第一篇:文章数字认证中英文
数字证书
数字证书是一种数据文件,用来确定人们的身份和Internet上的电子资产。数字证书可以实现安全而加密的联机通信,并经常用来保护联机事务处理。
定义
随着电子交易的盛行,越来越需要第三方以数字证书的形式进行认证和授权。数字证书由被称为认证机构的可信任的第三方进行签发。认证机构对证书持有者的身份进行确认,并在证书上“签字”,来证明书该证书未曾被伪造或改变。
当某证书被认证机构进行数字化签名后,该证书的持有者就将其作为电子通行证来证明他的身份。持有者可以向要求安全访问的站点、网络或个人出示证书。
证书中的识别信息包括持有者的姓名、电子邮件地址、认机构的名称、序列号,以及证书的生效日期和失效日期。当用户的身份由认证机构确认后,证书就使用持有者的公钥来保护数据。
Web服务器也可以用使用公钥的证书来向用户的浏览器确认站点的真实性。当用户向某一个Web服务器发送机密信息,例如联机事务处理所需要的信用卡号,浏览器就会从服务器的数字证书中取出公钥来确认该服务器的身份。
公钥加密
公钥是公钥加密所使用的一对密钥中的一个,是数字认证的基础。
公钥加密利用一对公钥和私钥来进行加密和解密。这两种密钥都有数值,将该数值用于某种算法中,可将信息置乱,并只有拥有相应解密密钥的用户才能看懂信息。
一个人的公钥被其他人用来对只发给那个人的信息进行加密。当他收到信息时,就使用不被别人所知的相应密钥来对数据进行解密。一个人的公钥可以被分发给其他人,而不使私钥的保密性受到破坏。
数字证书采用公钥体制,即利用一对互相匹配的密钥进行加密、解密。每个用户自己设定一把特定的仅为本人所知的私有密钥(私钥),用它进行解密和签名;同时设定一把公共密钥(公钥)并由本人公开,为一组用户所共享,用于加密和验证签名。当发送一份保密文件时,发送方使用接收方的公钥对数据加密,而接收方则使用自己的私钥解密,这样信息就可以安全无误地到达目的地了。通过数字的手段保证加密过程是一个不可逆过程,即只有用私有密钥才能解密。在公开密钥密码体制中,常用的一种是RSA体制。其数学原理是将一个大数分解成两个质数的乘积,加密和解密用的是两个不同的密钥。即使已知明文、密文和加密密钥(公开密钥),想要推导出解密密钥(私密密钥),在计算上是不可能的。按现在的计算机技术水平,要破解目前采用的1024位RSA密钥,需要上千年的计算时间。公开密钥技术解决了密钥发布的管理问题,商户可以公开其公开密钥,而保留其私有密钥。购物者可以用人人皆知的公开密钥对发送的信息进行加密,安全地传送给商户,然后由商户用自己的私有密钥进行解密。
使用数字证书的Web服务器可以利用私钥,来确保只有它能对由Internet发给它的机密信息进行解密。Web服务器的证书是由自签的CA证书来确认,这种CA证书对发证机构进行标识。包括Microsoft Internet Explorer和Netscape Navigator在内的大多数主要的Web浏览器中,都提前安装了CA证书。
当某一Web服务器向浏览器出示时,CA证书就向用户表明该服务器证书是否可以信任。如果Web服务证书的有效性得到确认,对于采用SSL技术的服务器,该证书的公钥就可用于保护信息。
SSL安全协议使用数字证书为需求私下交流的双方创造一种安全的“通道”。在大多数主要的Web浏览器和商业Web服务器上都使用了SSL技术。
Digital Certificates
Digital certificates are data files used to establish the identity of people and electroic assets on the Internet.They for secure, encrypted online communication and are often used to protect online transactions.Definition
As electronic transactions proliferate, there’s an increasing need for third-party verification and authentication in the form of digital certificates.Digital certificates are issued by a trusted third party known as a certification authority.The CA validates the identiy of a certificate holder and “signs” the certificate to attest that it hasn’t been forged or altered.When a certificate is digitally signed by a CA ,its owner can use it as an electronic passport to prove his identity.It can be presented to Web sites, networks or individuals that require secure access.Identifying information embedded in the certificate includes the holder’s name and e-mail address, the name of the CA,a serial number and any activation or expiration data for the certificate.When a user’s identity is verified by the CA, the certificate uses the holder’s public key to protect data.Public keys are also employed by certificates that a Web server uses to confirm the authenticity of a Website for a user’s browser.When a user wants to send confidential information to a Web server, such as a credit-card number for an online transaction ,the browser will access the public key in the server’s digital certificate to verify its identity.Public-Key Cryptography
The public key is one half of a pair of keys used in public-key cryptography, which provides the foundation for digital certificates.Public-key cryptography uses matched public and private keys for encryption and decryption.These keyshave a numerical value that’s used by an algorithm to scramble information and make it readable only to users with the corresponding decryption key.A person’s public key is used by others to encrypt information meant only for that person.When he receives the information ,he uses his corresponding private key, which is kept secret to decrypt the data.A person’s public key can be distributed without damaging the private key.A Web server using a digital certificate can use its private key to make sure that only it can decrypt confidential information sent to it over the Internet.The Web server’s certificate is validated by a self-signed CA certificate that identifies the issuing CA.CA certificates are preinstalled on most major Web browsers, including Microsoft Internet Explorer and Netscape Navigator.The CA certificate tells users whether they can trust the Web server certificate when it’s presented to the browser.If the validity of the Web server certificate is affirmed,the certificate’s public key is used to secure information for the server using Secure Sockets Layer(SSL)technology.Digital certificates are used by the SSL security protocol to create a secure “pipe ” between two parties that see confidential communication.SSL is used in most major Web browsers and commercial Web servers.
第二篇:数字城管文章
“数字城管”成效探析
“数字城管”自“诞生”以来,经历了从试点到逐步推广的过程,因城市规模的不同,建设动因的区别,对“数字城管”理念的理解差异,各市建设的模式、实施的方式也不尽相同,取得的效果也千差万别,有的通过实施“数字城管”实现了城市管理水平的大飞跃,有的实施“数字城管,引又成了一种形式。从全国51个试点城市(区)的情况来看,“数宇城管”的实施主要取得了文中八个方面的成效(主要以杭州市、常州市为例)。一理顺了城市管理体制
城市管理体制是指城市的管理组织设计、管理法规制度和管理运行机制的总称。其核心是对城市管理主体之间的权利、义务和责任的配置和互动方式的制度化、程序化的规定。理顺城市管理体制是“数字城管”能否有效运行的前提条件。从部分试点城市来看,在实施“数字城管”之前,已着手开始理顺管理体制。主要体现在以下四个方面:
(一)建立了大城管的格局
“数字城管”的内涵和范围要大很多,是属于大城管的范畴。它的体现和载体——城市管理委员会的成立,将涉及城市管理内容的部门全部纳入了其中。
(二)设立了高位监督机构
在实施“数字城管”之前,各个城市都根据本地实际,成立了城市管理监督中心、指挥中心,或者监督指挥中心,作为监督、指挥、协调城市管理问题的机构,但因各地情况不同,在监督机构的行政职级上有一定的区别。
(三)实现了“两级政府、三级管理”
“数字城管”的实施,促进了“两级政府、三级管理”的真正实施,市一级主要是监督,而区、街道主要是落实,真正实现了重心下移、属地管理、以区为主,突出街道一级的城市管理职能,发挥了街道在城市管理中的基础性作用。
(四)明确了各部门的职责
“数字城管”的实施,理清了市和区、市相关部门的职能,也理清了区和街道、区相关部门的职能。各个城市都根据本市实际制定了《城市管理指挥手册》,规定了每个具体城市管理问题由谁来处置,具体的处置时限和处置标准,为城市管理问题的快速派遣和处置莫定了基础。二创新了绩效评价机制 “数字城管”绩效评价包涵了内部评价和外部评价,内部评价是内部的工作绩效考核,相对来讲比较容易控制,而“数字城管”运行效能的体现关键在外部绩效评价,在体制理顺、问题责任单位明确、处置力量配备到位的情况下,还需要建立高位评价机制、科学评价办法和强有力的奖惩措施等,才能确保“数字城管”的高效运行。
(一)建立了高位考评机制
在我国的行政体制下,市级主要领导是否关注“数字城管”,是否关注绩效评价结果,直接关系“数字城管”运行的效果。目前部分城市已经建立了高位评价机制,书记、市长亲自过问、参与“数字城管”工作,将绩效评价结果作为衡量各个部门领导工作能力的指标,这大大促使了各部门真抓、狠抓城市管理工作。如常州市成立了由市政府秘书长为主任的考评委员会,市长每月定期进行暗查、暗访。杭州市建立了数字城管运行情况直报制度,市委、市政府主要领导每期必批,对部门无法协调的问题,由市政府分管秘书长亲临协调。
(二)制定了科学评价办法
绩效评价办法是否科学合理,直接关系到评价结果的权威性,各地都根据本地实际,建立了自己的绩效评价体系,并在实践中不断完善提高。如常州市根据其管理特点,采取了多样化的考评方式,确保了“数字城管”的评价结果的权威性。
(三)实施了可行的奖惩机制
通过落实一系列的奖惩措施,将绩效评价结果落到实处,从而调动各部门参与“数字城管”的积极性。如常州市,各区政府年初需缴纳200万元单位保证金,区党政主要领导和分管领导缴纳2万元个人保证金,根据评价结果,分别给予双倍奖励、返还保证金和没收保证金。各区年终“数字城管”绩效评价成绩列入市委、市政府对各辖区全年工作目标考核体系,权重占到6%。常州市天宁区实行末位淘汰制,绩效评价成续连续两个月最后名次的街道,其分管主任予以免职,三次主任免职;定期召开由市长、分管市长及各区区长、分管区长以及市各职能部门主要负责人参加的城市长效综合管理考评点评会,考评成级及存在问题在电视合、常州日报、晚报等媒体上公布;鄂尔多斯市东胜区区委、采取每年年初预算安排“数字城管”专项奖励资金100万元,向各职能部门收取一定管理基金的办法进行激励;烟台市政府将数字城管的绩效评价结果纳入对各区的《城市经济工作考核办法》的指标体系,为数字城管健康运行提供了强有力的制度保证。(来源:城市发展报告)
三提升了问题发现能力
“数字城管”的首要环节是发现问题。因城市管理的职能分散于各个部门,以往没有一个专门的部门来统一发现和受理城市管理问题。“数字城管”的实施,构建了这样一个统一的平台,组建了一支专门的巡查队伍,使城市管理问题发现的能力大大提高,时间大大缩短。在实践中,不同的城市所采取的方法有所不同,有直接招聘监督员,有采取市场化运行,也有分级发现问题等。
(一)市场化问题发现模式
杭州市以信息采集市场化为主渠道,大胆创新,建立一整套全面发现问题的机制,率先在全国走出了一条实施市场化采集的新路子。政府“花钱买信息”、“养事不养人”,按区域设定五个标段,向社会公开招聘具有良好社会信誉和人力资源管理资质的公司从事信息采集。引入了竞争机制,加强了对采集公司的管理,按月对采集公司采集情况进行排名。建立了“周例会、月考核、季兑现”制度,加大对漏报、错报、失报的校核力度,设定了“两条高压线”,杜绝虚假信息和吃拿卡要行为的发生。信息采集走市场化之路,确保了街面事、部件问题的及时、全面发现;同时也确保了发现问题的公正与中立,大大阵低了运作成本。
(二)分级化问题发现模式
常州市在问题发现上采取分级负责的办法,市、区、街道各自巡查,发现问题。市一级由三个方面的问题来源,一是由12319电话24小时被动受理城市管理方面的问题,二是通过自建的100个视频探头,全方位监控城市管理重点区域的问题,三是由市级监督考评员抽查、专项检查发现问题,除部件外,被市发现的问题将直接扣分。所有问题都将及时通过市一级平台下派到区二级平台;区一级也都有专业监督考评员队伍对所辖区域进行巡查,及时发现城市管理问题,并通过视频及时发现重点区域的问题,区巡查的目的就是提前发现、解决问题,不让市一级发现本区的问题;街道一级则管理力量都在自己的网格内不断巡查,及时发现和处里问题,不让市、区发现其管辖区域的问题,如涉及市级职能部门的问题及时报到市平台。目前全市每天有近1200个监督巡查人员在发现城市管理问题,问题发现的数量和及时性都大大提高,其管理水平也有了质的飞跃。四确定了城市管理标准
什么才是城市管理问题?这与各个职能部门管理的标准相关,不同的管理标准,产生问题的数量就有很大区别,如窖井盖的下陷,有的城市作为问题上报,有的城市则不作为问题上报。“数字城管”是精细化的城市管理模式,因此对城市管理标准提出提高了更高的要求。城市管理标准化。常州市在“数字城管”取得成效的基础上,市长提出了“五个化”,其中就有一个标准化,就是说城市管理要有自己的标准。由市各相关主管部门根据本行业的实际悄况,结合工作重点、难点及政府导向等实际,并围绕民生,制定出具体的管理标准,由市监督指挥中心进行归纳汇编,出台了《常州市城市长效管理规范标准及实施细则》,如护栏管理,原来可能一年才进行一次清洗,现在规定城市中心区域每周一次;如外墙粉刷,原来需要几年才进行一次,现在重点区域规定每年一次;如报刊亭的管理,原来只要求不占道经营就行,现在要求定期更新,不能超范围经营;如夜排档原来都是临时点,现全部进入室内疏导点等。因此“数字城管”的实施,大大提高了城市管理标准,而标准的提高,必然促使管理水平的提高。
五提高了问题处置效率
城市管理问题处置情况怎样、是否及时,在实施“数字城管”前,没有哪个部门来监督,各个职能部门(单位)既是运动员又是裁判员。“数字城管”实施后,各个城市都制定了《城市管理指挥手册》,由监督指挥中心按照部颁标准“立案、处置、结案”中的要求,明确了本市城市管理的问题具体处置要求和时限。“数字城管”的实施,使原来许多城市管理问题处置标准得到了提高,处置时间也大大缩短。
(一)结案的标准明晰
杭州市实施“数字城管”后,将问题处置的要求和结案的标准定位在“眼睛能看到”,也就是说问题需得到解决后,才能结案,改变以往“已派人去处理”、“将要去处理”等敷衍做法,常州市对市民举报的问题,处置完毕后,需要由平台回访市民,得到“满意”的答复后才能结案。这都对处置的标准提出了更高的要求。
(二)处置的时限缩短
在处置时限上,杭州市的问题及时解决率从原来的26.7%提升至95.11%;数字城管事、部件单件问题的平均处置时间由去年的5.78和16.38小时缩短到现在的3.17和14.67小时,改变了过去“发现问题靠举报,处置问题靠突击,解决问题靠批示”的做法,每天通过专业的信息采集员队伍的不间断巡查,促进了街面管理问题的及时发现、处置和解决。
六建立了市民诉求平合
一个城市的管理离不开公众的参与,如果说原来的城市管理模式对公众参与的渴求还是一种形式的话,“数字城管”的实施,真正实现了市民参与城市管理的目标。“数字城管”的信息系统平台,实现城市管理问题的快速受理、快速派遣、快速处置,使市民对城市管理的诉求得到了及时的回应。
常州市设立的12319监督指挥平台,将受理子系统与呼叫中心相结合,将所有部件、事件以及与民生有关的城市管理问题全部纳入受理范围,24小时接受市民来电,并重点突出咨询和事件类的管理,所有问题都进行回访,真正实现了“替政府分忧,为百姓解难”的宗旨。开展了城市管理“百人找差”活动,邀请市民、网民、人大代表、政协委员等,对城市管理工作找不足、提意见。所有问题由专门人员进行梳理、派遣,处置结果一一在常州本地论坛、监督指挥中心网站上予以公布,做到了事事有回音。七整合了社会管理资源
“数字城管”作为城市公共管理的重要信息平台,涉及范围广、数据种类多、网络覆盖全,它依托城市原有信息化进行提升,整合了社会公共资源,节省了政府投资同时也为各地“数字城市”的建没提供了数据、网络支持。
如常州市,整合了市规划、国土部门的电子地图,与部件普查相结合,形成了全市的基础设施数据库,不仅满足了自身需要,也为公交、电力、通信等部门的设施管理提供了翔实数据。该市利用公共无线信号,建成了无线视频监控系统,避免了因租用运营商网络而产生的高昂费用。杭州市借助数字城管GIS、GPS等关键技术,建立了环卫车载GPS、自来水远程抄表、权力阳光许可审批等系统,实现了信息资源的互通共享,为强化行业监管提供了技术支撑。八实现了长效管理目标
因城市管理问题的动态性、随机性、复杂性,传统的管理模式属于粗放型和突击型,城市管理人长期都在孜孜不倦地寻找一种模式,来解决城市管理“抓反复、反复抓”的困境。“数字城管”的出现,为城市提供了一种真正的长效管理城市的模式,不再需要突击、不再需要运动战,城市管理问题随时发现、随时派遣、随时处置。如常州市,以绩效评价为基础,建立了一套符合自身实际并切实有效的“数字城管”长效管理机制,突出事件类管理和考评,各区、各部门都努力做好本部门的基础性工作,随时接受市监督指挥中心的考评,从而真正实现了检查与不检查一个样,节假日与平时一个样,在中央领导来常期间,城市管理工作仍然和平时一样,坚持不搞突击。2008、2009连续两年征询市人大代表、政协委员、新闻媒体、行政主管部门的意见建议,并通过入户调查、现场问卷等形式,征求市民群众对“数字城管”运行成效的评价,两年的群众满意度都在92%以上。城市长效管理的目标真正得以实现。
“数字城管”是一个新生事物,它给城市管理带来了一场革命,它的实施,使各个城市的管理水平都有了明显的提高,但在试点和推广的过程中,还有许多课题,有待于每个“数字城管”人去探索和研究。(来源:城市发展报告)
第三篇:中英文对照文章⑥
If如果
If you can keep your head when all about you Are losing theirs and blaming it on you;
If you can trust yourself when all men doubt you, But make allowance for their doubting too;
If you can wait and not be tired by waiting,Or, being lied about,don't deal in lies,Or, being hated, don't give way to hating,And yet don't look too good, nor talk too wise;
If you can dreamand not make thoughts your aim;If you can meet with triumph and disaster
And treat those two impostors just the same;If you can bear to hear the truth you've spoken Twiseted by knaves to make a trap for fools,Or watch the things you gave your life to broken, And stoop and build 'em up with wornout tools;
If you can make one heap of all your winnings And risk it on one turn of pitch-and-toss,And lose, and start again at your beginnings And never breathe a word about your loss;
If you can force your heart and nerve and sinew To serve your turn long after they are gone, And so hold on when there is nothin in you
Except the Will which says to them:“Hold on!”;
If you can talk with crowds and keep your virtue, Or walk with Kings-nor lose the common touch;If neither foes nor loving friends can hurt you;If all men count with you, but none too much;If you can fill the unforgiving minute
With sixty second' worth of distance run-
Yours is the Earth and everything that's in it, Andyou'll be a Man my son!
如果所有人都失去理智,咒骂你,你仍能保持头脑情形;
如果所有人都怀疑你,你仍能坚信自己,让所有的怀疑动摇;
如果你要等待,不要因此厌烦,为人所骗,不要因此骗人,为人所恨,不要因此抱恨,不要太乐观,不要自以为是;
如果你是个追梦人——不要被梦主宰;
如果你是个爱思考的人——光想会达不到目标; 如果你遇到骄傲和挫折
把两者当骗子看待;
如果你能忍受,你曾讲过的事实
被恶棍扭曲,用于蒙骗傻子;
看着你用毕生去看护的东西被破坏,然后俯身,用破烂的工具把它修补;
如果在你赢得无数桂冠之后„
突遇颠峰下跌之险,失败过后,东山再起,不要抱怨你的失败;
如果你能迫使自己,在别人走后,长久坚守阵地,在你心中已空荡荡无一物‟
只有意志告诉你“坚持!”;
如果你与人交谈,能保持风度,伴王行走,能保持距离;
如果仇敌和好友都不害你;
如果所有人都指望你,却无人全心全意; 如果你花六十秒进行短程跑,填满那不可饶恕的一分钟—— 你就可以拥有一个世界,这个世界的一切都是你的,更重要的是,孩子,你是个顶天立地的人。
第四篇:数字时代中英文演讲稿(范文)
一年前,阿巴·达韦萨AbhaDawesar生活在飓风桑迪过后断电的曼哈顿,为上网四处找电充。作为一个小说家,她从中发现其隐喻:在生活深度与数字世界连结的同时,我们是否错过了真实世界?
I was in New York during Hurricane Sandy, and this little white dog called Maui was staying with me.Half the city was dark because of a power cut, and I was living on the dark side.Now, Maui was terrified of the dark, so I had to carry him up the stairs, actually down the stairs first, for his walk, and then bring him back up.I was also hauling gallons of bottles of water up to the seventh floor every day.And through all of this, I had to hold a torch between my teeth.The stores nearby were out of flashlights and batteries and bread.For a shower, I walked 40 blocks to a branch of my gym.当飓风桑迪来袭时,我正在纽约 和一只名叫毛伊的小白狗 待在一起 由于停电,半个城市处于黑暗中 我当时就在黑暗(停电)的这一边 毛伊非常怕黑 我只好把它抱上楼 实际上是先带下楼去遛 再把它抱回来 我每天还要将数加仑的瓶装水 艰难地拖到七楼 而且同时 我还得牙咬着手电照明。附近商店里的手电筒,电池 和面包早已售罄 为了洗个澡,我得走40个路口 到一个健身中心去。But these were not the major preoccupations of my day.It was just as critical for me to be the first person in at a cafe nearby with extension cords and chargers to juice my multiple devices.I started to prospect under the benches of bakeries and the entrances of pastry shops for plug points.I wasn't the only one.Even in the rain, people stood between Madison and 5th Avenue under their umbrellas charging their cell phones from outlets on the street.Nature had just reminded us that it was stronger than all our technology, and yet here we were, obsessed about being wired.但这些并不是我一天中最重要的任务 对我来说同样重要的还有能否第一个 带上充电线到附近的一家咖啡馆 给我的多个设备充电。我开始寻找面包店长椅下 和糕点店入口处的那些插座我并不是唯一一个 即使下着雨,也有人打着雨伞站在 麦迪逊和第五大道之间的街边插座旁等着自己的手机充电 大自然提醒着我们 它比所有的技术来的强大 但我们仍然沉迷于上网。
I think there's nothing like a crisis to tell you what's really important and what's not, and Sandy made me realize that our devices and their connectivity matter to us right up there with food and shelter.The self as we once knew it no longer exists, and I think that an abstract, digital universe has become a part of our identity, and I want to talk to you about what I think that means.我认为没有什么能够比一场危机 更能告诉你事物的轻重缓急 飓风桑迪使我认识到我们的电子设备 及其通讯功能对我的重要程度 就如食物和住所一般 我们所熟知的一部分自己已经不复存在 而一个抽象的数字的世界 已经成为了我们身份的一部分 我想谈谈这意味着什么
I'm a novelist, and I'm interested in the self because the self and fiction have a lot in common.They're both stories, interpretations.You and I can experience things without a story.We might run up the stairs too quickly and we might get breathless.But the larger sense that we have of our lives, the slightly more abstract one, is indirect.Our story of our life is based on direct experience, but it's embellished.A novel needs scene after scene to build, and the story of our life needs an arc as well.It needs months and years.Discrete moments from our lives are its chapters.But the story is not about these chapters.It's the whole book.It's not only about the heartbreak and the happiness, the victories and the disappointments, but it's because how because of these, and sometimes, more importantly, in spite of these, we find our place in the world and we change it and we change ourselves.Our story, therefore, needs two dimensions of time: a long arc of time that is our lifespan,and the timeframe of direct experience that is the moment.Now the self that experiences directly can only exist in the moment, but the one that narrates needs several moments, a whole sequence of them, and that's why our full sense of self needs both immersive experience and the flow of time.Now, the flow of time is embedded in everything, in the erosion of a grain of sand, in the budding of a little bud into a rose.Without it, we would have no music.Our own emotions and state of mind often encode time, regret or nostalgia about the past, hope or dread about the future.我是一个小说家,我对关于“自我”的话题感兴趣 因为“自我”和小说有很多共同点 他们都属于一种故事和诠释 你和我可以不通过故事体验事情 我们可能爬楼梯爬得太快 我们可能呼吸困难但我们越是深入地感受我们的生活 就越是感受到其抽象和不直接 我们关于生活的故事都来自于经历 但是修饰过的 小说需要一个接一个的场景来完成 我们生活的故事同样需要一道时间跨度 需要数月甚至数年的 独立生活场景来组成一个个章节 但故事并不是仅仅是这些章节 而是整整一本书 不仅仅是伤心和愉悦 也不仅仅是胜利和失望 而是所有的前因后果 有时候,也许更加重要的是,尽管有此种种 我们寻找自己在世界中的位置 然后改变这个位置,改变自我我们的故事,因此,需要一个二维的时间轴: 一个是我们整个的生命 以及另一个就是直接经历的时间片段 便是某个时刻 现在直接经历的那个“自我” 只存在于某个时刻 但一个故事需要多个时刻组成 多个有序的时刻 这就是为何完整的“自我”认识 同时包括深入地体验 和时间的流逝时间的流逝镌刻于每一件事情中 无论是一粒沙尘的消逝 还是一朵玫瑰的缓缓绽放 没有时间的流逝,我们无法获得音乐 我们自己的情绪和意识 往往同时间紧密相连 无论是对过去的悔恨或怀念 或是对未来的希望和担心
I think that technology has altered that flow of time.The overall time that we have for our narrative, our lifespan, has been increasing, but the smallest measure, the moment, has shrunk.It has shrunk because our instruments enable us in part to measure smaller and smaller units of time, and this in turn has given us a more granular understanding of the material world, and this granular understanding has generated reams of data that our brains can no longer comprehend and for which we need more and more complicated computers.All of this to say that the gap between what we can perceive and what we can measure is only going to widen.Science can do things with and in a picosecond, but you and I are never going to have the inner experience of a millionth of a millionth of a second.You and I answer only to nature's rhythm and flow, to the sun, the moon and the seasons, and this is why we need that long arc of time with the past, the present and the future to see things for what they are, to separate signal from noise and the self from sensations.We need time's arrow to understand cause and effect, not just in the material world, but in our own intentions and our motivations.What happens when that arrow goes awry? What happens when time warps? 我认为科技已经改变的时间的流逝 我们人生中用在叙事上的时间 增加了 但时间的片段和瞬间,却简短了 因为我们的设备让我们 能够度量越来越小的时间片段 这反过来又给了我们一个更细粒度的理解 物质世界 这种细粒度的理解 产生了大量的数据 我们的大脑不能处理了 这就导致我们需要越来越复杂的电脑。这一切就是说明 我们可以理解世界的和我们可以度量的世界之间的鸿沟 越来越大了。科技可以实现在皮秒(百亿分之一秒)下完成工作,可是你我却没有可能感受到 百万分之百万分之一秒。你我,只能感受到自然的变化节奏,太阳,月亮,季节 这需要很长的时间跨度 包括过去,现在和未来 分清事物,从噪声中剥离出信号从感觉中辨析“自我”。我们需要时间箭头的方向辨析因果,不仅在物质世界里,还在我们自己的内在世界。时间箭头的方向出错了会如何? 时间扭曲了会如何?
So many of us today have the sensation that time's arrow is pointing everywhere and nowhere at once.This is because time doesn't flow in the digital world in the same way that it does in the natural one.We all know that the Internet has shrunk space as well as time.Far away over there is now here.News from India is a stream on my smartphone appwhether I'm in New York or New Delhi.And that's not all.Your last job, your dinner reservations from last year, your former friends, lie on a flat plain with today's friends,because the Internet also archives, and it warps the past.With no distinction left between the past, the present and the future, and the here or there, we are left with this moment everywhere, this moment that I'll call the digital now.我们现今有许多感觉 时间箭头指向了所有方向 同时又没有指向任何方向。这是因为数字世界中时间 不会像在现实世界中一样流淌。我们知道互联网拉近了空间 和时间。遥远的地方就在身边。来自印度的消息流入我的智能手机应用程序 不管我在纽约还是在新德里。这还不是全部。你上一份工作,你去年的订餐记录,你以前的朋友,和现如今的朋友并排在一个屏幕上,因为互联网会存档,它扭曲了过去。没法区分过去,现在和未来,此处和彼处,我们这一刻无处不在,这一刻,我称之为“数字当下”
Just how can we prioritize in the landscape of the digital now? This digital now is not the present, because it's always a few seconds ahead, with Twitter streams that are already trending and news from other time zones.This isn't the now of a shooting pain in your footor the second that you bite into a pastry or the three hours that you lose yourself in a great book.This now bears very little physical or psychological reference to our own state.Its focus, instead, is to distract us at every turn on the road.Every digital landmark is an invitation to leave what you are doing now to go somewhere else and do something else.Are you reading an interview by an author? Why not buy his book? Tweet it.Share it.Like it.Find other books exactly like his.Find other people reading those books.Travel can be liberating, but when it is incessant, we become permanent exiles without repose.Choice is freedom, but not when it's constantly for its own sake.我们如何在“数字当下”中 区分优先级呢? “数字当下”不是现在,因为它总是超前几秒,推特推送了来自 其它时区的新闻。“数字当下”不再是现在,有切肤之感、或者品味糕点的时刻、或者是三个小时流连于好书中间。“数字当下”很少参照我们自身 生理或心理的状态。“数字当下”使我们 在每个路口分心。每个数字路标都是一个岔路 会使我们到其它地方去 做其它事。你在阅读作者的专访吗? 为什么不买他的书?推特上转发它,共享它。顶它。找类似的图书。找那些正在阅读此类书的读者。旅行(网上冲浪)是自由的,但当它变得不停不歇,我们就变成了永久的流亡者,没有些许喘息。选择是自由的,但无时无刻的选择就 不是自由了。
Not just is the digital now far from the present, but it's in direct competition with it, and this is because not just am I absent from it, but so are you.Not just are we absent from it, but so is everyone else.And therein lies its greatest convenience and horror.I can order foreign language books in the middle of the night, shop for Parisian macarons, and leave video messages that get picked up later.At all times, I can operate at a different rhythm and pace from you, while I sustain the illusion that I'm tapped into you in real time.“数字当下”不仅远离现在,而且它也在于现在竞争,这不仅仅是因为我脱离了现在,而且你们也是。不仅是因为我们脱离了现在,每个其他人都是。这就是最大的便利和恐怖所在 我可以在午夜订外文书,买巴黎的法国小圆饼,留视频信息,稍后接收。在任何时候,我可以以与你不同的节奏和速度操作,当我还沉浸在这样 与你们实时互动的幻境中的时候。
Sandy was a reminder of how such an illusion can shatter.There were those with power and water, and those without.There are those who went back to their lives, and those who are still displaced after so many months.For some reason, technology seems to perpetuate the illusion for those who have it that everyone does, and then, like an ironic slap in the face, it makes it true.For example, it's said that there are more people in India with access to cell phones than toilets.Now if this rift, which is already so great in many parts of the world,between the lack of infrastructure and the spread of technology, isn't somehow bridged,there will be ruptures between the digital and the real.For us as individuals who live in the digital now and spend most of our waking moments in it, the challenge is to live in two streams of time that are parallel and almost simultaneous.How does one live inside distraction? 桑迪飓风提醒了我们 幻境可以被粉碎。居所分为有水有电的 和没有的。有些人回到他们的生活,经过许多个月 还有些人仍然无法上网。出于某种原因,技术似乎给我们一种 每个人都拥有一样条件的幻觉,然后,一个讽刺的耳光,它现出原形。例如:据说在印度 有手机的人比有抽水马桶的人多。这样的鸿沟,已经如此巨大 在世界很多地方,那里往往缺少基础设施,但技术进步的脚步已经捷足先登。但假如这两者之间的鸿沟不被连接的话,将会带来巨大的断层。对于我们那些醒着的时间 生活在“数字当下”中的人,挑战在于生活在 两个并行同时存在的时间流中。一个人如何生活在分心中? We might think that those younger than us, those who are born into this, will adapt more naturally.Possibly, but I remember my childhood.I remember my grandfather revising the capitals of the world with me.Buda and Pest were separated by the Danube, and Vienna had a Spanish riding school.If I were a child today, I could easily learn this information with apps and hyperlinks, but it really wouldn't be the same, because much later, I went to Vienna, and I went to the Spanish riding school, and I could feel my grandfather right beside me.Night after night, he took me up on the terrace, on his shoulders, and pointed out Jupiter and Saturn and the Great Bear to me.And even here, when I look at the Great Bear,I get back that feeling of being a child, hanging onto his head and trying to balance myselfon his shoulder, and I can get back that feeling of being a child again.What I had with my grandfather was wrapped so often in information and knowledge and fact, but it was about so much more than information or knowledge or fact.Time-warping technology challengesour deepest core, because we are able to archive the past and some of it becomes hard to forget, even as the current moment is increasingly unmemorable.We want to clutch, and we are left instead clutching at a series of static moments.They're like soap bubbles that disappear when we touch them.我们也许会想年轻人会比我们好些,他们出生于数字时代,会自然的适应。也许,但是我记起了我的童年。我记得我祖父告诉我 世界各地的首都。布达和佩斯(布达佩斯)是被多瑙河分割开的,维也纳有个西班牙马术学校。如果我是当下的小孩子,我会很快知道这些信息利用互联网,但体验绝不会是相同的,因为,多年后,去维也纳,我去了那间西班牙马术学校,我感觉我祖父就在我身边。夜复一夜,他带我到阳台上,在他的肩膀上,指点我木星 土星和大熊星座。即使在这里,当我看到大熊星座时,我会回想起小时候,在他头顶上,努力 在他肩膀上保持平衡,我能再次回想到小时候。我和我的祖父的过往 夹杂着信息和知识和事实,但这些意味着更多 超越信息和知识和事实。时间扭曲技术 挑战我们最深层的内核,因为我们可以记录过去 有些东西变得难以忘却,即使在当下 越来越不容易记住。我们希望抓住关键时刻,取而代之我们希望抓住关键时刻的 变成了一串静止时刻。它们象肥皂泡,我们一触即破。By archiving everything, we think that we can store it, but time is not data.It cannot be stored.You and I know exactly what it means like to be truly present in a moment.It might have happened while we were playing an instrument, or looking into the eyes of someone we've known for a very long time.At such moments, our selves are complete.The self that lives in the long narrative arc and the self that experiences the moment become one.The present encapsulates the past and a promise for the future.The present joins a flow of timefrom before and after.通过存档,我们认为我们可以保存有一切,但时间不是数据。它不能被保存。你和我知道这意味着什么 确实的在某一时刻。它(记住的关键时刻)可能发生在 我们演奏乐器时,或者注视一个我们熟知人的 眼睛时。在这些时刻,我们自己是完整的。“自我”生活在漫长的情节 “自我”体验的时刻,成为自我。当下包含过去,是对未来的一个承诺。当下汇聚流失的时间 从过去和之后。I first experienced these feelings with my grandmother.I wanted to learn to skip, and she found an old rope and she tucked up her sari and she jumped over it.I wanted to learn to cook, and she kept me in the kitchen, cutting, cubing and chopping for a whole month.My grandmother taught me that things happen in the time they take, that time can't be fought,and because it will pass and it will move, we owe the present moment our full attention.Attention is time.One of my yoga instructors once said that love is attention, and definitely from my grandmother, love and attention were one and the same thing.The digital world cannibalizes time, and in doing so, I want to suggest that what it threatens is the completeness of ourselves.It threatens the flow of love.But we don't need to let it.We can choose otherwise.We've seen again and again just how creative technology can be, and in our lives and in our actions, we can choose those solutions and those innovations and those moments that restore the flow of time instead of fragmenting it.We can slow down and we can tune in to the ebb and flow of time.We can choose to take time back.我第一次体验到它是和我的祖母。我想学会跳绳,她找出一条老绳 把纱丽扎起来 然后跳了过去。我想学做菜,她就和我 在厨房里切了一个月的菜。我的祖母教会了我事情发生在 它们占用的时间上,时间不可战胜,因为时间是时不我待的,我们拥有现在用我们的注意力 注意力、关心就是时间。我的一位瑜伽老师曾说过 爱就是关注,确实从我祖母那里我学到 爱便等同于关注。数字世界吞噬时间,有鉴于此,我建议 数字世界 威胁的是我们自身的完整性。它威胁到爱的流淌。不过我们可以不让它发生。我们可以选择。我们已经看了许多遍创新技术的能耐,在我们的生活中和行为中,我们可以选择这些创新 同时这些时刻我们可以记下时间流淌 而不是存储时间碎片。我们可以慢放,我们可以对焦 时间的流淌和潮汐 我们可以选择夺回”时间“ Thank you.谢谢!
第五篇:中英文对照文章8(共)
剃须心得: 有钱不必花在刀刃上
A Penny Shaved Is A Penny Earned
For years, I've felt like a sap whenever I bought razors.很多年来,每当我买剃须刀时都觉得自己像个傻瓜。
It killed me to spend $2.50 to $3 a blade for my Gillette Mach 3.Yet the few times when I used cheap disposable razors, it was like shaving with a file.为我的吉列锋速3(Gillette Mach 3)买一个刀片要花2.50美元到3美元,这让我心疼不已。但有几次我用便宜的一次性剃须刀时,感觉就像在用锉刀刮胡子。
Finally, a couple of weeks ago, I bought a serviceable store-brand razor that costs about half the price of the premier brands.Jon Protas for The Wall Street Journal
吉列锋速3是好剃须刀,但刀片的价钱真不便宜最终,几星期前,我买了一把商店自有品牌的剃须刀,这把剃须刀也还好用,而且价格只有名牌剃须刀的一半左右。
It shouldn't have come to this.I've used Gillette razors for decades, and I like them.The rub is the cost.In my book, a fair price for refills would be about a buck.事情不应该变成这样。我已经用了几十年吉列剃须刀了,而且我喜欢用它。问题出在价格上。在我看来,刀片的合理价格应该约为1美元。
I'm a believer in markets, but it doesn't seem like the razor-blade market gives me what I want.Instead of competing on price, Gillette and Schick largely seem to be engaged in a silly arms race to improve a product that already works perfectly well.Two blades, three blades, four blades--when will it stop? 我是一个信奉市场的人,但剃须刀刀片市场看来并没有给出我想要的结果。吉列(Gillette)和舒适(Schick)并没有在价格上进行竞争,而更像是投入了一场愚蠢的军备竞赛,以改进一种本来已经很完善的产品。双刀片、三刀片、四刀片──什么时候才是个头?
Not anytime soon, apparently.Schick will soon launch its own five-blade razor, and says that prices for it should be 10% to 20% above the Quattro, its four-blade razor that was introduced in 2003.显然,这种趋势短期内不会停止。舒适公司很快将推出它的五刀片剃须刀,并称该产品的价格将比其2003年推出的四刀片剃须刀“创4纪”(Quattro)高10%至20%。
Gillette, a unit of Procter & Gamble, got there first.Its Fusion Power MVP--an early version of which went on sale in 2006--has five spring-mounted blades and battery-powered micropulses to reduce friction 'so you barely feel the blades.' The
Gillette Web site has a video of a mechanic with a giant razor blade on a car lift.宝洁公司(Procter & Gamble)旗下的吉列公司是率先推出五刀片剃须刀的生产商。吉列的Fusion Power MVP──这款剃须刀的早期型号于2006年上市──带有五个弹簧式刀片和电动微脉冲以减少摩擦,“因此您几乎感觉不到刀片”。吉列公司的网站上有一段视频,视频中,一位拿着巨型剃须刀刀片的机械师站在一架汽车升降机上。
Razor makers, I have news for you.A razor is not a sports car.It won't make us feel young again or turn women's heads.We don't like shaving, and no matter what you do, we never will.All we want is a razor that will do the job without nicking us, either literally or figuratively.剃须刀生产商,有件事我要告诉你们。剃须刀不是跑车。它不会让我们感觉重返青春,也不会引来女性的顾盼。我们不喜欢刮胡子,不管你们怎么做,我们都不会喜欢。我们想要的只是一把不会刮伤脸,也不会让荷包挨宰的剃须刀。
But Gillette and Schick have a different view.Gillette is constantly doing research and development to create the perfect shave, says Mike Norton, a spokesman.'It's not the number of blades, it's the science behind the blades that gives you a better shave.' 但吉列公司和舒适公司有不同的观点。吉列公司的发言人迈克•诺顿(Mike Norton)称,吉列公司一直致力于研发能带来完美剃须体验的剃须刀。“关键不是刀片的数量,而是刀片背后带给您更佳剃须体验的科技。”
Jackie Burwitz of Energizer Holdings, which owns Schick, says, 'If you look at the sales data, consumers are willing to pay up for a better-performing razor.' 舒适公司的母公司,劲量控股公司(Energizer Holdings)的杰基•布尔维茨(Jackie Burwitz)说:“如果你考察销售数据,就会发现消费者愿意为性能更好的剃须刀多掏钱。”
There you have it.There's more money to be made developing fancier and fancier razors than in keeping the same razors and engaging in a price war.In other words, we American males have only ourselves to blame for the five-blade razor.现在你明白了吧。研发越来越高档的剃须刀比守着老款式剃须刀打价格战能赚到更多钱。换句话说,面对五刀片剃须刀,我们美国男人只能怨自己。
Over the years, I've compensated for the rising prices of razor blades by using less of them.Whereas I once might have changed blades every week or so, I now go two or three weeks before popping in a new one.这些年来,我应对剃须刀刀片涨价的方法就是少用它们。我曾经几乎每周都更换刀片,而我现在两至三个星期才更换新刀片。
A colleague of mine is married to a thrifty Frenchman who waits at least two months before changing razor blades.He has gone as long as six months.When he does
change blades, it feels 'like a warm knife through butter,' says Jean-Philippe Masson, 36 years old.'If you changed every week, you would not appreciate that pleasure.' 我的一位同事嫁给了一个节俭的法国人,他至少等两个月才换一次剃须刀刀片,最长六个月才换一次刀片。36岁的让-菲利普•马松(Jean-Philippe Masson)说,当他换完刀片后,刮胡子的感觉“就像热刀子切开黄油一般顺畅”。“如果你每周都换刀片,就享受不到这种乐趣了。”
That's the French way.The American way, of course, rarely involves denying ourselves something.Instead, we look for a way to get it cheaper.这是法国人的处理方式。当然,我们美国人很少有好东西舍不得用,而是会寻找让它更便宜的方法。
Maybe that's why there's a thriving market out there for after-market razors.可能这就是剃须刀刀片市场如此兴旺的原因。
There are people still selling blades for Gillette Trac II, the two-blade razor I used as a young man.A Web site advertised a 100-pack of after-market refills for $49.99.Alas, I haven't owned a Trac II for many years.有人仍在卖吉列Trac II的刀片,我年轻时用过这种双刀片剃须刀。一个网站上刊登了一种100片装Trac II刀片的广告,其售价为49.99美元。唉,可惜我已经有许多年没用过Trac II了。
Instead, I went to my local CVS pharmacy, where the chain was pitching its 'three-blade shaving system.' I paid $12.50 for a razor and 10 blades, bringing my per-blade cost to $1.25.无奈之下,我去了本地的CVS药店(CVS pharmacy),这家连锁店正在推销其“三刀片剃须套装”。我花12.50美元买了一把剃须刀和10个刀片,这样每个刀片的价格就降到了1.25美元。
I've been trying out the CVS razor for the past couple of weeks.It was just as comfortable as the three-blade Gillette I've used for several years.过去几周我一直在试用CVS剃须刀。它用起来和我已经用了几年的三刀片吉列剃须刀一样舒适。
The Gillette might have given me a slightly closer shave than the CVS razor.I really can't say for sure.I can't tell the difference between a great shave and good one.But I can tell the difference between paying $2.50 and $1.25.吉列剃须刀的剃须感觉可能比CVS剃须刀稍微贴合一些,但我真的说不准。我说不出上佳的剃须体验和良好的剃须体验有何区别。但我说得出花2.50美元和花1.25美元的区别。
To be fair to Gillette, I agreed to try out its latest, greatest razor.So Gillette sent me a Fusion ProGlide Power razor, a five-blade razor that hits the market in June.It will have a suggested retail price of $12.99 for a razor and two cartridges.A four-pack of refills will cost $17.99.为了对吉列公平,我同意试用其最新最好的剃须刀。于是,吉列公司寄给我一款Fusion ProGlide Power剃须刀,这是一种将于6月上市的五刀片剃须刀。这款剃须刀的建议零售价为12.99美元,包括一把剃须刀和两个备
用刀头。含四个备用刀头的套装售价为17.99美元。
I used the new razor over the weekend before sending it back to Gillette.It was a closer shave.But when I finished, the smooth face I saw peering back in the mirror was still my own, not George Clooney's.And I'd still feel like a sap spending $4.50 each time I changed blades.周末用过这款新剃须刀后,我将它寄回给吉列公司,用它剃须的感觉的确更贴合。但当我刮完胡子后,我在镜子里看到的那张光滑面庞仍然是我的脸,而不是乔治•克鲁尼的,而当我每次为换刀片花4.5美元时,仍然感觉自己像个傻瓜。
So I'm sticking with the CVS razor.Until I find something cheaper.所以我会继续使用CVS的剃须刀,直到我找到更便宜的剃须刀为止。
2012世界末日预言网上整理。