第一篇:财务管理总结 英文
1.Maximizing a firm’s earnings after taxes.Problems
Could increase current profits while harming firm(e.g., defer maintenance, issue common stock to buy T-bills, etc.).Ignores changes in the risk level of the firm.2.Maximizing earnings after taxes divided by shares outstanding.Does not specify timing or duration of expected returns.Ignores changes in the risk level of the firm.Calls for a zero payout dividend policy.3.Market value of all of assets
Principals must provide incentives so that management acts in the principals’ best interests
Incentives include, stock options(股票期权), perquisites(额外所得), and bonuses(奖金红利)。
4.Wealth maximization does not preclude the firm from being socially responsible.Protecting the consumer
Paying fair wages to employees
Maintaining safe working conditions Supporting education
Protecting environmental issuesCorporate Governance
Corporate governance: represents the system by which corporations are managed and controlled.Includes shareholders, board of directors, and senior management.公司组织形式: :Advantages:Simplicity,Low setup cost,Quick set up,Single tax filing on individual form。Disadvantages:Unlimited liability,Hard to raise additional capital,Transfer of ownership difficulties,Can be simple,Low setup cost, higher than sole proprietorship,Relatively quick setup,Limited liability for limited partners。Disadvantages:Unlimited liability for the general partner,Difficult to raise additional capital, but easier than sole proprietorship,Transfer of ownership difficulties Corporations Advantages:Limited liability,Easy transfer of ownership,Unlimited life,Easier to raise large quantities of capital
Disadvantages:Double taxation,More difficult to establish,More expensive to set up and maintain。
General Partnership--all partners have unlimited liability and are liable for all obligations of the partnership.imited Partnership--limited partners have liability limited to their capital contribution(investors only).At least one general partner is required and all general partners have unlimited liability.Interest paid(earned)on only the original amount, or principal(本金), borrowed(lent).Interest paid(earned)on any previous interest earned, as well as on the principal borrowed(lent).An Annuity represents a series of equal payments(or receipts)occurring over a specified number of equidistant periods Ordinary Annuity(普通年金):Payments or receipts occur at the end of each period.Annuity Due(即付年金):Payments or receipts occur at thebeginning of each period.Student Loan PaymentsCar Loan PaymentsInsurance PremiumsMortgage PaymentsRetirement Savings
of a present amount of money, or a series of payments, evaluated at a given interest rate.amount of money, or a series of payments, evaluated at a given interest rate.When interest rates rise, then the market required rates of return rise and bond prices will fall.L清算价值)represents the amount of money that could be realized if an asset or group of assets is sold separately from its operating organization.续经营价值)represents the amount a firm could be sold for as a continuing operating business.represents either(1)an asset: the accounting value of an asset--the asset’s cost minus its accumulated depreciation;
(2)a firm: total assets minus liabilities and preferred stock as listed on the balance sheet.represents the market price at which an asset trades.represents the price a security “ought to have” based on all factors bearing on valuation.A bond is a long-term debt instrument issued by a corporation or government.[or face value,面值] of a bond is the stated value.In the case of a U.S.bond, the face value is usually $1,000.is a type of stock that promises a(usually)fixed dividend, but at the discretion of the board of directors.Preferred Stock has preference over common stock in the payment of dividends and claims on assets.epresents a residual ownership position in the corporation.Cost of Capital is the required rate of return on the various types of financing.The overall cost of capital is a weighted average of the individual required rates of return(costs).1.Weighting SystemMarginal Capital CostsCapital Raised in DifferentProportions than WACC
2.Flotation Costs are the costs associated with issuing securities such as underwriting, legal, listing, and printing fees.a.Adjustment to Initial Outlayb.Adjustment to Discount Rate 1Transactions Motive(交易动机)--to meet payments arising in the ordinary course of business2 Speculative Motive(投机动机)--to take advantage of temporary opportunities 3 Precautionary Motive(预防动机)--to maintain a cushion or buffer to meet unexpected cash needs
:The variability in the market price of a security caused by changes in interest rates.Maturity:Refers to the remaining life of the security.Safety:Refers to the likelihood of getting back the same number of dollars you originally invested(principal).:The ability to sell a significant volume of securities in a short period of time in the secondary market without significant price concession.1 Character – willingness to meet financial obligationsCapacity – ability to meet financial obligations out of operating cash flows 3 Capital – financial reserves(储备)4 Collateral – assets pledged as securityConditions – general economic conditions related to customer’s business
Strengths:Easy to use and understand2Can be used as a measure of liquidity3Easier to forecast ST than LT flows Weaknesses:
1Does not account for TVM
2Does not consider cash flows beyondthe PBP
3Cutoff period is subjectiveStrengths:1Accounts for TVM
2Considers all cash flows3 Less subjectivity1 Assumes all cash flows reinvested atthe IRR
2Difficulties with project rankings andMultiple IRRs Strengths:
1Cash flows assumed to be reinvested at the hurdle rate.2Accounts for TVM.3Considers all cash flows.Weaknesses:May not include managerial options embeddedin the projectStrengths:
1Same as NPV
2Allows comparison of different scale projects Weaknesses: 1Same as NPV
2Provides only relative profitability 3Potential Ranking Problems
风险与报酬:
Risk: The variability of returns from those that are expected.Systematic Risk is the variability of return on stocks or portfolios associated with changes in return on the market as a whole.Risk factors that affect a large number of assets,Also known as non-diversifiable risk or market risk,Includes such things as changes in GDP, inflation, interest rates, etc.Unsystematic Risk is the variability of return on stocks or portfolios not explained by general market movements.It is avoidable through diversification.Risk factors that affect a limited number of assets,Also known as unique risk and asset-specific risk,Includes such things as labor strikes, part shortages, etc.Return:
Income received on an investment plus any change in market price, usually expressed as a percent of the beginning market price of the investment.1There is a reward for bearing risk2The greater the potential reward, the greater the risk3This is called the risk-return trade-off.There is a reward for bearing risk;There is not a reward for bearing risk unnecessarily;The expected return on a risky asset depends only on that asset’s systematic risk since unsystematic risk can be diversified away Risk Premiums(风险溢价)
The “extra” return earned for taking on risk Treasury bills are considered to be risk-free The risk premium is the return over and above the risk-free rate
Standard Deviation(标准差), is a statistical measure of the variability of a distribution around its mean.Coefficient of Variation(变化系数)The ratio of the standard deviation of a distribution to the mean of that distribution.Systematic Risk
Risk factors that affect a large number of assets
Also known as non-diversifiable risk or market risk
Includes such things as changes in GDP, inflation, interest rates, etc.Unsystematic Risk
Risk factors that affect a limited number of assets
Also known as unique risk and asset-specific risk
Includes such things as labor strikes, part shortages, etc.Systematic Risk Principle
There is a reward for bearing risk
There is not a reward for bearing risk unnecessarily
The expected return on a risky asset depends only on that asset’s systematic risk since unsystematic risk can be diversified away Total Risk
Total risk = systematic risk + unsystematic risk
The standard deviation of returns is a measure of total risk
For well diversified portfolios, unsystematic risk is very small
Consequently, the total risk for a diversified portfolio is essentially equivalent to the systematic risk
Returns
Total Return = expected return + unexpected return
Unexpected return = systematic portion + unsystematic portion
Therefore, total return can be expressed as follows:
Total Return = expected return + systematic portion + unsystematic portion
Expected versus Unexpected Returns
Realized returns are generally not equal to expected returns
There is the expected component and the unexpected component
At any point in time, the unexpected return can be either positive or negative
Over time, the average of the unexpected component is zero Portfolios(组合)
A portfolio is a collection of assets
An asset’s risk and return is important in how it affects the risk and return of the portfolio The risk-return trade-off for a portfolio is measured by the portfolio expected return and standard deviation, just as with individual assets
CAPM Assumptions
1.Capital markets are efficient.2.Homogeneous investor expectationsover a given period.3.Risk-free asset return is certain(useshort-to intermediate-termTreasuries as a proxy).4.Market portfolio contains onlysystematic risk(use S&P 500 Indexor similar as a proxy).Beta: An index of systematic risk.It measures the sensitivity of a stock’s returns
to changes in returns on the market portfolio.Net Working Capital(净营运资本)Current Assets-Current Liabilities.Gross Working Capital(毛营运资本)The firm’s investment in current assets.Working Capital Management
The administration of the firm’s current assets and the financing needed to support current assets.Speeding Up Cash Receipts
Expedite preparing and mailing the invoice Accelerate the mailing of payments from customers
Reduce the time during which payments received by the firm remain uncollected S-l-o-w-i-n-gD-o-w-n Cash Payouts 1.“Playing the Float”
2.Control of DisbursementsPayable through Draft
Payroll and Dividend DisbursementsZero Balance Account(ZBA)
3.Remote and Controlled Disbursing Common Money Market Instruments Money Market Instruments
All government securities and short-term corporate obligations.(Broadly defined)
Treasury Bills(T-bills):Short-term, non-interest bearing obligations of the U.S.Treasury issued at a discount and redeemed at maturity for full face value.Minimum $1,000 amount and $1,000 increments thereafter.Treasury Notes:Medium-term(2-10 years’ original maturity)obligations of the U.S.Treasury.Treasury Bonds: Long-term(more than 10 years’ original maturity)obligations of the U.S.Treasury.Costs arising from relaxing credit standards A larger credit department Additional clerical work
Servicing additional accounts Bad-debt losses Opportunity costs
Analyzing the Credit Applicant
Obtaining information on the credit applicant Analyzing this information to determine the applicant’s creditworthiness Making the credit decision Sources of Information
The company must weigh the amount of information needed versus the time and expense required.Financial statements Credit ratings and reports Bank checking Trade checking
Company’s own experience Credit Analysis
A credit analyst is likely to utilize information regarding:
the financial statements of the firm(ratio analysis)
the character of the company the character of management the financial strength of the firm
other individual issues specific to the firm Inventories form a link between production and sale of a product.Inventory types:
Raw-materials inventory Work-in-process inventory In-transit inventory
Finished-goods inventory
Inventories provide flexibility for the firm in: Purchasing
Production scheduling
Efficient servicing of customer demands
Capital Rationing occurs when a constraint(or budget ceiling)is placed on the total size of capital expenditures during a particular period.Dependent--A project whose acceptance depends on the acceptance of one or more other projects.Mutually Exclusive--A project whose acceptance precludes the acceptance of one or
more alternative projects.Interpretation of the DOL
Key Conclusions to be Drawn from the previous slide and our Discussion of DOL DOL is a quantitative measure of the “sensitivity” of a firm’s operating profit to a change in the firm’s sales.The closer that a firm operates to its break-even point, the higher is the absolute value of its DOL.When comparing firms, the firm with the highest DOL is the firm that will be most “sensitive” to a change in sales.EBIT-EPS Break-Even Analysis--Analysis of the effect of financing alternatives on earnings per share.The break-even point is the EBIT level where EPS is the same for two(or more)alternatives.(每股收益相等时的息税前盈余水平)
Financial Risk--The added variability in earnings per share(EPS)--plus the risk of possible insolvency--that is induced by the use of financial leverage.Total Firm Risk--The variability in earnings per share(EPS).It is the sum of business plus financial risk.
第二篇:财务管理应届生英文求职信
Beloved leaders:
Hello!
First of all, I sincerely appreciate your taking the time in his busy schedule to read my letter of the ordinary job-seekers.Ordinary job in this letter you will see I am a true.Xx I am a University School of Management graduates, the school is the financial management professional, as a result of the baptism of four years, I have a solid theoretical foundation for knowledge and professional skills.In “learning to be, keep Atsuyuki;learning to do, entrepreneurial success” motto to live for four years has given me a lot of people doing things in knowledge.While studying at the school, in addition to my master the theoretical knowledge of the profession, but also of other elective courses, take full advantage of after-school time and school library resources, extensive knowledge of drawing a large number of extra-curricular.In their continued efforts, the top academic performance, has won various honors in rating schools, the state scholarship.At the same time to participate in the school orchestra, playing musical instruments to learn, appreciate the art of washing people, enrich their college life.I just want to set foot on as a community college graduates, to work or lack of life experience may make you hesitate, but ask you to believe that my ability and confidence.I have been convinced that the “not only can not unexpected.” I hope you can give me a chance, your recognition will be the glory of my life!
Again, thank you for reading my cover letter, no matter the outcome, please accept my heartfelt good wishes!I wish you successful work!
Sincerely,Salute!
第三篇:2013年终财务管理总结
今年的工作可以分以下三个方面:
一、费用成本方面的管理
1.规范了库存材料的核算管理,严格控制材料库存的合理储备,减少资金占用。建立了材料领用制度,改变了原来不论是否需要、不论那个部门使用、也不论购进的数量多少,都在购进之日起一次摊销到某一个部门来核算的模糊成本。
2.在原来的基础上细划了成本费用的管理,加强了运输费用的项目管理,分门别类的计算每辆车实际消耗的费用项目,真实反映每一辆车当期的运输成本。为运输车辆的绩效管理提供参考依据。
二、会计基础工作
(1)认真执行《会计法》,进一步对财务人员加强财务基础工作的指导,规范记账凭证的编制,严格对原始凭证的合理性进行审核,强化会计档案的管理等。对所有成本费用按部门、项目进行归集分类,月底将共同费用进行分摊结转体现部门效益。
(2)国家财政部门对公司的财务等级评定还是第一次。我们在无任何前期准备的前提下,突然接受检查,但长宁区财政局还是对公司财务基础管理工作给予了肯定。给公司的财务等级分数也是评定组有史以来,评给最高分的一家公司。
(3)按规定时间编制本公司及集团公司需要的各种类型的财务报表,及时申报各项税金。在集团公司的年中审计、年终预审及财政税务的检查中,积极配合相关人员工作。
三、财务核算与管理工作
(1)按公司要求对分公司以及营业点的收入、成本进行监督、审核,制定相应的财务制度。统一核算口径,日常工作中,及时沟通、密切联系并注意对他们的工作提出些指导性的意见,与各分公司、营业点的核算部门建立了良好的合作关系。
(2)正确计算营业税款及个人所得税,及时、足额地缴纳税款,积极配合税务部门使用新的税收申报软件,及时发现违背税务法规的问题并予以改正,保持与税务部门的沟通与联系,取得他们的支持与指导。
(3)在紧张的工作之余,加强团队建设,打造一个业务全面,工作热情高涨的团队。作为一个管理者,对下属充分做到“察人之长、用人之长、聚人之长、展人之长“,充分发挥他们的主观能动性及工作积极性。提高团队的整体素质,树立起开拓创新、务实高效的部门新形象。
(4)作为基层管理者,我充分认识到自己既是一个管理者,更是一个执行者。要想带好一个团队,除了熟悉业务外,还需要负责具体的工作及业务,首先要以身作则,这样才能保证在人员偏紧的情况下,大家都能够主动承担工作。
新的一年意味着新的起点、新的机遇、新的挑战,我们决心再接再厉,更上一层楼。XX年我们将向财务精细化管理进军,精细化财务管理需要“确保营运资金流转顺畅”、“确保投资效益”、“优化财务管理手段”等,这样,就足以对公司的财务管理做精做细。要以“细”为起点,做到细致入微,对每一岗位、部门的每一项具体的业务,都建立起一套相应的成本归集。并将财务管理的触角延伸到公司的各个经营领域,通过行使财务监督职能,拓展财务管理与服务职能,实现财务管理“零”死角,挖掘财务活动的潜在价值。虽然,精细化财务管理是件极为复杂的事情,其实正所谓“天下难事始于易,天下大事始于细”。
第四篇:财务管理总结
一:名词解释:(6*3)
1财务管理:财务管理是组织企业财务活动,处理财务关系的一项经济管理工作。2系统风险(不可分散风险):股票风险中通过投资组合能够被消除的部分称为可分散风险,而不能够被消除的部分称为不可分散风险或系统风险。
3敏感项目:运用营业收入比例法要选定与营业收入保持基本不变比例关系的项目,这类项目被称为敏感项目,包括敏感资产项目和敏感负债项目。其中敏感资产项目包括现金,应收账款,长期投资,存货等项目;敏感负债项目包括应付账款,应付费用等。
4长期筹资渠道(方式)类型:政府财政资本银行信贷资本非银行金融机构资本其他法人资本民间资本企业内部资本国外和我国港澳台地区资本
5直接(间接)筹资:直接筹资是指企业不借助银行等经融机构,直接与资本所有者协商融通资本的一种筹资活动;间接筹资是指企业借助银行等经融机构而融通资本的筹资活动。
6最佳资本结构:指企业在适度财务风险的条件下,使其预期的综合资本结构成本率最低,同时企业价值最大的资本结构,它应作为企业目标资本结构。
7营业杠杆:亦称经营杠杆或营运杠杆,是指企业在经营活动中对营业成本中固定成本的利用。
8内部报酬率:P228
9获利指数:又称利润指数,是投资项目未来报酬的兑现值与初始投资的现值之比。
10授信额度:是指借款企业与银行间正式或非正式协议规定的企业借款的最高限额。
11可转换债券:是指根据发行公司债券募集办法规定债券持有人可将其转换为发行公司的股票的债券,应规定转换办法,并应按转换办法向债券持有人换发股票。
12融资租赁:又称资本租赁,服务租赁,是由租赁公司按照承租企业的要求融资购买设备,并在契约或合同规定的较长期限内提供给承租企业使用的信用性业务,是现代企业的主要类型。
13售后租回:在这种形式下,制造企业按照协议先将其资产卖给租赁公司,再作为承租企业将所售资产租回使用,并按期向租赁公司支付租金。
14杠杆租赁:这种融资租赁形式由于租赁受益一般大于借款成本支出,出租人借款购物出租可获得财务杠杆利益,故被称为杠杆租赁。
15资本结构:广义的资本结构是指企业全部资本的构成及其比例关系;狭义的资本结构是指企业各种长期资本的构成及其比例关系,尤其是指长期债务资本与股权资本之间的构成及其比例关系。
16营运资本:广义的营运资本是指总营运资本,简单来说就是指在生产经营活动中的短期资产;狭义的营运资本就是指净营运资本,是短期资产减去短期负债的差额。
17货币市场基金:是指投资于货币市场上短期有价证券的一种基金。该基金资产主要投资于短期货币工具如国库券,商业票据,银行定期存单,企业债券等。18商业票据:是一种较为常见的企业短期融资形式,是大型工商企业或金融企业为筹措短期资金而发行的无担保短期本票。
19证券化资产:是指实施了资产证券化的资产。
20信用标准:是企业同意向顾客提供商业信用而提出的基本要求。通常以预期的坏账损失率作为判断标准。5C评估法:是指重点分析影响信用的五个方面的一种方法,五个方面包括品德(Character)能力(capacity)资本(Capital)抵押品(collateral)和情况(conditions)
22股票股利:指股份有限公司以股票的形式从公司净利润中分配给股东的股利。23股权登记日:是有权领取本期股利的股东资格登记截止日期。
24除息日:又称除权日,是指从股价中除去股利的日期,及领取鼓励的权利与股票分开的日期。
25剩余股价政策:p366
26股票分割:是指将面值较高的股票分割为几股面值较低的股票。
27要约回购:是指公司通过公开向股东发出要回购股票的要约来实现股票回购计划。
28协议回购:是指公司与特定的股东私下签订购买协议回购其持有的股票。29租赁:是指出租人以收取租金为条件,在契约或合同上规定的期限内,将资产租借给承租人使用的一种经济行为。
二:简答(2*6)
1财务管理的目标:它是企业理财活动所希望实现的结果,是评价企业理财活动是否合理的基本标准。随着市场经济体制的逐步完善,财务管理理论在不断地丰富和发展。其中财务管理的目标,也在不断推陈出新。到目前为止,先后出现了4种比较具有代表性的观点,分别是:利润最大化原则、股东财富最大化原则、企业价值最大化原则和企业资本可持续有效增值原则。
财务管理目标又称理财目标,是指企业进行财务活动所要达到的根本目的,它决定着企业财务管理的基本方向。财务管理目标的作用可以概括为四个方面:
(1)导向作用。(2)激励作用。(3)凝聚作用。(4)考核作用。
企业财务管理目标具有以下特征:(1)财务管理目标具有相对稳定性。随着宏观经济体制和企业经营方式的变化,随着人们认识的发展和深化,财务管理目标也可能发生变化。但是,宏观经济体制和企业经营方式的变化是渐进的,只有发展到一定阶段以后才会产生质变;人们的认识在达到一个新的高度以后,也需要有一个达成共识、为人所普遍接受的过程。因此,财务管理目标作为人们对客观规律性的一种概括,总的说来是相对稳定的。
(2)财务管理目标具有可操作性。财务管理目标是实行财务目标管理的前提,它要能够起到组织动员的作用,要能够据以制定经济指标并进行分解,实现职工的自我控制,进行科学的绩效考评,这样,财务管理目标就必须具有可操作性。具体说来包括:可以计量。可以追溯。可以控制。
(3)财务管理目标具有层次性。财务管理目标是企业财务管理这个系统顺利运行的前提条件,同时它本身也是一个系统。各种各样的理财目标构成了一个网络,这个网络反映着各个目标之间的内在联系。财务管理目标其所以有层次性,是由企业财务管理内容和方法的多样性以及它们相互
A以利润最大化为目标:
2各种投资方式的优缺点:
1投入资本筹资的优缺点:@优点 主要有:投入资本筹资所筹得的资本属于企业的股权资本,与债务资本相比较,它能提高企业的资信和借款能力;投入资本筹资不仅可以筹取现金,而且能够直接获得所需的先进设备和技术,与仅
筹取现金的筹资方式相比,它能尽快地形成生产营运能力;投入资本筹资的财务风险较低。@缺点 主要有:投入资本筹资通常资本成本较高;投入资本筹资未能以股票为媒介;产权关系有时不够明晰,也不便于产权的交易。2 普通股筹资的优缺点:
@优点主要有:(1)普通股筹资没有固定的股利负担。公司盈利,可适当分配股利给股东。公司少盈利或无盈利,也可少分配或不分配股利给股东。(2)普通股股本没有规定的到期日,无需偿还,它是公司的永久性资本,除非公司清算,才予以清偿。(3)利用普通股的风险小,它不存在还本付息的风险。(4)发行普通股筹集股权资本能提升公司的信誉。
@缺点主要有:(1)资本成本较高。一般而言,要高于债务资本。(2)利用普通股筹资,出售新股票,增加新股东,可能会分散公司的控制权;另一方面,新股东对公司已积累的盈余具有分享权,会降低每股收益,导致普通股股价下跌。
3长期借款筹资的优缺点:
@优点主要有:(1)借款筹资的速度较快。一般时间较短,程序简单,可快速获得现金。(2)借款资本成本较低。长期借款筹资的利息可在所得税之前列支,故可减少企业实际负担成本。(3)借款筹资弹性较大。借款时,企业与银行直接协商贷款时间,数额和利率等;用款时,企业可根据自身财务状况和银行再协商,对企业而言,灵活性大。(4)企业利用借款筹资,与债券一样,可发挥财务杠杆的作用。
@缺点主要有:(1)借款筹资风险较高。借款有固定的利息负担和偿还期限,故企业的筹资风险较大。(2)借款筹资的限制条件较多。这可能影响到企业以后的筹资和投资活动。(3)借款筹资数量有限。一般不如股票,债券那样可一次性的筹集到大笔资金。
4债券筹资的优缺点:
@优点主要有:(1)债券筹资成本较低。与股票的股利相比,债券的利息允许在所得税之前支付,发行公司可享受税上利益,公司实际的负担的债券成本低于股票成本。(2)债券筹资能够发挥财务杠杆的作用。无论公司的盈利多少,债券持有人只收取固定的利息,而更多的收益可分配给股东或留用公司经营,增加了股东和公司的财富。(3)债券筹资能保障股东的控制权。债券持有人不参与公司的管理决策,因而就不会分散股东的控制权。(4)债券筹资便于调整公司资本结构。
@缺点主要有:(1)债券筹资的财务风险较高。债券有固定的到期日,必须定期支付利息,发行公司必须承担按期付息偿本的义务。(2)债券筹资的限制条件较多。(3)债券筹资的数量有限。公司利用债券筹资一般受一定额度的限制,多数国家对此都有限定。
5融资租赁筹资的优缺点:
@优点主要有:(1)融资租赁能够迅速获得所需资产。融资租赁集融资与融物于一身,一般必先筹集现金后购置设备来得更快,可使企业尽快形成生产经营能力。(2)融资租赁的限制条件少。(3)融资租赁可以免遭设备陈旧过时的风险。(4)融资租赁的全部租金通常在整个租期内分期支付。可以适当降低不能偿付的危险。(5)融资租赁的租金费用允许在所得税前扣除,承租企业能够享受税上利益。
@缺点主要有:租赁筹资的成本较高,租金总额通常要高于设备价值的30%;
承租企业在财务困难时期,支付固定的租金也将构成一向沉重的负担;另外,采用租赁筹资方式如不能享有设备残值,也可视为是承租企业的一种机会损失。6优先股筹资的优缺点:
@优点主要有:(1)优先股一般没有固定的到期日,不用偿付本金。(2)优先股的股利既有固定性,又有一定的灵活性。(3)保持普通股股东对公司的控制权。(4)从法律上讲,优先股股本属于股权资本,发行优先股筹资能够增强公司的股权资本基础,提高公司的借款举债能力。
@缺点主要有:(1)优先股的资本成本虽低于普通股,但一般高于债券。(2)优先股筹资的制约因素较多,例如,为保证优先股的固定股利,当企业盈利不多时,普通股就可能分不到股利。(3)可能形成较重的财务负担。影响公司的形象。
7可转换债券筹资的优缺点:
@优点主要有:(1)有利于降低资本成本。可转换债券的利率通常低于普通债券,转换前,低于普通债券的成本。转换为股票后,节省股票发行成本,降低股票资本成本。(2)有利于筹集更多的资本。同时能稳定公司的股价。(3)有利于调整资本结构。通过促使可转换债券持有人转股,还可以借助诱导,促其转换,借以调整资本结构。(3)有利于避免筹资损失。
@缺点主要有:(1)转股后可转化债券筹资将失去利率降低的好处。(2)若确需股票筹资,但股价并未上升,可转换债券持有人不愿转股时,发行公司将承受偿债压力。(3)若可转换债券转换时股价高于转换价格,则发行遭受筹资损失。(4)回售条款的规定可能使发行公司遭致损失。
3资本结构理论:
资本结构理论是关于公司资本结构(或转化为债券资本比例),公司综合资本成本率与公司价值三者之间关系的理论。它是公司财务理论的核心内容之一,也是资本结构决策的重要理论基础。
(一)早期资本结构理论:
三种观点:净收益观点净营业收益观点传统折中观点
(二)MM理论:
其基本结论可以简答地归纳为在符合该理论的假设之下,公司的价值与其资本结构无关。公司价值取决于其实际资产,而非各类债务和股权的市场价值。
(三)新的资本结构理论
代理成本理论信号传递理论优选顺序理论
第五篇:财务管理总结
论述(总结两道)
财务管理的概念:是组织企业财务活动、吹了财务关系的一项经济管理工作。
企业财务活动:是以现金收支为主的企业资金收支活动的总称。
分四个方面:1.企业筹资引起的财务活动。2.企业投资引起的财务活动。3.企业经营引起的财务活动。4.企业分配引起的财务活动。
企业财务关系:指企业在组织财务活动过程中与各有关方面发生的经济关系。(内部和外部)分七个方面:1企业同其所有者之剑的财务关系。2.企业同其债权人之间的财务关系。3.企业同其被投资单位的财务关系。4.企业同其债务人的财务关系。5.企业内部各单位的财务关系。6.企业与职工之间的财务关系。7.企业与税务机关之间的财务关系。
企业财务管理的特点:1.财务管理是一项综合性管理工作。2.财务管理与企业各方面具有广泛联系。3.财务管理能迅速反映企业生产经营状况。.以股东财富最大化为目标(能够成为现代理财最佳目标)
1、股东财富最大化是指通过财务上的合理运营,为股东创造最多的财富。
2、股东财富最大化目标体现以下优点:1.股东财富最大化目标考虑了现金流量的时间价值和风险因素,因为现金流量获得时间的早晚和风险的高低,会对股票价格产生重要影响。2.股东财富最大化在一定程度上能够克服企业在追求利润上的短期行为,因为股票的价格很大程度上取决于企业未来获取现金流量的能力。3.股东财富最大化反映了资本与收益之间的关系,因为股票价格是对每股股份的一个标价,反映的是单位投入资本的市场价格。
3、资金用于投资,与外界(包括市场、竞争对手、政府等)进行货币和实物资产的交换。
4、约束条件:1.利益相关者的利益受到了完全的保护以免收到股东的盘剥。2.没有社会成本,公司在追求股东财富最大化的过程中所后妃的成本都能够归结于企业并确实由企业负担。在以上这些假设前提下,股东财富最大化的过程中将不存在与相关者的利益冲突,因此,经营者就能专注于一个目标-------股东财富最大化,从而实现公司价值的最大化。
简答(总结七道)
财务管理的环境:又称理财环境,指对企业财务活动和财务管理产生影响的企业外部条件的总和。
经济环境(1.经济周期;2.经济发展水平;3.通货膨胀状况;4.经济政策)
法律环境------为核心(1.企业组织法规;2.财务会计法规3.税法)
金融市场环境(1.金融市场与企业理财;2.金融市场的构成;3.金融工具;4.利息率及其测算。资金的利率由三部分构成:1.纯利率Ko:指没有风险和没有通货膨胀情况下的均衡点利率;2.通货膨胀补偿IP:短期无风险证券利率=纯利率+通货膨胀补偿;3.风险报酬:又称违约风险报酬DP:指借款人无法按时支付利息或偿还本金而给投资人带来的风险;又称流动性风险报酬LP:某项资产迅速转化为现金的可能性;又称期限风险报酬MP:一项负债到期日越长,债权人承受的不确定因素就越多,承担的风险也越大。
利率公式:K=Ko+IP+DP+LP+MP)。
社会文化环境:包括教育、科学、文学、艺术、新闻出版、广播电视、世界观、理想、信念以及同社会涉毒相适应的权利义务观念、道德观念、组织纪律观念、价值观念、劳动态度。
债券投资的优缺点:优点:1.本金安全性高;2.收入比较稳定;3.许多债券都具有较好的流动性。缺点:1.购买力风险比较大;2.没有经营管理权;3.需要承受利率风险。
股票投资的优缺点:优点:1.能获得比较高的报酬;2.能适当降低购买力风险;3.拥有一定的经营控制权。缺点:1.普通股对公司资产和盈利的求偿权均居最后;2.普通股的价格受众多因素影响,很不稳定;3.普通股的收入不稳定。
财务战略的含义:战略源于军事领域。财务战略实在企业总体战略目标的统筹下,以价值管理为基础,以实现企业财务管理目标为目的,以实现企业财务资源的优化配置为衡量标准,所采取的战略性思维方式、决策方式和管理方针。财务战略是企业总体战略的一个重要组成部分,企业战略需要财务战略来支撑。
财务战略的特征:1.属于全局性、长期性和导向性的重大谋划;2.涉及企业的外部环境和内部条件;3.对企业财务资源的长期优化配置安排;4.与企业拥有的财务资源及其配置能力相关;5.受到企业文化和价值观的中药影响。
长期筹资的动机:1.扩张性筹资动机;2.调整性筹资动机;3.混合型筹资动机
长期筹集的原则:1.合法性原则;2.效益性原则;3.合理性原则;4.及时性原则
资本成本的概念、内容和种类
概念:是企业筹集和使用资本而承付的代价,资本指企业所筹集的长期资本
内容:包括用资费用和筹资费用。用资费用指企业在生产经营和对外投资活动中因使用资本而承付的费用,如向债权人支付的利息,向股东分配的股利等。筹资费用指企业在筹集资本活动中为获得资本而付出的费用,如向银行支付的借款手续费,因发行股票、债券而支付的发行费用等。
属性:资本成本作为企业的一种成本,具有一般商品成本的基本属性,又有不同于一般商品成本的某些特性。
种类:1.个别资本成本率;2.综合资本成本率;3.边际资本成本率。
公司制企业(股份有限公司):指依照国家先关法律集资创建的,实行自主经营、自负盈亏,由法定出资人(股东)所组成的,具有法人资格的独立经济组织。公司制企业的主要特点为:
1.独立的法人实体。2.具有无限的存续期。3.股东承担有限责任。4.所有权和经营权分离。5.筹资渠道多元化。公司分为有限责任公司与股份有限公司。两者不同点:1股东的数量不同(有限有最高和最低要求,股份只有最低要求,没有最高限制)。2.成立条件和募集资金的方式不同(有限条件比肩宽松,只能由发起人集资;股份条件比较严格,可以向社会公开募集资金)。3.股权转让的条件限制不同(有限转让要经股东会讨论通过,股份可以自由转让,充分的流动性)。
画书重点(总结两道)
应收账款的功能、成本与管理目标
功能:指它在生产经营中的作用。主要有两个方面1.增加销售的功能;2.减少存货的功能。成本:1.应收账款的机会成本;2应收账款的管理成本(包括调查顾客信用情况的费用、收集各种信息的费用、账簿的记录费用、收账费用、其他费用);3.应收账款的坏账成本。管理目标:通过应收账款管理发挥应收账款强化竞争、扩大销售的功能,尽可能降低应收账款投资的机会成本、坏账损失与管理成本,最大限度地提高应收账款投资的效益。
应收账款的日常控制:1.企业的信用调查(1直接调查;2.间接调查——财务报表、信用评估机构、银行);2.企业的信用评估(1.5C评估法——品德、能力、资本、抵押品、情况;
2.信用评分法);3.监控应收账款;4催收拖欠款项(收款过程:信件→电话→个人拜访→收款机构→诉讼程序)。
股利政策的内容:1.股利分配的行驶,即采用现金股利还是股票股利;2.股利支付率的确定;
3.每股股利额的确定;4.股利分配的时间,即何时分配和多长时间分配一次。
股利政策的评价指标:1.股利支付率(公司现金股利总额与净利润总额的比例火车公司每股股利与每股利润的比例);2.股利收益率(公司每股股利与每股价格的比率)。股利政策的类型:1.剩余股利政策;2.固定股利政策;3.稳定增长股利政策;4.固定股利支付率股利政策;5.低正常股利加额外股利政策。