第一篇：美国文学考试
美国文学考试题型
1、填空题（这部分的重点老师带我们画过，由于比较散，不方便整理，请同寝室或隔壁寝室相互告知）-----大家记得人名，作品名称等一定不要写错了
2、名词解释（共两题，每题5分）
这一题大体有三种类型：文本、作者、理论
大题要求（大家按点答题）
文本类：①写明作者②该文本体现的理论特征③该文本的主要内容（2分）④该文本使用的主要文学技巧
理论类：①该理论出现的时间②该理论的主张（2分）③写作风格④相关作家以及他的作品 作者类：①写明哪个时期的作者②该作者的文学主张③写作风格④主要作品以及作品的主题
下面是本学期我们学过的作家、理论以及作品（结合笔记以及结合相关资料整理的，不是老师说的标准答案哦，大家参考即可）
理论---本学期三大主要理论
①Puritanism
Puritanism , appeared in the early part of the 17th century, is the practices and beliefs of Puritans.The American puritanism, like their English brothers , are idealists.They accept the doctrine and practice of predestination, original sin and total depravity, and limited atonement through a special infusion of grace from God.But due to te grim struggle for living in the new continent, they become more and more practical.It is so much part of the national atmosphere rather than a set of tenets
Its influence on literature
American literature had the characteristics of simplicity, plainness of rhetoric and indication to the Holy Bile
代表作家Anne Bradstreet, Edward Taylor, Nathaniel Hawthorne(课本所选的代表作品)②transcendentalism
American transcendentalism is more than an attitude of Transcendentalist.To “transcend” something is to rise above it, to pass beyond its limits.The transcendentalists speak for cultural rejuvenation and against the materialism of American society.The major features of the American Transcendentalism are:
A.They place emphasis on spirit, or the Oversoul, as the most important thing in the Universe
B.They stress the importance of individuals
C.They offer a fresh perception of nature as symbolic of Spirit or God
该理论出现的大致时间1836-the civil war
代表作家--Ralph Waldo Emerson
代表作品the American Scholar
③naturalism
American naturalism accepted the more negative interpretation of Darwin’s evolution theory and used it to account for the behavior of those characters in literary works who were regarded as more or less complex combinations of inherited attributes, their habits were conditioned by social and economic forces.It emphasized that the world was amoral, the men and women had no free will.That lives were controlled by heredity and environment, that the destiny of human was misery in life and oblivion in death.It was no more than a gloomy philosophical approach to reality, or to human existence.Time: the mid-19th century---the first half of the 20th century
Naturalism in literature:the product of despair.It had no attempt to make moral judgment.It offered detailed and fully researched investigations into unexplored corners of modern society.代表任人物及作品
Stephen Cranethe Open Boat
作者（三个比较重要的）
① Nathaniel Hawthorne
浪漫主义时期（特别记住）作家
He is a master of symbolism
He has an unceasing interest in the “interior of the heart” of man’s being
His understanding of “evil being at the core of human life” is deeply reflected in his works Young Goodman Brown是他的代表作，该作品体现的主题
PURITANISM
A.man’s depravity
B.The original sin: a journey from innocence to evil
C.Predestination
D.A struggle between to forces
②Ralph Waldo Emerson
浪漫主义时期作家
He is a leading person of New England Transcendentalism which he regarded as an intuitive cognizance of moral and other truths that transcend the limits of human sense experience 代表作：The American Scholar
主题：Transcendentalism
大致内容：we American should stop imitating other counties in literature and we ought to create a way of our own.③Stephen Crane
19世纪后半期---20世纪初，自然主义时期作家。
His works were characteristic of pessimism and determinism which he emphasized that the world was amoral, the men and women had no free will.That lives were controlled by heredity and environment, that the destiny of human was misery in life and oblivion in death.代表作the Open Boat
体现的主题（十分重要，一定要记住）
A.Man’s helplessness in the face of overwhelming and inscrutable forces
B.Man’s unimportance in an indifferent universe
作品（作品的大致内容，便于大家熟悉文本，答题时还需要大家自己按照上面写的答题要求总结哈）
①Young goodman brown
The story takes place in 17th century Puritan New England, a common setting for Hawthorne's works, and addresses the Calvinist/Puritan belief that all of humanity exists in a state of depravity,except those who are born in a state of grace.Hawthorne frequently attempts to expose the hypocrisy of Puritan culture in his literature.In a symbolic fashion, the story follows Young Goodman Brown's journey into self-scrutiny, which results in his loss of virtue and faith.“Young Goodman Brown” is often characterized as an allegory about the recognition of evil and depravity as the nature of humanity.In order to convey the setting, he used literary techniques such as specific diction, or colloquial expressions.② the American Scholar
The American Scholar was a speech given by Ralph Waldo Emerson.Emerson uses Transcendentalist and Romantic views to get his points across by explaining a true American scholar's relationship to nature.There are a few key points he makes that flesh out this vision:
We are all fragments, “as the hand is divided into fingers”, of a greater creature, which is mankind itself, “a doctrine ever new and sublime.” An individual may live in either of two states.In one, the busy, “divided” or “degenerate” state, he does not “possess himself” but identifies with his occupation or a monotonous action;in the other, “right” state, he is elevated to “Man”, at one with all mankind.To achieve this higher state of mind, the modern American scholar must reject old ideas and think for him or herself, to become “Man Thinking” rather than “a mere thinker, or still worse, the parrot of other man's thinking”, “the victim of society”, “the sluggard intellect of this continent”.“The American Scholar” has an obligation, as “Man Thinking”, within this “One Man” concept, to see the world clearly, not severely influenced by traditional/historical views, and to broaden his understanding of the world from fresh eyes, to “defer never to the popular cry.”
The scholar's education consists of three influences: I.Nature as the most important influence on the mind II.The Past manifest in books III.Action and its relation to experience The last, unnumbered part of the text is devoted to Emerson's view on the “Duties” of the American Scholar who has become the “Man Thinking.”
③ the Open Boat
It was a dramatic short story based on Crane's experience of surviving a shipwreck off the coast of Florida earlier that year while traveling to Cuba to work as a newspaper correspondent.Crane was stranded at sea for thirty hours when his ship sank after hitting a sandbar.He and three other men were forced to navigate their way to shore in a small boat;one of the men, an oiler named Billie Higgins, drowned after the boat overturned.小说中的四大人物
the correspondent------a condescending observer detached from the rest of the group
the captain------who is injured and morose at having lost his ship, yet capable of leadershipthe cook-----fat and comical, but optimistic that they will be rescued
the oiler-----Billie, who is physically the strongest, and the only one in the story referred to by name
体现的主题
A.The relationship between Man and Nature
①Man’s helplessness in the face of overwhelming and inscrutable forces
②Man’s unimportance in an indifferent universe
B.The relationship among Men---isolation
①isolation among men in different situations
②isolation among men in the same boat
③man’s different reactions against others’ miseries when he was in different conditions3、问答题(每题20分，共两题)
课本后面的问题（除了pg3 第一题、pg17第一题、pg30一二两题、pg64第一二五六题不需要看，其余都要思考思考）
老师给了pg64 第三四两题的答案，如下：
第三题：.the four men were in the same boat;they built a firm comradeship for the sake of safety;there lay feelings of warms in the boat ,but they are reluctant to express;there was isolation among modern men even in danger;the captain seemed to know his responsibility to guide the boat out of the disaster, but when he was really in need, he was asleep;when a shock appeared, the other three were asleep;the correspondent hesitated at awakening them, he had to face the danger by himself;at the time,when men was in plight, friendship was no meaning, isolation existed among men even they were in danger.第四题：the soldiers died in indifferent and apathetic circumstances;the correspondent had not express his care about the misery of the soldier,not to say the sympathy until he was personally in harsh condition.only in the common plight did the correspondent express his sympathy for the soldier.only the common miseries could arouse man's sympathy for others.the correspondent's remembrance of the verse displaced the isolation among human beings and man's apathy to others miseries, as well as man'shelplessness in plight and insignificance in harsh reality4、大题----文本分析（30分，一题）
所选材料是老师上课带我们细读过的Unit2三首诗歌以及young goodman brown
Unit3重点考查有哪些价值观（ps.这一章我没有上，所以不是很清楚）
Unit4the American scholarpara1--para20
Unit5细读pg52 part III 第一段，pg56---pg57，pg59 part VI 上面的段落, pg60 para1---5段的内容，尤其是中间的verse
第二篇：美国文学八级考试资料（模版）
美国文学
1、Benjamin Franklin本杰明·富兰克林1706-1790
A Modest Inquiry into the Nature and Necessity of a Paper Money;Poor Richard’s Almanack穷查理历书；The Way to Wealth致富之道；The Autobiography自传
2、Thomas Paine托马斯·潘恩1737-1809
The Case of the Officers of Excise税务员问题；Common Sense常识；American Crisis美国危机；Rights of Man人的权利：Downfall of Despotism专制体制的崩溃；The Age of Reason理性时代
3、Philip Freneau菲利普·弗伦诺1752-1832
The Rising Glory of America蒸蒸日上的美洲；The British Prison Ship英国囚船；To the Memory of the Brave Americans纪念美国勇士-----同类诗中最佳；The Wild Honeysuckle野生的金银花；The Indian Burying Ground印第安人殡葬地
4、Washington Irving华盛顿·欧文1783-1859
A History of New York纽约的历史-----美国人写的第一部诙谐文学杰作；The Sketch Book见闻札记The Legend of Sleepy Hollow睡谷的传说-----使之成为美国第一个获得国际声誉的作家；Bracebridge Hall布雷斯布里奇田庄；Talks of Travellers旅客谈；The Alhambra阿尔罕伯拉
5、James Fenimore Cooper詹姆斯·费尼莫尔·库珀1789-1851
The Spy间谍;The Pilot领航者;The Littlepage Manuscripts利特佩奇的手稿;Leatherstocking Tales皮裹腿故事集:The Pioneer拓荒者；The Last of Mohicans最后的莫希干人;The Prairie大草原;The Pathfinder探路者;The Deerslayer杀鹿者
6、William Cullen Bryant威廉·柯伦·布莱恩特1794-1878
The Poems1821/1932诗选:To a Waterfowl致水鸟-----英语中最完美的短诗;Thanatopsis死亡随想---受墓园派影响;The Whitefooted Deer白蹄鹿;A Forest Hymn森林赋;The Flood of Years似水流年
7、Edgar Allan Poe埃德加·爱伦·坡1809-1849（以诗为诗；永为世人共赏的伟大抒情诗人-----叶芝）
Tales of the Grotesque and Arabesque怪诞奇异故事集;Tales故事集;The Fall of the House of Usher厄舍古屋的倒塌;Ligeia莱琪儿;Annabel Lee安娜贝尔·李-----歌特风格；首开近代侦探小说先河，又是法国象征主义运动的源头
Tamerlane and Other Poems帖木儿和其他诗;Al Araaf,Tamerlane and Minor Poems艾尔·阿拉夫，帖木儿和其他诗;The Raven and Other Poems乌鸦及其他诗:The Raven乌鸦;The City in the Sea海城;Israfel 伊斯拉菲尔;To Hellen致海伦
8、Ralf Waldo Emerson拉尔夫·沃尔多·爱默生1803-1882
Essays散文集:Nature论自然-----新英格兰超验主义者的宣言书;The American Scholar论美国学者;Divinity;The Oversoul论超灵;Self-reliance论自立;The Transcendentalist超验主义者;Representative Men代表人物;English Traits英国人的特征;School Address神学院演说
Concord Hymn康考德颂;The Rhodo杜鹃花;The Humble Bee野蜂;Days日子-首开自由诗之先河
9．Nathaniel Hawthorne纳撒尼尔·霍桑1804-1864
Twice-told Tales尽人皆知的故事;Mosses from an Old Manse古屋青苔:Young Goodman Brown年轻的古德曼·布朗;The Scarlet Letter红字;The House of the Seven Gables有七个尖角阁的房子--------心理若们罗曼史;The Blithedale Romance福谷传奇;The Marble Faun玉石雕像
10、Henry David Threau亨利·大卫·梭罗1817-1862
Wadden,or Life in the Woods华腾湖或林中生活;Resistance to Civil Government/Civil Disobedience抵制公民政府;A Week on the Concord and Merrimack Rivers11、Walt Whitman沃尔特·惠特曼1819-1892
Leaves of Grass草叶集:Song of the Broad-Axe阔斧之歌;I hear America Singing我听见美洲在歌唱;When Lilacs Lost in the Dooryard Bloom’d小院丁香花开时;Democratic Vistas民主的前景;The Tramp and Strike Question流浪汉和罢工问题;Song of Myself自我之歌
12、Herman Melville赫尔曼·梅尔维尔1819-1891
Moby Dick/The White Whale莫比·迪克/白鲸；Typee泰比;Omoo奥穆;Mardi玛地;Redburn雷得本;White Jacket白外衣;Pierre皮尔埃;Piazza广场故事;Billy Budd比利·巴德
13、Henry Wadsworth Longfellow亨利·沃兹沃思·朗费罗1807-1882
The Song of Hiawatha海华沙之歌----美国人写的第一部印第安人史诗;Voices of the Night夜吟;Ballads and Other Poens民谣及其他诗;Belfry of Bruges and Other Poems布鲁茨的钟楼及其他诗;Tales of a Wayside Inn路边客栈的故事---诗集：An April Day四月的一天/A Psalm of Life人生礼物/Paul Revere’s Ride保罗·里维尔的夜奔;Evangeline伊凡吉琳;The Courtship of Miles Standish迈尔斯·斯坦迪什的求婚----叙事长诗；Poems on Slavery奴役篇---反蓄奴组诗
14、John Greenleaf Whittier约翰·格林里夫·惠蒂埃1807-1892
Poems Written During the Progress of the Abolition Question废奴问题;Voice of Freedom自由之声;In War Time and Other Poems内战时期所作;Snow-Bound大雪封门;The Tent on the Beach and Other Poems海滩的帐篷
Ichabod艾卡博德;A Winter Idyl冬日田园诗
15、Harriet Beecher Stowe哈丽特·比彻·斯托1811-1896
Uncle Tom’s Cabin汤姆叔叔的小屋;A Tale of the Great Dismal Swamp德雷德阴暗大沼地的故事片;The Minister’s Wooing牧师的求婚;The Pearl of Orr’s Island奥尔岛的珍珠;Oldtown Folks老城的人们
16、Frederick Douglass弗莱德里克·道格拉斯1817-1895
Narrative of the Life of Frederick Douglass an American Slave弗莱德里克·道格拉斯，一个美国黑人的自述/My Bondage and My Freedom我的枷锁与我的自由/The life and Time of Frederick Douglass弗莱德里克·道格拉斯的生平与时代
17、Emily Dickinson埃米莉·迪金森1830-1886
The Poems of Emily Dichenson埃米莉·迪金森诗集-----“Tell all the truth and tell it slant”迂回曲折的，玄学的18、Mark Twain马克·吐温（Samuel Longhorne Clemens）---美国文学的一大里程碑
The Celebrated Jumping Frog of Calaveras County加拉维拉县有名的跳蛙;The Innocent’s Abroad傻瓜出国记;The Gilded Age镀金时代;The Adventures of Tom Sawyer汤姆·索耶历险记;The Prince and the Pauper王子与贫儿;The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn哈克贝利·费恩历险记;A Connecticut Yankee in King Arthur’s Court亚瑟王宫中的美国佬;The Tragedy of Pudd’nhead Wilson傻瓜威尔逊;Personal Recollections of Joan of Arc冉·达克;The Man That Corrupted Hadleyburg败坏哈德莱堡的人
How to Tell a Story怎样讲故事---对美国早期幽默文学的总结
19、Francis Bret Harte哈特1836-190
2The Luck of Roaring Camp咆哮营的幸运儿------乡土文学作家
20、William Dean Howells 威廉·狄恩·豪威尔斯1837-1920
The Rise of Silas Lapham赛拉斯·拉帕姆的发迹;A Modern Instance现代婚姻;A Hazard of Now Fortunes时来运转;A Traveller from Altruia从利他国来的旅客;Through the Eye of the Needle透过针眼----乌托邦小说;Criticism and Fiction;Novel-Writing and Novel-Reading小说创作与小说阅读
21、Henry Adams享利·亚当斯1838-1918
History of the United States During the Administration of Jefferson and Madison(历史著作)；The Education of Henry Adams:An Autobiography享利·亚当斯的教育
22、William James威廉·詹姆斯1842-1910(首提“意识流”理论)
Principles of Psychology心理学原理；The Will to Believe信仰的意志；Pragmatism:A New Name for Some Old Ways of Thinking实用主义：某些旧思想方法的新名称；The Meaning of Truth真理的意义
23、Henry James享利·詹姆斯1843-1916
小说：Daisy Miller苔瑟·米乐；The Portrait of a Lady贵妇人画像；The Bostonians波士顿人；The Real Thing and Other Tales真货色及其他故事；The Wings of the Dove鸽翼；The Ambassadors大使；The Golden Bowl金碗
评论集：French Poets and Novelists法国诗人和小说家;Hawthorne霍桑;Partial Portraits不完全的画像;Notes and Reviews札记与评论;Art of Fiction and Other Essays小说艺术
24、Ambrose Bierce安布罗斯·毕尔斯1842-1914?
小品集：The Fiend’s Deligh魔鬼的乐趣;Nuggests and Dust Panned out in California在加利福尼亚淘出的金块和金粉;Cobwebs from an Empty Skull来自空脑壳的蜘蛛网
短篇小说集：Tales of Soldiers and Civilians军民故事;In the Midst of Life在人生中间;Can Such Things Be?这种事情可能吗？The Devil’s Dictionary魔鬼词典(The Applicant申请者)
25、Edward Bellamy爱德华·贝拉米1850-1898
Looking Backward:2000-1887回顾：从2000看1887年；Equality平等；The Duke of Sockbridge:A Romance of Shay’s Rebellion斯托克布里奇的公爵：雪司起义的故事;The Blindman’s World and Other Stories育人的世界及其他
26、Edwin Charles Markham马卡姆1852-1940
The Man With the Hoe荷锄人
27、Charles Waddell Chesnutt查尔斯·契斯纳特1858-1932
The Conjure Woman巫女;The Wife of His Youth and Other Stories of the Color Line他青年时代的妻子(The Sheriff’s Children警长的儿女)(the pioneer of the color line);The Marrow of Tradition一脉相承
28、Hamlin Garland汉姆林·加兰1860-1940
Crumbling Idol崩溃的偶像（真实主义veritism）;Man Travelled Roads大路(The Return of a Private三等兵归来);Rose of Ducher’s Cooly荷兰人山谷中的露斯;A Son of the Middle Border中部边地农家子
29、O·Henry欧·享利（William Sidney Porter）1862-1910
The Man Higher Up黄雀在后;Sixes and Sevens七上八下
30、Edith Wharton伊迪斯·华顿1862-1937
The House of Mirth欢乐之家;Ethan Frome;Bunner Sister班纳姐妹;The Age of Innocent天真时代;The Customs of the Country乡村习俗;A Backward Glance回首往事
32、George Santayana桑塔亚那1863-1952
Scepticism and Animal Faith怀疑主义与动物性信仰;The Realms Being存在诸领域（本质/物质/真理/精神领域：4卷）(Relativity of Knowledge);Three Philosphical Poets三大哲学诗人；Poems(A Minuet:On Reaching the Age of Fifty小步舞曲：五十书怀);The Last Puritan最后的清教徒
33、William E·B Dubois威廉·艾伯·杜波依斯1868-1963
Souls of Black Folk黑人的灵魂(Of Booker T Washington and Others);The Suppression of the African Slave Trade into the USA制止非洲奴隶贸易进入美国;The Philadephia Negro;John Brown;The Black Flame黑色的火焰（三部曲）
34、Edgar Lee Masters埃德加·李·马斯特斯1868-1950
A Book of Verse诗集;Maximilian马克西米连（诗集）;
Spoon River Anthology斯普恩河诗集(Lucinda Matlock鲁欣达·马物罗克)
35、Edwin Arlington Robinson鲁宾逊1869-1935
Captain Craig克雷格上尉---诗体小说；The Town Down the River河上的城镇;The Man Against the Sky衬托着天空的人;Avon’s Harvest沃冯的收成;Collected Poems诗集
36、Frank Norris弗兰克·诺里斯1870-1902
Moran of the Lady Letty茱蒂夫人号上的莫兰（romantic）;Mc-Teague麦克提格（naturalistic）;The Epic of the Wheat(realistic)小麦诗史(The Octopus章鱼,The Pit小麦交易所);A Deal in Wheat and Other Stories of the Old and New West小麦交易所及其他新老西部故事
37、Stephen Crane斯蒂芬·克莱恩1871-1900
Magic:A Girl of the Streets街头女郎梅姬（美国文学史上首次站在同情立场上描写受辱妇女的悲惨命运）；The Red Badge of Courage红色英勇勋章；The Open Boat小划子;The Bride Comes to Yellow Sky新娘来到黄天镇
38、Theodore Dreiser西奥多·德莱塞1871-1945
Sister Carrie嘉莉姐妹;Jennie Gerhardt珍妮姑娘;Trilogy of Desire欲望三部曲(Financer金融家,The Titan巨人,The Stoic);An American Tragedy美国的悲剧（被称为美国最伟大的小说）;Nigger Jeff黑人杰弗
39、Paul Laurence Dumbar保尔·劳伦斯·邓巴1872-1906
We Wear the Mask我们带着面具
他是美国第一个有成就的黑人诗人，被称为“黑种人的桂冠诗人”(Poet Laureate of the Negro Race)
40、Jack London杰克·伦敦1876-1916
The Son of the Wolf狼之子,The Call of the Wild野性的呼唤;The Sea-wolf海狼;White Fang白獠牙;The People of the Abyss深渊中的人们;The Iron Heel铁蹄;Marti Eden马丁·伊登;How I become a Socialist我怎样成为社会党人;The War of the Classes阶级之间的战争;What Life Means to Me生命对我意味着什么;Revolution革命;Love of Life热爱生命;The Mexican墨西哥人;Under the Deck Awings在甲板的天蓬下
41、Upton Sinclair厄普顿·辛克莱尔1878-1968
Spring and Harvest春天与收获;The Jungle屠场（揭发黑幕运动的代表作家）;King Coal煤炭大王;Oil石油;Boston波士顿;Dragon’s Teeth龙齿
42、Irving Babbitt欧文·白壁德1865-1933
（新人文主义主要代表）
Literature and the American College文学与美国学院（）要求恢复古典文学教学;The New Laokoon新拉奥孔;Rousseau and Romanticism卢梭与浪漫主义;Democracy and Leadership民主与领导;On being Creative论创造性
第三篇：美国文学名词解释
1.AmericanTranscendentalism:①transcendentalism has been defined philosophically as “ the recognition in man of the capability of knowing truth intuitively, or of attaining knowledge transcending the reach of the senses.②transcendentalists stress the importance of the Over-soul, the Individual and Nature.Other concepts that accompanied transcendentalism include the idea that nature is enabling and the idea that the individual is divine and, therefore, self-reliant.New England transcendentalism is the product of a combination of Native American Puritanism and European romanticism.③some prominent representatives include Ralph Waldo Emerson, Henry David Thoreau.2.Free verse
free verse means the rhymed or unrhymed poetry composed without paying attention to conversational rules of meter.Free verse was originated by a group of French poets of the late 19th century.Their purpose was to free themselves from the restrictions of formal metrical patterns and to recreate instead the free rhymes of nature period.Walt Whitman„s leaves of grass is perhaps the most notable example.3.American Puritanism: Puritanism is the practices and beliefs of the puritans.The Puritans were originally members of a division of the protestant church who wanted to purify their religious beliefs and practices.They accepted the doctrines of predestination, original sin and total depravity, and limited atonement through a special infusion of grace from God.American literature in the 17th century mostly consisted of Puritan literature.Puritanism had an enduring influence on American literature.It had become, to some extent, so much a state of mind, so much a part of national cultural atmosphere, rather than a set of tenets.it comes from the American puritans, who were the first immigrants moved to American continent in the 17th century.Original sin, predestination（预言）and salvation（拯救）were the basic ideas of American Puritanism.And, hard-working, piousness（虔诚,尽职），thrift and sobriety（清醒）were praised.4.American Dream: American dream means the belief that everyone can succeed as long as he/she works hard enough.It usually implies a successful and satisfying life.It usually framed in terms of American capitalism（资本主义）, its associated purported meritocracy,（知识界精华）and the freedoms guaranteed by the U.S.Bill of Rights.5.Imagism: the 1920s saw a vigorous literary activity in America.In poetry there appeared a strong reaction against Victorian poetry.Imagists placed primary reliance on the use of precise, sharp images as a means of poetic expression and stressed precision in the choice of words, freedom in the choice of subject matter and form, and
the use of colloquial language.Most of the imagist poets wrote in free verse, using such devices as assonance and alliteration rather than formal metrical schemes to give structure to their poetry..The movement which had these as its aims is known in literary history as Imagism.Its prime mover was Ezra Pound.6.American romanticism
①it is one of the most important periods in the history of American literature that stretches from the 18th century to the outbreak of the civil war.It started with the publication of Washington Irving‟s The Sketch Book and ended with Walt Whitman‟s Leaves of Grass.②being a period of the great flowering of American literature, it is also called “the American Renaissance ”.③American romantic works emphasize the imaginative and emotional qualities of nature literature.The strong tendency to eulogize the individual and common man was typical of this period.Most importantly, the writings of American Romanticism are typically American.Works concentrate on unique
characteristics of the American land.④New England Transcendentalism is the summit of American Romanticism.⑤Romanticists include such literary figures as Washington Irving, Ralph Waldo Emerson, Henry David Thoreau, William Cullen Bryant, Henry Wordsworth Longfellow, Nathaniel Hawthorne, Edgar Allan Poe, Herman Melville, Walt Whitman and some others.
第四篇：美国文学名词解释
1.Naturalism:American naturalism was a new and harsher realism.America’s literary naturalists dismissed the validity of comforting moral truths.They attempted to achieve extreme objectivity and frankness, presenting characters of low social and economic classes who were determined by their environment and heredity.Puritanism:Puritanism is the practices and beliefs of the Puritans.They accepted the doctrine of predestination, original sin and total depravity, and limited atonement through a special infusion of grace form God.3.Realism: Realism emphasizes on a faithful rendering of the ordinary, a slice of life as it is really lived.It expresses the concern for commonplace and the low, and it offers an objective rather than an idealistic view of human nature and human experience.4.Romanticism: romantics frequently shared certain general characteristics: moral enthusiasm, faith in value of individualism and intuitive perception, and a presumption that the natural world was a source of goodness and man’s societies a source of corruption.Transcendentalism:They spoke for cultural rejuvenation and stressed the importance of the individual.They offered a fresh perception of nature as symbolic of the Spirit or God.Nature was, to them, alive, filled with God’s overwhelming presence.6.Imagism意象主义: It’s a poetic movement of England and the U.S.flourished from 1909 to 1917.The movement insists on the creation of images in poetry by “the direct treatment of the thing” and the economy of wording.7.Local Colorism: fiction or poetry that focuses on specific features – including characters, dialects, customs, history, and landscape – of a particular region.8.Lost Generation: It describes the Americans who remained in Paris as a colony of “expatriates” or exiles.It describes the writers like Hemingway who lived in semi poverty.It describes the Americans who returned to their native land with an intense awareness of living in an unfamiliar changing world.9.Beat Generation: It was a group of American post-World War IIwho came to prominence in the 1950s.They rejected conventional social and moral values;expressed their alienation in their works from conventional “square” society by adopting a life style which featured sex, drugs, jazz and the freedom of the open road.10.Symbolism: Symbolism is the writing technique of using symbols.It enables poets to compress a very complex idea or set of ideas into one image or even one word.It’s one of the most powerful devices that poets employ in creation.11.Modernism：is loosely a synonym of anything contemporary.Strictly, Modernism began in the late 19th century and regarded the theory of psycho-analysis as its theoretical base.They pay more attention to the psychic time than the chronological one.12.A Jazz age(爵士时代):The Jazz Age describes the period of the 1920s and 1930s.With the rise of the great depression, the values of this age saw much decline.Highlighting what some describe as the decadence and hedonism, as well as the growth of individualism.
第五篇：美国文学讲义
1896年———1900年间断断续续在练习本上写下了自传体长篇小说《让·桑得伊》的草稿。1903～1905年普鲁斯特父母先后去世，他闭门写作，除写了阐述美学观点的论文《驳圣·勃夫》，并开始了文学巨著《追忆似水年华》的创作。1912年，他将小说前三部交给出版商，受到冷遇，1913年他自费出版了第1部《斯万之家》，反应冷淡。1919年，小说第2部《在花枝招展的少女们身旁》由卡里玛出版社出版，并获龚古尔文学奖，作者因而成名。普鲁斯特作为意识流小说流派的开山鼻祖而在世界文学史上留名。
故事情节： 叙述者回忆起童年时在贡布雷的生活。有一年夏天晚上，邻居斯万先生，来看望叙述者的父母，叙述者心里非常难受。有一年冬天，他把玛德莱娜小蛋糕浸泡在茶水中吃，这味道使他想起他童年时。在贡布雷家，有两条步行小道，一条通往斯万家，称为斯万家之路，另一条通往盖尔芒特府邸，称为盖尔芒特家之路。斯万先生在剧院里逐渐爱上高级妓女奥特·德·克雷西。维尔迪兰夫人觉得斯万令人厌烦，便不再邀请他。
又进入回忆状态。他在贡布雷见万见希尔特·斯万。旧日同学布洛克带他去嫖妓。妈妈桑向他介绍一位名叫拉谢尔的妓女。两年后，外婆带着他去海滨城市男主人巴尔贝克，外婆向他介绍了维尔巴里西斯侯爵夫人，和罗尔·德·圣卢。成为好朋友。马塞尔经由画家艾尔斯蒂尔认识了阿尔贝蒂娜·西蒙纳，马塞尔渐渐爱上了她。
回到巴黎后，父母亲盖了新房子。这时发生了全法国沸腾的“德雷福斯事件”。男主人翁想去探望。由于圣卢的牵线，马塞尔受到优厚的款待。一日外婆的尿毒症突然发作去世。马塞尔的母亲知道他暗恋盖尔芒特公爵夫人。男主人翁参加维尔巴里西斯夫人的晚会，见到盖尔芒特公爵夫人，还结识了夏尔吕斯男爵。
马塞尔第二次来到巴尔贝克海滨，偶然遇到阿尔贝蒂娜，又恢复了亲密交往，最后马塞尔还是决定娶她为妻。
马塞尔与阿尔贝蒂娜在巴黎同居，阿尔贝蒂娜跟安德莱的女子很要好，马塞尔怀疑她们有同性恋关系，后来此事得到证实。于是他想离开她，却无法痛下决心。阿尔贝蒂娜离家出走，给他留下一封信，说他们不能再这样生活下去，还是趁早分手。
阿尔贝蒂娜骑马摔在树上撞死了。这使他想去寻找别的女人。马塞尔到威尼斯旅行，仍然时常想起阿尔贝蒂娜，他收到吉尔贝特的信，说她已跟圣—卢结婚，后来圣—卢竟爱上了男提琴手莫莱尔。
第一次世界大战爆发，圣—卢战死，男主人翁一直待在疗养院。见到亲德份子夏吕斯，是一名同性恋，男伴男爵是性虐待狂，经常鞭打他。大战结束后，男主人翁来到盖尔兰特王府门前，又回想起威尼斯，交际场中更是景物已非，有人沦为乞丐，有人早己死去。他决定用文字将这些回忆记录起来，找回了失去的时间。
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