第一篇：2002年经贸专业英语题
本试题为英译中，共五段，每段二十分。
1.The True, Peaceful Face of Islam
There are 1.2 billion Muslims in the world, and Islam is the world’s fastest-growing religion.If the evil carnage we witnessed on Sept.11 were typical of the faith, and Islam truly inspired and justified such violence, its growth and the increasing presence of Muslims in both Europe and the U.S.would be a terrifying prospect.Fortunately, this is not the case.The very word Islam, which means “surrender”, is related to the Arabic salam, or peace.When the Prophet Muhammad brought the inspired scripture known as Koran to the Arabs in the early 7th century A.D., a major part of his mission was devoted precisely to bringing an end to the kind of mass slaughter we witnessed in New York City and Washington.Pre-Islamic Arabia was caught up in a vicious cycle of warfare, in which tribe fought tribe in a pattern of vendetta and counter-vendetta.Muhammad himself survived several assassination attempts, and the early Muslin community narrowly escaped extermination by the powerful city of Mecca.The Prophet had to fight a deadly war in order to survive, but as soon as he felt his people were probably safe, he devoted his attention to building up a peaceful coalition of tribes and achieved victory by an ingenious and inspiring campaign of non-violence.When he died in 632, he had almost single-handedly brought peace to war-torn Arabia.Because the Koran was revealed in the context of an all-out war, several passages deal with the conduct of armed struggle.Warfare was a desperate business on the Arabian Peninsula.A chieftain was not expected to spare survivors after a battle, and some of the Koran injunctions seem to share this spirit.Muslims are ordered by God to “slay [enemies] wherever you find them!”.Extremists such as Osama bin laden like to quote such verses but do so selectively.They do not include the exhortation to peace, which in almost every case follow these more ferocious passages:” Thus, if they let you be, and do not make war on you, and offer you peace, God does not allow you to harm them.Islam is not addicted to war, and jihad is not one of its “pillars”, or essential practices.The primary meaning of the word jihad is not ”holy war” but “struggle”.It refers to the different effort that is needed to put God’s will into practice at every level-personal and social as well as political.A very important and much quoted tradition has Muhammad telling his companions as they go home after a battle.“We are returning from the lesser jihad [the battle] to the greater jihad,” the far more urgent and momentous task of extirpating wrongdoing from one’s own society and one’s own heart.---Time, October 1st 2001.2.Women at work
Throughout American history, the proportion of women who work to provide for themselves or their families has always very high, What has changed---and has changed dramatically---is how
many women earn a wage.After the rise of industrial capitalism in the nineteenth century, men increasingly sold their labor on the market.Most American women, however, continued to work without pay inside the home or on the family farm.This has changed.Most Americans now regard the rigidly enforced isolation of women from the labor force as out of step with contemporary business and culture.For over a century, at any given time more than 80 percent of men have earned a wage or salary.One hundred years ago, only about 20 percent women earned a wage or salary.Today, over 70percent do.Historians will report that the entrance of large numbers of women into the labor force was the most profound shift in the demographic composition of U.S.workers in the twentieth century.Indeed, it could be argued soundly that it was the century’s preeminent sociocultural change as well.Wage-earning women in the industrial democracies today have greater earning power than women have ever had in the history of the West.Many see the World War II ear, with its tight labor market and Rosie the Riveter” campaigns as the watershed period for women’s first beginning to work for wages in large numbers.Such exclusive attention to the temporary upsurge cause by the war, though, risks ignoring how there has been a trend toward increasing labor force participation throughout the development of the American market economy.There can be little doubt that, on balance, a woman’s expectation to earn a wage has been liberating.The labor power of today’s women allows personal and professional choices to be made that were unavailable in the past.Some worry, however, that the economic agency that women have gained by entering the labor force is culturally hollow, At very least, the grand social transformation that many feminists hoped would follow after large number of hours outside the home still earn less on average than their male coworkers and are often excluded from positions of authority, yet continue to bear disproportionate responsibility for completing household chores.---America by the Numbers
3.The Knowledge Economy
Economists continue to search for the foundations of economic growth.Traditional “production functions” focus on labor, capital, materials and energy;knowledge and technology are external influences on production.Now analytical approaches are being developed so that knowledge can be included more directly in production functions.Investments in knowledge can increase the productive capacity of the other factors of production as well as transform them into new products and processes.And since these knowledge investments are characterized by increasing(rather than decreasing)returns, they are the key to long-term economic growth.The most visible sign of the knowledge-based economy is the emergence of the “information society”.Information technology has speeded up the codification of knowledge, transforming it into a market commodity: large chunks of knowledge can be codified and transmitted over computer and communications networks.The use of personal computers has more than doubled in the last decade.These computers can be linked nationally and internationally.Through computer networks, knowledge is more accessible to a wider group of people and cheaper to acquire.Knowledge itself is becoming a more marketable product, and its spread is transforming other goods and services and creating new markets.The spiraling number of information services available on the Internet, raging from job searches to medical advice, is one example.The transformation of several disciplines—measurements, navigation, chemistry, music, surgery, telecommunications—by laser technology is another.And as the stock of knowledge accessible to the world economy swells, it is driving economic growth.The increase in knowledge accessibility and lower barriers to entry are also enhancing the role of the entrepreneur.---The Knowledge Economy
4.Capacity to Be a Principal
Nor every person or entity may be a principal.To be a principal, one must have the capacity to execute a contract.Minors, incompetents, and other natural persons with limited contractual capacity may be restricted in their ability to be a principal or even prohibited entirely from becoming a principal.Adult persons of limited mental capacities or adults who are temporarily incapacitated(for example, while intoxicated)are not permitted to appoint agents freely.Under modern legal theory, minors have contractual capacity for necessities and thus may be principals and appoint agents for any item deemed to be necessary(food, shelter, and so on).This complicated by the fact that there is no uniform definition of what falls within the term “necessary”.Consequently, the practical result is that very few people are willing to contract with minors for anything, and even fewer people will deal with the agent of minor.A corporation has contractual capacity and can be a principal.The corporation’s ability to appoint an agent is limited to the scope of activities authorized in its articles of incorporation.This caused some problems in the past because lawyers used to draft the articles of incorporation to encompass only those activities contemplated by the incorporations(for example, to operate a railroad).However, since modern legal practice is to create a corporation with the ability to conduct any business the law allows, there are few limitations on a corporation’s capacity to act as a principal.Partnerships can usually act as principals, although there are two legal theories to explain how.Where the law does not treat a partnership as a legal entity, the partnership itself is not technically capable of being a principal.In these jurisdictions, because the partnership lacks contractual capability, the individual partners are deemed to be the principal and the partnership’s agent is really the agent of the partners.In the jurisdictions where a partnership is a legal entity, this fiction need not be observed, and the partnership can act directly as a principal through its agents.---McGill’s Legal Aspects of Life Insurance
5.Financial Derivatives
In the past two decades, we have witnessed the revolutionary period in the trading of financial derivatives or contingent claims in financial markets around world.A derivative security may be defined as a security whose value depends on the values of other more basic underlying variables, which may be the prices of traded securities, prices of commodities or stock indices.The two most
common derivative securities are futures and options.A forward contract(called a futures contract if traded on exchange)is an agreement between two parties to buy or sell an asset at a certain time in the future for a predetermined price while an option gives the holder the right(but not the obligation)to buy or sell an asset by a certain date for a predetermined price.Options are classified either as a call option or a put option.A call(or put)is a contract which gives the holder the right to buy(or sell)a prescribed asset, known as the underlying asset, by a certain date(expiration date)for a predetermined price(commonly called the exercise price or the strike price).Since the holder is given the right, but not the obligation, to buy or sell the asset, he will make the decision depending on whether the deal is favorable to him or not.The option is said to be exercised on the expiration date, then the option is called a European option, while the exercise is allowed at any time prior to the expiration date, then it is called an American option(these term have nothing to do with their continental origins).The simple call and put options with no special features are commonly called plain vanilla options.Also, we have options coined with names like Asian option, lookback option, barrier option etc.The other party to the holder of the option in the contract is called the writer of the option.The holder and the writer are said to be in the long and short positions of the option contract, respectively.Unlike the holder, he writer does have an obligation with regard to the option contract, say, the writer must sell the asset if the holder chooses in his favor to buy the asset.This is zero-sum game.The holder gains from the loss of writer or vice versa.---Mathematical models of financial derivatives
第二篇：专业英语四级作文真题参考
2011年专业英语四级作文真题参考范文
2011专四便条写作真题网友参考范文
April 20, 2008
Dear my friend,The summer vacation is coming next month.I hope you will visit our home town and stay with us.It's very beautiful here with everything in bloom now.If possible, you can come here by the train No.1010, which will arrive here at 18:00.I am looking forward to seeing you as soon as possible.Sincerely,2011年专四作文真题网友参考范文
Should private car owners be taxed for pollution?私家车主是否应交污染税？
With the development of society, many people can afford a car.As the number of the cars is rising, we are facing some problems.One big problem is the pollution caused by the use of cars.In order to solve this problem, government agencies in some big cities recently suggest that a “pollution tax” should be put on private cars in order to control the number of cars and reduce pollution in the city.For my part, I agree to this viewpoint, and my reasons are as follows:
To begin with, cars contribute to the environmental pollution.For example, a lot of big cities in China are now plagued by serious air pollution.Then it is the responsibility of these private car owners to pay for the pollution and they should be taxed.The purpose of collecting environmental pollution tax is to raise the fund, and then utilize the tax revenue lever to protect our environment.Secondly, it is a good way to raise people’s environmental awareness by putting a pollution tax on private cars.If people suffer from the financial loss when making a decision, they will think more about their decision.Then they will consider more when deciding to buy a private car.Consequently, the increase rate of the number of the private cars can be controlled.In a word, it is a very good and necessary attempt to use the means of taxation to treat the pollution.Of course, it must be kept in mind that all people, including the private car owners, should try their best to protect the environment.该文章转载自无忧考网：http://
第三篇：经贸专业英语——出口商在进行出口贸易时该怎么做
General Procedures of Export Transaction出口贸易的一般流程
Step1.Preparation for Exporting为出口做准备
Step2.Business Negotiation交易磋商
（Enquiry询盘.Offer发盘.Counter-offer还盘.Acceptance接受）Conclusion of Sales Contract订立销售合同 Step 3.Implementation of Contract（CIF,L/C）合同的执行
1.Reminding, Examining and Modifying L/C催证，审证，改证
2.Preparing Goods for Shipment备货装运
3.Chartering and Booking Shipping Space租船订舱
4.Insurance保险
5.Inspection Application商品检验
6.Customs Formalities报关单
7.Documents Preparation for Bank Negotiation准备单据到银行交单议付
Step4.Settlement of Disputes争端的解决
General Procedures of Export Transaction出口贸易的一般流程
Step1.Preparation for Exporting为出口做准备
Step2.Business Negotiation交易磋商
（Enquiry询盘.Offer发盘.Counter-offer还盘.Acceptance接受）Conclusion of Sales Contract订立销售合同 Step 3.Implementation of Contract（CFR,L/C）合同的执行
1.Reminding, Examining and Modifying L/C催证，审证，改证
2.Preparing Goods for Shipment备货装运
3.Chartering and Booking Shipping Space租船订舱
4.Inspection Application商品检验
5.Customs Formalities报关单
6.Documents Preparation for Bank Negotiation准备单据到银行交单议付
Step4.Settlement of Disputes争端的解决
General Procedures of Export Transaction出口贸易的一般流程
Step1.Preparation for Exporting为出口做准备
Step2.Business Negotiation交易磋商
（Enquiry询盘.Offer发盘.Counter-offer还盘.Acceptance接受）Conclusion of Sales Contract订立销售合同 Step 3.Implementation of Contract（FOB,L/C）合同的执行
1.Reminding, Examining and Modifying L/C催证，审证，改证
2.Preparing Goods for Shipment备货装运
3.Inspection Application商品检验
4.Customs Formalities报关单
5.Documents Preparation for Bank Negotiation准备单据到银行交单议付
Step4.Settlement of Disputes争端的解决
General Procedures of Export Transaction出口贸易的一般流程
Step1.Preparation for Exporting为出口做准备
Step2.Business Negotiation交易磋商
（Enquiry询盘.Offer发盘.Counter-offer还盘.Acceptance接受）Conclusion of Sales Contract订立销售合同 Step 3.Implementation of Contract（CIF,D/P）合同的执行
1.Preparing Goods for Shipment备货装运
2.Chartering and Booking Shipping Space租船订舱
3.Insurance保险
4.Inspection Application商品检验
5.Customs Formalities报关单
6.Documents Preparation for Bank Collection准备单据到银行交单托收
Step4.Settlement of Disputes争端的解决
General Procedures of Export Transaction出口贸易的一般流程
Step1.Preparation for Exporting为出口做准备
Step2.Business Negotiation交易磋商
（Enquiry询盘.Offer发盘.Counter-offer还盘.Acceptance接受）Conclusion of Sales Contract订立销售合同 Step 3.Implementation of Contract（CFR,D/P）合同的执行
1.Preparing Goods for Shipment备货装运
2.Chartering and Booking Shipping Space租船订舱
3.Inspection Application商品检验
4.Customs Formalities报关单
5.Documents Preparation for Bank Collection准备单据到银行交单托收
Step4.Settlement of Disputes争端的解决
General Procedures of Export Transaction出口贸易的一般流程
Step1.Preparation for Exporting为出口做准备
Step2.Business Negotiation交易磋商
（Enquiry询盘.Offer发盘.Counter-offer还盘.Acceptance接受）Conclusion of Sales Contract订立销售合同 Step 3.Implementation of Contract（FOB,D/P）合同的执行
1.Preparing Goods for Shipment备货装运
2.Inspection Application商品检验
3.Customs Formalities报关单
4.Documents Preparation for Bank Collection准备单据到银行交单托收
Step4.Settlement of Disputes争端的解决
General Procedures of Export Transaction出口贸易的一般流程
Step1.Preparation for Exporting为出口做准备
Step2.Business Negotiation交易磋商
（Enquiry询盘.Offer发盘.Counter-offer还盘.Acceptance接受）Conclusion of Sales Contract订立销售合同 Step 3.Implementation of Contract（CIF,D/A）合同的执行
1.Preparing Goods for Shipment备货装运
2.Chartering and Booking Shipping Space租船订舱
3.Insurance保险
4.Inspection Application商品检验
5.Customs Formalities报关单
6.Documents Preparation for Bank Collection准备单据到银行交单托收
Step4.Settlement of Disputes争端的解决
General Procedures of Export Transaction出口贸易的一般流程
Step1.Preparation for Exporting为出口做准备
Step2.Business Negotiation交易磋商
（Enquiry询盘.Offer发盘.Counter-offer还盘.Acceptance接受）Conclusion of Sales Contract订立销售合同 Step 3.Implementation of Contract（CFR,D/A）合同的执行
1.Preparing Goods for Shipment备货装运
2.Chartering and Booking Shipping Space租船订舱
3.Inspection Application商品检验
4.Customs Formalities报关单
5.Documents Preparation for Bank Collection准备单据到银行交单托收
Step4.Settlement of Disputes争端的解决
General Procedures of Export Transaction出口贸易的一般流程
Step1.Preparation for Exporting为出口做准备
Step2.Business Negotiation交易磋商
（Enquiry询盘.Offer发盘.Counter-offer还盘.Acceptance接受）Conclusion of Sales Contract订立销售合同 Step 3.Implementation of Contract（FOB,D/A）合同的执行
1.Preparing Goods for Shipment备货装运
2.Inspection Application商品检验
3.Customs Formalities报关单
4.Documents Preparation for Bank Collection准备单据到银行交单托收
Step4.Settlement of Disputes争端的解决
General Procedures of Export Transaction出口贸易的一般流程
Step1.Preparation for Exporting为出口做准备
Step2.Business Negotiation交易磋商
（Enquiry询盘.Offer发盘.Counter-offer还盘.Acceptance接受）Conclusion of Sales Contract订立销售合同 Step 3.Implementation of Contract（CIF,T/T(Before shipment)）合同的执行
1.Receiving payment收到付款
2.Preparing Goods for Shipment备货装运
3.Chartering and Booking Shipping Space租船订舱
4.Insurance保险
5.Inspection Application商品检验
6.Customs Formalities报关单
7.Forward documents出具票据
Step4.Settlement of Disputes争端的解决
General Procedures of Export Transaction出口贸易的一般流程
Step1.Preparation for Exporting为出口做准备
Step2.Business Negotiation交易磋商
（Enquiry询盘.Offer发盘.Counter-offer还盘.Acceptance接受）Conclusion of Sales Contract订立销售合同 Step 3.Implementation of Contract（CFR ,T/T(Before shipment)）合同的执行
1.Receiving payment收到付款
2.Preparing Goods for Shipment备货装运
3.Chartering and Booking Shipping Space租船订舱
4.Inspection Application商品检验
5.Customs Formalities报关单
6.Forward documents出具票据
Step4.Settlement of Disputes争端的解决
General Procedures of Export Transaction出口贸易的一般流程
Step1.Preparation for Exporting为出口做准备
Step2.Business Negotiation交易磋商
（Enquiry询盘.Offer发盘.Counter-offer还盘.Acceptance接受）Conclusion of Sales Contract订立销售合同 Step 3.Implementation of Contract（FOB ,T/T(Before shipment)）合同的执行
1.Receiving payment收到付款
2.Preparing Goods for Shipment备货装运
3.Inspection Application商品检验
4.Customs Formalities报关单
5.Forward documents出具票据
Step4.Settlement of Disputes争端的解决
General Procedures of Export Transaction出口贸易的一般流程
Step1.Preparation for Exporting为出口做准备
Step2.Business Negotiation交易磋商
（Enquiry询盘.Offer发盘.Counter-offer还盘.Acceptance接受）Conclusion of Sales Contract订立销售合同 Step 3.Implementation of Contract（CIF,T/T(After shipment)）合同的执行
1.Preparing Goods for Shipment备货装运
2.Chartering and Booking Shipping Space租船订舱
3.Insurance保险
4.Inspection Application商品检验
5.Customs Formalities报关单
6.Forward documents出具票据
7.Receiving payment收到付款
Step4.Settlement of Disputes争端的解决
General Procedures of Export Transaction出口贸易的一般流程
Step1.Preparation for Exporting为出口做准备
Step2.Business Negotiation交易磋商
（Enquiry询盘.Offer发盘.Counter-offer还盘.Acceptance接受）Conclusion of Sales Contract订立销售合同 Step 3.Implementation of Contract（CFR,T/T(After shipment)）合同的执行
1.Preparing Goods for Shipment备货装运
2.Chartering and Booking Shipping Space租船订舱
3.Inspection Application商品检验
4.Customs Formalities报关单
5.Forward documents出具票据
6.Receiving payment收到付款
Step4.Settlement of Disputes争端的解决
General Procedures of Export Transaction出口贸易的一般流程
Step1.Preparation for Exporting为出口做准备
Step2.Business Negotiation交易磋商
（Enquiry询盘.Offer发盘.Counter-offer还盘.Acceptance接受）Conclusion of Sales Contract订立销售合同 Step 3.Implementation of Contract（FOB,T/T(After shipment)）合同的执行
1.Preparing Goods for Shipment备货装运
2.Inspection Application商品检验
3.Customs Formalities报关单
4.Forward documents出具票据
5.Receiving payment收到付款
Step4.Settlement of Disputes争端的解决
第四篇：专业英语四级真题1996年
TEST FOR ENGLISH MAJORS(1996)
PARTIWRITING
Write a composition of about 150 words on the following topic: Every college student would agree that life in college is not the same as it was in the middle school.Now, you have been asked by the Students' Union to write a passage entitled
THE MAIN DIFFERENCE BETWEEN
MY COLLEGE LIFE AND MY MIDDLE SCHOOL LIFE
as part of an introduction programme for new students coming in September.You are to write in three paragraphs.In the first paragraph, state clearly what you think the main difference is between college and middle school life.In the second paragraph, state which life you prefer and why.In the last paragraph, bring what you have written to a natural conclusion with a summary or suggestion.Marks will be awarded for content, organization, grammar and appropriacy.Failure to follow the instructions may result in a loss of marks.PARTⅣCLOZE[15 MIN]
Decide which of the choices given below would correctly complete the passage if inserted in the corresponding blanks.Choose the best one for each blank.Since 1895 the National Trust(国家文物信托基金会)has worked for the preservation of places of historic interest and natural beauty in England, Wales and Northern Ireland.Today the Trust —and its own members — is the largest landowner and conservation society in Britain.Wherever you go, you are close to land that is protected by the National Trust.Over 350 milescoastline； 90,000 acres of land, lakes and forests in one area of natural beauty prehistoric and Roman ruins； moorlands and farmland, woods and islands； ； even seventeen whole villages — all are open to the public at
But the Trust'sfurther than this.It has in its possession a hundred gardens hundred gardens and parksof the National Trust.The walking-sticks in the hall, the flowers, silver-framed photographs, books and papers in the rooms are signs that the house is still loved and26.A.itB.whichC.thisD.whether it
27.A.deliberateB.compulsoryC.spontaneousD.voluntary
28.A.maintainedB.watchedC.renewedD.repaired
29.A.unusedB.underdevelopedC.unwantedD.unspoilt
30.A.besidesB.nearbyC.aloneD.beyond
31.A.interiorB.inlandC.insideD.inner
32.A.byB.atC.toD.on
33.A.developsB.extendsC.enlargesD.prolongs
34.A.someB.nearbyC.on averageD.more
35.A.architecturalB.archetypeC.architectureD.archaeology
36.A.are givingB.have givenC.been givenD.have been given
37.A.primitiveB.initialC.elementaryD.original
38.A.timesB.generationsC.yearsD.age groups
39.A.residentB.dwellerC.tenantD.housekeeper
40.A.lived inB.kept overC.resided withD.taken up
PARTⅤGRAMMAR AND VOCABULARY[15 MIN]
41.You won't get a loan ________ you can offer some security.A.lestB.in caseC.unlessD.other than
42.________time, he'll make a first-class tennis player.A.HavingB.GivenC.GivingD.Had
43.I________ the party much more if there hadn't been quite such a crowd of people there.A.would enjoyB.will have enjoyed
C.would have enjoyedD.will be enjoying
44.This company has now introduced a policy ________ pay rises are related to performance at work.A.whichB.whereC.whetherD.what
45.He wasn't asked to take on the chairmanship of the society, ________ insufficiently popular with all members.A.having consideredB.was considered
C.was being consideredD.being considered
46.This may have preserved the elephant from being wiped out as well as other animals in Africa.A.huntedB.huntingC.that huntedD.are hunted
47.The office has to be shut down ________ funds.A.being a lack ofB.from lack of
C.to alack ofD.for lack of
48.In international matches, prestige is so important that the only thing that matters is to avoid ______.A.from being beatenB.being beaten
C.beatingD.to be beaten
49.As it turned out to be a small house party, we ________so formally.A.need not have dressed upB.must not have dressed up
C.did not need to dress upD.must not dress up
50.Western Nebraska generally receives less snow than ________ Eastern Nebraska.A.inB.it receives inC.doesD.it does in
51.________ no cause for alarm, the old man went back to his bedroom.A.There wasB.SinceC.BeingD.There being
52.The brilliance of his satires was ________ make even his victims laugh.A.so as toB.such as toC.so thatD.such that
53.If he ________ in that way for much longer he will find himself in the bankruptcy court.A.carries onB.carries offC.carried byD.carried away
54.Although the false banknotes fooled many people, they did not ________ to close examination.A.look upB.pay upC.keep upD.stand up
55.He must give us more time, ________ we shall not be able to make a good job of it.A.consequentlyB.otherwiseC.thereforeD.doubtlessly
56.When there was a short ________ in the conversation, I asked if anyone would like anything to drink.A.blankB.spaceC.pauseD.wait
57.You can do it if you want to, but in my opinion it's not worth the ________ it involves.A.effortB.strengthC.attemptD.force
58.The main road through Littlebury was blocked for three hours today after an accident ________two lorries.A.involvingB.includingC.combiningD.containing
59.Very few scientists ________ with completely new answers to the world's problems.A.come toB.come roundC.come onD.come up
60.Hotel rooms must be ________ by noon, but luggage may be left with the porter.A.departedB.abandonedC.vacatedD.displaced
61.Half the excuses she gives are not true, but she always seems to ________ them.A.get on withB.get away with
C.get up fromD.get in on
62.The________ physicist has been challenged by others in his field.A.respectableB.respectfulC.respectiveD.respecting
63.With hundreds of works left behind, Picasso is regarded as a very ________ artist.A.profoundB.productiveC.prosperousD.plentiful
64.The city suffered________ damage as a result of the earthquake.A.consideredB.considerateC.considerableD.considering
65.Undergraduate students have no ________ to the rare books in the school library.A.accessB.entranceC.wayD.path
PARTⅥREADING COMPREHENSION
SECTION A[30 MIN][25 MIN]
In this part there are four passages followed by questions or unfinished statements, each with four suggested answers marked A, B,C and D.Choose the one that you think is the correct answer.TEXT A
1In the past thirty years many social changes have taken place in Britain.The greatest of these have probably been in the economic lives of women.2The changes have been significant, but, because tradition and prejudice can still handicap women in their working careers and personal lives, major legislation to help promote equality of opportunity and pay was passed during the 1970s.3At the heart of women's changed role in society has been the rise in the number of women at work, particularly married women.As technology and society permit highly effective and generally acceptable methods of family planning there has been a decline in family size.Women as a result are involved in child-rearing for a much shorter time and related to this, there has been a rapid increase in the number of women with young children who return to work when the children are old enough not to need constant care and attention.4Since 1951 the proportion of married women who work has grown from just over a fifth to a half.Compared with their counterparts elsewhere on the Continent, British women comprise a relatively high proportion of the work-force, about two-fifths, but on average they work fewer hours, about 31 a week.There is still a significant difference between women's average earnings and men's, but the equal pay legislation which came into force at the end of 1975 appears to have helped to narrow the gap between women's and men's basic rates.5As more and more women joined the work-force in the 1960s and early 1970s there was an increase in the collective incomes of women as a whole and a major change in the economic role of large numbers of housewives.Families have come to rely on married women's earnings as an essential part of their income, rather than as “pocket money”.At the same time social roals within the family are more likely to be shared, exchanged or altered.66.The general idea of the passage is about
A.social trends in contemporary Britain.B.changes in women's economic status.C.equal opportunity and pay in Britain.D.women's roles within the family.67.According to the author, an increasing number of married women are able to work because
A.their children no longer require their care.B.there are more jobs available nowadays.C.technology has enabled them to find acceptable jobs.D.they spend far less time on child care than before.TEXT B
Nature' s Gigantic Snowplough
1On January 10, 1962, an enormous piece of glacier broke away and tumbled down the side of a mountain in Peru.A mere seven minutes later, when cascading ice finally came to a stop ten miles down the mountain, it had taken the lives of 4,000 people.2it is extremely cold at very high altitudes, snow rarely
melts.It just keeps piling up higher and higher.Glaciers are eventually created when the weight of the snow is so great that the lower layers are pressed into solid ice.But most avalanches occur long before this happens.As snow accumulates on a steep slope, it reaches a critical point at which the slightest vibration will send it sliding into the valley below.3Even an avalanche of light power can be dangerous, but the Peruvian catastrophe was particularly terrible because it was caused by a heavy layer of ice.It is estimated that the ice that broke off weighed three million tons.As it crashed down the steep mountainside like a gigantic snowplough, it swept up trees, boulders and tons of topsoil, and completely crushed and destroyed the six villages that lay in its path.4At present there is no way to predict or avoid such enormous avalanches, but, luckily, they are very rare.Scientists are constantly studying the smaller, more common avalanches, to try to understand what causes them.In the future, perhaps dangerous masses of snow and ice can be found and removed before they take human lives.68.The first paragraph catches the reader's attention with a
A.first-hand report.B.dramatic description.C.tall tale.D.vivid word picture.A.violently ruinous.B.spectacularly interesting.C.stunning.D.unpleasant.70.The passage is mostly about
A.avalanches.B.glaciers.C.Peru.D.mountains.C
I was born in Tuckahoe, Talbot Country, Maryland.I have no accurate knowledge of my age, never having seen any authentic record containing it.By far the larger part of the slaves know as little of their age as horses know of theirs, and it is the wish of most masters within my knowledge to keep their slaves thus ignorant.I do not remember having ever met a slave who could tell of his birthday.They seldom come nearer to it than planting-time, harvesting, springtime, or falltime.A lack of information concerning my own was a source of unhappiness to me even during childhood.The white children could tell their ages, I could not tell why I ought to be deprived of the same privilege.I was not allowed to make any inquiries of my master concerning it.He considered all such inquiries on the part of a slave improper and impertinent.The nearest estimate I can give makes me now between twenty-seven and twenty-eight years of age.I come to this, from hearing my master say, some time during 1835, I was about seventeen years old.2My mother was named Harriet Bailey.She was the daughter of Issac and Betsey Bailey, both coloured, and quite dark.My mother was of a darker complexion than either my grandmother or grandfather.3My father was a white man.He was admitted to be such by all I ever heard speak of my parentage.The opinion was also whispered that my master was my father;but of the correctness of this opinion, I know nothing;the means of knowing was withheld from me.My mother and I were separated when I was but an infant — before I knew her as my mother.It is a common custom, in the part of Maryland from which I ran away, to part children from their mothers at a very early age.Frequently, before the child has reached its twelfth month, its mother is taken from it, and hired out on some farm a considerable distance off, and the child is placed under the care of an older woman, too old for field labour.For what this separation is done, I do not know, unless it be to hinder the development of the child's affection towards its mother.71.The author did not know exactly when he was born because
A.he did not know who his mother was.B.there was no written evidence of it.C.his master did not tell his father.D.nobody on his farm knew anything about it.72.In the mid-nineteenth century, slaves often
A.marked their birthdays by the season.B.did not really care how old they were.C.forgot the exact time when they were born.D.pretended not to know each other's birthdays.73.The author's mother told him
A.his father was black.B.his father was white.C.nothing about his father.D.his master was his father.74.According to the passage, when the author was very young his mother
A.ran away.B.was light-skinned.C.had several children.D.was sent to work elsewhere.75.The author had not spent much time with his
A.mother.B.master.C.grandfather.D.grandmother.76.The author was most probably raised
A.by his grandparents.B.by an old woman slave.C.with his master's support.D.together with other children.TEXTEXT D
Please Recycle That Bobsled Run(大学橇滑道)
1For the 1992 Winter Games, French organizers constructed a new motorway, parking lots and runs for skiing in the Alps.Environmentalists screamed “Disaster!'.Thus warned, the Norwegians have adopted ”green“ advice and avoided great blots on the landscape.The speed-skating rink was built to look like an overturned ship, and placed so as not to disturb a bird sanctuary.Dug into a mountainside, the hockey arena is well concealed and energy efficient.The bobsled run is built out of wood not metal and hidden among trees.No wonder the president of the International Olympic Committee has called these the first ”Green Games“.2Lillehammer's opening ceremonies featured a giant Olympic Torch burning biogas produced by rotting vegetation.During construction, builders were threatened with ＄7,500 fines for felling trees unnecessarily.Rare trees were carefully transplanted from hillsides.Food is being served on potato-based plates that will be fed, in turn, to pigs.Smoking has been banned outdoors as well as in, with enforcement by polite requests.3Environmentalists have declared partial victory, though Coca-Cola's plan to decorate the town with banners has been scaled back, there are still too many billboards for strict green tastes.Perhaps, but after the Games, athlete housing will be converted into vacation homes or shipped to the northlands for student dormitories.Bullets will be plucked from biathlon targets and recycled to keep the lead from poisoning ground water.And these tricks won't be forgotten.Embarrassed by environmental protests, the I.O.C.claims that green awareness is now entrenched — along with sport and culture — as a permanent dimension of the Olympic Charter.4Indeed, Sydney was successful in becoming host for the 2000 Summer Games in part on the strength of its endorsement from Greenpeace.Aspiring host cities are picking up the code.Salt Lake City, bidding for the 2002 Games, may opt to use the bobsled run that Calgary built for the '88 Games.after that, who could deny that recycling is an Olympic movement?
77.Which of the following countries has not paid enough attention to the ”green" issues?
A.Norway.B.France.C.America.D.Australia.78.In which area did the environmentalists fail in Lillehammer?
A.Energy.B.Smoking.C.Housing.D.Advertising.79.Which of the following describes the I.O.C.'s attitude towards the environmentalists' protests?
A.Trying to commit themselves.B.Showing indifference and contempt.C.Arguing for practical difficulties.D.Negotiating for gradual changes.80.The 2002 Games might be held in
A.Oslo.B.Calgary.C.Sydney.D.Salt Lake City.
第五篇：专业英语第5章课后题翻译
第五章
1.当被测量不随时间变化或随时间变化缓慢时，输出y与x之间的关系称为静态特性；当被测量随时间迅
速变化是，输出y与x之间的关系称为动态特性。
翻译：While the measurand has no change or change very slowly over time,the relationship between output y and input x is defined as Static performance.But while the measurand change rapidly over
time,the relationship between output y and input x is called Dynamic performance.2.测量是为了准确了解被测物理参数，但是人们通过测量是永远测不到被测物理参数真值的，只能观测到经过测试系统各个环节对被测物理量传输后的输出量。研究系统的特性就是为了能使系统尽可能准确、真
实地反映被测物理量。
翻译：Measure is in order to find out the physical parameters of the measurand precisely,people can only
observe the output of measurandphysical parameters which transmitted by every elements in a measurement system and never find out the true value via measurement,the destination of our research
is to make the system reflect measurand as precise as possible.3.A radom error is due to a large number of independent small effects that cannot be identified or controlled,it is a statistical quantity.As such,it will vary from each replication of the observations.If a large number of readings is observed for the same quantity, the scatter of the data about a mean value can be evaluated.The scatter generally follows a gaussian distribution about a mean value,which is assumed to
be the true value.翻译：随机误差是由许多无法识别和控制的小效应而产生的，是一个统计量。就其本身而言，在每个观测结果下都是不同的，如果大量被观测数据都有一定数量，那么我们可以评估这些数据在均值周围的分布，这种分布在均值周围一般都满足高斯分布，并可近似看作是真值。
4.Accuracy is the deviation of the output from the calibration input or the true value.If the accuracy of voltmeter is 2% full scale as described in the preceding section,the maxmum deviation is ±2 units for all
reading.精度是输出值与真值之间的偏差，如果一个电压表的满量程精度是2%，那么它所有读数的最大偏差为±2
个单位。
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