去某时正发生的事情的推测，must 后面要接不定式的完成进行式。---Why didn't you answer my phone call?---Well, I must have been sleeping, so I didn't hear it.5)否定推测用can't。

If Tom didn't leave here until five o'clock, he can't be home yet.如果汤姆五点才离开这儿，他此时一定还未到家。

表示推测的用法

can, could, may, might, must 皆可表示推测，其用法如下：

1)情态动词+动词原形。

表示对现在或将来的情况的推测，此时动词通常为系动词。

I don't know where she is, she may be in Wuhan.2)情态动词+动词现在进行时。

表示对现在或将来正在进行的情况进行推测。

At this moment, our teacher must be correcting our exam papers.这时，我们老师想必在批改试卷。

3)情态动词+动词完成时。

表示对过去情况的推测。We would have finished this work by the end of next December.明年十二月底前我们很可能已完成这项工作了。

The road is wet.It must have rained last night.地是湿的，昨天晚上一定下雨了。

4)情态动词+动词的现在完成进行时。

表示对过去正在发生事情的推测。

Your mother must have been looking for you.你妈妈一定一直在找你。

5)推测的否定形式，疑问形式用can't, couldn't表示。

Mike can't have found his car, for he came to work by bus this morning.迈克一定还没有找回他的车，因为早上他是坐公共汽车来上班的。

注意：could, might表示推测时不表示时态，其推测的程度不如can, may。

情态动词+have+过去分词

1)may(might)have + done sth, can(could)have + done sth表示过去，推测过去时间里可能发生的事情。

Philip may(might)have been hurt seriously in the car accident.Philip can(could)have been hurt seriously in the car accident.2)must have +done sth，对过去时间里可能发生的事情的推测，语气较强，具有“肯定”，“谅必”的意思。

---Linda has gone to work, but her bicycle is still here.---She must have gone by bus.3)ought to have done sth, should have done sth 本应该做某事，而事实上并没有做。否定句表示“不该做某事而做了”。

You ought to(should)have been more careful in this experiment.He ought not to have thrown the old clothes away.(事实上已扔了。)ought to 在语气上比should 要强。

4)needn't have done sth本没必要做某事

I dressed very warmly for the trip, but Ineedn't have done so.The weather was hot.5)would like to have done sth本打算做某事

I would like to have read the article, but I was very busy then.should和ought to should 和ought to 都为“应该”的意思，可用于各种人称。---Ought he to go?---Yes.I think he ought to.表示要求，命令时，语气由 should(应该)、had better最好)、must(必须)渐强。

had better表示最好

had better 相当于一个助动词，它只有一种形式，它后面要跟动词原形。

had better do sth had better not do sth It is pretty cold.You'd better put on my coat.She'd better not play with the dog.had better have done sth表示与事实相反的结果，意为“本来最好”。

You had better have come earlier.would rather表示“宁愿” would rather do would rather not do would rather… than…宁愿……而不愿。还有would sooner, had rather, had sooner都表示“宁愿”、“宁可”的意思。

If I have a choice, I had sooner not continue my studies at this school.I would rather stay here than go home.= I would stay here rather than go home.高中英语语法专项复习之独立主格

[导读] 本文将对高中英语语法专项复习之独立主格进行详细介绍，希望对大家的英语学习有所帮助：

本文将对高中英语语法专项复习之独立主格进行详细介绍，希望对大家的英语学习有所帮助：

(一)：独立高考资源网主格结构的构成：

名词(代词)+现在分词、过去分词;名词(代词)+形容词;名词(代词)+副词;名词(代词)+不定式;名词(代词)+介词短语构成。

(二)独立主格结构的特点：

1)独立主格结构的逻辑主语与句子的主语不同，它独立存在。2)名词或代词与后面的分词，形容词，副词，不定式，介词等是主谓关系。

3)独立主格结构一般有逗号与主句分开。

举例：

The test finished, we began our holiday.= When the test was finished, we began our holiday.考试结束了，我们开始放假。

The president assassinated, the whole country was in deep sorrow.= After the president was assassinated, the whole country was in deep sorrow.总统被谋杀了，举国上下沉浸在悲哀之中。

Weather permitting, we are going to visit you tomorrow.如果天气允许，我们明天去看你。

This done, we went home.工作完成后，我们才回家。

The meeting gone over, everyone tired to go home earlier.会议结束后，每个人都想早点回家。He came into the room, his ears red with cold.他回到了房子里，耳朵冻坏了。

He came out of the library, a large book under his arm.他夹着本厚书，走出了图书馆

With的复合结构

表伴随时，既可用分词的独立结构，也可用with的复合结构。

with +名词(代词)+现在分词/过去分词/形容词/副词/不定式/介词短语

举例: He stood there, his hand raised.= He stood there, with his hand raise.典型例题

The murder was brought in, with his hands ___ behind his back。

A.being tiedB.having tiedC.to be tiedD.tied 答案D.with +名词(代词)+分词+介词短语结构。当分词表示伴随状况时，其主语常常用with来引导。由于本句中名词“手”与分词“绑”是被动关系，因此用过去分词，选D.注意: 1)独立主格结构使用介词的问题：当介词是in时，其前后的两个名词均不加任何成分(如物主代词或冠词)，也不用复数。但 with 的复合结构不受此限制

A robber burst into the room, knife in hand.(hand前不能加his)。

2)当表人体部位的词做逻辑主语时，及物动词用现在分词，不及物动词用过去分词。

He lay there, his teeth set, his hand clenched, his eyes looking straight up.典型例题：

Weather___, we'll go out for a walk.A permittedB permittingC permitsD for permitting 答案B.本题中没有连词，它不是复合句，也不是并列句。句中使用了逗号，且we 小写，可知其不是两个简单句。能够这样使用的只有独立主格或with的复合结构。据此判断，本句中使用的是独立结构，其结构为：名词+分词。由于permit在这里翻译为'天气允许'，表主动，应用现在分词，故选B。

如果不会判断独立结构作状语的形式，不妨将句子改为条件句，例如本句改为If weather permits, we'll go out for a walk.然后将if 去掉，再将谓语动词改为非谓语动词即可

高中英语语法专项复习之主谓一致

[导读] 本文将对高中英语语法专项复习之主谓一致进行详细介绍，希望对大家的英语学习有所帮助，主谓一致是指：

本文将对高中英语语法专项复习之主谓一致进行详细介绍，希望对大家的英语学习有所帮助，主谓一致是指：

1)语法形式上高考资源网要一致，即单复数形式与谓语要一致。

2)意义上要一致，即主语意义上的单复数要与谓语的单复数形式一致。

3)就近原则，即谓语动词的单复形式取决于最靠近它的词语，一般来说，不可数名词用动词单数，可数名词复数用动词复数。

There is much water in the thermos.但当不可数名词前有表示数量的复数名词时，谓语动词用复数形式。

Ten thousand tons of coal were produced last year.并列结构作主语谓语用复数

Reading and writing are very important.注意：当主语由and连结时，如果它表示一个单一的概念，即指同一人或同一物时，谓语动词用单数，and 此时连接的两个词前只有一个冠词。

The iron and steel industry is very important to our life.典型例题

The League secretary and monitor ___ asked to make a speech at the meeting.A.isB.wasC.areD.were 答案B.注：先从时态上考虑。这是过去发生的事情应用过去时，先排除A.，C.。本题易误选D，因为The League secretary and monitor 好象是两个人，但仔细辨别，monitor 前没有the，在英语中，当一人兼数职时只在第一个职务前加定冠词。后面的职务用and 相连。这样本题主语为一个人，所以应选B。

主谓一致中的靠近原则

1)当there be 句型的主语是一系列事物时，谓语应与最邻近的主语保持一致。

There is a pen, a knife and several books on the desk..There are twenty boy-students and twenty-three girl-students in the class.2)当either… or… 与neither… nor，连接两个主语时，谓语动词与最邻近的主语保

crowd, class, company, committee等词后用复数形式时，意为这个集体中的各个成员，用单数时表示该个集体。His family isn't very large.他家不是一个大家庭。

His family are music lovers.他的家人都是音乐爱好者。

但集合名词people, police, cattle, poultry等在任何情况下都用复数形式。

Are there any police around? 3)有些名词，如variety, number, population, proportion, majority 等有时看作单数，有时看作复数。

A number of +名词复数+复数动词。

The number of +名词复数+单数动词。

A number of books have lent out.The majority of the students like English.与后接名词或代词保持一致

1)用half of, part of, most of, a portion of 等词引起主语时，动词通常与of后面的名词，代词保持一致。

Most of his money is spent on books.Most of the students are taking an active part in sports.2)在一些短语，如 many a 或 more than one 所修饰的词作主语时，谓语动词多用单数形式。但由more than… of 作主语时，动词应与其后的名词或代词保持一致。

Many a person has read the novel.许多人都读过这本书。

More than 60 percent of the students are from the city.百分之六十多的学生都来自这个城市

高中英语语法总结大全之状语从句

地点状语从句

地点状高考资源网语从句通常由where, wherever 引导。

Where I live there are plenty of trees.我住的地方树很多。

Wherever I am I will be thinking of you.不管我在哪里我都会想到你。

高中英语语法专项复习之形容词及其用法

[导读] 本文将对高中英语语法专项复习之形容词及其用法进行详细介绍，希望对大家的英语学习有所帮助，形容词修饰名词，说明事高考资源网物或人的性质或特征。通常，可将形容词分成性质形容词和叙述形容词两类，其位置不一定都放在名词前面。

本文将对高中英语语法专项复习之形容词及其用法进行详细介绍，希望对大家的英语学习有所帮助，形容词修饰名词，说明事高考资源网物或人的性质或特征。通常，可将形容词分成性质形容词和叙述形容词两类，其位置不一定都放在名词前面。

1)直接说明事物的性质或特征的形容词是性质形容词，它有级的变化，可以用程度副词修饰，在句中可作定语、表语和补语。例如：hot 热的。

2)叙述形容词只能作表语，所以又称为表语形容词。这类形容词没有级的变化，也不可用程度副词修饰。大多数以a开头的形容词都属于这一类。例如：afraid 害怕的。

(错)He is an ill man.(对)The man is ill.(错)She is an afraid girl.(对)The girl is afraid.这类词还有： well，unwell，ill，faint，afraid，alike，alive，alone，asleep，awake 等。

3)形容词作定语修饰名词时，要放在名词的前边。但是如果形容词修饰以-thing为字尾的词语时，要放在这些词之后，例如：

something nice 以-ly结尾的形容词

1)大部分形容词加-ly可构成副词。但 friendly，deadly，lovely，lonely，likely，lively，ugly，brotherly，仍为形容词。

改错：(错)She sang lovely.(错)He spoke to me very friendly.(对)Her singing was lovely.(对)He spoke to me in a very friendly way.2)有些以-ly 结尾既为形容词，也为副词。

daily，weekly，monthly，yearly，early The Times is a daily paper.The Times is published daily.用形容词表示类别和整体

1)某些形容词加上定冠词可以泛指一类人，与谓语动词的复数连接。如：the dead，the living，the rich，the poor，the blind，the hungry The poor are losing hope.2)有关国家和民族的形容词加上定冠词指这个民族的整体，与动词的复数连用。the British，the English，the French，the Chinese.The English have wonderful sense of humor.多个形容词修饰名词的顺序

多个形容词修饰名词时，其顺序为：

限定词--数词--描绘词--(大小，长短，形状，新旧，颜色)--出处--材料性质，类别--名词

a small round table a tall gray building a dirty old brown shirt a famous German medical school an expensive Japanese sports car 典型例题: 1)Tony is going camping with ___ boys.A.little two otherB.two little otherC.two other littleD.little other two 答案：C。由“限定词--数词--描绘词--(大小，长短，形状，新旧，颜色)--性质--名词”的公式可知数词，描绘词，性质依次顺序，只有C符合答案。

2)One day they crossed the ____bridge behind the palace.A.old Chinese stone B.Chinese old stoneC.old stone ChineseD.Chinese stone old 答案A.几个形容词修饰一个名词，他们的排列顺序是：年龄，形状，大小+颜色+来源+质地+用途+国家+名词。

3)----How was your recent visit to Qingdao?----It was great.We visited some friends，and spent the ___days at the seaside.A.few last sunnyB.last few sunnyC.last sunny fewD.few sunny last 答案：B。本题考查多个形容词的排序问题。一般与被修饰形容词关系密切的形容词靠

近名词;如果几个形容词的重要性差不多，音节少的形容词在前，音节多的方在后，在不能确定时，可参照下表：

限定词+数量词(序数词在前，基数词在后)+性状形容词+大小、长短、高低等形体+ those + three + beautiful + large + square 新旧+颜色+国籍+材料+名词

old + brown + wood + table

高中英语语法专项复习之形容词及其用法

1)直接说明事物的性质或特征的形容词是性质形容词，它有级的变化，可以用程度副词修饰，在句中可作定语、表语和补语。例如：hot 热的。

(错)He is an ill man.(对)The man is ill.(错)She is an afraid girl.(对)The girl is afraid.这类词还有： well，unwell，ill，faint，afraid，alike，alive，alone，asleep，awake 等。3)形容词作定语修饰名词时，要放在名词的前边。但是如果形容词修饰以-thing为字尾的词语时，要放在这些词之后，例如：

something nice 以-ly结尾的形容词

1)大部分形容词加-ly可构成副词。但 friendly，deadly，lovely，lonely，likely，lively，ugly，brotherly，仍为形容词。

改错：(错)She sang lovely.(错)He spoke to me very friendly.(对)Her singing was lovely.(对)He spoke to me in a very friendly way.2)有些以-ly 结尾既为形容词，也为副词。

daily，weekly，monthly，yearly，early The Times is a daily paper.The Times is published daily.用形容词表示类别和整体 1)某些形容词加上定冠词可以泛指一类人，与谓语动词的复数连接。如：the dead，the living，the rich，the poor，the blind，the hungry The poor are losing hope.2)有关国家和民族的形容词加上定冠词指这个民族的整体，与动词的复数连用。

the British，the English，the French，the Chinese.The English have wonderful sense of humor.多个形容词修饰名词的顺序

多个形容词修饰名词时，其顺序为：

限定词--数词--描绘词--(大小，长短，形状，新旧，颜色)--出处--材料性质，类别--名词

近名词;如果几个形容词的重要性差不多，音节少的形容词在前，音节多的方在后，在不能确定时，可参照下表：

限定词+数量词(序数词在前，基数词在后)+性状形容词+大小、长短、高低等形体+ those + three + beautiful + large + square 新旧+颜色+国籍+材料+名词 old + brown + wood + table

高中英语语法专项复习之情态动词

[导读] 本文将对高中英语语法专项复习之情态动词进行详细介绍，希望对大家的英语学习有所帮助：

本文将对高中英语语法专项复习之情态动词进行详细介绍，希望对大家的英语学习有所帮助：

情态动词的语法特征

1)情态动词不能表示正在发生或已经发生的事情，只表示期待或估计某事的发生。

2)情态动词除ought 和have 外，后面只能接不带to 的不定式。

3)情态动词没有人称，数的变化，即情态动词第三人称单数不加-s。

4)情态动词没有非谓语形式，即没有不定式，分词，等形式。

比较can 和be able to 1)cancould 表示能高考资源网力;可能(过去时用could), 只用于现在式和过去式(could)。be able to可以用于各种时态。They will be able to tell you the news soon.他很快就能告诉你消息了。

2)只用be able to a.位于助动词后。

b.情态动词后。

c.表示过去某时刻动作时。

d.用于句首表示条件。

e.表示成功地做了某事时，只能用was/were able to，不能用could。

He was able to flee Europe before the war broke out.= He managed to flee Europe before the war broke out.注意：could不表示时态

1)提出委婉的请求，(注意在回答中不可用could)。

---Could I have the television on?---Yes, you can./ No, you can't.2)在否定，疑问句中表示推测或怀疑。

He couldn't be a bad man.他不大可能是坏人。

比较may和might 1)表示允许或请求;表示没有把握的推测;may 放在句首，表示祝愿。

May God bless you!He might be at home.注意： might 表示推测时，不表示时态。只是可能性比may 小。

2)成语： may/might as well，后面接不带to 的不定式，意为“不妨”。

If that is the case, we may as well try.典型例题

Peter ___come with us tonight, but he isn't very sure yet.A.mustB.mayC.canD.will 答案B.表可能性只能用may.此句意可从后半句推出。

比较have to和must 1)两词都是'必须'的意思，have to 表示客观的需要，must 表示说话人主观上的看法，既主观上的必要。My brother was very ill, so I had to call the doctor in the middle of the night.我弟弟病得很厉害，我只得半夜里把医生请来。(客观上需要做这件事)He said that they must work hard.他说他们必须努力工作。(主观上要做这件事)2)have to有人称、数、时态的变化，而must只有一种形式。但must 可用于间接引语中表示过去的必要或义务。

He had to look after his sister yesterday.3)在否定结构中： don't have to表示“不必” mustn't表示“禁止”，You don't have to tell him about it.你不一定要把此事告诉他。

You mustn't tell him about it.你一定不要把这件事告诉他。

must表示推测

1)must用在肯定句中表示较有把握的推测，意为“一定”。

2)must表对现在的状态或现在正发生的事情的推测时，must 后面通常接系动词be 的原形或行为动词的进行式。

You have worked hard all day.You must be tired.你辛苦干一整天，一定累了。(对现在情况的推测判断)He must be working in his office.他一定在办公室工作呢。比较：

He must be staying there.他现在肯定呆在那里。

He must stay there.他必须呆在那。

3)must 表示对已发生的事情的推测时，must 要接完成式。

I didn't hear the phone.I must have been asleep.我刚才没有听到电话，我想必是睡着了。

4)must表示对过去某时正发生的事情的推测，must 后面要接不定式的完成进行式。

---Why didn't you answer my phone call?---Well, I must have been sleeping, so I didn't hear it.5)否定推测用can't。

If Tom didn't leave here until five o'clock, he can't be home yet.如果汤姆五点才离开这儿，他此时一定还未到家。

表示推测的用法

can, could, may, might, must 皆可表示推测，其用法如下：

1)情态动词+动词原形。表示对现在或将来的情况的推测，此时动词通常为系动词。

I don't know where she is, she may be in Wuhan.2)情态动词+动词现在进行时。

表示对现在或将来正在进行的情况进行推测。

At this moment, our teacher must be correcting our exam papers.这时，我们老师想必在批改试卷。

3)情态动词+动词完成时。

表示对过去情况的推测。

We would have finished this work by the end of next December.明年十二月底前我们很可能已完成这项工作了。

The road is wet.It must have rained last night.地是湿的，昨天晚上一定下雨了。

4)情态动词+动词的现在完成进行时。

表示对过去正在发生事情的推测。

Your mother must have been looking for you.你妈妈一定一直在找你。

5)推测的否定形式，疑问形式用can't, couldn't表示。

Mike can't have found his car, for he came to work by bus this morning.迈克一定还没有找回他的车，因为早上他是坐公共汽车来上班的。

注意：could, might表示推测时不表示时态，其推测的程度不如can, may。

情态动词+have+过去分词

1)may(might)have + done sth, can(could)have + done sth表示过去，推测过去时间里可能发生的事情。

---Linda has gone to work, but her bicycle is still here.---She must have gone by bus.3)ought to have done sth, should have done sth 本应该做某事，而事实上并没有做。否定句表示“不该做某事而做了”。You ought to(should)have been more careful in this experiment.He ought not to have thrown the old clothes away.(事实上已扔了。)ought to 在语气上比should 要强。

4)needn't have done sth本没必要做某事

I dressed very warmly for the trip, but Ineedn't have done so.The weather was hot.5)would like to have done sth本打算做某事

I would like to have read the article, but I was very busy then.should和ought to should 和ought to 都为“应该”的意思，可用于各种人称。

---Ought he to go?---Yes.I think he ought to.表示要求，命令时，语气由 should(应该)、had better最好)、must(必须)渐强。

had better表示最好

had better 相当于一个助动词，它只有一种形式，它后面要跟动词原形。

You had better have come earlier.would rather表示“宁愿” would rather do would rather not do would rather… than…宁愿……而不愿。

还有would sooner, had rather, had sooner都表示“宁愿”、“宁可”的意思。

If I have a choice, I had sooner not continue my studies at this school.I would rather stay here than go home.= I would stay here rather than go home.高中英语语法专项复习之代词

[导读] 本文将对高中英语语法专项复习之代词进行详细介绍，希望对大家的学习有所帮助：

本文将对高中英语语法专项复习之代词进行详细介绍，希望对大家的学习有所帮助：

人称代词的用法

1)人称代词的主高考资源网格在句子中作主语或主语补语，例如：

John waited a while but eventually he went home.约翰等了一会儿，最后他回家了。

John hoped the passenger would be Mary and indeed it was she.约翰希望那位乘客是玛丽，还真是她。

说明：在复合句中，如果主句和从句主语相同，代词主语要用在从句中，名词主语用在主句中，例如：

When he arrived, John went straight to the bank.约翰一到就直接去银行了。

2)人称代词的宾格在句子中作宾语或介词宾语，但在口语中也能作主语补语，第一人称在省略句中，还可以作主语，例如：

I saw her with them, at least, I thought it was her.我看到她和他们在一起，至少我认为是她。(her做宾语，them做介词宾语，her作主语补语)a.--Who broke the vase?--谁打碎了花瓶? b.--Me.--我。(me作主语补语= It's me.)说明：在上面两例句中，her和me分别作主语补语。现代英语中多用宾格，在正式文体中这里应为she和I。

人称代词之主、宾格的替换

1)宾格代替主格

a.在简短对话中，当人称代词单独使用或在not 后，多用宾语。

----I like English.--我喜欢英语。

----Me too.--我也喜欢。

----Have more wine?--再来点酒喝吗?----Not me.--我可不要了。

b.在表示比较的非正式的文体中，常用宾格代替主格。但如果比较状语的谓语保留，则主语只能用主格。

He is taller than I/me.He is taller than I am.2)主格代替宾格

a.在介词but，except 后，有时可用主格代替宾格。

b.在电话用语中常用主格。

----I wish to speak to Mary.--我想和玛丽通话。

----This is she.--我就是玛丽。

注意：在动词be 或to be 后的人称代词视其前面的名词或代词而定。

I thought it was she.我以为是她。(主格----主格)I thought it to be her.(宾格----宾格)I was taken to be she.我被当成了她。(主格----主格)They took me to be her.他们把我当成了她。(宾格----宾格)代词的指代问题

1)不定代词 anybody，everybody，nobody，anyone，someone，everyone，no one，及whoever和person在正式场合使用时，可用he, his, him代替。

Nobody came, did he?谁也没来，是吗? 2)动物名词的指代一般用it或they代替，有时也用he, she，带有亲切的感情色彩。

Give the cat some food.She is hungry.给这猫一些吃的。她饿了。3)指代车或国家，船舶的名词，含感情色彩时常用she。

并列人称代词的排列顺序

1)单数人称代词并列作主语时，其顺序为：

第二人称-> 第三人称-> 第一人称

you-> he/she;it-> I You, he and I should return on time.2)复数人称代词作主语时，其顺序为：

第一人称-> 第二人称-> 第三人称

we->you->They 注意：在下列情况中，第一人称放在前面。

a.在承认错误，承担责任时，It was I and John that made her angry.是我和约翰惹她生气了。

b.在长辈对晚辈，长官对下属说话时，如长官为第一人称，如：I and you try to finish it.c.并列主语只有第一人称和第三人称时，d.当其他人称代词或名词被定语从句修饰时。

物主代词

1)物主代词既有表示所属的作用又有指代作用，例如：

John had cut his finger;apparently there was a broken glass on his desk.约翰割破了手指，显而易见，他桌子上有个破玻璃杯。

物主代词有形容词性(my, your等)和名词性(mine, yours等)两种，形容词性的物主代词属于限定词。

名词性的物主代词在用法上相当于省略了中心名词的--'s属格结构，例如：

Jack's cap意为 The cap is Jack's.His cap 意为 The cap is his.2)名词性物主代词的句法功能

a.作主语，例如：

May I use your pen? Yours works better.我可以用一用你的钢笔吗? 你的比我的好用。

b.作宾语，例如：

I love my motherland as much as you love yours.我爱我的祖国就像你爱你的祖国一样深。

c.作介词宾语，例如：

Your should interpret what I said in my sense of the word, not in yours.你应当按我所用的词义去解释我说的话，而不能按你自己的意义去解释。

d.作主语补语，例如：

The life I have is yours.It's yours.It's yours.我的生命属于你，属于你，属于你。

双重所有格

物主代词不可与 a, an, this, that, these, those, some, any, several, no, each, every, such, another, which等词一起前置，修饰一个名词，而必须用双重所有格。

公式为：

a, an, this, that +名词+of +名词性物主代词。如：

a friend of mine.each brother of his.w.w.w.k.s.5.u.c.o.m 反身代词

1)列表 Iyouyoushehe myselfyourselfyourselvesherselfhimself wetheyitone ourselvesthemselvesitselfoneself 2)做宾语

a.有些动词需有反身代词

absent, bathe, amuse, blame, dry, cut, enjoy, hurt, introduce, behave We enjoyed ourselves very much last night.我们昨晚玩得很开心。

Please help yourself to some fish.请你随便吃点鱼。

b.用于及物动词+宾语+介词

take pride in, be annoyed with, help oneself to sth.I could not dress(myself)up at that time.那个时候我不能打扮我自己。

注：有些动词后不跟反身代词，get up, sit-down, stand up, wake up等。

Please sit down.请坐。

3)作表语;同位语 be oneself: I am not myself today.我今天不舒服。

The thing itself is not important.事情本身并不重要。

4)在不强调的情况下，but, except, for 等介词后宾语用反身代词或人称代词宾格均可。如：

No one but myself(me)is hurt.注意：

a.反身代词本身不能单独作主语。

(错)Myself drove the car.(对)I myself drove the car.我自己开车。

b.但在and, or, nor连接的并列主语中，第二个主语可用反身代词，特别是myself 作主语。

Charles and myself saw it.5)第二人称作宾语，要用反身代词。

You should be proud of yourself.你应为自己感到骄傲。

w.w.w.k.s.5.u.c.o.m 相互代词

1)相互代词只有each other和one another两个词组。他们表示句中动词所叙述的动作或感觉在涉及的各个对象之间是相互存在的，例如： It is easy to see that the people of different cultures have always copied each other.显而易见，不同文化的人总是相互借鉴的。

2)相互代词的句法功能：

a.作动词宾语;People should love one another.人们应当彼此相爱。

b.可作介词宾语;Does bark, cocks crow, frogs croak to each other.吠、鸡鸣、蛙儿对唱。

说明：传统语法认为，相互关系存在于两个人或物之间用each other，存在于两个以上人和物之间用one another。现代英语中，两组词交替使用的实例也很多，例如：

He put all the books beside each other.他把所有书并列摆放起来。

He put all the books beside one another.他把所有书并列摆放起来。

Usually these small groups were independent of each other.这些小团体通常是相互独立的。

c.相互代词可加-'s构成所有格，例如：

第三篇：高中英语语法总结

高中英语语法总结

组成句子的各个部分叫句子成分。英语句子成分有主语，谓语，表语，宾语，宾语补足语，定语，状语等。

顺序一般是主语，谓语，宾语，宾语补足语，而表语，定语，状语的位置要根据情况而定。

1、主语

主语表示句子主要说明的人或事物，一般由名词，代词，数词，不定式等充当。

Helikeswatch'ingTV.他喜欢看电视。

2、谓语

谓语说明主语的动作，状态或特征。一般可分为两类： 1)，简单谓语

由动词(或短语动词)构成。

可以有不同的时态，语态和语气。

Westud'yforthepeo'ple.我们为人民学习。2)，复合谓语：情态动词+不定式

Icanspeakalit'tleEng'lish.我可以说一点英语。

3、表语

表语是谓语的一部分，它位于系动词如be之后，说明主语身份，特征，属性或状态。一般由名词，代词，形容词，副词，不定式，介词短语等充当。

Mysis'terisanurse.我姐姐是护士。

4、宾语

宾语表示动作行为的对象，跟在及物动词之后，能作宾语的有名词，代词，数词，动词不定式等。

WelikeEng'lish.我们喜欢英语。

有些及物动词可以带两个宾语，往往一个指人，一个指物，指人的叫间接宾语，指物的叫直接宾语。

Hegavemesom'eink.他给了我一点墨水。

有些及物动词的宾语后面还需要有一个补足语，意思才完整，宾语和它的补足语构成复合宾语。如：

Wemakehimourmon'itor.我们选他当班长。

5、定语

在句中修饰名词或代词的成分叫定语。

用作定语的主要是形容词，代词，数词，名词，副词，动词不定式，介词短语等。形容词，代词，数词，名词等作定语时，通常放在被修饰的词前面。

Heisanewstu'dent.他是个新生。

但副词，动词不定式，介词短语等作定语时，则放在被修饰的词之后。Thebikeintheroomismine.房间里的自行车是我的。

6、状语

HelivesinLon'don.他住在伦敦。7.补语用来说明宾语或主语所处的状态或正在进行的动作，因为英语中有些动词加宾语后意思仍然不完整，如：make(使...),ask(请)等等。如果我们说：我们使我们的祖国。这不是一句完整的话。应该说：我们使我们的祖国更美丽。这是的“美丽的(beautiful)”为形容词做补语，说明祖国的状态。英语句子为:We will make our country more beautiful.作补语的词或词组为：形容词，副词，名词，不定式，ing形式，数词等。

句子的类型： 1.主语+谓语

2.主语+谓语+状语 3.主语+谓语+宾语 4.主语+系动词+表语

5.主语+谓语+间接宾语+直接宾语 6.主语+谓语+直接宾语+间接宾语 7.主语+谓语+宾语+宾语补足语

高中英语语法项目表

说明：

（1）标*号的项目，七级要求理解，8级要求掌握。

（2）高中阶段的语法教学，应从语言运用的角度出发，把语言的形式、意义和用法有机地结合起来。要引导学生在语境中了解和掌握语法的表意功能。

1.名词

（1）可数名词及其单复数（2）不可数名词（3）专有名词（4）名词所有格 2.代词（1）人称代词（2）物主代词（3）反身代词（4）指示代词（5）不定代词（6）疑问代词 3.数词（1）基数词（2）序数词 4.介词和介词短语 5.连词

6.形容词（比较级和最高级）7.副词（比较级和最高级）8.冠词 9.动词

（1）动词的基本形式（2）系动词

（3）及物动词和不及物动词（4）助动词（5）情态动词 10.时态（1）一般现在时（2）一般过去时（3）一般将来时（4）过去将来时（5）现在进行时（6）过去进行时（7）将来进行时*（8）现在完成时（9）过去完成时*（10）现在完成进行时* 11.被动语态 12.非谓语动词（1）动词不定式（2）动词的-ing形式（3）动词的-ed形式 13.构词法（1）合成法（2）派生法（3）转化法（4）缩写和简写 14.句子种类（1）陈述句（2）疑问句（3）祈使句（4）感叹句 15.句子成分（1）主语（2）谓语（3）表语（4）宾语（5）定语（6）状语（7）补语*

16.简单句的基本句型 17.主谓一致* 18.并列复合句 19.主从复合句（1）宾语从句（2）状语从句（3）定语从句（4）主语从句*（5）同位语从句*（6）表语从句* 20.间接引语* 21.省略* 22.倒装* 23.强调* 24.虚拟语气*

8.特殊词精讲

8.1 stop doing/to do

stop to do 停止，中断做某事后去做另一件事。stop doing 停止做某事。

They stop to smoke a cigarette.他们停下来，抽了根烟。

I must stop smoking..我必须戒烟了。

典型例题

She reached the top of the hill and stopped ___ on a big rock by the side of the path.A.to have rested B.resting

C.to rest D.rest 答案：C。由题意可知，她到了山顶，停下来在一个路边的大石头上休息。因此，应选择“stop to do sth.停下来去做另一件事”。而不仅仅是爬山动作的终止，所以stop doing sth.不正确。

高中英语语法口诀

（一）作者: 提供人:管理员

阅读:7760 时间:2008-9-1 9:44:36 高中阶段的语法知识在现行的教材中分布得较分散、零碎，学生学起来颇感吃力，难以记牢。一般说来，学习语法知识的途径很多，但教学中常用的主要有如下二种：一是通过教师的讲解，对所学语法规则的概念、结构，用法有个确切的了解；二是通过大量的练习，在英语实践中正确、熟练地掌握语法规则的用法。仔细惦量这两种方法，其实都强调了同一个极其重要的东西，即是―记忆‖。记忆的方式、方法很多，诸如分类记忆法，直观形象记忆法、奇持联想记忆法，特征记忆法等等。这里，笔者主要从词法与句法两大块对巧记英语语法作些阐述。

一、词法

（1）巧记名词变复数的规则：

单数变为复数式，一般词尾加-s；

下列句词词尾后，要加-s先加-e。

发音[f]、[ t ]、[s]和[z]，或是某些辅音加-o时。

有些名词变复数，词尾变化要注意。

y前字母是辅音，一律变y为-ies.遇到f和fe，有时需要变-ves.少数名词不规则，特殊情况要强记。

说明：

1．名词变复数形式，一般在词尾加-s.eg bag-bags banana-bananas bird-birds pen-pens,....2．词尾发音为[f , t s, z]的名词（即以字母sh, ch, s, x结尾者）在变复数时，要在词尾加-es，eg watch-watches, box-boxes, bus-buses,etc)

3．若词尾字母o的前面是辅音字母，变为复数时，有些加-es，eg hero-heroes, Negro-Negroes, patato-patatoes, tomato-tomatoes.这四个词可组成一句话来记忆：Heroes and Negroes eat potatoes and tomatoes（英雄和黑人吃马铃薯和西红柿。简为二人吃二菜。）

但有些以o结尾的名词则加-s，eg photo – photoes, piano –pianos等。

4．若词尾字母y前加的是辅音字母时，变为复数，首先把y变为i，再加-es, eg family – families, city-cities, baby – babies等，但若词尾y前为元音字母时，则可直接加-s, eg day-days, boy-boys等。

5．以f和fe结尾的名词变复数时，首先将f和fe变为v, 再加-es，我们也可用一句话来记，―狼（wolf）和小偷（thief）的妻子（wife）用小刀（knife）威胁书架(shelf)上的半片（half）叶子（leaf）的生命（life）。另外记住一些常见特殊词，eg roof—roofs.6.有些名词的复数变化是不规则的，eg man-men, woman-women, child-children, chinese-chinese, sheep-sheep等，平时多留心，稍微加以归纳，是不难发现其的特征的。

（2）定冠词

冠词是NMET试题中出现较频繁的词性，近五年复出率高达83.3%。因而掌握冠词，尤其是定冠词的用法也尤其必要。

请看下面的顺口溜，它可以帮助我们记忆定冠词的一些用法：

特指、重提和唯一，岛屿，海峡和海湾；

海洋，党派最高级，沙漠，河流与群山；

方位、顺序和乐器，年代，团体与机关；

船名，建筑和组织，会议，条约与报刊；

姓氏复数，国全名，请你记住用定冠。

下面让我们再来―验证‖这顺口溜吧。请仔细观察下面各句中定冠词的用法，不难发现它的―功效‖与―真伪‖了。

1.The girl in red has just come back from Australia.2.Mr.Li will give us a talk.The talk will begin at 800 3.The sun gives us heat and light.4.The Pacific Ocean is the largest of all.5.The Communist Party of China was founded in 1921.6.Do you know when the Great Wall came into being 7.She’s on the People’s Daily.8.The Einsteins could not pay for the advanced education that young Albert needed.9.Who was the first to come

10.I heard somebody playing the piano in the next room.11.Great Changes have taken place in the 1990’s

12.In 1864, Lincoln was elected President of the United States for the second time.（3）非谓语动词

非谓语动词包括动词不定式，动词的过去分词和动词的-ing形式三种。这是高考中的热点，其考查量多、面广，几乎是必考的一个知识点。近六年高考复现率达百分之百。纵观试题，其考查重点为动词非谓语形式的作用及功能相同的非谓语动词之间的区别。学生对此知识也―知之半解‖，深感头疼。请看下面的方法，将有助于记住不定式及动名词。

1、动词的不定式

①不定式有标记，to与动词连一起。

②没有人称数变化，动词特点它具备。

③主宾定状表补语，唯独作谓不可以。

④not 加上不定式，否定结构要牢记。

⑤疑问词与不定式，构成短语有意义。

⑥仔细推敲多思考，准确判断有依据。

解析：①―to+动词原形‖是它的基本构成形式，即不定式的标记。

②它没有人称和数的变化，不管主语是任何人称，单数还是复数，动词不定式都没有变化。但它仍保留动词的特点，可以有自己的宾语或状语。③它具有名词、形容词和副词三大特点，所以，它在句中可以作主语、宾语、定语、表语、状语和宾补。

④―not +动词不定式‖是它的否定形式，不要受其他否定式的影响，要记住规律。

⑤疑问代词what, who, whom, which和疑问副词where, when, why , how加上不定式在句中可以做主语，宾语、表语、状语。

⑥通过以上分析，只要仔细研究，把不定式的功能用法搞清楚，在应用时就能作出准确的判断。

2、动名词：

哪些动词后面只能接动名词，下面的顺口溜有助于记忆。

喜欢、考虑不可免（enjoy, consider, escape, avoid）

停止，放弃太冒险（stop, give up , risk）

反对想象莫推延（mine, imagine, delay, put off）

要求完成是期望（require, finish, look forward to.）

建议继续勤练（suggest, go on, practise）

不禁原谅要坚持（can’t help, excuse , insist on）

继续注意使成功（keep on, mind, succeed in）

（4）多个形容词并开修饰一个名词的问题

有两三个形容词修饰一个名词时，与被修饰名词关系较密切的形容词靠近名词。若有多个形容词修饰，可用下面这句话来判断、排列它们的顺序：县官行令杀国材。

其意思是：县（限）代表限定词，包括冠词、指示代词、形容词性物主代词，所有格，数字等。

官（观）代表表示观点的描绘性形容词，eg fine beautiful interesting等。

行（形）代表表示大小、长短、高低及形状的形容词：eg small tall, high, little, round等。

令代表表示年龄、新旧的形容词：eg old, young等。杀色（近似音）代表表示颜色的形容词：eg white, black等。

国代表国籍、地区、出处的形容词：eg Englsih, American, moun tain等。

材代表形成中心名词的材料的形容词，eg wooden, silk, plastic, stone等。

请看下面的例子： a fine old stone bridge;two big round new Chinese wooden tables;his large new black foreign car.（5）序数词中的特殊词：

记忆序数词中的特殊词时，可用顺口溜来记：

八去t，九减e, f来把ve替，若是遇上几十几，ie就把y来替。

即：eighth, ninth, fifth, twelfth, twentieth, thirtieth...（6）一些动词

1.lie 的变化

记忆lie 的变化时，可用顺口溜来帮助记忆：

规则的说谎，不规则的躺，躺过就下蛋，下蛋不规则。

即：lie—lied—lied—lying(说谎)lie—lay—lain—lying(躺，位于)lay—laid—laid—laying(产卵，下蛋)2．感官动词和使役动词：

记忆此项动词，可归纳于―五三二一‖，即：

―五看‖—see, watch, notice, observe, look at;―二使‖—let, make, have;―三听‖—hear, listen to;―一觉‖—feel.3．―否定转移‖的5个常用词：我认为（think）猜想（suppose）与想象（imagine）都不可相信（believe），我期待（expect）等着你的回答。eg I don’t think he’ll come tomorrow.4．―同源宾语‖的七个常用词

微笔（smile）着生话（live）歌唱（sing）着战斗（fight）死(die)也像睡觉（sleep）做梦（dream）一样甜蜜。

eg Now we’re living a happy life and often dream good dreams.5．巧记常用于―主语没有生命胜似有‖之类句子谓语的七个动词：

如果看见(see)或发现(discover)Turn(音译：特恩)，一定要找到(find)他，并带（bring）他到这儿给（give）大伙展示（show）一下。

eg Tomorrow’ll see the opening of the meeting.Dusk found a little boy crying in the street.

第四篇：苏教版牛津高二英语语法总结

牛津高中英语－模块五

第一单元

一动词不定式：带to的动词不定式

带to-的动词不定式的结构是to+动词原形，如，to do, to work.它可以单独使用，也可以组成动词不定式短语。

如：I was determined to be cheerful.1．带to-的动词不定式可以做： 1）句子的主语

如：To find a best friend is difficult.= It is difficult to find a best friend.2）句子的宾语

如：I need to sleep for eight hours every night.1）宾语不足语

如：I asked him to come over.2）定语

如：I have a very important meeting to attend.3）同位语

如：His intention was to cheer me up.4）状语

如：My dad arranged some swimming lessons to surprise me.2．带to-的动词不定式有进行时态和完成时态如：Things seem to be getting better.John pretended not to have seen me.二动词不定式：不带to的动词不定式

1．可用于不带to的动词不定式的动词有： 1）let make have（有时候）

Why not visit your cousin in Japan? 注：感官动词后可以接v-ing 如：I saw her talk to her new friend.(见证谈话的整个过程)I saw her talking to her new friend.(见证谈话正在发生，但不一定见证整个谈话过程)2．当有and, or, except, but, than, rather than, 连接两个动词不定式时，后一个不定式往往省略to。

如：She told me to be cheerful and look on the bright side.Do you want to go shopping or watch a film? We had nothing to do but watch TV? I decided to write rather than phone.三 V-ing 作名词

1．V-ing可以充当名词用。可以被用做： 1）做主语（指一般性的动作）

如：Swimming is good for your health.2）做宾语（指一般性的动作）

如：I love swimming in the sea during the summer.3)介词之后

如：I keep fit by swimming every day.4）物主代词之后

如：Her swimming has improved since she started training every day.注：如果所谈论的人比较明确，那么物主代词可以省略。

如：Thank you for coming.5）组成复合名词

如：There is a shoe in the swimming pool.2．以下动词后面接v-ing Admit dislike imagine delay consider mind understand avoid enjoy practice miss finish keep suggest 3．以下常用词组后面接v-ing Would you mind cannot help look forward to feel like cannot stand it is no use/good put off keep on 如：Would you mind helping me with my homework? I cannot help wondering why she does not like me.I look forward to seeing you at the party.I don’t feel like doing anything now.She cannot stand seeing that boy.I think it is no use crying about your exam results now.I had to put off shopping for a while.He kept on asking me for my phone number.4．以下动词后面可以接v-ing或to do，意思上几乎没有区别。Continue prefer begin hate like start 5．一些动词后面既可以接v-ing，也可以接to do，但意义和用法上有区别。在使用时要

确保形式的正确。如，forget regret remember mean try go on forget+ to do(事情还没做)如：He forgot to close the door when he left.Forget+ doing(事情已经做了)如：I’ll never forget winning my first gold medal.第二单元

一 V-ing 充当形容词或副词

1．v-ing可作： 1）定语

v-ing 可以放在名词前，像形容词一样修饰名词。如：This will have a lasting effect.有时候会把一个副词放在v-ing前。

如：That was an extremely interesting speech.v-ing 可以和副词或名词构成复合词。

如：people running these factories are very concerned about the environment.= People who run these factories are very concerned about the environment.2）表语

如：This destruction is frightening.1）宾语补足语

如：We all found his argument convincing and interesting.2．v-ing可放在stand, sit, lie 的后面，表示动作同时发生。

v-ing短语可以单独使用，后面也可以接宾语或状语。如：They sat there smiling.They sat there smiling at each other.1．v-ing短语可以表示： 1）时间

如：Asking around, I find many people willing to pay slightly higher prices for

things that are environmentally friendly.=When I ask around, I find many people willing to pay slightly higher prices for things that are environmentally friendly.Having observed the problem for many years, he announced that we are now facing the biggest environmental problem of our time.= After he observed the problem for many years, he announced that we are now facing the biggest environmental problem of our time.2）原因

如：The factory keeps releasing smoke, making the air dirty.= The factory keeps releasing smoke.As a result, the air is made dirty.4)条件

一 V-ed形式

v-ed在句中可以充当形容词和副词的用法。1．v-ed可以被用作： 1）定语

v-ed放在名词的前面，像形容词一样修饰名词。V-ed可以改成定语从句。

如：underdeveloped region handmade furniture v-ed可以像定语从句一样放在名词后修饰名词。

如：I think the scientific advances mentioned in your article are interesting.= I think the scientific advances that are mentioned in your article are interesting.2）表语

如：My grandfather was delighted to hear I passed my exams.3）宾语补足语

二 V-ed短语

如：Shocked by the article, the woman wrote a letter to the newspaper.= The woman wrote a letter to the newspaper because she was shocked by the article.3)条件

三 V-ed和V-ing 都可以做形容词

被一个动作所影响。

如：I was surprised to learn that they had copied a human cell.The boy was more frightened than hurt.牛津高中英语－模块六

第一单元

时态的概要1：现在时态

现在时态可以用来谈论现在的时间，包括一般现在时态，现在进行时态，现在完成时态和现在完成进行时态。

1．我们用一般现在时态来谈论： 1）现在或一直是正确的事情。如：I am at a comedy show.The sun rises in the east.2）经常发生的事情。

如：The Academy Awards show is on television every year.Every time a prop comedian tells a joke, he or she uses a thing, called a prop.2．我们用现在进行时态来谈论： 1）现在正在发生或正在进行的动作

如：The audience is laughing at the joke.I don’t understand why I am not losing weight!2）现在正在被计划，但在将来发生的动作。

如：He has hosted the show eight times.Billy Crystal has been in many films and television show.2）过去发生的事情，但对现在有影响的事情。

如：Doctors have been researching that question.The curtains finally open—the audience have been waiting an hour for the show to start.第二单元

时态的概要2：过去和将来时态

如：She knew that in those years she was making her parents proud.3．我们用过去完成时态来谈论：

1）在过去的过去发生并且在过去的某一个动作发生之前就已经结束的事情。

如：Instead of crying about what she had lost, Sang Lan thought abut what she could do to get better.2)在过去的一个动作发生的同时所发生的事情。

如：She will come with us to watch the football match tomorrow.一般将来时态的结构：

1）will shall（用于提供有关将来的信息）

如：I know I will think about her whenever my life feels unbearable.I shall work hard and learn to become a gymnast.2）be going to+do（用于谈论将来的计划和意图）

如：Before she went to the Goodwill Games, Sang Lan told her parents she was going to win her event.第三单元

非真实条件句

非真实条件句阐述的条件或情况是不真实的或是想象的。

如：If I had time tomorrow, I would certainly help you.4．非真实条件句的构成：

现在 If… was/were/did… , … would/could/might do…

1．在书面英语或正式的场合中，我们通常用were来代替条件句中的was.但在日常谈话中，was也经常用到。

如：If he was/were here, he would be able to help us.2．在表将来的非真实条件句中，还可以用were to/should 如：If I were to fail my Maths test, I would have to take it again at the end of the term.If he should come tomorrow, I would talk to him about it.3．在非真实条件句中，可以把if省略，把should，were，had放在条件句的前面。如：Should you make a mistake, you should not be embarrassed.Had you told me earlier, I would not have this problem now.Were you to take the train, you would be there much sooner.4．在if从句中还可以用到could+ have done 来表示非真实的条件。

如：If I could have told you about cultural differences between Italy and the UK, I would have.第四单元

非真实条件句：其它情况

非真实条件句还有以下其它情况。

1．当主句是有关现在发生的事情，而从句是有关过去发生的事情，或相反，我们可以用混合的条件句。

第一单元

一介词

介词可以放在名词或名词短语的前面来表达时间，地点，行动等等。介词也可以放在v-ing 的前面。1．时间介词

介词to经常用来表示行动，意思是“朝着方向”。其它的介词还有across, along, down, into, off, over, out of, past, round, through, under, up 等。如：The invention of the transistor led to the development of cassette recorders.二介词短语

介词可以和动词，名词，和形容词连用构成介词短语。1．介词与动词连用

介词可以跟名词连用，如：in time for, on time, by means of, by accident/mistake, for/on sale, on the market, in that case, up to date 如：We thought we would be late, but we were in time for the programme.The products were delivered on time.You can connect the CD player to the computer by means of a special jack.Be careful not to press “delete” by accident/mistake!When will the new model be for/on sale? There are several new model on the market.You want a TV linked with the Internet? In that case, get a Web TV!This technology is quite up to date.注：当up to date出现在名词前时，要用连字符，如：up-to-date products 3．介词与形容词连用

动词短语

动词短语是由一个动词加副词或介词构成的。

1．在动词短语里，副词可以放在名词的前面或后面。

如：Fleming tried out this mould on another bacterium.Fleming tried this mould out on another bacterium.注：如果宾语是代词，只能放在动词和副词之间。

如：Fleming tried it out on other bacteria.2．动词短语后面不一定要接宾语。

如：The fire broke out at midnight.Fleming did not give up.3．在有介词的动词短语里，介词的宾语总是放在介词的后面

如：Doctors are looking into the case for new treatment.Sometimes people ask for medicine that they do not really need.4．有时候动词短语里的副词后会接一个介词。

如：How can you put up with this for so long? It is not right to look down up those who have AIDS.1．动词词组有特殊的含义，如：

动词词组含义例句

try out test Don’t try the drug out on animals.give up stop doing something Tell your father to give up.wash up clean plates, bowls, etc.after a meal She is washing up in the

kitchen.talk over discuss thoroughly Let’s talk the issue over.set up create or start Dr Armstrong set up his own surgery in 2000.look after take care of I spent a whole day looking after my sick dog.turn up arrive They did not turn up until 10 o’clock.6．许多动词短语的意思不止一个，如，make out 就有许多不同的意思，以下列举其它三个意思：

1）能够看见或听见某事

如：It was too dark, and I couldn’t make out the words written on the wall.2）理解某事（用于否定句和疑问句中）

如：I can’t make out what the article says.3)阐述可能不是正确的事情

如：He made out that he was a famous doctor.第三单元

系动词

系动词是连接主语和说明主语是什么样状态的成分的动词。最常用的系动词是“to be（be/am/is/are/was/were/been）”

如：The information is true and acute.1．Appear, seem, prove, keep, stay, remain 是系动词。

如：Now it seems very common for families to spend a lot of time apart.They appear in favor of the Internet.The internet proved of great value to us during our project.You shouldn’t keep quiet in a debate.People stayed silent and listened to us, and applauded at the end.For these reasons, I believe the Internet remains a positive tool that helps make our lives better.2．感官动词是系动词，sound，taste，feel，look，smell 如：That sounds wonderful, but some people claim that the internet is a waste of time.If you always eat fast food, vegetables may not taste delicious to you.It feels good to sit in front of the TV after a hard day’s work.When he got up on stage, he looked a little nervous.The air often smells bad in Internet cafes.3．暗指变化的词是系动词：turn，go，fall，grow，get，become 如：Leaves turn green in spring.The boy will go mad if you don’t allow him to use the computer.Alisha fell asleep the moment she got into bed.Your son has grown much taller.John gets easily excited when he plays computer games.The amount of false information on the Internet becomes more of a problem every day.1．大多数情况下，系动词后面接形容词。但有时也接名词或介词短语。

V-ed和V-ing v-ed和v-ing通常被称作分词。分词可以做定语修饰名词，或做时间，原因，结果和方式状语。

1．v-ed和v-ing可以像形容词一样使用

1）v-ing通常表达正在进行的动作，或某事是什么样子。

如：Realizing he would have to take two different trains, he decided to take a taxi instead.Encouraged by the success of the Metropolitan Railway Company, the Metropolitan District Railway opened another line in 1868.2）v-ed和v-ing可以用来表示时间。如：Traveling through the tunnel, the man felt uncomfortable because of the noise.When asked how old the underground system was, she made no reply.3）v-ed和v-ing可以用来表示方式。

如：The train headed for London, puffing and rattling.4)v-ed和v-ing可以用来表示条件。

如：Turning to the left at the crossroad, you will see the railway station on your right.注：v-ing也可以表达紧随主句动作之后的动作。

如：Arriving at the airport, he started looking for the tourist guide.3．v-ing有被动和完成形式。

1）being+v-ed表示进行时态的被动态。

第一单元

否定句

否定句用来改正一个错误的观点。如：Money does not buy happiness.在这句话里，钱能买来幸福的错误观点被改正了。注：否定句有是表达肯定含义。

如：He didn’t leave anything to his son but a big library of books.我们有几种方式来表达否定含义。最常用的否定词有：no，not，never，和neither。1．助动词+not 在最简单的否定句里，not或n’t放在助动词后表否定。

如：They might not(mightn’t)have been written last year.I do not(don’t)think so.2．Not和其它词连用

1）当把not放在一个前面加上否定前缀（如：un-dis-in-）的单词的时候，意思就变成肯定的了。但这种肯定没有直接的肯定句强烈。

有时候，我们把否定的表达放在whether和if的后面来表达对一种情况的怀疑。这种表达更加随意而且常被用在英语口语中。

省略

当我们不想重复含义比较明显的单词或短语时，我们就用省略。省略是使句子简明的有效的方法。

1．省略可以用于

1）祈使句中，主语常被省略。

如：(I)Thank you very much.(You)Come here, please.2)答句，省略助动词后面的单词。如：“Did you enjoy the opera?” “Yes, I did(enjoy it).” 3)动词不定式短语中，省略to后的内容。

如：Although he would like to(break his promise), the emperor cannot break his promise.4）非正式英语中，省略句中的某些单词。如：(Are you)Ready? How(is it)about the result? 5）hence后

如：Hence(comes)the happy ending of the story.6)在介词或than之后。

如：No smoking(No smoking is allowed here.)2)报纸标题

如：Turandot on stage(The opera Turandot is being performed on stage.)3)说明

如：Do not bend(Do nor bend this envelope.)4）明信片和日记

如：Have not had time to write diary(I have not had time to write my diary.)5)笔记

如：Opera OK, costumes great(The opera was OK and the costumes were great.)

第三单元

倒装

如：Only teachers went to the art gallery yesterday.3 在以下情况，主语放在动词的后面 1）句子是直接引语或部分是直接引语。

如： “I’d like to come back and see Monet’s garden,” said my aunt.“This, “said the artist “is the most beautiful place I have ever seen.”

2)主语太常。

如：Present at the party were a group of young people who called themselves pioneers of modern art.3)以here，there，in，out，up，down，on 等开头的句子。

如：Here I am in Amsterdam.There it goes.4）在正式的非真实条件句中，我们把should, were，had to 放在句子的开头。

如：Should you have gone on the trip, you would have learnt a lot about painting.Were the picture unique, it would be valuable.Had the museum been closed, we would have been upset.第四单元

强调句

当我们需要用英语表达自己观点的时候，我们必须要考虑的不止是词汇和发音。我们选择强调的单词和句子成分能改变我们想要传达的含义。

如：It was because of his Hollywood background that he knew how many small, unknown actors were being ignored by Hollywood.1)上述句型可以用来强调主语，宾语或状语。

如：It was me who represented the Toronto International Film Festival last year.注：当强调的是人时，引导词用that或who。3)强调结构还可以用语问句。

如：Is it the Cannes Film Festival that gives awards mostly to American films? How often is it that famous actors and directors come to Toronto? Who was it that told him what had happened?

4）我们用 “It was not until…that…”结构来强调时间短语。

如：Many of the films are from the USA, but we do give awards to films from other countries.We did want to have a festival that was fair.Do tell us a little about the festival you represent.

第五篇：高中英语语法归纳总结

高中英语语法权威解析

目录: 第01章名词性从句

第02章 “It”用法及其句型和固定搭配讲解第03章高中英语语法中的省略现象第04章主谓一致第05章

动词不定式第06章

倒装结构

第07章

定语从句第08章

被动语态第09章祈使句第10章感叹句第11章疑问句第12章名词

第一章名词性从句

在句子中起名词作用的句子叫名词性从句(Noun Clauses）。名词性从句的功能相当于名词词组, 它在复合句中能担任主语、宾语、表语、同位语、介词宾语等，因此根据它在句中不同的语法功能，名词从句又可分别称为主语从句、宾语从句、表语从句和同位语从句。

一．主语从句

主语从句是在复合句中充当主语的从句，通常放在主句谓语动词之前或由形式主语it代替，而本身放在句子末尾。

1.It 作形式主语和it引导强调句的比较

It 作形式主语代替主语从句，主要是为了平衡句子结构，主语从句的连接词没有变化。而it引导的强调句则是对句子某一部分进行强调，无论强调的是什么成分，都可用连词that。被强调部分指人时也可用who/whom。例如：

a)It is a pity that you didn’t go to see the film.你不去看那场电影真可惜。

b)It doesn’t interest me whether you succeed or not.我对你成功与否不感兴趣。

c)It is in the morning that the murder took place.谋杀案是在早上发生的。（强调句型）

d)It is John that broke the window.是John打碎的窗户。（强调句型）

2.用it 作形式主语的结构(1)It is ＋名词＋从句

It is a fact that „

事实是„

It is an honor that

„非常荣幸

It is common knowledge that

„是常识(2)It is ＋形容词＋从句

It is natural that„

很自然„

It is strange that„

奇怪的是„(3)It is ＋不及物动词＋从句

It seems that„

似乎„

It happened that„

碰巧„

It appears that„

似乎„(4)It ＋过去分词＋从句

It is reported that„

据报道„

It has been proved that„

已证实„

It is said that„

据说„

3.主语从句不可位于句首的五种情况：

（1）if 引导的主语从句不可居于复合句句首。

（2）It is said /reported„结构中的主语从句不可提前。例如：

正确表达：It is said that President Jiang will visit our school next week.错误表达：That President Jiang will visit our school next week is said.（3）It happens/occurs„结构中的主语从句不可提前。例如：

正确表达：It occurred to him that he failed in the examination.错误表达：That he failed in the examination occurred to him.（4）It doesn’t matter how/whether „结构中的主语从句不可提前。例如：

正确表达：It doesn’t matter whether he is wrong or not.错误表达：Whether he is wrong or not doesn’t matter.（5）含主语从句的复合句是疑问句时，主语从句不可提前。例如：

正确表达：Is it likely that it will rain in the evening?

错误表达：Is that will rain in the evening likely?

4.what 与that 在引导主语从句时的区别

what 引导主语从句时在句时在从句中充当句子成分，如主语．宾语．表语，而that 则不然。例如：

a)What you said yesterday is right.b)That she is still alive is a consolation

二．宾语从句

宾语从句就是在复合句中作宾语的名词性从句，通常放在主句谓语动词(及物动词)或介词之后。

1.作动词的宾语

(1)由that引导的宾语从句(that 通常可以省略), 例如：

I heard that be joined the army.我听说他参军了。

(2)由what, whether(if)引导的宾语从句，例如：

a)She did not know what had happened.她不知道发生了什么。

b)I wonder whether you can change this note for me.我想知道你是否能帮我改一下笔记。

(3)动词＋间接宾语＋宾语从句。例如：

She told me that she would accept my invitation.她对我说她会接受我的邀请。

2.作介词的宾语，例如：

Our success depends upon how well we can cooperate with one another.我们的成功取决于我们之间的合作。

3.作形容词的宾语，例如：

I am afraid(that)I’ve made a mistake.我恐怕我已经犯了一个错误。

注意：that 引导的从句常跟在下列形容词后作宾语：anxious, aware, certain, confident, convinced, determined, glad, proud, surprised, worried, sorry, thankful, ashamed, disappointed, annoyed, pleased, hurt, satisfied, content 等。也可以将此类词后的that 从句的看作原因状语从句。

4.it 可以作为形式宾语

it 不仅可以作为形式主语，还可以作为形式宾语而真正的宾语that 从句则放在句尾，特别是在带复合宾语的句子中。例如：

We heard it that she would get married next month.我听说她下个朋就会结婚了。

5.后边不能直接跟that 从句的动词

这类动词有allow, refuse, let, like, cause, force, admire, condemn, celebrate, dislike, love, help, take, forgive等。这类词后可以用不定式或动名词作宾语，但不可以用that引导的宾语从句。如：

正确表达：I admire their winning the match.错误表达：I admire that they won the match.6.不可用that从句作直接宾语的动词

有些动词不可用于“动词＋间接宾语＋that从句“结构中，常见的有envy, order, accuse, refuse, impress, forgive, blame, denounce, advise, congratulate等。例如：

正确表达：He impressed the manager as an honest man.错误表达：He impressed the manager that he was an honest man.7.否定的转移

若主句谓语动词为think, consider, suppose, believe, expect, fancy, guess, imagine等，其后的宾语从句若含有否定意义，一般要把否定词转移到主句谓语上，从句谓语用肯定式。例如：

I don’t think this dress fits you well.我认为这件衣服不适合你穿。

三.表语从句

表语从句在复合句中作表语的名词性从句，放在系动词之后，一般结构是“主语＋连系动词＋表语从句”。可以接表语从句的连系动词有be, look, remain, seem等。引导表语从句的that常可省略。另外，常用的还有the reason is that„ 和It is because 等结构。例如： 1)The question is whether we can make good preparation in such a short time.2)This is why we can’t get the support of the people.3)But the fact remains that we are behind the other classes.4)The reason he is late for school is that he missed the early bus.四.同位语从句

同位语从句就是在复合句中作名词的同位语的名词性从句。

1.同位语从句的功能

同位语从句对于名词进一步解释，说明名词的具体内容，一般由that引导，例如：

1)The king’s decision that the prisoner would be set free surprised all the people.2)The order that all the soldiers should stay still is given by the general.2.同位语在句子中的位置

同位语从句有时可以不紧跟在它所说明的名词后面，而是被别的词隔开。例如：

He got the news from Mary that the sports meeting was put off.3.同位语从句与定语从句的区别

(1)定语从句中的that既代替先行词，同时以在从句中作某个成分（主语或宾语），而同位语从句中的that是连词，只起连接主句与从句的作用，不充当句中任何成分。

(2)定语从句是形容词性的，其功能是修饰先行词，对先行词加以限定，描述定的性质或特征；同位语从句是名词性的，其功能是对名词进行补充说明。例如： 1)The news that he told me is that Tom would go abroad next year.（他告诉我的消息是汤姆明年将出国。）（第一个that引导的从句是定语从句，that在从句中作宾语）

2)The news that Tom would go abroad is told by him.（汤姆将出国的消息是他讲的。）（同位语从句，that在句中不作任何成分）

高一英语名词性从句专项练习

1．____he does has nothing to do with me.A.whatever B.No matter what C.That D.If 2.The manager came over and asked the customer how____

A.did the quarrel came about

B.the quarrel had come about

C.had the quarrel come about

D.had the quarrel come about 3.Energy is ____makes thing work..A.what B.something C.anything

D.that 4.Information has been put forward ____ more middle school graduates will be admitted into universities.A.while B.that C.when D.as 5.This is ___the Shenzhou V Spaceship landed.A.there

B.in which

C.where

D.when 6.They have no idea at all____.A.where he has gone

B.where did he go C.which place has he gone

D.where has he gone 7.The doctor did a lot to reduce the patient’s fear ____he would die of the disease.A.that

B.which

C.of which

D.of that

8.The order came ___the soldiers ____the small village the next morning.A.that;had to leave

B.that;should leave

C./;must leave

D.when;should leave 9.___is no possibility ____Bob can win the first prize in the match.A.There;that

B.It;that

C.there;whether D.It;whether 10.The question came up at the meeting_____ we had enough money for our research.A.that

B.which

C.whether

D.if 11.Is _____he said really true?

A.that B.what C.why

D.whether 12.____the meeting should last two days or three days doesn’t matter.A.That B.Whether C.If

D.Where 13.It worried her a bit _____her hair was turning gray.A.while

B.if

C.that D.for

14.???_____more countries can use natural energy in the future remains to be seen.A.Whether

B.This

C.who

D.If

15.____he will go to work in a mountain village surprises all of us.A.What B.That

C.Whether

D.If 16.____you don’t like him is none of my business.A.What B.That

C.Who

D.How 17.____all the inventions have in common is ____they have succeeded.A.What;what B.That;that

C.what;that D.That;what 18.____appeared to me that he enjoyed the food very much.A.What

B.It

C.All that

D.That 19.It is widely ______that smoking can cause cancer.A.believed

B.think

C.say

D.hoped 20.____caused the accident is still a complete mystery.A.What

B.That

C.How

D.Where

Keys:

1—5 ABABC 6—10 AABAC 11—15 BBCAB 16—20 BCBAA

第二章 “It”用法及其句型和固定搭配讲解

“It” 用法及其句型和固定搭配，是高中英语语法的重点、难点，又是近几年高考的热点，因此应给予充分的重视，现将it用法归纳如下：

一、It用作实词

表达以下概念:指代前文提到的事物，前文中的this, that；替代前文中的内容；指代一位性别不明的小孩或未知的人；指代未指明但谈话双方都知道的那件事；指代时间、天气、气候、距离等自然现象„„

二、It用作形式主语

替代作主语的从句、动词不定式、动名词，而把真正作主语的从句、动词不定式、动名词置于句尾。

It 作形式主语的常见句型：

1.代作主语的动词不定式，其句型为

(1)It be adj.(for sb.)to do sth.此处adj.通常为描述事件的形容词：easy, difficult, hard, necessary, unnecessary, possible, impossible, likely, unlikely, right, wrong, important, unimportant, legal, illegal, well-mannered, ill-mannered, polite, impolite, clear, obvious, certain, suitable, proper, fit, useful, useless, dangerous…

例

It is illegal(for a teenager)to drive a car without a license.(2)It be adj.of sb.to do sth.此处adj.通常为描述人的形容词：kind, unkind, nice, rude, cruel, considerate, thoughtful, thoughtless, careful, careless, silly, foolish, stupid, clever, wise, crazy.例

It's kind of you to help me with the problem.(3)It替代作主语的动名词的常见句型

It's no good/use doing…

It's(well)worth doing…

It's(well)worth one's while doing/to do…

It's(well)worth while doing/ to do

例

It's no use crying over spilt milk.2.It替代作主语的从句常见句型

(1)It is + noun +从句

例

It is no secret that the president wants to have a second term at office.(2)It is adj.+clause

It's surprising that„(should)„„„竟然„„

It's a pity/shame that„(should)„„„竟然„„

例

It's important that you should apologize to her for your rudeness.(=It's of much importance that you should apologize to her for your rudeness.)

(3)It verb sb.+ clause= It is v-ing + clause

It+surprise/delight/interest/disappoint/worry/disturb/annoy/amaze

/bother/concern/frighten/please/anger sb.that…

例

It worried me that she drove so fast.(= It was worrying that she drove so fast.)

(4)It verb(to sb.)that…= sb/sth verb to do

(verb = appear, seem, come about, emerge, follow, chance, happen, occur, transpire, turn out , work out)

例

It(so)happened/chanced that they were out.(= They happened/chanced to be out.)

(5)It is v-ed that…=sb/sth is to do

(verb=say, report, think, believe, hope, expect, agree, accept, decide, determine, intend, plan, understand, know）

例

It is said that the couple have gotten divorced.(=The couple are said to have gotten divorced.)

(6)It is v-ed that …(should)…

(verb=demand, request, require, order, suggest, advise, recommend

例

It is suggested that they should begin with the third question.三、It作主语的句型

1.It takes sb.„ to do„(=sb takes„to do„)某人用多长时间做某事

例

It took the men a week to mend our roof.(= The men took a week to mend our roof.)

2.It's(just)(un)like sb.to do„（不）像某人做某事的风格

例

It was(just)like him to think of helping us.3.It's(about/high)time that„ should /v-ed„是该做某事的时候了

例

It's(about/high)time that we should take action.4.It's the x-th time(that)„ have v-ed„第几次做某事了

例

It's the third time that he has failed the driving test.5.It is/has been„ since „continuous v-ed(延续性动词)某动作已有多长时间不发生了

例

It's 10 years that he lived here

6.It was(not)„ before„过(不)了多长时间某动作发生了

例

It was not long before they arrived.四、It 作形式宾语

用来替代作宾语的从句、动词不定式、动名词，而把真正作宾语的从句、动词不定式、动名词置于句尾。

It 作形式宾语的常见句型：

1.verb+ it+ adj./noun(for/of)to do/clause(verb=think, believe, suppose, consider, feel, make, keep…)

例

I think it hard for you to do the task on your own./I think it hard that you'll do the task on your own.2.verb+it+adj./noun(one's)doing(adj.=useless/worth/worthwhile)(noun=no use/no good/worth one's while/a waste of time/money/energy/words)(verb=think, believe, suppose, consider, feel, make, keep…)

例

I'll make it worth your while telling me about his secret.3.verb+it+ important/unimportant/necessary/unnecessary/natural/essential that …(should)…

verb+it+of much/great/no/little importance that…(should)…

(verb=think, believe, suppose, consider, feel, make, keep…)

例

I think it important that you(should)attendthe conference.4.verb + it+ as+ noun/adj.+ clause(verb=accept, regard, take, see, view)

例

The lecturer takes it as encouraging when so many students attend his lecture.5.v.+it + prep.+ that…

owe it to sb.that„把„归功于„

leave it to sb that„把„留给某人去做

take it for granted that „想当然

keep it in mind that…

例

Don't bother to arrange anything.Just leave it to me to sort out.6.It用在不能直接跟宾语从句的动词后面，尤其是表示好恶的动词后，enjoy, like, love, dislike, resent, hate, don't mind, be fond of, feel like, see to 宾语从句紧跟it之后

例

I hate it you can swim so well and I can't.7.It用在不能直接跟宾语从句的介词后面，宾语从句紧跟it之后（except that例外）

例

I'm for it that you will follow their advice.五、强调句型

It is/was+被强调部分+ that(who)„ 强调句型用来强调谓语动词以外的任何句子成分。当被强调部分是人时也可以用who。

在使用强调句型时需注意以下几点：

1.请注意强调句型的特殊疑问句

例

When was it that he changed his mind to take part in the activity？

2.在强调原因状语从句时，只能强调由because所引导的从句

例

It was because he was ill that he didn't come to school yesterday.3.在强调not „ until结构时必须把not与until一起放到被强调的位置上

例

It was not until she took off her dark glasses that I realized she was my brother.4.注意强调句型与定语从句的区别

例

It was at 7 o'clock that he came here yesterday.(强调句型)

It was 7 o'clock when he came here yesterday.(定语从句)

六、It 常用的固定搭配

1.make it

(1).在口语当中相当于succeed,表示：成功、做到、说定、赶上、及时到达

例

It's hard to make it to the top in show business.(2).在口语中相当于fix the date for,表示“约定好时间”

例

—Shall we meet next week?

—OK.We just make it next Saturday.2.as it is

(1).相当于in fact, in reality表示“事实上，实际情况是„„”

例

We had planed to finish the task today, but as it is we probably won't finish it until next week.(2).相当于方式状语从句，表示“照原样”

例

Leave the table as it is.3.as it were 相当于as one might say, that is to say, 表示“也就是说，可以说，换句话说”

例

He is, as it were, a modern Sherlock Holmes.4.if it weren't for„/if it hadn't been for„用来引导虚拟语气，相当于without, or but for, 表示“如果不是„„，要不是„„”

例

If it weren't for Tom, I wouldn't be alive today.5.that's it

(1).相当于That's all.That's so much.表示“至此为止，没有别的了”

例

You can have one more sweet, and that's it.(2).相当于 That's right.表示“对啦”

例

— I guess the key to the problem is thechoice “A”

—That's it.6.catch it 在口语中，相当于be punished/scolded for doing sth.wrong.表示“因做错事而挨骂，受责备，受批评，受惩罚”

例

We'll really catch it form our teacher if we're late for class again.7.have it

(1).相当于say, insist表示“说，主张，表明，硬说”

例

Rumour has it that they are getting divorced.(2).相当于get to know something,表示“了解，知道，获悉”

例

I had it from John that she was going abroad.8.have what it takes在口语中，相当于be well qualified for, 表示“具有成功的条件”

例

You can take it from me that your daughter has what it takes to be a star.9.so it seems / appears.10.Keep at it!(Don't give up!)相当于go on,表示“继续做，不放弃”

例

My teacher asked me to keep at it.11.Go it!(Go on!)拼命干, 莽撞

12.Now you have done it!(You have done sth.wrong.)

13.Now you'll catch it!(You'll be punished.)

14.As it happened, „ 在口语中，相当于it's a pity that„, 表示“真不凑巧，真遗憾”

例

As it happened, they were out.15.As it turned out,„在口语中，相当于it was found to be in the end, 表示“最后被证明是”

例

As it turned out, his statement was false.16.Such as it is(they are)在口语中，相当于although it may not be worth much, 表示“虽然没有多大价值”

例

You can borrow my exam notebook, such as it is.17.Take it/things easy.相当于Don't worry or don't hurry.用来劝告别人，表示“不要慌，别担心，存住气”

例

Take it easy!He will do it well.18.Take it from me.在口语中，相当于believe me what I say.表示“请相信我的话，我敢担保”

例

You can take it from me that he will make it this time.19.For what it is worth„在口语中，相当于although I'm not sure it's of value, 表示“不管其价值如何”

例

Here is the article I promise you, for what it's worth.20.Worth it 在口语中，相当于useful, 表示“有好处，值得做”

例

Don't hesitate about it!It's worth it.21.Believe it or not.表示“信不信由你”

例

Believe it or not, Tom is getting married to Mary next Sunday.22.Take it or leave it.v.要么接受要么放弃

例

That is my last offer.You can take it or leave it.23.It all depends/that all depends 在口语中，相当于it hasn't been decided yet, 表示“那得看情况，还没有定下来”

例

—Are you going to the countryside for holiday?

—It/That all depends.24.It's up to sb.在口语中，相当于it's decided by sb.表示“由„„决定，由„„负责，取决于„„”

例

—Shall we go out for dinner?

—It's up to you.“It”用法及其句型和固定搭配专练

1.Was it during the Second World War_____ he died? A.that

B.while

C.in which

D.then(88)

2.Is ____ necessary to complete the design before National Day? A.this

B.that

C.it

D.he(89)

3.I don't think ____ possible to master a foreign language without much memory work.A.this

B.that

C.its

D.it(91)

4.Does ______ matter if he can't finish the job on time? A.this B.that C.he D.it(91)5.It was not _____ she took off her glasses _____ I realized she was a famous film star.A.when , that

B.until , that

C.until , that

D.when , then(92)6.I was disappointed with the film.I had expected ______ to be much better.A.that

B.this

C.one

D.it(93)

7.It was not until 1920 ______ regular radio broadcasts began.A.while

B.which

C.that

D.since(94)

8.______is a fact that English is being accepted as an international language.A.There

B.This

C.That

D.It(95)

9.It was only when I reread this poems recently _____ I began to appreciate their beauty.A.until

B.that

C.then

D.so(97)

10.I hate_____when people talk with their mouths full.A.it

B.that

C.these

D.them(98)

11.It is the ability to do the job _____ matters not where you come from or what you are.A.one

B.that

C.what

D.it(2000)

12.I like ___ in the autumn when the weather is clear and bright.(2004)A.this

B.that C.it

D.one 13.—Do you like ___ here?

—Oh, yes.The air, the weather, the way of life.Everything is so nice.(全国卷)A.this B.These

C.That

D.it

14.We needed a new cupboard for the kitchen.So Peter made ___ from some wood.(全国卷)A.it

B.One

C.Himself

D.another

15.The foreign Minister said, “ _____ our hope that the two sides will work towards peace.”(2004北京)

A.This is B.There is C.That is

D.It is

16._____ is reported in the newspaper, talks between the two countries are making progress.(2004北京)

A.It

B.As

C.That

D.What 17.— How often do you eat out?(2004, 天津)— ________, but usually once a week.A.Have no idea

B.It depends

C.As usual

D.Generally speaking 18.We wanted to get home before dark, but it didn't quite _____ as planed.(2004浙江卷)A.make out

B.turn out

C.go on

D.come up

19.— What do you want to do next? We have half an hour until the basketball game.—________.Whatever you want to do is fine with me.A.It just depends

B.It's up to you

C.All right

D.Glad to hear that

20.It was ____ back home after the experiment.A.not until midnight did he go B.until midnight that he didn't go C.not until midnight that he went

D.until midnight when he didn't go

KEYS:

1-5 ACDDB 6-10 DCDBA

11-15 ACDBD 16-20 BBBBC

第三章高中英语语法中的省略现象

在英语语言中，为了使语言简洁明了，重点突出或上下文紧密相连，可以省去某些句子成分而保持句子愿意不变，这种语言现象称之为省略。现就英语中的种种省略现象分析如下：

一、并列复合句中的省略

在并列句中后边的分句可以省略与前边分句中相同的成分。如：

a)The boy picked up a coin in the road and(the boy)handed it to a policeman.这个男孩在马路上拾起一枚硬币并把他交给了警察。

b)Your advice made me happy but(your advice made)Tom angry.你的建议使我高兴但使汤姆生气。

c)Tom must have been playing basketball and Mary(must have been)doing her homework.汤姆肯定一直在打篮球，玛丽一直在写作业。

d)Gao Xiumin was born in 1959 and Fu Biao(was born)in 1963.高秀敏出生于1959年，傅彪出生于1963年。

二、主从复合句中的省略

1．状语从句中的省略

一般说来省略现象多出现在下列五种状语从句中：由 when ,while ,as ,before, after , till, until, once等引导的时间状语从句；由whether ,if , unless 等引导的条件状语从句；由though , although ,even if ,whatever等引导的让步状语从句；由 as ,than 等引导的比较状语从句；由as, as if , as though 等引导的方式状语从句。上述状语从句在省略时应遵循下面原则：

1)当状语从句的主语与主句的主语一致时，可以省略状语从句的主语和系动词be，这时从句中可出现如下结构：(1)连词（as, as if , once）+ 名词;(2)连词（though, whether , when）+形容词；(3)连词(whether, as if ,while)+介词短语；(4)连词(when , while , though)+ 现在分词；(5)连词(when ,if ,even if ,unless ,once ,until, than , as)+ 过去分词；(6)连词(as if ,as though)+ 不定式。如：

a)Once(he was)a worker ,Pang Long now becomes a famous singer.庞龙曾经是个工人，现在变成一位著名的歌手。

b)Work hard when(you are)young ,or you'll regret.趁年轻要努力学习，要不然你会后悔的。

c)He looked everywhere as if(he was)in search of something.他到处看似乎在找什么东西。d)While(he was)holding talks with President Hu Jintao ,US President George W.Bush thanked China for its important role in the Six-Party Talks.美国总统布什在与胡锦涛主席会谈时，感谢中国在六方会谈中起的重要作用。

e)The exhibition is more interesting than(it was)expected.这次展览比被预料的有趣的多。

f)Olympic gold medallist hurdler Liu Xiang opened his lips as if(he were)to speak。奥林匹克金牌获得者跨栏运动员刘翔张开嘴好像要说什么。注意：

1)当从句的主语和主句的宾语一致时，间或也有这样的省略,如：

Her father told her to be careful when(she was)crossing the street.当她过马路时父亲告诉她要当心。

2)当从句的主语是 it，谓语动词中又含有系动词be 时，可以把it和系动词be一起省略。此时构成连词(if , unless ,when , whenever)+形容词的结构。如：

Unless(it is)necessary ,you'd better not refer to the dictionary.如果没有必要，你最好不要查字典。

2．定语从句中的省略

1）一般说来，在限制性定语从句中，作宾语的关系代词 that ,which , whom 可以省略；如：

Is this reason(that)he explained at the meeting for his carelessness in his work?这就是他在会上解释他工作中粗心的原因吗？（2002上海春季）

而在非限制性定语从句中作宾语的关系代词 which , whom 不可以省略。试比较：

Tom(whom)you saw yesterday fell ill.(whom可以省)你昨天见到的汤姆病倒了。

Tom , whom you saw yesterday ,fell ill.(whom不可以省)汤姆病倒了，你昨天见到他了。

2）在口语和非正式用语中，关系副词when ,where , 和 why 经常用that 来代替，甚至还可省略。如：

a)This is the first time(when/that)he had trouble with the boss.这是他第一次麻烦老板。

b)He wants to find a good place(where/that)we can have a picnic during the “golden week ”holiday.他想找一个能在黄金周期间野餐的好地方。

c)Could you tell us the reason(why/that)he was so unhappy ? 你能告诉我们他为什么如此不高兴吗？

3）当先行词为表示方式的 the way 时，从句不能用 how 来引导，应该用that 或 in which，或将它们全部省略。如：

I don't like the way(that/in which)you laugh at her.我不喜欢你嘲笑他的行为。

3．宾语从句中的省略

1）在及物动词后面所接的宾语从句中，连词that 一般可以省略；但如果及物动词后面是由that引导的两个或两个以上的并列的宾语从句，那么只有第一个that可以省略。如：

a)I think(that)the reform of the renminbi's exchange rate is necessary.我认为人民币兑换率的改革是必要的。

b)He said(that)the Anti-secession law had been passed and that President Hu Jintao had signed a presidential order 他说《反分裂国家法》已被通过，而且胡锦涛主席已签署了主席令。2）由 which , when ,where , how,和 why 引导的宾语从句，可以全部或部分省略。如：

a)I know that NBA star Yao Ming will come to our city but I don’t know when(he will come to our city).我知道NBA明星要到我们城市来但我不知道他什么时候来。

b)He wants to move abroad but his parents wonders why(he wants to move abroad)他想搬迁到国外但他的父母想知道为什么。

4．在与suggest ,request ,order ,advise 等词相关的名词性从句中，须用虚拟语气形式“should +动词原形”，should可以省略。如：

Chirac, President of the Republic of France suggested that the China-France Culture Year(should)last long in various forms.法国总统希拉克建议中法文化年以各种各样的形式长期持续。

5．主句省略多用于句首。如：

(It is a)Pity that I didn’t go to Mary's birthday party yesterday.很遗憾，我昨天没有去参加玛丽的生日聚会。

6．在答语中，主句可全部省略。如：

—Why were you absent from school last Friday ?—(I was absent from school)Because my mother was ill.—上周五你为什么没有上学？ —因为我妈妈病了。

三、简单句中的省略

1．省略主语

1）祈使句中的主语通常被省略如：

(You)Open the door, please.请开一下门。

2)其它省略主语多限于现成的说法如：

a)(I)Thank you for your help 谢谢你的帮助。

b)(It)Doesn’t matter.没关系。

2．省略主谓语或主谓语的一部分如：

a)(There is)No smoking.禁止抽烟

b)(Is there)anything else ? 还有其他事吗？

c)(You come)This way please.请这边走。

d)(Will you)Have a smoke ? 抽烟吗？

3．省略宾语如：

—Do you know Mr.Li ? 你认识李先生吗？— I don’t know(him.)我不认识他 4．省略表语如：

—Are you thirsty ? 你30岁了吗？ Yes , I am(thirsty).是的，我是。5．同时省略几个成分如：

a)—Are you feeling better now? 你觉得好些了吗？—(I am feeling)Much better(now)好多了。

b)(I wish)Good luck(to you).祝你好运/祝你顺利。

四、动词不定式省略，只保留to 的场合1．不定式作某些动词的宾语时，这些动词常见的有：love, like, care, wish, hope, expect, prefer, refuse, mean , try , oblige , advise , persuade , agree , want , afford , forget , remember , try , manage等。如：

a)— You should have thanked her before you left.—I meant to ,but when I was leaving I couldn’t find her anywhere.—你本该在离开前谢谢她。—我本打算这么做，但当我就要离开的时候我却找不到她了。（2000上海春）

b)You can do it this way if you like to.如果你想做，你可以这么做。

2．不定式作某些动词的宾语补足语或主语补足语时，这些动词常见的有：ask , tell ,advise, force, persuade, wish, allow, permit , forbid ,expect, order ,warn 等。如：

a)The boy wanted to ride his bicycle in the street ,but his mother told him not to.男孩想在街上骑他的自行车，但他母亲不让。(NMET1995)

b)She wants to come but her parents won’t allow her to(come).她想来，可是她父母不让。

3．不定式在句中作某些形容词的状语时，常见的形容词有：happy, glad ,eager , anxious , willing , ready 等。如：

— I will be away on a business trip.Could you mind looking after my cat ?

— Not at all.I would be happy to(look after your cat).—我要出差，你能帮我照顾一下我的猫吗？—没关系，我很愿意。

4．不定式作某些复合谓语时，常见结构如：be able to, be going to, have to, ought to, used to等。如：

He doesn’t like fish but he used to 他现在不喜欢吃鱼，但过去喜欢。

五、动词不定式to 的省略

1．主语部分有to do ,系动词 is 或 was 时，作表语的不定式通常省去to。如：

The only thing you have to do is press the button.你必须做的惟一事情是按按钮。

2．作介词but ,expect ,besides 的宾语，前面又有实意动词 do时，不定式通常省去to.如：

He said that Chen Shuibian had nothing to do except push a pro-“independence” timetable.他说陈水扁除了推进支持“独立”的时间表外，什么也没有做。

3．主语部分暗含to do，表语中的不定式通常省去to。如：

All I want(to do)is go to school and study hard.我想要（做）的就是上学，努力学习。

4．当两个或多个不定式并列时，其后的不定式符号可以省略，但有对比关系时不可省略。如：

It is easier to say than to do.说起来容易，做起来难。

5．在would rather„than„ 等结构中，不定式符号常常要省略.如：

I would rather stay at home than go to see a film.我宁愿呆在家也不愿去看电影。

6．在see ,watch ,notice ,hear, listen to ,look at ,feel ,have, make, let ,observe 等词后作宾语补足语时省略不定式符号to；why(not)do 结构中, 不定式不带to。如：

a)I saw her enter the room.我看见她进入了房间

b)Why not join us ?为什么不加入到我们的行列里来呢？

六．其他一些省略结构

1．名词所有格修饰的名词，若表示住宅、店铺、教堂或上下文已暗示或明确指出过的事物时，常常可以省略。如：

We spent the weekend at the Mary's.我们在玛丽家过的周末。

2．What和 how引导的感叹句中，常可省略主语 it 和be动词如：

a)What a wonderful victory(it is)for Tom!这对Tom来说是个多么大的胜利呀！

b)How beautiful(it is)to be treated like a normal child.被当作一个正常孩子对待对他而言是多么美妙的一件事呀。

第四章主谓一致

主谓一致(Subject-Verb Agreement)，指”人称”和”数方面的一致关系.如: He is going abroad.They are playing football.可分为:语法一致, 内容一致, 就近一致.(一)语法一致原则: 即主语为单数,谓语用单数,主语为复数,谓语也用复数.以下为注意事项: 1.单数主语即使后面带有with , along with, together with, like(象), but(除了),except, besides, as well as, no less than, rather than(而不是), including, in addition to 引导的短语, 谓语动词仍用单数.如: Air as well as water is matter.空气和水都是物质.No one except two servants was late for the dinner.除了两个仆人外, 没有一个人迟来用餐。

2.用and连接的并列主语,如果主语是同一个人,同一事,同一概念, 谓语动词用单数, 否则用复数.如:

The poet and writer has come.那位诗人兼作家来了.(一个人)A hammer and a saw are useful tools.锤子和锯都是有用的工具.(两样物)用and连接的成对名词习惯上被看成是一个整体, 如:bread and butter(黄油抹面包), knife and fork(刀叉)等作主语时, 谓语动词用单数。

3.不定式(短语), 动名词(短语), 或从句作主语时, 谓语动词用单数.如: Serving the people is my great happiness.为人民服务是我最大的幸福.When we’ll go out for an outing has been decided.我们什么时候出去郊游已决定了。

4.用连接的并列主语被each, every 或no修饰时, 谓语动词用单数.Every boy and every girl likes to go swimming.每个男孩和每个女孩都喜欢去游泳.No teacher and no student was absent from the meeting.没有老师也没有学生开会缺席.Each man and(each)woman is asked to help.每个男人和每个女人都被请去帮忙。

5.each of + 复数代词, 谓语动词用单数.复数代词+each, 谓语动词用单数.如: Each of us has something to say.我们每个人都有话要说。

6.若主语中有more than one 或many a/an , 尽管从意义上看是复数, 但它的谓语动词仍用单数。但more+复数名词+than one做主语时, 谓语动词仍用复数.如: Many a boy likes playing basketball.许多男生都喜欢打篮球.More than one student was late.不只一个学生迟到

More persons than one come to help us.不止一个人来帮助我们。

7.none 做主语时,谓语动词可用单数, 也可用复数;但在代表不可数的东西时总是看作单数,因而谓语动词要用单数.如: None of us are(is)perfect.人无完人。None of this worries me.这事一点不使我着急。

8.名词如: trousers, scissors, clothes, goods, glasses 等作主语时, 谓语动词必须用复数.如: His clothes are good.但这些名词前若出现 a pair of , 谓语一般用单数.如: A pair of glasses is on the desk.桌上有一副眼镜。

9.形复意单名词如:news;以ics 结尾的学科名称如: physics, mathematics, economics;国名如: the United States;报纸名如: the New Times;书名如: Arabian Night <天方夜谈>;以及The United Nations<联合国> 等作主语时, 谓语动词用单数。

10.“a +名词+and a half “, “one and a half + 名词”, “the number of + 名词” 等作主语时, 谓语动词要用单数.如: Only one and a half apples is left on the table.注意: one or two + 复数名词作主语, 谓语动词用复数形式, 如: One or two places have been visited.参观了一两个地点。

(二)内容一致原则:

1.主语中有all, half, most, the rest等, 以及”分数或百分数+名词”做主语时,谓语动词单复数取决于连用的名词.如: The rest of the bikes are on sale today.剩下的自行车，今天出售。

60%of the apple was eaten by little boy.这个苹果的60%都被这个小男孩吃了。Most of the apples were rotten.大部分的苹果都是烂的。

Most of the apple was eaten by a rat.这个苹果的大部分被老鼠吃了。

2.不定数量的词组, 如:part of , a lot of , lots of , one of , a number of , plenty of等作主语时, 谓语动词的单复数取决于量词后面名词的数.如: A part of the textbooks have arrived.一小部分教科书已运到。

A part of the apple has been eaten up by the pig.这个苹果的一部分被猪吃光了。

3.加减乘除用单数.如: Fifteen minus five is ten.15减去5等于10。

4.表示时间, 金钱, 距离, 度量等的名词做主语时, 尽管是复数形式, 它们做为一个单一的概念时, 其谓语动词用单数.如: Ten miles is a good distance.十英里是一个相当的距离。

5.(1)通常作复数的集体名词.包括police , people, cattle 等, 这些集体名词通常用作复数.如:

The British police have only very limited powers.(2)通常作不可数名词的集体名词.包括equipment, furniture, clothing, luggage 等.(3)可作单数也可作复数的集体名词.包括 audience, committee, government, family, enemy, group, party, team, public 等.如: The committee has/have decided to dismiss him.委员会决定解雇他。6.the +形容词/过去分词形式”表示一类人或事物, 作主语时, 谓语动词用复数.如: The injured were saved after the fire.(三)就近原则

1.由here, there, where 等引导的倒装句中,(有时主语不止一个时)谓语动词与靠近它的主语在数上一致.如: Here comes the bus 公共汽车来了.Here is a pen and some pieces of paper for you.给你一支钢笔和几张纸。Where is your wife and children to stay while you are away? 你不在这儿的时候, 你爱人和孩子在哪儿呆呢？

2.用连词or, either....or, neither„.nor, not only„.but also 等连接的并列主语, 谓语动词与靠近它的主语在数上一致。如：

Neither the students nor the teacher knows anything about it 学生和老师都不知道这事.He or you have taken my pen.他或你拿了我的钢笔。

注意: one of +复数名词+who/that/which 引导的定语从句中, 定语从句的动词为复数。如： Mary is one of those people who keep pets.玛丽是饲养宠物者之一。

The only one of +复数名词+ who/that./which 引导的定语从句中，定语从句的动词应为单数。Mary is the only one of those people who keeps pets.玛丽是唯一一个饲养宠物的人。

主谓一致练习

1.About 60 percent of the students _____ from the south, the rest of them _____ from the north and foreign countries.A.are/is

B.are/are

C.is/are

D.are 2.Half of the workers here _____ under 30 _____.A.is/years

B.are/year old

C.is/years old

D.are/years of age 3.Now Tom with his classmates _____ football on the playground.A.play

B.are playing

C.plays

D.is playing 4.The number of pages in this dictionary _____ about two thousand.A.are

B.has

C.have

D.is 5.Thirty dollars _____ too expensive.A.are

B.is

C.were

D.be 6.The audience _____ so large that no seat was left unoccupied in the great hall.A.is

B.are

C.was

D.has 7.The secretary and principal _____ at the meeting now.A.are speaking

B.is speaking

C.were making a speech D.have a speech 8.“If anybody _____, please put down _____ name,” said the teacher to the monitor.A.wants to buy the book/his

B.want to buy the book/their C.will buy the book/one's

D.wants to have the book bought/her 9.Nothing but one desk and six chairs _____ in the room.A.are

B.is stayed

C.is

D.are left 10.Having arrived at the station, _____.A.it was found that the train had left &nb, sp;B.th, e trai, n had left C.the train was found left

D.he found that the train had left 11.Between the two roads _____ a TV tower called “Skyscraper Tower”.A.stands

B.standing

C.which stands

D.stand 12.Either of you _____ going there tonight.A.will

B.was

C.is

D.are 13.You as well _____ right.A.I are

B.I am

C.as I am

D.as I are 14.All but Dick _____ in Class Three this term.A.are

B.is

C.were

D.was 15.--Shall I wait here for three hours?

--Yes.Three hours ___, __ t, , , , , o wait for such a doctor.A.are not very long for you

B.is not long enough fo, , , , , r you C.was not long enough for you

D.will be too long for you 16.Where to get the materials and how to get them _____ at the meeting.A.have not discussed

B.have not been discussed C.has not discussed

D.has not been discussed 17.I took mathematics and physics because I think that _____ very important for me to make further research in this field.A.what is

B.they are

C.this

D.which are 18.Every student and every teacher _____.A.are going to attend the meeting

B.have attended the meeting C.has attended the meeting

D.is attended the meeting 19.Three fourths of the bread _____ by Bob, and the rest of the bread _____ left on the table.A.was eaten/were

B.were eaten/was

C.were eaten/were

D.was eaten/was 20.This pair of shoes _____.A.is her

B.is hers

C.are hers

D.are her 21.There ______ no life on the moon.A.is said to have

B.are said to have

C.is said to be

D.are said to be 22.A group of ______ are eating ______ and ______ at the foot of the hill A.sheep;grass;leaves

B.sheeps grasses leaves C.sheep;grass leaf

D.sheeps grass leafs 23.My family raise a lot of _______, including two______.A.cattles cows

B.cows cattle C.cattle cows

D.cow, cattles 24.What he says and what he does_______.A.does not agree

B.do not agree C.does not agree with D.not agree 25.The boy and the girl each ______ toys.A.have their own B.has their own C.have her own D.has her own 26.She is the only one among the ______ writers who ______stories for children.A.woman, writes B.women write C.women writes

D.woman write 27.The railway station is ______from our school.A.two hour`s drive

B.two hours` drive C.two hour drive D.two hours drive 28.Mike and John`s ______.A.father is a teacher

B.fathers are teachers

C.father are teachers

D.fathers are teacher 29.A great deal of talking and listening that ______ under casual circumstance may seem to be aimless.A.is occurred

B.are occurred

C.occurs

D.occur 30._______ the classroom needs to be cleaned.A.Either the offices or

B.The offices and

C.Both the office and

D.The office and 31.Three-fourths of the homework ______today.A.has finished B.has been finished C.have finished D.have been finished 32.More than 60 percent of the world’s radio programmes ______in England.A.is

B.was

C.are

D.be 33.______work has been done to improve the people`s living standard A.A great deal of

B.A great many

C.A large number of

D.Many 34.The rest of the magazines ______ within half an hour.A.is sold out

B.are sold out

C.was sold out

D.were sold out 35.There ______ a lot of sugar in the jar.A.has

B.have

C.is

D.are 36.“All ______present and all ______going on well”, our monitor said.A.is is

B.are, are

C.are is

D.is are 37.Yesterday the League secretary and monitor ______ asked to make a speech at the meeting.A.is

B.was

C.are

D.were.38.Mary as well as her sisters ______ Chinese in China.A.are studying

B.have studied

C.studies

D.study 39.The rich______ not always happy.A.are

B.is

C.will

D.may 40.______can be done ______done.A.All, have been B.All that ,have been

C.All has

D.All that ,has been 41.Either of the plans ______equally dangerous.A.are

B.is C.has

D.have 42.The police ______the murderer everywhere when he suddenly appeared in a theatre.A.is searching

B.were searching for

C.are searching

D.was searching for 43.Your trousers ______dirty, you must have______ washed.A.is it

B.are it

C.are them

D.is them 44.The Olympic games ______held every four ______.A.is years

B.are years

C.is year

D.are year 45.He is the oly one of the students who______elected.A.are

B.have

C.has

D.is 46.______a good enough price for this book

A.Two yuans are B.Two yuan are

C.Two yuans is

D.Two yuan is 47.No bird and no beast ______in the lonely island A.are seen

B.is seen

C.see

D.sees 48.Every means ______prevent the water from______ A.are used to polluting

B.get used to polluting C.is used to , polluted

D.is used to ,being polluted 49.Each of the ______in the ship.A.passenger has his own room

B.passengers have their own room C.passenger have their own room

D.sengers has his own room 50.What we need ______good textbooks.A.is

B.are

C.have

D.has 51.What you said just now______to do with the matter we are discussing.A.have something

B.has something

C.had something

D.was something 52.Either your parents or your elder brother ______to attend the meeting tomorrow.A.is

B.are

C.are going

D.have

53.Neither of the novels which ______popular with us ______been translated into Chinese.A.are has

B.are have

C.is have

D.is has 54.Every boy and every girl ______to attend the evening party.A.wish

B.wishes

C.hope

D.are hoping 55._______ has been done.A.nety—nine percents of the work

B.Half of what he promised C.Two-fifths of the articles

D.Three quarter of the business

答案：

1-5 BDDDB

6-10 ABACD

11-15 ACDAB

16-20 DBCDB 21-25 CACBA

26-30CBACA

31-35 CCADC

36-40CBCAD

41-45 BBCBD

46-50 DBDDB

51-55 BAABB

第五章

动词不定式不定式作宾语 1)动词+ 不定式

afford, aim, appear, agree, arrange, ask, be, decide, bother, care, choose, come, dare, demand, desire, determine, expect, elect, endeavor, hope, fail, happen, help, hesitate, learn, long, mean, manage, offer, ought, plan, prepare, pretend, promise, refuse, seem, tend, wait, wish, undertake

The driver failed to see the other car in time.司机没能及时看见另一辆车。I happen to know the answer to your question.我碰巧知道你那道问题的答案。

2)动词+不定式；动词+宾语+不定式

ask, beg, choose, expect, hate, help intend like, love, need prefer, prepare, promise, want, wish I like to keep everything tidy.我喜欢每件东西都保持整洁。

I like you to keep everything tidy.我喜欢你使每件东西都保持整洁。I want to speak to Tom.我想和汤姆谈话。

I want you to speak to Tom.我想让你和汤姆谈话。

3)动词+疑问词+ to

decide, know, consider forget, learn, remember, show, understand, see, wonder, hear, find out, explain, tell

Please show us how to do that.请演示给我们如何去做。

There are so many kinds of tape-recorders on sale that I can't make up my mind which to buy.有这么多的录音机，我都拿不定主意买哪一种。

注意

疑问词带不定式在句中作成分时，谓语动词用单数。如：The question is how to put it into practice.问题是怎样把它付诸实施。

2.不定式作补语

1)动词+宾语+不定式(to do)advise, allow, appoint, believe, cause, challenge, command, compel, consider, declare, drive, enable, encourage, find, forbid, force, guess, hire, imagine, impel, induce, inform, instruct, invite, judge, know, like, order, permit, persuade, remind, report, request, require, select, send, state, suppose, tell, think, train, trust, understand, urge, warn

a.Father will not allow us to play on the street.父亲不让我们在街上玩耍。b.We believe him to be guilty.我们相信他是有罪的。

Find 的特殊用法

Find 后可用分词做宾补，或先加形式宾语，再加形容词，最后加带to 的动词不定式。find后也可带一个从句。此类动词还有get，have。

I found him lying on the ground.I found it important to learn.I found that to learn English is important.典型例题

The next morning she found the man ___ in bed，dead.A.lying

B.lie

C.lay

D.laying

答案：A.find的宾语后面，用分词或分词短语，起宾语补足语作用。现在分词表达主动，也表达正在进行，过去分词表达被动。

2)to + be 的不定式结构，作补语的动词。

acknowledge, believe, consider, think, declare(声称), discover, fancy(设想), feel, find, guess, judge, imagine, know, prove, see(理解), show, suppose, take(以为), understand

We consider Tom to be one of the best students in our class.我们认为汤姆是班上最好的学生之一。

典型例题

Charles Babbage is generally considered ___ the first computer.A.to invent B.inventing

C.to have invented

D.having invented

答案：A.由consider to do sth.排除B、D。.此句只说明发明这一个事实，不定式后用原形即可。而C为现在完成时，发明为点动词一般不用完成时，且此处也不强调对现在的影响，因此不选C。

3)to be +形容词

seem, appear, be said, be supposed, be believed, be thought, be known, be reported, hope, wish, desire, want, plan, expect, mean

The book is believed to be uninteresting.人们认为这本书没什么意思。

4)there be+不定式

believe, expect, intend, like, love, mean, prefer, want, wish, undrstand

We didn't expect there to be so many people there.我们没料到会有那么多人在哪里。

注意

有些动词需用as 短语做补语，如regard, think believe, take, consider.We regard Tom as our best teacher.我们认为汤姆是我们最好的老师。Mary took him as her father.玛丽把他当作自己的父亲。

3.不定式作主语

1)It's easy(for me)to do that.我做这事太容易了。

easy, difficult, hard, important, possible, impossible, comfortable, necessary, better;the first, the next, the last, the best, too much, too little, not enough

It's so nice to hear your voice.听到你的声音真高兴。

It's necessary for you to lock the car when you do not use it.当你不用车的时候，锁车是有必要的。

2)It's very kind of you to help us.他帮助我们，他真好。

kind, nice, stupid, rude, clever, foolish, thoughtful, thoughtless, brave, considerate(考虑周到的), silly, selfish(自私的)

It was silly of us to believe him.我们真愚蠢，竟然相信了他。

It seemed selfish of him not to give them anything.他不给他们任何东西，这显得太自私了。

注意 1)其他系动词如，look，appear等也可用于此句型 2)不定式作为句子成分时，动词用单数形式。

3)当不定式作主语的句子中又有一个不定式作表语时，不能用It is„ to„的句型(对)To see is to believe.百闻不如一见。(错)It is to believe to see.It's for sb.和 It's of sb.1)for sb.常用于表示事物的特征特点，表示客观形式的形容词，如easy, hard, difficult,interesting, impossible等：

It's very hard for him to study two languages.对他来说学两门外语是很难的。

2)of sb的句型一般用表示人物的性格，品德，表示主观感情或态度的形容词，如good, kind, nice, clever, foolish, right。

It's very nice of you to help me.你来帮助我，你真是太好了。

for 与of 的辨别方法

用介词后面的代词作主语，用介词前边的形容词作表语，造个句子。如果道理上通顺用of，不通则用for。如：You are nice.(通顺，所以应用of)。He is hard.(人是困难的，不通，因此应用for。)

4.不定式作表语

不定式可放在be动词后面，形成表语。例如： My work is to clean the room every day.His dream is to be a doctor.5.不定式作定语

不定式做定语通常要放在被修饰的词后。例如： I have a lot of work to do.So he made some candles to give light.6.不定式作状语 1)目的状语

To„ only to(仅仅为了), in order to, so as to, so(such)„ as to„(如此„„以便„„)He ran so fast as to catch the first bus.他飞快地跑以便赶上第一班车。I come here only to say good-bye to you.我来仅仅是向你告别。

2)作结果状语，表事先没有预料到的，要放在句子后面。What have I said to make you angry.He searched the room only to find nothing.3)表原因

I'm glad to see you.典型例题

The chair looks rather hard, but in fact it is very comfortable to ___.A.sit

B.sit on

C.be seat

D.be sat on 答案：B.如果不定式为不及物动词，其后应有必要的介词。当动词与介词连用时，常位于“形容词+动词不定式”结构的末尾。

用作介词的to to 有两种用法：一为不定式+动词原形；一为介词+名词/动名词, to 在下面的用法中是第二种，即to+ 名词/动名词：admit to承认，confess to承认，be accustomed to习惯于，be used to习惯于，stick to 坚持，turn to开始，着手于，devote oneself to 献身于，be devoted to 致力于，look forward to 盼望，pay attention to

注意

省to 的动词不定式

1)情态动词(除ought 外，ought to)： 2)使役动词 let, have, make：

3)感官动词 see, watch, look at, notice , observe, hear, listen to, smell, feel, find 等后作宾补，省略to。

注意

在被动语态中则to 不能省掉。

I saw him dance.=He was seen to dance.The boss made them work the whole night.=They were made to work the whole night.4)would rather，had better： 5)Why„ / why not„：

6)help 可带to，也可不带to, help sb(to)do sth：

7)but和except：but前是动词do时，后面出现的动词用不带to的动词不定式。8)由and, or和than连接的两个不定式，第二个to 可以省去： 9)通常在discover, imagine, suppose, think, understand等词后，可以省去to be：He is supposed(to be)nice.他应该是个好人。举例：He wants to move to France and marry the girl.He wants to do nothing but go out.比较：He wants to do nothing but go out.He wants to believe anything but to take the medicine.典型例题

1)----I usually go there by train.----Why not ___ by boat for a change?

A.to try going

B.trying to go

C.to try and go

D.try going

答案：D.why not 后面接不带to 的不定式，因此选D。2)Paul doesn't have to be made ___.He always works hard.A.learn

B.to learn

C.learned

D.learning

答案：B.make后接不带to 的动词不定式，当其用于被动时，to 不可省略。

动词不定式的否定式

Tell him not to shut the window„

She pretended not to see me when I passed by.我走过的时候，她假装没看见。

典型例题

1)Tell him ___ the window.A.to shut not

B.not to shut

C.to not shut

D.not shut

答案：B。tell sb to do sth 的否定形式为tell sb not to do sth.2)She pretended ___ me when I passed by.A.not to see

B.not seeing

C.to not see

D.having not seen

答案：A。pretend 后应接不定式。其否定形式为pretend not to do sth.。3)Mrs.Smith warned her daughter ___ after drinking.A.never to drive

B.to never driver C.never driving

D.never drive

答案：A。warn sb to do sth.的否定形式为warn sb not to do sth.此处用的是否定词never.4)The boy wanted to ride his bicycle in the street，but his mother told him ____.A.not to

B.not to do

C.not do it

D.do not to

答案：A。not to 为not to do it 的省略形式。可以只用to这个词，而不必重复整个不定式词组。及物动词do后应有名词、代词等，否则不对，因此B，D不对。5)The patient was warned ___ oily food after the operation.A.to eat no

B.eating not

C.not to eat D.not eating 答案：C。warn一词要求后用不定式，此处为不定式的被动，否定形式为be warned not to do。

不定式的特殊句型too„to„ 1)too„to

太„以至于„

He is too excited to speak.他太激动了，说不出话来。----Can I help you ? 需要我帮忙吗?----Well, I'm afraid the box is too heavy for you to carry it, but thank you all the same.不用了。这箱子太重，恐怕你搬不动。谢谢您。

2)如在too前有否定词，则整个句子用否定词表达肯定，too 后那个词表达一种委婉含义，意为“不太”。

It's never too late to mend.(谚语)改过不嫌晚。

3)当too 前面有only, all, but时，意思是：非常„ 等于very。I'm only too pleased to be able to help you.我非常高兴能帮助你。He was but too eager to get home.他非常想回家。

不定式的特殊句型so as to 1)表示目的；它的否定式是so as not to do。

Tom kept quiet about the accident so as not to lose his job.汤姆对事故保持沉默是为了不丢掉他的工作。

Go in quietly so as not to wake the baby.轻点进去，别惊醒了婴儿。2)so kind as to---劳驾

Would you be so kind as to tell me the time? 劳驾，现在几点了。

不定式的特殊句型Why not “Why not +动词原形”表达向某人提出建议，翻译为：“为什么不„„?” “干吗不„„?” 例如：Why not take a holiday? 干吗不去度假? 不定式的时态和语态

时态语态

主动

被动

一般式

to do to be done

进行式

to be doing

完成式

to have done to have been done

完成进行式

to have been doing

1)现在时：一般现在时表示的动词，有时与谓语动词表示的动作同时发生，有时发生在谓语动词的动作之后。He seems to know this.I hope to see you again.= I hope that I'll see you again.我希望再见到你。2)完成时：表示的动作发生在谓语动词表示的动作之前。I'm sorry to have given you so much trouble.He seems to have caught a cold.3)进行时：表示动作正在进行，与谓语动词表示的动作同时发生。He seems to be eating something.4)完成进行时：

She is known to have been wreaking on the problem for many years.动名词与不定式

1)动名词与不定式的区别：

动名词表达的是：状态，性质，心境，抽象，经常性，已发生的不定式表达的是：目的，结果，原因，具体，一次性，将发生的 2)接不定式或动名词，意义相同。

3)动名词与不定式语义不同的有11 组：

stop to do stop doing

forget to do forget doing

remember to do remember doing

cease to do cease doing

try to do try doing

go on to do go on doing

afraid to do

afraid doing

interested to do interested doing

mean to do mean doing

regret to do regret doing

begin/start to do begin/start doing

特殊词精讲 stop doing/to do stop to do 停止，中断做某事后去做另一件事。stop doing 停止做某事。

They stop to smoke a cigarette.他们停下来，抽了根烟。I must stop smoking.我必须戒烟了。

典型例题

She reached the top of the hill and stopped ___ on a big rock by the side of the path.A.to have rested B.resting

C.to rest D.rest 答案：C。由题意可知，她到了山顶，停下来在一个路边的大石头上休息。因此，应选择“stop to do sth.停下来去做另一件事”。而不仅仅是爬山动作的终止，所以stop doing sth.不正确。stop doing/to do

forget doing/to do forget to do 忘记要去做某事。(未做)forget doing 忘记做过某事。

(已做)The light in the office is stil on.He forgot to turn it off.办公室的灯还在亮着，它忘记关了。(没有做关灯的动作)He forgot turning the light off.他忘记他已经关了灯了。(已做过关灯的动作)Don't forget to come tomorrow.别忘了明天来。(to come动作未做)

典型例题

----The light in the office is still on.----Oh, I forgot___.A.turning it off

B.turn it off

C.to turn it off

D.having turned it off 答案：C。由the light is still on 可知灯亮着，即关灯的动作没有发生，因此用forget to do sth.而forget doing sth表示灯已经关上了，而自己忘记了这一事实。此处不符合题意。

remember doing/to do remember to do 记得去做某事

(未做)remember doing 记得做过某事

(已做)Remember to go to the post office after school.记着放学后去趟邮局。Don't you remember seeing the man before? 你不记得以前见过那个人吗?

regret doing/to do regret to do

对要做的事遗憾。(未做)regret doing

对做过的事遗憾、后悔。(已做)I regret to have to do this, but I have no choice.我很遗憾必须这样去做，我实在没有办法。I don't regret telling her what I thought.我不为告诉她我的想法而后悔。

典型例题

---You were brave enough to raise objections at the meeting.---Well, now I regret ___ that.A.to do

B.to be doing

C.to have done

D.having done 答案：D。regret having done sth.对已发生的事感到遗憾。regret to do sth.对将要做的事感到遗憾。本题为对已说的话感到后悔，因此选D。

cease doing/to do cease to do

长时间，甚至永远停做某事。

cease doing

短时停止做某事，以后还会接着做。

That department has ceased to exist forever.那个部门已不复存在。

The girls ceased chatting for a moment when their teacher passed by.姑娘们在老师走过时，停了会聊天。

try doing/to do try to do

努力，企图做某事。try doing

试验，试着做某事。

You must try to be more careful.你可要多加小心。

I tried gardening but didn't succeed.我试着种果木花卉，但未成功。

go on doing/to do go on to do 做了一件事后，接着做另一件事。go on doing

继续做原来做的事。

After he had finished his maths，he went on to do his physics.做完数学后，他接着去做物理。Go on doing the other exercise after you have finished this one.作完这个练习后，接着做其他的练习

be afraid doing/to do be afraid to do 不敢，胆怯去做某事，是主观上的原因不去做，意为“怕”；

be afraid of doing 担心出现doing的状况、结果。doing 是客观上造成的，意为“生怕，恐怕”。

She was afraid to step further in grass because she was afraid of being bitten by a snake.她生怕被蛇咬着，而不敢在草丛中再走一步。

She was afraid to wake her husband.她不敢去叫醒她丈夫。She was afraid of waking her husband.她生怕吵醒她丈夫。

be interested doing/to do interested to do

对做某事感兴趣，想了解某事。

interested in doing

对某种想法感兴趣，doing 通常为想法。

I shall be interested to know what happens.我很想知道发生了什么事。(想了解)I'm interested in working in Switzerland.Do you have any idea about that? 我对在瑞士工作感兴趣。你想过这事吗?

(一种想法)

mean to doing/to do mean to do

打算、想 mean doing 意味着

I mean to go, but my father would not allow me to.我想去，但是我父亲不肯让我去。To raise wage means increasing purchasing power.赠加工资意味着增加购买力。begin(start)doing/to do begin / start to do sth begin / start doing sth.1)谈及一项长期活动或开始一种习惯时，使用doing.How old were you when you first started playing the piano? 你几岁时开始弹钢琴？ 2)begin, start用进行时时，后面动词用不定式to do I was beginning to get angry.我开始生起气来。

3)在attempt, intend, begin, start 后接know, understand, realize这类动词时，常用不定式to do。I begin to understand the truth.我开始明白真相。4)物作主语时 It began to melt.感官动词 + doing/to do 感官动词 see, watch, observe, notice, look at, hear, listen to, smell, taste, feel + do

表示动作的完整性，真实性；+doing 表示动作的连续性，进行性

I saw him work in the garden yesterday.昨天我看见他在花园里干活了。(强调“我看见了”这个事实)I saw him working in the garden yesterday.(强调“我见他正干活”这个动作)昨天我见他正在花园里干活。

典型例题

1)They knew her very well.They had seen her ___ up from childhood.A.grow

B.grew

C.was growing

D.to grow 答案：A.因题意为，他们看着她长大，因此强调的是成长的过程，而非正在长的动作，因此用see sb do sth 的句型。

2)The missing boy was last seen ___ near the river.A.playing

B.to be playing

C.play

D.to play 答案：A.本题强调其动作，正在河边玩，应此用see sb.doing sth句型。

第六章倒装结构

一全部倒装

全部倒装是指将句子中的谓语动词全部置于主语之前。此结构通常只用与一般现在时和一般过去时。常见的结构有：

1.here, there, now, then, thus等副词置于句首, 谓语动词常用be, come, go, lie, run。例如：

1)There goes the bell.铃声渐渐消失了。

2)Then came the chairman.然后主席就来了

3)Here is your letter.这是你的信。

2.表示运动方向的副词或地点状语置于句首，谓语表示运动的动词。例如：

1)Out rushed a missile from under the bomber.轰炸机下面发出了一颗导弹。

2)Ahead sat an old woman.注意：上述全部倒装的句型结构的主语必须是名词，如果主语是人称代词则不能完全倒装。例如：

1)Here he comes.他来了。

2)Away they went.他们走了。

二部分倒装

部分倒装是指将谓语的一部分如助动词或情态倒装至主语之前。如果句中的谓语没有助动词或情态动词，则需添加助动词do, does或did，并将其置于主语之前。

1.句首为否定或半否定的词语，如no, not, never, seldom, little, hardly, at no time, in no way, not until„ 等。例如：

1)Never have I seen such a performance.我从来没看过这样的表演。

2)Nowhere will you find the answer to this question.你在哪儿都不会找到这个问题的答案。

3)Not until the child fell asleep did the mother leave the room.妈妈直到孩子睡着才离开房间。

注意：当Not until引出主从复合句，主句倒装，从句不倒装。

注意：如否定词不在句首不倒装。例如：

1)I have never seen such a performance.我从来没看过这样的表演。

2)The mother didn't leave the room until the child fell asleep.妈妈直到孩子睡着才离开房间。

2.带有否定意义的词放在句首，语序需要部分倒装。常见的词语有： not , never , seldom , scarcely , barely , little , at no time , not only , not once , under on condition , hardly „ when , no sooner „than „等。例如：

1)Not only did he refuse the gift, he also severely criticized the sender.他不仅拒收了礼品，还狠狠批评了送礼的人。

2)Hardly had she gone out when a student came to visit her.她刚要出门时有个学生来找她。

3)No sooner had she gone out than a student came to visit her.她刚要走时一个学生来看她。

注意：只有当Not only„ but also连接两个分句时，才在第一个分句用倒装结构。如果置于句首的Not only„ but also仅连接两个并列词语，不可用倒装结构。例如：

Not only you but also I am fond of music.我和你都喜欢音乐。

3.表示“也”、“也不” 的so, neither, nor放在句首时，句子作部分倒装。例如：

1)Tom can speak French.So can Jack.Tom能说法语，我也能。

2)If you won't go, neither will I.如果你不去，我也不去。

注意：当so引出的句子用以对上文内容加以证实或肯定时，不可用倒装结构。意为“的确如此”。例如：

1)Tom asked me to go to play football and so I did.Tom让我去踢足球，我去了。

2)---It's raining hard.---So it is.---雨下得很大。---的确很大。

4.only放在句首，强调状语（副词，介词短语或状语从句等），全句语序要部分倒装。例如：

Only in this way, can you learn English well.你只有用这种方法才能学好英语。

Only after being asked three times did he come to the meeting.他被请了三次才来开会。

注意：如果句子为主从复合句，则主句倒装，从句不倒装

Only when he is seriously ill, does he ever stay in bed.他只有病得非常严重时才会卧床休息。

三 as, though 引导的倒装句

as / though引导的让步从句必须将表语或状语提前（形容词, 副词, 分词, 实义动词提前）。此时应注意：1)句首名词不能带任何冠词；2)句首是实义动词, 其他助动词放在主语后。如果实义动词有宾语和状语,随实义动词一起放在主语之前。例如：

Try hard as he will, he never seems able to do the work satisfactorily.尽管他愿意努力工作，但是他好像从来都不能令他的工作満意。

注意: 让步状语从句中，有though，although时，后面的主句不能有but，但是 though 和yet可连用。

四其他部分倒装

1.so„ that 句型中的so 位于句首时，需倒装。例如：

So frightened was he that he did not dare to move an inch.他害怕得动都不敢动。

2.在某些表示祝愿的句型中，例如：

May you all be happy.望大家开心愉快。

3.在虚拟语气条件句中从句谓语动词有were, had, should等词，可将if 省略，把 were, had, should 移到主语之前，采取部分倒装。例如：

Were I you, I would try it again.如果我是你，我就再试一次。

第七章定语从句

定语从句（Attributive Clauses）在句中做定语，修饰一个名词或代词，有时也可以修饰部分或整个句子。

被修饰的名词，词组或代词即先行词。定语从句通常出现在先行词之后，由关系词（关系代词或关系副词）引出。

关系代词有：who, whom, whose, that, which, as。

关系副词有：when, where, why, how。

关系代词和关系副词放在先行词和定语从句之间，起连接作用，同时又可做定语从句的一个成分。当关系代词做宾语时可以省略。

定语从句中的谓语动词必须在人称上和数量上和先行词保持一致。

定语从句分为限制性定语从句和非限制性定语从句。、关系代词引导的定语从句

1)who, whom, that 这些词代替的先行词是人的名词或代词，在从句中所起作用如下： Is he the man who/that wants to see you?（who/that在从句中作主语）He is the man whom/ that I saw yesterday.（whom/that在从句中作宾语）2)whose 用来指人或物，（只用作定语，若指物，它还可以同of which互换），例如：

Please pass me the book whose(of which)cover is green.3)which, that 它们所代替的先行词是事物的名词或代词，在从句中可作主语、宾语等，例如： A prosperity which / that had never been seen before appears in the countryside.（which / that在句中作宾语）

The package(which / that)you are carrying is about to come unwrapped.(which / that在句中作宾语)

关系代词that和which 都可以指物，that 和Who 都可以指人，其用法区别：

不用that的情况：

a)在引导非限定性定语从句时

(错)The tree, that is four hundred years old, is very famous here.b)介词后不能用

We depend on the land from which we get our food.c)多用who 的情况

①关系代词在从句中做主语

A friend who helps you in time of need is a real friend.②先行词为those, people 时

Those who were either fools or unfit for their offices could not see the cloth.③先行词为all, anyone, ones, one 指人时

One who doesn't work hard will never succeed in his work.④在There be句型中

There is a stranger who wants to see you.⑤在被分隔的定语从句中

A new teacher will come tomorrow who will teach you German.⑥在有两个定语从句的句子中，其一用who，其二用that,但若先行词后接两个以上的并列定语从句时，后一个必须重复前一个关系代词。

The student who was praised at the meeting is the monitor that is very modest and studies very hard.There is a teacher who is always ready to help others and who enjoys what he does.2)只能用that作为定语从句的关系代词的情况

a)在不定代词，如：anything, nothing, everything, all, much, few, any, little等作先行词时，只用that，不用which。

All that is needed is a supply of oil.Finally, the thief handed everything that he had stolen to the police.b)先行词有the only, the very, the just修饰时，只用that。

He is the very man that helped the girl out of the water.c)先行词为序数词(the last)、数词、形容词最高级时，只用that。

The first English book that I read was “The Prince and the Pauper” by Mark Twin.d)先行词既有人，又有物时。

He talked about the teachers and schools that he visited.e)当主句是以who 或which 开始的特殊疑问句时，用that 以避免重复。Who is the person that is standing at the gate.f)关系代词在从句中做表语

He is not the man that he used to be.、关系副词引导的定语从句

关系副词可代替的先行词是时间、地点、方式或理由的名词，在从句中作状语。关系副词when, where, why, how的含义相当于“介词+ which”结构，因此常常和“介词+ which”结构交替使用，例如：

There are occasions when(on which)one must yield.Beijing is the place where(in which)I was born.Is this the reason why(for which)he refused our offer?

I'm surprised the way how(by which)he works out the problem.注意：

①在非限制性定语从句中，“介词+ which”结构不能代替关系副词。

如：They set up a state for their own , where they would be free to keep Negroes as slaves.②含有介词短语的动词一般不能拆开，介词仍放在动词后面。Is this the book which(that)she was looking for?

3、名词/数词/代词 /形容词最高级 + 介词 + 关系代词引导定语从句 She has written a book , the name of which I have forgotten.There are fifty-five students in our class , all of whom are working hard.There are five continents in the world , the largest of which is Asia.4、as, which 引导非限定性定语从句的差别由as, which 引导的非限定性定语从句，as和which可代整个主句，相当于and this或and that。As一般放在句首，which在句中。

As we know, smoking is harmful to one's health.The sun heats the earth, which is very important to us.as可引导非限制性从句，常带有“正如”的意思。As is know, smoking is harmful to one's health.用法区别：

(1)as 引导的定语从句可置于句首，而which不可。As we all know, he never smokes.(2)as 代表前面的整个主句并在从句中作主语时，从句中的谓语必须是系动词；若为行为动词，则从句中的关系代词只能用which。

(3)非限定性定语从句中出现expect, think, suppose 等表示猜测、想象、预料等时。She succeeded in her doing the research work , as we expected.(4)As 的用法 the same„ as;such„as 中的as 是一种固定结构, 和„„一样„„。I should like to use the same tool as is used here.We should have such a dictionary as he is using.定语从句语法专项练习习题精选

用适当的关系词填空：

1.I still remember the night _______I first came to the house.2.I'll never forget the day________

we met each other last week.3.Mr Black is going to Beijing in October, _______is the best season there.4.I will never forget the days _______I spent with your family.5.I'll never forget the last day______ we spent together.6.This is the school ______I used to study.7.Do you still remember the place______ we visited last week? 8.Do you still remember the place_______ we visited the painting exhibition? 9.Have you ever been to Hangzhou,_____is famous for the West Lake? 10.Have you ever bee to Hangzhou, ______lies the West Lake? 11.Tom will go to Shanghai,______live his two brothers.12.I live in Beijing,____is the capital of China.13.There was a time ______there were slaves in the USA.14.It is the third time ______you have made the same mistake.15.It was in the street _____I met John yesterday.16.It was about 600 years ago____the first clock with a face and an hour hand was made.17.The moment _____I saw you, I recognized(认出)you.18.This is the very novel about____we've talked so much.19.This is the way____he did it.20.Who is the student _____was late for school today? 21.Who _____knows him wants to make friends with him? 22.What else was there in my brother____you didn't like? 23.He lives in the room____window faces to the south.24.He lives in the room, the window_____faces to the south.25.This is Mr.John for____son I brought a book yesterday.26.This is Mr.John for_____I bought a book yesterday.27.This is the hour_____the place is always full of women and children.28.And there is one point ______I'd like your advice.29.Winter is the time of year______the days are short and nights are long.30.I hope you will find this valley a beautiful place____you may spend your weekend.KEYS:

1.when

2.when 3.which

4.that/which

5.that 6.where

7.that/which 8.where 9.which

10.where 11.where

12.which 13.when

14.that

15.that

16.that

17.(that)

18.which

19.(that/in which)

20.that 21.that that

23.whose

24.of which

25.whose 26.whom

27.when

28.that

29.that

30.where

第八章被动语态

一、语态概述

英语的语态是通过动词形式的变化表现出来的。英语中有两种语态：主动语态和被动语态。

主动语态表示主语是动作的执行者。巧记为：主动、主动、主去动。

被动语态表示主语是动作的承受者，即行为动作的对象。巧记为：被动、被动、主被动。例如：

English is spoken by many people.主语English是动词speak的承受者。

主动态和被动态指的是动词形式，是词法概念；而主动句和被动句则指的是句子结构，从而是句法概念。所谓主动句就是由主动态动词(词组)作谓语动词的句子，而被动句则是由被动态动词(词组)作谓语动词的句子。例如：

He opened the door.他开了门。(主动句)

The door was opened.门被开了。(被动句)

二、被动语态的构成

被动语态由“助动词be＋及物动词的过去分词”构成。人称、数和时态的变化是通过be的变化表现出来的。现以teach为例说明被动语态在各种时态中的构成。

一般现在时：am／is／are＋taught

一般过去时：was／were＋taught

一般将来时：will／shall be＋taught

现在进行时：am／is／are being＋taught

过去进行时：have／has been＋taught

现在完成时：have／has been＋taught

记忆歌诀：被动语态be字变，过去分词跟后面。

注意：区分被动语态与“be+过去分词”结构

be+过去分词”并不一定都是被动语态，有时是系表结构。当“be+过去分词”表示动作时为被动语态，be是助动词，be后面的过去分词是主要动词，动作的对象是主语；当“be +过去分词”表示主语所处的状态时为系表结构，be是连系动词。be后面的过去分词是表语，相当于形容词。其区分办法如下：如果强调动作或句中有介词by引导出动作的执行者，该句一般为被动语态，否则为系表结构。例如:The glass is broken.玻璃杯碎了。(系表结构)The glass was broken by the boy.玻璃杯被那男孩打碎了。(被动语态)如果句中有地点、频率或时间状语时，一般为被动语态。如：The magazine is published in Shanghai.这家杂志出版于上海。(被动语态)The door is locked.门锁着。(系表结构)The door has already/just been locked.门已经/刚刚被锁上。(被动语态)The shop is opened.这家商店开门了。(系表结构)The shop is opened at 8 a.m.everyday.这家商店每天上午八点开门。(被动语态)被动语态除用于一般时态和完成时态外，还可以用于其他各种时态，而系表结构中的系动词be只有一般时态和完成时态。

三、被动语态的用法不知道或没有必要说明动作的执行者是谁。例如：

1)Some new computers were stolen last night.一些新电脑在昨晚被盗了。(不知道电脑是谁偷的)

2)This book was published in 1981.这本书出版于1981年。强调动作的承受者，而不强调动作的执行者。例如：

1)This book was written by him.这本书是他写的。

2)Eight hours per day for sleep must be guaranteed.每天8小时睡眠必须得到保证。

记忆歌诀：谁做的动作不知道，说出谁做的没有必要；动作承受者需强调，被动语态运用到。

四、主动语态变被动语态的方法把主动语态的宾语变为被动语态的主语。把谓语变成被动结构(be＋过去分词)，根据被动语态句子里的主语的人称和数，以及原来主

动语态句子中动词的时态来决定be的形式。把主动语态中的主语放在介词by之后作宾语，将主格改为宾格。例如：

1)All the people laughed at him.= He was laughed at by all people.2)They make the bikes in the factory.= The bikes are madeby themin the factory.记忆歌诀：宾变主，主变宾，by短语后面跟。谓语动词变被动，be后“过分”来使用。

五、含有情态动词的被动语态

含有情态动词的主动句变成被动句时，由“情态动词＋be＋过去分词”构成，原来带to的情态动词变成被动语态后“to”仍要保留。

记忆歌诀：情态动词变动，情态加be加“过分”，原来带to要保留。例如：

1)We can repair this watch in two days.= This watch can be repaired in two days.2)You ought to take it away.= It ought to be taken away.3)They should do it at once.= It should be done at once

第9讲祈使句

一.祈使句的句式特征

祈使句常常是表达说话人对对方的劝告、叮嘱、请求或命令等。因此，祈使句中一般没有主语，但根据其句意，实际上是省略了主语you。祈使句句末用感叹号或句号，朗读时，常用降调。在表达请求或劝告时，在祈使句前或句末可加, 上please，以使句, 子的语气更加缓和, 或客气。祈使句一般没有时态的变化，也不能与情态动词连用。例如：

Keep off the grass!勿踩草地！

Put the boxes in the small room.把那些盒子放到那个小房间里。

二.祈使句的肯定句式

祈使句的肯定句式一般分为以下三种类型：

1.行为动词原形＋其他成分。例如：

Make sentences after the model.根据例句造句。

2.Be动词＋其他成分（形容词、名词或介词短语等）。例如：

Be careful when crossing the street.过马路时要小心。

3.Let, ＋宾语＋动词原, 形＋, 其他, 成分,。例如：

Let him go back now.让他现在回去吧。

三.祈使句的否定句式

祈使句的否定句式，通常情况下在句首加上Don’t或Never，一般分为以下四种类型：

1.在祈使句的肯定句式前加Don’t，构成“Don’t＋行为动词原形＋其他成分”。例如：

Don’t say that again!别再那样说了！

2.在Be动词引起的肯定祈使句前加Don’t，构成“Don’t be＋其他成分（形容词、名词或介词短语等）”。例如：Don’t be careless.不要粗心。

注意：在这种句型中be不能省略；否定副词not不可置于be之后。

3.Let引起的祈使句的否定形式有两种：（1）Let开头的祈使句，如果后面跟第一、第三人称名词或代词的宾格，可在Let前加Don’t，也可在Let后宾格的名词或代词后面加not。（2）如果以Let’s开头的祈使句，必须在Let’s后加not。例如：

Don’t let me go with her tomorrow.＝Let me not go with her tomorrow.不要让我明天跟她一起去。Let’s not tell her the truth whenever we meet her.无论什么时候我们碰到她，都不要告诉她真相。

4.在公共场合的提示语中，否定祈使句常用“No＋名词/V-ing形式”结构，表示“禁止做某事”。例如：

NO PHOTOS!禁止拍照！

四.祈使句的反意问句

祈使句的反意疑问句须按其句子结构及讲话人的语气来决定其疑问部分。通常有以下三种形式：

1.祈使句为肯定句式，其反意疑问句表示请求时，通常用will you；表示邀请、劝说时，用won’t you。例如：

Be sure to write to us, will you?你一定要给我们写信，好吗？

Come to have dinner with us this evening, won’t you?

今晚来和我们一起吃饭，好吗？

2.祈使句为否定句式，其反意疑问句通常只用will you。例如：

Don’t smoke in the meeting room, will you?

不要在会议室抽烟，好吗？

3.Let开头的祈使句构成反意疑问句时，除Let’s用shall we外，其他均用will you。例如：

Let the boy go first, will you?让个那男孩先走，好吗？

Let’s take a walk after supper, shall we?

晚饭后我们去散步，好吗？

五.祈使句的回答

祈使句的动作通常是表示将来发生的动作，所以回答祈使句时，一般用will或won’t。在回答具有否定意义的祈使句时，要注意两点：一是“形式一致”，即Yes与will保持一致；No与won’t保持一致。二是“意思相反”，即Yes是“不”的意思；No是“是”的意思。在回答时，要注意分析上下文语境中所提供的条件。例如：---Don’t go out, please.It’s raining heavily outside.请不要出去。外面雨下得很大。

----Yes, I will.I have to meet my brother at the airport.不行，我得去机场接我弟弟。

六.祈使句与陈述句的并列使用

祈使句后接陈述句时，须用连接词连接。如果祈使句与陈述句表示的是一种顺承关系时，要用并列连词and来连接；如果祈使句与陈述句存在一种否定条件关系时，要用并列连词or来连接。例如：

Leave it with me and I will see what I can do.把它留给我吧，我想想有没有办法。

Hurry up, or we’ll be late.快点，否则我们要迟到了。

七.祈使句与条件状语从句的连用

祈使句与条件状语从句连用时，条件状语从句可置于祈使句前或后。例如：

Tell him to make a phone call to me if he comes here tomorrow.如果他明天来这儿的话，叫他给我来个电话。

八.祈使句的强调形式

祈使句的强调形式通常在肯定祈使句式前加上助动词Do（Do在句中无意义）。例如：

Do shut up!快住口！

九.特殊形式的祈使句

在英语中，有些祈使句不是以动词原形来引起一个祈使句，而是以一个名词短语来充当，且后接一个带有并列连接词的分句。实际上，这个充当祈使句的名词短语相当于一个条件状语从句。例如：

More water and the young trees couldn’t have died.＝If you had given them more water, the young trees couldn’t have died.如果你给那些小树多浇点水，他们就不会死了。

十.运用祈使句的误区

祈使句往往容易与不定式、分词或条件状语从句相混淆。在平时的练习或测试中，如果稍不留神，就会出错。因此，要认真审题，认真分析句子结构，并根据上下文语境，作出正确判断。例如：

___________ your composition carefully, some spelling mistakes can be avoided.A.Having checkedB.Check

C.If you checkD.To check

析：如果空白处选填B（Check）项，则视为祈使句，但后一分句前没有并列连接词and连接；如选A或D项（分词或不定式），句中逻辑主语some spelling mistakes又不能执行这个动作，故均不符合句子结构。因此，只有C项（条件状语从句）符合句子结构及句意。

第十章感叹句。

感叹句：一般是用来表示说话时的喜悦、惊讶等情感。英语感叹句常用“what”和“how”引导，“what”和“how”与所修饰的词置于句首，其它部分用陈述句语序。

感叹词修饰对象感叹部分主语谓语+其他！

How（副词）修饰形容词 How nice How nice a girl the girl she is!is!

修饰副词 How well How hard the boy the workers Is swimming!are working!修饰动词 How =what the flowers How =how fast She she he he Loves the flowers!loves!runs!runs!

What（形容词）修饰单数可数名词 What a nice girl =How nice a girl Jenny Jenny Was!was!

修饰复数可数名词 What nice girls They Were!修饰不可数名词 What fine weather what dirty water It he Is!drank!

感叹句的特殊形式

感叹句还可由陈述句、疑问句、祈使句，甚至一个词组及单词构成。例如： There was no face showing!He’s such a nice boy!

The Great Wall is a magnificent building!Isn’t it snowing heavily!Wonderful!Nonsense!Happy New Year to you!Cheer!

第十一章疑问句

疑问句（Interrogative Sentence）：

定义：表达疑问（亦即发问）或请求的句子叫做疑问句。例：

Is he a friend of your brother's?

（他是你哥哥的朋友吗？——发问）

Can you do this for me?

（你能替我做这件事吗？——请求）

疑问句的句末必须使用问号（Question mark）“？”来标示问句的结束。

疑问句：可分为一般疑问句、特殊疑问句、选择疑问句、反意疑问句和否定疑问句。

种类特征语调举例回答

一般疑问句系+主+表+？

助动词+主+动+？升调 Are you from London? Do you speak Russian? 用yes, no回答

特殊疑问句疑问词+系+表+？

疑问词+助+主+动+？降调 How are you feeling? When will you get there? 直接回答，不用yes或no 选择疑问句一般问句：系+主+表+„or„？

助+主+动+„or„？ Or前升调。Or后降调 Is he tall or short? Does he stay home or go there? 直接回答问句中一个，不用yes, no 特殊问句：疑问词+系+主+„or„？第一部分用降调，第二部分or 前升调，or后降调 Which is bigger, the sun or the moon? Who runs faster, Tom or Peter? 选一个答案，不用yes, no 反意疑问句陈述部分肯定：陈述，助（系）+not+主？陈述部分用降调，一问部分用升调 It is raining, isn’t it? You did it, didn’t you? 答案肯定时用yes，否定时用no

陈述部分否定：否定陈述句，助（系）+主+？如对陈述肯定，可用降调 It isn’t fine, is it? They haven’t come, have they? 否定疑问句系+not+主+表？

助+not+主+动+？表示惊异用升调。赞叹、责难用降调 Aren’t they beautiful? Won’t you come in for a minute?

第十二章名词

在英语中，名词用以表示人或事物的名称，是各级各类考试的热点之一，主要测试考生辨析近义词和近形词的能力。名词不但有单复数的变化，而且有普通名词和专有名词之分，还有用法独待的所有格形式。

1.名词复数的规则变化

情况构成方法

读音例词

一般情况

加-s

1.清辅音后读/s/;2.浊辅音和元音后读 /z/;book---books bag---bags car----cars

以s, sh, ch, x等结尾的词

加-es 读 /iz/

bus-buses

watch-watches 以ce,se,ze，(d)ge等结尾的词加-s 读 /iz/

license-licenses

以辅音字母+y结尾的词

变y 为i 再加es 读 /z/ baby---babies

2.名词复数的不规则变化

1)以y结尾的专有名词，或元音字母+y 结尾的名词变复数时，直接加s变复数。

如： two Marys the Henrys

monkey---monkeys

holiday---holidays

比较：层楼：storey---storeys

story---stories

2)以o 结尾的名词，变复数时：

a.加s，如： photo---photos

piano---pianos

radio---radios

zoo---zoos；

b.加es，如：potato--potatoes tomato--tomatoes

c.均可，如：zero---zeros / zeroes

3)以f或fe 结尾的名词变复数时：

a.加s，如： belief---beliefs roof---roofs

safe---safes

gulf---gulfs；

b.去f,fe 加ves，如：half---halves

knife---knives leaf---leaves wolf---wolves

wife---wives life---lives thief---thieves；

c.均可,如： handkerchief: handkerchiefs / handkerchieves

3.不可数名词数的表示方法 1）物质名词

a.当物质名词转化为个体名词时。

比较：Cake is a kind of food.蛋糕是一种食物。(不可数)These cakes are sweet.这些蛋糕很好吃。(可数)

b.当物质名词表示该物质的种类时，名词可数。

This factory produces steel.(不可数)

We need various steels.(可数)

c.当物质名词表示份数时，可数。

Our country is famous for tea.Two teas, please.请来两杯茶。

我国因茶叶而闻名。

2）抽象名词有时也可数。

four freedoms 四大自由

the four modernizations四个现代化

物质名词和抽象名词可以借助单位词表一定的数量。

如： a glass of water 一杯水

a piece of advice 一条建议

4.定语名词的复数

名词作定语一般用单数，但也有例外。

1)用复数作定语。如：

sports meeting 运动会

students reading-room 学生阅览室

talks table 谈判桌

the foreign languages school外语学校

2)man, woman, gentleman等作定语时，其单复数以所修饰的名词的单复数而定。

如：men workers

women teachers gentlemen officials 3)有些原有s结尾的名词，作定语时，s保留。

如：goods train(货车)

arms produce 武器生产

4)数词+名词作定语时，这个名词一般保留单数形式。

如：two-dozen eggs 两打/（二十四个鸡蛋）

a ten-mile walk 十里路

two-hundred trees 两百棵树

a five-year plan.一个五年计划

5.不同国家的人的单复数

名称总称(谓语用复数)一个人

两个人

中国人 the Chinese a Chinese two Chinese 俄国人 the Russians a Russian two Russians 瑞士人 the Swiss

a Swiss two Swiss

澳大利亚人 the Australians

Australian two Australians 意大利人 the Italians an Italian

two Italians

希腊人

the Greek a Greek two Greeks 法国人

the French a Frenchman two Frenchmen 日本人

the Japanese a Japanese

two Japanese

美国人

the Americans an American two Americans

加拿大人

the Canadians a Canadian two Canadians 印度人

the Indians an Indian two Indians

英国人

the English an Englishman two Englishmen 瑞典人

the Swedish a Swede two Swedes 德国人

the Germans a Germans two Germans

6.名词的格

在英语中有些名词可以加“'s”来表示所有关系，带这种词尾的名词形式称为该名词的所有格，如：a teacher's book。名词所有格的规则如下：

1）单数名词词尾加“'s”，复数名词词尾没有s，也要加“'s”，如the boy's bag 男孩的书包，men's room 男厕所。

2）若名词已有复数词尾-s，只加“'”，如：the workers' struggle 工人的斗争。

3）凡不能加“'s”的名词，都可以用“名词+of +名词”的结构来表示所有关系，如：the title of the song 歌的名字。4）在表示店铺或教堂名字或某人的家时，名词所有格的后面常常不出现它所修饰的名词，如：the barber's 理发店。

5）如果两个名词并列，并且分别有's，则表示“分别有”；只有一个's，则表示'共有'。

如：John's and Mary's room（两间）

John and Mary's room（一间）

6）复合名词或短语，'s 加在最后一个词的词尾。如：

苏教版牛津高中英语语法总结[模版]

第一篇：苏教版牛津高中英语语法总结[模版]

第二篇：高中英语语法总结

第三篇：高中英语语法总结

第四篇：苏教版牛津高二英语语法总结

第五篇：高中英语语法归纳总结

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