第一篇：ICC(A)中英文对照
承保风险
（风险条款）
本保险承保保险标的损失或损害的一切风险，但不包括下列第4、5、6和7条规定的除外责任
（共同海损条款）
本保险承保根据运输合同、准据法和惯例理算或确定的共同海损和救助费用，其产生是为了避免任何原因造成的损失或与避免任何原因造成的损失有关，但此种原因不是本保险第4，5，6，7条或其他条文除外的危险
（“双方有责碰撞”条款）
本保险扩展赔偿被保险人诸如下文可补偿的损失方面根据运输合同中的“双方有责碰撞”条款的比例责任部分。在船东根据此条款提出索赔的情况下，被保险人同意通知保险人，保险人有权自负费用为被保险人对此种索赔提出答辩。
除外责任
（普通除外条款）4 本保险决不承保；
4.1 可归咎于被保险人的蓄意恶性的损失、损害或费用
4.2 保险标的的通常渗漏、通常重量或体积损失、或通常磨损
4.3 保险标的的包装或准备不足或不当引起的损失、损害或费用（在本款意义上，“包装”应视为包括集装箱或托盘内的积载，但仅适用于此种 积载是在本保险责任开始前进行或是由被保险人或其雇员进行之时）
4.4 保险标的固有缺陷或性质引起的损失、损害或费用
4.5 迟延直接造成的损失、损害或费用，即使该延迟是由承保风险引起的（但根据上述第2条支付的费用除外）
4.6 因船舶的所有人、经理人、承租人或经营人的破产或经济困境产生的损失、损害或费用
4.7 因使用原子或核裂变和/或聚变或其类似反应或放射性力量或物质所制造的战争武器产生的损失、损害或费用。
（不适航和不适运除外条款）
5.1 本保险决不承保损失、损害或费用，如其起因于 5.1.1 船舶或驳船不适航
5.1.2 船舶、驳船、运输工具、集装箱或托盘对保险标的的安全运输不适合，而且在保险标的装于其上时，被保险人或其雇员对此种不适航或不适运有私谋
5.2 保险人放弃载运保险标的到目的港的船舶不得违反默示适航或适运保证，除非被保险人或其雇员对此种不适航或不适运有私谋。
（战争除外条款）
本保险决不承保损失、损害或费用，如其起因于
6.1 战争、内战、革命、造反、判乱或由此引起的内乱或交战方之间的敌对行为 6.2 捕获、扣押、扣留、拘禁或羁押（海盗除外），和此种行为引起的后果或进行此种行为的企图
6.3 被遗弃的水雷、鱼雷、炸弹或其他被遗弃的战争武器。
（罢工除外条款）
本保险决不承保损失、损害或费用
7.1 罢工者、被迫停工工人，或参加工潮、暴动或民变的人员造成者 7.2 罢工、停工、工潮、暴动或民变造成者 7.3 任何恐怖份子或出于政治动机而行为的人员造成者。
保险期间
（运送条款）
8.1 本保险责任始于货物运离载明的仓库或储存处所开始运送之时在通常运送过程中连续终止于: 8.1.1 在载明的目的地或之前交付到收货人的或其他最后仓库或储存处所，8.1.2 在载明的目的地或之前交付到任何其他仓库或储存处所其由被保险人用作 8.1.2.1 通常运送过程以外的储存或 8.1.2.2 分配或分派
8.1.3 或者被保险货物在最后卸货港全部卸离海船满60天，以上各项以先发生者为准。
8.2 如果在最后卸货港卸离海船后，但在本保险终止之前，货物被发送到非本保险承保的目的地，本保险，在依然受前述规定的终止所制约的同时，截止于开始向此种其他目的地运送之时。
8.3 保险人不能控制的迟延、任何绕航、强制卸货、重装或转载期间以及船东或承租人行使根据运输合同赋予的自由权产生的任何航海上的变更期间，本保险继续有效（但须受上述规定的终止和下述第9条规定的制约）。
（运输合同终止条款）
如果由于被保险人不能控制的情况，运输合同在载明的目的地以外的港口或地点终止，或运送在如同上述第8条规定的交付货物前另行终止，那么本保险也终止，但若立即通知了保险人并在本保险有效时提出继续承保的要求，以受保险人要求的附加保险费的约束为前提，本保险继续有效。
9.1 直至货物在此种港口或地点出售并交付，或者，除非另有特别约定，直至被保险货物到达此种港口或地点满60天，二者以先发生者为准，或者
9.2 如果货物在上述60天（或任何约定的延展期间）内被运往载明的目的地或其他目的地，直至根据上述第8条的规定而终止。
（航程改变条款）
如果在本保险责任开始后，被保险人改变了目的地，就按有待重新商定的保险费率和条件续保，但以立即通知保险人为前提。
（保险利益条款）
索赔
11.1为了根据本保险取得赔偿，被保险人在损失发生时对保险标的须具保险利益。11.2 除了上述第1款另有规定外，被保险人有权取得本保险承保期间发生的承保损失的赔偿，尽管该损失产生在本保险合同订立之前，除非当时被保险人知道该损失而保险人不知道。
（续运费用条款）
由于本保险承保的一种风险发生作用的结果，承保的保险标的运送在根据本保险承保的目的地以外的港口或地方终止，承保人将适当合理偿付被保险人在卸下、储存和发运保险标的至所承保的目的地而适当和合理遭受的额外费用
不适用于共同海损或救助费用的本条规定，须受上述第4、5、6和7条包含的除外责任的制约，且不包括由被保险人或其雇员的过失、疏忽、破产或经济困境所引起的费用。
（推定全损条款）
推定全损得不到赔偿，除非因实际全损看来不可避免，或由于把货物恢复、整理和发运保险标的到承保目的地的费用会超过其抵达时的价值，保险标的被合理放弃。
（增加价值条款）
14.1 如果对保险货物由被保险人办理了增加价值保险，货物保险价值就应视为增加至承保损失的本保险和所有增加价值保险的保险金额的总和，本保险的责任按照本保险的保险金额占此保险金额的总和的比例计算。
索赔时被保险人须向保险人提供所有其他保险的保险金额的证据。
14.2 如果本保险是增加价值保险，应适用下述条款：货物的保险价值应视为等于由被保险人对货物办理的承保损失的原始保险和所有增加价值保险的保险金额的总和的比例计算。
索赔时被保险人须向保险人提供所有其他保险的保险金额的证据。
保险受益
（不适用条款）
本保险不使承运人或其他保管人受益。
尽量减少损失
（被保险人的义务条款）
对可取得赔偿的损失，被保险人及其雇员和代理人有义务 16.1 采取为避免或尽量减少此种损失可能是合理的措施，并
16.2 保证对承运人、保管人或其他第三方追偿的所有权利被适当保护和行使而保险人负责在可取得赔偿的损失之外补偿被保险人履行这些义务而适当合理地招致的任何费用。
（弃权条款）
被保险人和保险人采取的旨在拯救、保护或恢复保险标的的措施不得视为放弃或接受委付或在其他方面损害任何一方的权利。
避免迟延
（合理速办条款）
本保险的条件之一是被保险人在所有其力所能及的情况下合理迅速地行动。
法律和惯例
（英国法律和惯例条款）
本保险受英国法和惯例调整。
INSTITUTE CARGO CLAUSES(A)(Risks Claus)RISKS COVERED 1.This insurance covers all risks of loss of or damage to the subject-matter insured except as provided in Clauses 4 5 6 and 7 below(General Average Clause)2.This insurance covers general average and salvage charges adjusted or determined according to the contract of affreightment and/or the governing law and practice incurred to avoid or in connection with the avoidance of loss from any cause except those excluded in Clauses 4 5 6 and 7 or elsewhere in this insurance.(“Both to Blame Collision”Clause)
3.This insurance is extended to indemnify the Assured against such proportion of liability under the contract of affreightment “Both to Blame Collision”Clause as is in respect of a loss recoverable hereunder.In the event of any claim by shipowners under the said Clause the Assured agree to notify the Underwriters who shall have the right at their own cost expense to defend the Assured against such claim.(General Exclusions Clause)EXCLUSIONS 4.In no case shall this insurance cover 4.1 loss damage or expense attributable to wilful misconduct of the Assured 4.2 ordinary leakage ordinary loss in weight or volume or ordinary wear and tear of the subject-matter insured 4.3 loss damage or expense caused by insufficiency or unsuitability of packing or preparation of the subject-matter insured(for the purpose of this Clause 4.3 “packing” shall be deemed to include stowage in a container or liftvan but only when such stowage is carried out prior to attachment of this insurance or by the Assured or their servants)4.4 loss damage or expense caused by inherent vice or nature of the subject-matter insured 4.5 loss damage or expense proximately caused by delay even though the delay be caused by a risk insured against(except expenses payable under Clause 2 above)4.6 loss damage or expense arising from insolvency or financial default of the owners managers charterers or operators of the vessel 4.7 loss damage or expense arising from the use of any weapon of war employing atomic or nuclear fission and/or other like reaction or radioactive force or matter.（Unseaworthiness and Unfitness Exclusion Clause）
5.1 In no case shall this insurance cover loss damage or expense arising from unseaworthiness of vessel or craft.unfitness of vessel craft conveyance container or liftvan for the safe carriage of the subject-matter insured.where the Assured or their servants are privy to such unseaworthiness or unfitness at the time the subject-matter insured is loaded therein.5.2 The Underwriters waive any breach of the implied warranties of seaworthiness of the ship and fitness of the ship to carry the subject-matter insured to destination unless the Assured or their servants are privy to such unseaworthiness or unfitness.(War Exclusion Clause)6 In no case shall this insurance cover loss damage or expense caused by 6.1 war civil war revolution rebellion insurrection or civil strife arising therefrom or any hostile act by or against a belligerent power 6.2 capture seizure arrest restraint or detainment(piracy excepted)and the consequences thereof or any attempt thereat.6.3 derelict mines torpedoes bombs or other derelict weapons of war.(Strikes Exclusion Clause)7 In no case shall this insurance cover loss damage or expense 7.1 caused by strikers locked-out workmen or persons taking part in labour disturbances riots or civil commotions 7.2 resulting from strikes lock-outs labour disturbances riots or civil commotions 7.3 caused by any terrorist or any person acting from a political motive.(Transit Clause)DURATION 8 8.1 This insurance attaches from the time the goods leave the warehouse or place of storage at the place named herein for the commencement of the transit continues during the ordinary course of transit and terminates either 8.1.1 on delivery to the Consignees’ or other final warehouse or place of storage at the destination named herein 8.1.2 on delivery to any other warehouse or place of storage whether prior to or at the destination named herein which the Assured elect to use either 8.1.2.1 for storage other than in the ordinary course of transit or 8.1.2.2 for allocation or distribution.or 8.1.3 on the expiry of 60 days after completion of discharge over side of the goods hereby insured from the oversea vessel at the final port of discharge.Whichever shall first occur.8.2 If after discharge over side from the oversea vessel at the final port of discharge but prior to termination of this insurance the goods are to be forwarded to destination other than that to which they are insured hereunder this insurance whilst remaining subject to termination as provided for above shall not extend beyond the commencement of transit to such other destination.8.3 This insurance shall remain in force(subject to termination as provided for above and to the provisions of Clause 9 below)during delay beyond the control of the Assured any deviation forced discharge reshipment or transshipment and during any variation of the adventure arising from the exercise of a liberty granted to ship owners or charterers under the contract of affreightment.(Termination of Contract of Carriage Clause)9 If owing to circumstances beyond the control of the Assured either the contract of carriage is terminated at a port or place other than the destination named therein or the transit is otherwise terminated before delivery of the goods as provided for in Clause 8 above then this insurance shall also terminate unless prompt notice is given to the Underwriters and continuation of cover is requested when the insurance shall remain in force subject to an additional premium if required by the Underwriters either 9.1 until the goods are sold and delivered at such port or place or unless otherwise specially agreed until the expiry of 60 days after arrival of the goods hereby insured at such port or place whichever shall first occur or 9.2 If the goods are forwarded within the said period of 60 days(or any agreed extension thereof)to the destination named herein or to any other destination until terminated in accordance with provisions of Clause 8 above.(Change of Voyage Clause)10 Where after attachment of this insurance the destination is changed by the Assured held covered at a premium and on conditions to be arranged subject to prompt notice being to the Underwriters.(Insurable Interest Clause)CLAIMS 11 11.1 In order to recover under this insurance the Assured must have an insurable interest in the subject-matter insured at the time of the loss.11.2 Subject to 11.1 above the Assured shall be entitled to recover for insured loss occurring during the period cover by this insurance notwithstanding that the loss occurred before the contract of insurance was concluded unless the Assured were aware of the loss and the Underwriters were not.(Forwarding Charge Clause)12 Where as a result of the operation of a risk covered by this insurance the insured transit is terminated at a port or place other than that to which the subject-matter is covered under this insurance the Underwriters will reimburse the Assured for any extra charges properly and reasonably incurred in unloading storing and forwarding the subject-matter to the destination to which it is insured hereunder.This Clause 12 which does not apply to general average or salvage charges shall be subject to the exclusions contained in Clauses 4 5 6 and 7 above and shall not include charges arising from the fault negligence insolvency or financial default of the Assured or their servants.(Constructive Total Loss)13 No claim for Constructive Total Loss shall be recoverable hereunder unless the subject-matter insured is reasonably abandoned either on account of its actual total loss appearing to be unavoidable or because the cost of recovering reconditioning and forwarding the subject-matter to be destination to which it is insured would exceed its value on arrival.(Increased Value Clause)14 14.1 If any Increased Value insurance is effected by the Assured on the cargo insured herein the agreed value of the cargo shall be deemed to be increased to the total amount insured under this insurance and all Increased Value insurance covering the loss and liability under this insurance shall be in such proportion as the sum insured herein bears to such total amount insured.In the event of claim the Assured shall provide the Underwriters with evidence of the amounts insured under all other insurances.14.2 Where this insurance is on Increased Value the following clause shall apply: The agreed value of the cargo shall be deemed to be equal to the total amount insured under the primary insurance and all Increased Value insurance covering the loss and effected on the cargo by the Assured and liability under this insurance shall be in such proportion as the sum insured herein bears to such total amount insured.In the event of claim the Assured shall provide the Underwriters with evidence of the amounts insured under all other insurances.(Not to inure Clause)BENEFIT OF INSURANCE 15 This insurance shall not insure to the benefit of the carrier or other bailee.(Duty of Assured Clause)MINIMISING LOSSES 16 It is the duty of the Assured and their servants and agents in respect of loss recoverable hereunder 16.1 to take such measures as may be reasonable for the purpose of averting or minimizing such loss and 16.2 to ensure that all rights against carriers bailees or other third parties are properly preserved and exercised and the Underwriters will in addition to any loss recoverable hereunder reimburse the Assured for any charges properly and reasonably incurred in pursuance of these duties.(Waiver Clause)17 Measures taken by the Assured or the Underwriters with the object of saving protecting or recovering the subject-matter insured shall not be considered as a waiver or acceptance of abandonment or otherwise prejudice the rights of either party(Reasonable Dispatch Clause)AVOIDANCE OF DELAY 18 It is a condition of this insurance that the Assured shall act with reasonable dispatch in all circumstances within their control.(English Law and Practice Clause)LAW AND PRACTICE 19 This insurance is subject to English law and practice.
第二篇：中英文对照A
《美国口语惯用法例句集粹》Ａ
A(Page 1-4)
1.about
1)
2)
3)
4)
5)
6)
7)I'd like to know what this is all about.我想知道这到底是怎么回事。How about a fish sandwich? 来一块鱼肉三明治怎么样？What about me? 我怎么样？I'm not about to go in that old house.我是不会进那幢旧房子的！Yes I remember that night.What about it? 是的，我记得那个晚上，那又怎样？What's this all about? 这到底是怎么回事？It's about time you showed up!差不多是你该露面的时候了。
2.above
1)
2)Above all, I want everything quiet.首要的是：我要一切保持安定。Tom thinks he's above hard work.汤姆认为自己没必要努力工作。
3.act
1)
2)
3)
4)
5)
6)Would you please act out what happened? 你能把发生的事演示一下吗？Watch Ricky.He sometimes likes to act up in class.注意里基，他又是喜欢在课堂上捣蛋。That profane comedian needs to clean up his act.那个爱说粗言秽语的喜剧演员应该净化一下自己的言行。We need to get our act together and come to see you.我们需要统一意见后来见你。The newspapers called the earthquake an act of God.报纸上称那次地震为天灾。Masa is a class act.玛莎是位杰出的女性。
4.action
1)
2)
3)
4)We're going to bring action against our debtors.我们打算控告我们的债务人。Did you see any action in yesterday's ballgame? 昨晚的棒球比赛中你看到有什么有趣的精彩场面吗？Our community is going to take action against the proposed waste dump.我地区要采取行动反对那项垃圾处理场的提案。Jim wants to go where the action is.吉姆想去有刺激性的地方。
5.advantage
1)
2)Our opponents have a height advantage on us.我们的对手在身高上比我们占有优势。Nobody likes to be taken advantage of.没有人喜欢被捉弄（或：被欺骗、利用）
6.after
1)
2)
3)
4)I think that girl is after you.我想那女孩是在追你。It looks like things are gonna work out after all.看起来事情终会解决的。This soft drink has a nasty aftertaste.这软饮料有种让人难受的余味。I see your point, but don't you think it's way after the fact.我明白你的意思，但你不觉
得这已是“事后诸葛亮”了吗？
7.again
1)I could go to Japan again and again.我可以一而再、再而三地去日本。（注：意指不会感到
厌倦）
8.age
1)
2)Would you please act your age!请你做事要有一个与自己年龄相称的样子。This is a “coming of age” movie.这是一部成人影片。
9.air
1)
2)
3)
4)
5)
6)
7)
8)
9)I need to go outside and get some air.我需要出去呼吸点新鲜空气。I don't know what's wrong, but can feel it in the air.虽然我不知道到底是出了什么差错，但我能隐隐约约感觉到。Mike was sad when they took his favorite program off the air.当迈克喜欢的节目被取消时，他感到很伤心。The sale of our house is still up in the air.我们的房子出勤率售一事还没有最后定下来。After winning the championship, I felt I could walk on air.获得冠军后，我飘飘欲仙。Your sister is such an airhead.你姐姐真是来个没有头脑的人。Janet Jackson's new song is getting lots of airplay.珍妮〃杰克逊的新歌到处都在不断地播放。That last time I took a plane, I got airsick.上次我乘飞机时晕机了。I hope there's no bad air between us.我希望我们之间的关系不要很别扭。
10.all
1)
2)
3)
4)
5)
6)
7)
8)
9)
10)
11)
12)
13)It's looks like we won't be going after all.看起来最后我们还是不能去。We've all but finished the project.我们已几乎完成了那个项目。All in all I'd say it's been a very productive day.总的来说，我认为这一天过得很充实。Let's go all-out and win this game!让我们尽全力来打赢这场比赛。We knew it was all over when we saw the building burst.当我们看见那座建筑突然起火时，我们知道一切全完了。We wish you all the best.我们大家祝福你一切如意。If it's all the same to you, I'd just as soon not go.如果这对你都是一回事的话，我就不想去了。They were running from the police like all get-out.他们以极快的速度逃脱警察的追赶。I didn't see them come in at all.我根本高没有发现他们的进来。Let's settle this matter once and for all.让我们来把这个问题一次性地彻底解决掉。Mark is an all-around athlete.马克是一个全能运动员。Did you get to play in the all-star game? 你入选全明星队的比赛了吗？He bloke the all-time record in the 100-meter run at his school.他打破了他所在的学校
100米跑的历史最高记录。
11.alley
1)Working on cars isn't up my alley.修理汽车不是我拿手的活儿。
12.alone
1)
2)I just wanna be left alone.我只是想一个人呆会儿。Can't you just leave well enough alone? 你不能少管一些闲事吗？
13.along
1)
2)You knew all along what was going on.你从一开始就知道所发生的事。Debbie doesn't get along with Steve.戴比和史蒂夫相处得不好。
1)
2)
3)
4)
5)Mr.Pak came here searching for the American dream.帕克先生来到这儿寻求他的“美国梦”。Some foreigners become Americanized while living in the U.S.一些外国人在美国居住时被美国化了。Not having any job freedom would be totally unAmerican.没有选择职业的自由是完全违背美国精神传统的。Bill is an all-American quarterback.比尔是全美（橄榄球）明星赛的四分卫队员。I just can't go on the American way.我无法适应美国方式。
15.animal
1)
2)Water-skiing really brings out the animal in Tom.滑水运动真正激发出了汤姆的活力与激情。The young actor emits a lot of animal magnetism on the screen.那个年轻演员在荧幕
上充分显示出他的性魅力。
16.answer
1)I called Emi but there was no answer.我给埃米打了电话，但是没人接。
17.apple
1)
2)
3)
4)
5)Have you ever been to the Big Apple? 你去过纽约吗？Do I sense an apple of discord between you two? 你问我有没有感觉出你们两人之间的不和，是吗？Heather is the apple of my eye.希瑟是我的掌上明珠。Rita likes to keep everything in apple-pie order.丽塔喜欢把一切都弄得井井有条。Dennis has always been an apple polisher.丹尼斯一直就是一个马屁精。
18.arm
1)
2)
3)
4)You don't have to twist my arm to get me to go with you.用不着你强迫我跟你走。My father is a hopeless armchair quarterback.我爸爸是一个没救了的纸上谈兵的人。The suspects are armed and dangerous.嫌疑犯带有武器，十分危险。Every spring the park is filled with lovers walking arm in arm.每到春天公园里到处都是
手挽手散步的恋人。
19.around
1)
2)Coach Johnson has been around for 30 years.约翰逊教练已有三十年的经验了。Someone is on duty here around-the-clock.有人在这里昼夜值班。
20.as
1)
2)
3)
4)
5)
6)It looks as if someone has already been here.看起来在人来过这里了。As for me, I'm going home.至于我，我准备回家。Marty is acting as if nothing happened.马蒂表现得像什么也没发生过一样。I want this room left as is.我希望这间房子保持原样。The changes will begin taking place as of tomorrow.变动从明天开始实施。Police are baffled as to the whereabouts of the kidnappers.警察局搜寻绑架者的工作受
挫。
1)
2)
3)
4)Our gas bill average about $50 a month.我们每个月的煤气费平均50美元。On the average, I'd say we eat chicken once a week.我们平均每周吃一次鸡肉。Kent describes himself as just an average Joe.肯特视自己为一名普通的美国人。On the average day, over 100,000 kids bring guns to school in the U.S.在美国平常日
子里，有100,000个孩子带手枪去上学。
22.away
1)
2)
3)
4)
5)What makes you think you're gonna get away with this? 是什么使你认为你可以免受处罚？I wish they'd do away with these complicated tax forms.我希望他们能费除掉这些复杂的税务表格。We're planning a weekend getaway for our anniversary.我们正在为庆祝我们的纪念日而安排一次周末的外出活动。Tom wants to run away from home.汤姆想从家里出逃。Dave and Kathy are going to steal away on vacation.戴夫和凯茜计划在假期里偷偷跑出
去。
第三篇：中英文对照
AEROFLEX “亚罗弗”保温 ALCO “艾科”自控 Alerton 雅利顿空调 Alfa laval阿法拉伐换热器 ARMSTRONG “阿姆斯壮”保温 AUX 奥克斯
BELIMO 瑞士“搏力谋”阀门 BERONOR西班牙“北诺尔”电加热器 BILTUR 意大利“百得”燃烧器 BOSIC “柏诚”自控 BROAD 远大
Burnham美国“博恩汉”锅炉 CALPEDA意大利“科沛达”水泵 CARLY 法国“嘉利”制冷配件 Carrier 开利 Chigo 志高
Cipriani 意大利斯普莱力
CLIMAVENETA意大利“克莱门特” Copeland“谷轮”压缩机 CYRUS意大利”赛诺思”自控 DAIKIN 大金空调
丹佛斯自控 Dorin “多菱”压缩机
DUNHAM-BUSH 顿汉布什空调制冷 DuPont美国“杜邦”制冷剂 Dwyer 美国德威尔 EBM “依必安”风机
ELIWELL意大利“伊力威”自控 Enfinilan 英国“英菲尼兰“阀门 EVAPCO美国“益美高”冷却设备 EVERY CONTROL意大利“美控” Erie 怡日
FRASCOLD 意大利“富士豪”压缩机 FRICO瑞典“弗瑞克”空气幕 FUJI “富士”变频器
FULTON 美国“富尔顿”锅炉 GENUIN “正野”风机 GREE 格力
GREENCOOL格林柯尔 GRUNDFOS “格兰富”水泵 Haier 海尔 Hisense 海信 HITACHI 日立
霍尼韦尔自控 Johnson 江森自控 Kelon 科龙
KRUGER瑞士“科禄格”风机 KU BA德国“库宝”冷风机 Liang Chi 良机冷却塔 LIEBERT 力博特空调 MARLEY “马利”冷却塔 Maneurop法国“美优乐”压缩机 McQuary 麦克维尔 Midea 美的 MITSUBISHI三菱
Munters 瑞典“蒙特”除湿机 Panasonic 松下 RANCO “宏高”自控
REFCOMP意大利“莱富康”压缩机 RIDGID 美国“里奇”工具 RUUD美国“路德”空调 RYODEN “菱电”冷却塔 SanKen “三垦”变频器 Samsung 三星 SANYO 三洋
ASWELL英国森威尔自控 Schneider 施耐德电气 SenseAir 瑞典“森尔”传感器 SIEMENS 西门子
SINKO ",28商机网;新晃“空调 SINRO “新菱”冷却塔 STAND “思探得”加湿器 SWEP 舒瑞普换热器 TECKA “台佳”空调 Tecumseh“泰康”压缩机 TRANE 特灵
TROX德国“妥思”风阀 VASALA芬兰“维萨拉”传感器 WILO德国“威乐”水泵 WITTLER 德国”威特”阀门 YORK 约克
ZENNER德国“真兰”计量
第四篇：中英文对照
医院中英文对照
发热门诊Have Fever主治医师Doctor-in-charge 供应室Supply Room谢绝入内No entering 红灯亮时谢绝入内No entering when red light
彩超、心电图Colorful Cardiogram/ECG住院楼Inpatient Building 透析血磁EndoscopeDept.护士Nueser康复理疗科RehabilitationPhysiotherapyDept.中药计价China medical price account肛肠科Ano-proctology
皮肤、肛肠、男性科、泌尿科候诊Dermatology、Ano-proctology、male Urology Clinic 皮肤科、肛肠科、男性科、泌尿科Dermatology、Ano-proctology、male Urology Dept 中医科Traditional Chinese Medicine五官科ENT Dept.男性科、泌尿科 Male urology Dept.安全出口Exit
预防保健科Medical center for health preventionand care
后勤科、药库Logistic Room、Seore入院登记In-patient Admisson 高压氧治疗Hyperbaric Oxygehation Therapy碎石中心ESWL Center 急救中心Emergency Center挂号收费Registration
中心药房Cenreral Pharmacy内科门诊Internal Medicine Clinic会议室Meeting Room手外科Hand Surgery 产科Obstentrics Dept.骨外科Orthopedics Dept.神经、烧伤外科Neurosurgery.Plaseric surgey Dept.麻醉科Anaesthesiology手术室Operation Room 泌尿、肿瘤外科Urologic.Gumorsurgery Dept.妇科Gynecology Dept.内二科Internal Medicine.Ward 2产房及爱婴中心Delivery Room内一科Internal Medicine.Ward 1洗手间Toilet
普外、胸外科Surgey、Thoracic Surgey Dept.皮肤科Dermatology Dept.中医骨伤科Traditional Mediaine or Thopaedics餐厅Dining Room 配餐室Pantry Room后勤科Logistics Dept.电工室Electrician Room接待室Dermatology Room 内、儿科候诊 Internal medicine.Pediatrics功能检查候诊Function Exam 中医科候诊TCM Clinic放射科候诊Radiology Clinic 妇科门诊Gynecology Dept.产科候诊Obstentrics Clinic 肛肠科候诊Ano-proctology妇科候诊Gynecology Clinic 产科门诊Obstentrics Dept.五官科候诊ENT.Clinic 外科候诊Surgery Clinic输液中心Transfusion Center 皮肤、泌尿科候诊 Dermatology.Male Urology Clinic检验候诊Clinical Laborotories 家属休息Relation Rest Room口腔科门诊Stomatology Clinic 内儿科Internal Medicine.Pediaarics镜检科Endoscope Dept.外科Surgrey Dept.检验中心Laboratory Center 功能检查Function Exam Dept.登记处Registration 预防保健门诊Hygine ＆ Public Health Dept.收费处Cashier 美容科、镜检科门诊 Cosmetology Dept.Endoscope Clinic
收费健康发证Gharge lssue Bill of Health试敏观察室Scratch Espial Room
第五篇：中英文对照
共轨技术
随着人们对低油耗、低废气排放、发动机低噪声的需求越来越大，对发动机和燃油喷射系统的要求也越来也高。对柴油发动机燃油喷射系统提出的要求也在不断增加。更高的压力、更快的开关时间，以及根据发动机工况修订的可变的流量速率曲线，已经使得柴油发动机具有良好的经济性、低污染、高动力性，因此柴油发动机甚至进入了豪华高性能轿车领域。达到这些需求的前提是拥有一个可以精确雾化燃油并具有高喷油压力的燃油喷射系统。同时，喷油量必须精确计算，燃油流量速率曲线必须有精确的计算模型，预喷射和二次喷射必须能够完成。一个可以达到以上需求的系统即共轨燃油喷射系统。
共轨系统包括以下几个主要的部分： ①低压部分，包含燃油共轨系统组件。
②高压系统，包含高压泵、油轨、喷油器和高压油管等组件。
电控柴油机系统EDC主要由系统模块，如传感器、电子控制单元和执行机构组成。共轨系统的主要部分即喷油器。它们拥有一个可以快速开关喷嘴的执行阀(电磁阀或压电触发器)，这就允许对每个气缸的喷射进行控制。
所有的喷油器都由一个共同的油轨提供燃油，这就是“共轨”的由来。在共轨燃油喷射系统中，燃油喷射和压力的产生是分开的。喷油压力的产生与发动机转速和喷油量无关。EDC控制每个组件。
(1)压力产生。
燃油喷射和压力的产生是通过蓄能器分离开来。将具有压力的燃油提供给为喷射做好准备的共轨系统的蓄能器。
由发动机驱动的连续运转的高压泵提供所需喷油的压力。无论发动机的转速高低，还是燃油喷射量的多少，油轨中的压力均维持在一定值。由于几乎一致的喷油方式，高压泵的设计可以小的多，而且它的驱动转矩可以比传统燃油喷射系统低，这源于高压泵的负载很小。
高压泵是径向活塞泵，在商用车上有时会使用内嵌式喷油泵。(2)压力控制
所应用的压力控制方法主要取决于系统。
一种控制油轨压力的方式是通过一个压力控制阀对高压侧进行控制。不需喷射的燃油通过压力控制阀流回到低压回路。这种控制回路允许油轨压力对不同工况(如负载变化时)迅速做出反应。
在第一批共轨系统中采用了对高压侧的控制。压力控制阀安装在燃油轨道上更可取，但是在一些应用中，它被直接安装在高压泵中。
另一种控制轨道压力的方式是进口端控制燃油供给。安装在高压泵的法兰上的计量单元保证了泵提供给油轨精确的燃油量，以维持系统所需要的喷油压力。
发生故障时，压力安全阀防止油轨压力超过最大值。
在进口端对燃油供给的控制减少了高压燃油的用量，降低了泵的输入功率。这对燃油消耗起到积极的作用。同时，流回油箱的燃油温度与传统高压侧控制的方法相比得到了降低。
双执行器系统也是一种控制轨道压力的方式，它通过计算单元对压力进行控制，并且通过压力控制阀对高压端进行控制，因此同时具备高压侧控制与进口端燃料供给控制的优势。
(3)燃油喷射
喷油器直接将燃料喷到发动机的燃烧室。它们由与燃油轨道直接相连的短高压油轨提供燃油。发动机的控制单元通过与喷油器结合在一起的控制阀的开闭控制喷油嘴的开关。
喷油器的开启时间和系统油压决定了燃油供给量。在恒压状态下，燃油供给量与电磁阀的开启时间成正比，因此与发动机或油泵的转速(以时间为计量的燃油喷射)无关。
(4)液压辅助动力
与传统燃油喷射系统相比，将压力的产生与燃油的喷射分离开来，有利于燃烧室的充分燃烧。燃油喷射压力在系统中基本可以自主选择。目前最高燃油压力为1600巴，将来会达到1800巴。
共轨系统通过引入预喷射或多次喷射可以进一步减少废气排放，也能明显降低燃烧噪声。通过多次触发高速转换阀的开闭可以在每个喷射周期内实现多达5次的喷射。喷油针阀的开闭动作是液压辅助元件助力的，以保证喷射结束的快速性。
(5)控制和调节
发动机的控制单元通过传感器检测加速踏板的位置以及发动机和车辆的当前工况。采集到的数据包括：
① 曲轴转速和转角； ② 燃油轨道的压力； ③ 进气压力；
④ 进气温度、冷却液温度和燃油温度； ⑤ 进气量； ⑥ 车速等。
电控单元处理输入信号。与燃烧同步，电控单元计算施加给压力控制阀或计算模块、喷油器和其他执行机构(如EGR阀，废气涡轮增压器)的触发信号。
喷油器的开关时间应很短，采用优化的高压开关阀和专业的控制系统即可实现。
根据曲轴和凸轮轴传感器的数据，对照发动机状态(时间控制)，角度/时间系统调节喷油正时。电控柴油机系统(EDC)可以实现对燃油喷射量的精确计算。此外，EDC还拥有额外的功能以进一步提高发动机的响应特性和便利性。
其基本功能包括对柴油燃油喷射正时的精确控制，和在给定压力下对油量的控制。这样，它们就保证了柴油发动机具有能耗低、运行平稳的特点。
其他开环和闭环控制功能用于减少废气排放和燃油消耗，或提供附加的可靠性和便利性，具体例子有：
① 废气在循环控制； ② 增压控制； ③ 巡航控制；
④ 电子防盗控制系统等。(6)控制单元结构。
由于发动机控制单元通常最多有8个喷油器输出口，所以超过八缸的发动机需要两个控制单元。它们通过内置高速CAN网络的“主/从”接口进行连接，因此也拥有较高的微控制器处理能力。一些功能被 分配给某个特定的控制单元(如燃料平衡控制)，其功能根据需求情况(如检测传感器信号)可以动态地分配给一个或多个控制单元。
The Common Rail Calls for lower fuel consumption, reduced exhaust-gas emission, and quiet engines are making greater demands on the engine and fuel-injection system.The demands placed on diesel-engine fuel-injection systems are continuously increasing.Higher pressures, faster switching times, and a variable rate-of-discharge curve modified to the engine operating state have made the diesel engine economical, clean, and powerful.As a result, diesel engines have even entered the realm of luxury-performance sedans.These demands can only be met by a fuel-injection pressure.At the same time the injected fuel quantity must be very precisely metered, and the rate-of-discharge curve must have an exact shape, and pre-injection and secondary injection must be performable.A system that meets these demands is the common-rail fuel-injection system.The main advantage of the common-rail system is its ability to vary injection pressure and timing over a broad scale.This was achieved by separating pressure generation(in the high-pressure pump)from the fuel-injection system(injection).The rail here acts as a pressure accumulator.Principle of the Common Rail The common-rail system consists of the following main component groups: ① The low-pressure stage, comprising the fuel-supply system components;② The high-pressure system, comprising components such as the high-pressure pump, fuel-rail, injector, and high-pressure fuel lines.The electronic diesel control(EDC), consisting of system modules, such as sensors, the electronic control unit, and actuators.The key components of the common-rail system are the injectors.They are fitted with a rapid-action valve(solenoid valve or piezo-triggered actuator)which opens and closes the nozzle.This permits control of the injection process for each cylinder.All the injectors are fed by a common fuel rail, this being the origin of the term “common rail”.In the common-rail fuel-injection system, the function of pressure generation and fuel injection are separate.The injection pressure is generated independent of the engine speed and the injected fuel quantity.The electronic diesel control(EDC)controls each of the components.(1)Pressure Generation.Pressure generation and fuel injection are separated by means of an accumulator volume.Fuel under pressure is supplied to the accumulator volume of the common
rail ready for injection.A continuously operating high-pressure pump driven by the engine produces the desired injection pressure.Pressure in the fuel rail is maintained irrespective of engine speed or injected fuel quantity.Owing to the almost uniform injection pattern, the high-pressure pump design can be much smaller and its drive-system torque can be lower than conventional fuel-injection systems.This results in a much lower load on the pump drive.The high-pressure pump is a radial-piston pump.On commercial vehicles, an in-line fuel-injection pump is sometimes fitted.(2)Pressure Control The pressure control method applied is largely dependent on the system.One way of controlling rail pressure is to control the high-pressure side by a pressure-control valve.Fuel not required for injection flows back to the low-pressure circuit via the pressure-control valve.This type of control loop allows rail pressure to react rapidly to changes in operating point(e.g.in the event of load changes).Control on the high-pressure side was adopted on the first common-rail systems.The pressure-control valve is mounted preferably on the fuel rail.In some applications, however, it is mounted directly on the high-pressure pump.Another way of controlling rail pressure is to control fuel delivery on the suction side.The metering unit flanged on the high-pressure pump makes sure that the pump delivers exactly the right quantity of fuel rail in order to maintain the injection pressure required by the system.In a fault situation, the pressure-relief valve prevents rail pressure from exceeding a maximum.Fuel-delivery control on the suction side reduces the quantity of fuel under high pressure and lowers the power input of the pump.This has a positive impact on fuel consumption.At the same time, the temperature of the fuel flowing back to the fuel tank is reduced in contrast to the control method on the high-pressure side.The two-actuator system is also a way of controlling rail pressure, which combines pressure control on the suction side via the metering unit and control on the high-pressure side via the pressure-control valve, thus marrying the advantages of high-pressure-side control and suction-side fuel-delivery control.(3)Fuel Injection.The injectors spray fuel directly into the engine’s combustion chambers.They are supplied by short high-pressure fuel lines connected to the fuel rail.The engine control unit controls the switching valve integrated in the injector to open and close
the injector nozzle.The injector opening times and system pressure determine the quantity of fuel delivered.At a constant pressure, the fuel quantity delivered is proportional to the switching time of the solenoid valve.This is, therefore, independent of engine or pump speed(time-based fuel injection).(4)Potential Hydraulic Power.Separating the functions of pressure generation and fuel injection opens up future degrees of freedom in the combustion process compared with conventional fuel-injection systems;the injection pressure at pressure at present is 160 MPa;in future this will rise to 180 MPa.The common-rail system allows a future reduction in exhaust-gas emissions by introducing pre-injection events or multiple injection events and also attenuating combustion noise significantly.Multiple injection events of up to five per injection cycle can be generated by triggering the highly rapid-action switching valve several times.The nozzle-needle closing action is hydraulically assisted to ensure that the end of injection is rapid.(5)Control and Regulation.The engine control unit detects the accelerator-pedal position and the current operating states of the engine and vehicle by means of sensors.The data collected includes:
① Crankshaft speed and angle;② Fuel-rail pressure;③ Charge-air pressure:
④ Intake air, coolant temperature, and fuel temperature: ⑤ Air-mass intake: ⑥ Road speed, etc.The electronic control unit evaluates the input signals.In sync with combustion, it calculates the triggering signals for the pressure-control valve or the metering unit, the injectors, and the other actuators(e.g.the EGR valve, exhaust-gas turbocharger actuators, etc.).The injector switching times, which need to be short, are achievable using the optimized high-pressure switching valves and a special control system.The angle/time system compares injection timing, based on data from the crankshaft and camshaft sensors, with the engine state(time control).The electronic diesel control(EDC)permits a precise metering of the injected fuel quantity.In
addition, EDC offers the potential for additional functions that can improve engine response and convenience.The basic functions involve the precise control of diesel-fuel injection timing and fuel quantity at the reference pressure.In this way, they ensure that the diesel engine has low consumption and smooth running characteristics.Additional open-and close-loop control functions perform the tasks of reducing exhaust-gas emissions and fuel consumption, or providing added safely and convenience.Some examples are:
① Control of exhaust-gas recirculation;② Boost-pressure control;③ Cruise control;
④ Electronic immobilizer, etc.(6)Control Unit Configuration.As the engine control unit normally has a maximum of only eight output stages for the injectors, engines with more than eight cylinders are fitted with two engine control units.They are coupled within the “ master/slave ” network via an internal, high-speed CAN interface.As a result, there is also a high microcontroller processing capacity available.Some functions are permanently allocated to a specific control unit(e.g.fuel-balancing control).Other can be dynamically allocated to one or many of the control units as situation demand(e.g.to detect sensor signals).
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