连接形式的(中英文对照)

第一篇：连接形式的(中英文对照)

这个是用来表达管件连接形式的；给楼主一份中英文对照还有缩写吧 缩 写 中 文 名 称 英 文 名 称 P 管子 Pipe EL 弯头 Elbow ELL 长半径弯头 Long radius elbow ELS 短半径弯头 Short radius elbow MEL 斜接弯头（虾米腰弯头）Mitre elbow REL 异径弯头 Reducing elbow T 三通 Tee LT 斜三通 Lateral tee RT 异径三通 Reducing tee R 异径管接头（大小头）Reducer CR 同心异径管接头（同心大小头）Concentric reducer ER 偏心异径管接头（偏心大小头）Eccentric reducer CPL 管箍 Coupling FCPL 双头管箍 Full coupling HCPL 单头管箍 Half coupling RCPL 异径管箍 Reducing coupling BU 内外螺纹接头 Bushing UN 活接头 Union HC 软管接头 Hose coupler SE 翻边短节 Stub end NIP 短节 Pipe nipple or straight nipple SNIP 异径短节 Swaged nipple CP 管帽（封头）Cap PL 管堵（丝堵）Plug BLK 盲板 Blank SB 8字盲板 Spectacle blind（blank）RP 补强板 Reinforcing pad 法兰

缩 写 中 文 名 称 英 文 名 称 PLG 法兰 Flange WNF 对焊法兰 Welding neck flange SOF平焊法兰 Slip-on flange SWF 承插焊法兰 Socket-welding flange T 螺纹法兰 Threaded flange LJ 松套法兰 Lapped joint flange REDF 异径法兰 Reducing flange BF 法兰盖（日法兰）Blind flange FSF 法兰密封面 Flange scaling face FF 全平面 Flat face RF 凸台面 Raised face MFF 凹凸面 Male ａnd female face LF 凹面 Female face LM 凸面 Male face RJ 环连接面 Ring joint face TG 榫槽面 Tongue ａnd groove face TF 榫面 Tongue face GF 槽面 Groove face 垫片

缩 写 中 文 名 称 英 文 名 称 G 垫片 Gasket NMG 非金属垫片 Non-metallic gasket AG 石棉垫片 Asbestos gasket RG 橡胶垫片 Rubber gasket TEG 聚四氟乙烯包复垫片 PTFE envelope gasket SMG 半金属垫片 Semimetallic gasket MJG 金属包垫片 Meta-jacket gasket SWG 缠绕式垫片 Spiral wound gasket MG 金属垫片 Metallic gasket FMG 金属平垫片 Flat metallic gasket SMSG 齿形金属垫片 Solid metal serrated gasket LER 透镜式金属环垫 Lens ring gasket OCR 八角形金属环垫 Octagonal ring gasket OVR 椭圆形金属环垫 Oval ring gakset IR/OR 内外定位环 Inner ring ａnd outer ring IR 内定位环 Inner ring OR 外定位环 Outer ring 坚固件

缩 写 中 文 名 称 英 文 名 称 B 螺栓 Bolt SB 螺柱 Stud bolt NU 螺母 Nut TB 花蓝螺母 Turnbuckle WSR 垫圈 Washer SWSR 弹簧垫圈 Spring washer 阀门

缩 写 中 文 名 称 英 文 名 称 GV 闸阀 Gate valve GLV 截止阀 Globe valve CHV 止回阀 Check valve BUV 蝶阀 Butterfly valve BAV 球阀 Ball valve PV 旋塞阀 Plug valve（cock）CV 调节阀 Control valve SV 安全阀 Safety valve RV 减压阀 Pressure reducing valve ST 蒸汽疏水阀 Steam trap PRV 泄压阀 Pressur relief valve BV 呼吸阀 Breather valve NV 针形阀 Needle valve AV 角阀

DV 隔膜阀

TWV 三通阀

SGV 插板阀

管道上用的小型设备

缩 写 中 文 名 称 英 文 名 称 SPR 气液分离器 Separator FA 阻火器 Flame arrester SR 过滤器 Strainer SRY Y型过滤器 Y-type strainer SRT T型过滤器 T-type strainer SRB 桶式过滤器 Bucket type strainer TSR 临时过滤器 Temporary strainer SIL 消声器 Silencer SG 视镜 Slight glass SC 取样冷却器 Sample cooler DF 排液漏斗 Drain funnel LM 管道混合器 Line mixer RO 限流孔板 Restriction orifice MO 混合孔板 Mixing orifice RD 爆破片（爆破膜）Rupture disk EJ 补偿器 Expansion joint 隔热、伴热

中 文 名 称 英 文 名 称 INS 隔热 Thermal insulation H 保温 Hot insulation C 保冷 Cold insulation P 防烫伤隔热 Personnel protection insulation T&I 伴热 Tracing ａnd insulation 管道伴热（冷）Tracing EST 蒸汽外伴热 External steam tracing IST 蒸汽内伴热 Internal steam tracing SJT 蒸汽夹套伴热 Steam-jacket tracing ET 电伴热 Electric tracing 配管材料和等级

缩 写 中 文 名 称 英 文 名 称 M 金属材料 Metallic material CS 碳钢 Carbon steel CAS 铸钢 Cast steel FS 锻钢 Forged steel AS 合金钢 Alloy steel SS 不锈钢 Stainless steel AUST SS 奥氏体不锈钢 Austenitic stainless-steel CI 铸铁 Cast iron MI 可锻铸铁 Malleable iron DI 球墨铸铁 Ductile iron AL 铝 Aluminum BRS 黄铜 Brass BRZ 青铜 Bronze CU 紫铜 Copper LAS 低合金钢 Low alloy steel FLAS 低合金锻钢 Forged low alloy steel CLAS 低合金铸钢 Cast low alloy steel THK 壁厚 Thickness SCH 表号 Schedule number STD 标准 Standard XS 加强 Extra strong XXS 特强 Double extra strong 装置布置

缩 写 中 文 名 称 英 文 名 称 CN 建北 Construction north E 东 East W 西 West S 南 South N 北 North H 水平Horizontal V 竖直、铅直、直立 Vertical GRD 地坪 Ground UG 地下 Underground BL 装置边界线 Battery limit line ESEW 事故沐浴洗眼器 Emergency shower ａnd eye washer HS 软管站 Hose station ML 接续分界线 Match line PS 管道支架（管架）Piping support PR 管桥 Pipe rack STRU 构架（构筑物）Structure BLDG 建筑物 Building PD 清扫设施 Purge device PT 池 Pit SHLT 棚 Shelter COFF 围堰 Cofferdam FL 楼板 Floor PF平台 Plateform 尺寸标注 缩 写 中 文 名 称 英 文 名 称 EL 标高 Elevation BOP 管底 Bottom of pipe COP 管中心 Center of pipe TOP 管顶 Top of pipe FOB 底平Flat on bottom FOT 顶平Flat on top CL（屯）中心线 Center line TL 切线 Tangent line SYM 对称的 Symmetrical BOS 支架底 Bottom of support TOS 支架顶 Top of support CL 净距（净空）Clearance CTC 中心至中心 Center to center CTF 中心至面 Center to face CTE 中心至端部 Center to end ETE 端到端 End to end FEF 法兰端面 Flange ａnd face FTF 面到面 Face to face D 直径 Diameter

DN 公称直径 Nominal diameter ID 内径 Inside diameter OD 外径 Outside diameter DIM 尺寸 Dimension MAX 最大 Maximum MIN 最小 Minimum AVG平均 Average APP 约、近似 Approximate PT.EL 点标高 Point elevation 图表

缩 写 中 文 名 称 英 文 名 称 PFD 工艺流程图 Process flow diagram PID 管道和仪表流程图 Piping & instrument diagram COD 接续图 Continued on drawing DTL 详图 Datail SPDWG（ISODWG）管段图 Spool drawing（each line isometric drawing）DWGNO 图号 Drawing number

DWGI 所在图号 Drawing identification LOW 材料表 List of material MTO 汇料 Material take-off APPX 附录 Appendix JOB.No.工号 Job Number BEDD 基础工程设计数据 Basic engineering design data DEDD 详细工程设计数据 Detail engineering design data REV.No.修改号 Recision number REF DWG 参考图 Reference drawing SC 采样接口 Sample connection 操作方式及工作参数

缩 写 中 文 名 称 英 文 名 称 AUT 自动 Automatic ML 手动 Manual control CHOP 链条操作 Chain operated CSC 铅封关 Car seal close CSO 铅封开 Car seal open LC 锁闭 Lock closed LO 锁开 Lock open NC 正常关 Normally close NO 正常开 Normally open ATM 大气压 Atmosphere PN 公称压力 Nominal pressure A 绝压

G 表压

（T）温度 Temperature（P）压力 Pressure 施工

缩 写 中 文 名 称 英 文 名 称 W 焊接 Welding AW 电弧焊 Arc welding GSAW 气体保护电弧焊 Gas shielded-acr welding EFW 电熔焊 Elecric fusion welding ERW 电阻焊 Electric Resistance welding GW 气焊 Gas welding LW 搭接焊 Lap welding BW 对焊 Butt welding TW 定位焊 Tack welding SW 承插焊 Socket welding CW 连续焊 Continuous welding SEW 密封焊 Seal welding SFG 堆焊 Surfacing FW 现场焊接 Field welding HT 热处理 Heat treatment PH 预热 Preheating SR 应力消除 Stress relief PWHT 焊后热处理 Post weld heat treatment EIT 检查、探伤和实验 Examination, inspection & testing VE 外观检查 Visual examination UI（UT）超声探伤 Ultrasonic inspection（test）RI（RT）射线探伤 Radiographic inspection（test）

MPI（MT）磁粉探伤 Magnetic particle inspection（test）LPI（PT）液体渗透检验 Liquid penterant inspection（test）HADT 硬度实验 Hardness testing HYDT 水压实验 Hydraulic testing PNET 气压实验 Pneumatic testing 焊条 Covered electrode WW 焊丝 Welding wire ASSY 装配、组合 Assembly F 现场 Field

F/F 现场制造 Field faricated SF 现场决定 Suit in field CSP 冷紧 Cold spring BCT 螺栓冷紧 Bolt cold tightening BHY 螺栓热紧 Bolt hot tightening CO 清洗口 Clean out ANNY 退火 Annealed PE平端面 Plain end BE 坡口端 Belelled end THR 螺纹 Thread HB 布氏硬度 Brinnel hardness RC 洛氏硬度

其他

缩 写 中 文 名 称 英 文 名 称 FDN 基础 Foundation INF 信息（资料）Information REF 参考 Reference REV 修改 Revision SEQ 序号（顺序）Sequence W/E 设备带来 With equipment W/I 仪表带来 With instrument CM 色标 Colour mark CA 腐蚀裕度 Corrosion allowance UTL 公用系统 Utility UC 公用工程接头 Utility connection QTY 数量 Quantity WT 重量 Weight MHR 工时 Man hour BC 螺栓分布圆 Bolt circle HP 高点 High point LP 低点 Low point SUC 吸入（口）Suction DIS 排出（口）Discharge SO 蒸气吹扫（口）Steam out NPT 美国标准锥管螺纹 National standard taper pipe thread NPS 美国标准直管螺纹 National standard straight pipe thread DR 排液 Drain VT 放气 Vent RTG（压力）等级 Rating CL 等级 Class SMLS 无缝 Seamless

第二篇：中英文对照A

《美国口语惯用法例句集粹》Ａ

A(Page 1-4)

1.about

1)

2)

3)

4)

5)

6)

7)I'd like to know what this is all about.我想知道这到底是怎么回事。How about a fish sandwich? 来一块鱼肉三明治怎么样？What about me? 我怎么样？I'm not about to go in that old house.我是不会进那幢旧房子的！Yes I remember that night.What about it? 是的，我记得那个晚上，那又怎样？What's this all about? 这到底是怎么回事？It's about time you showed up!差不多是你该露面的时候了。

2.above

1)

2)Above all, I want everything quiet.首要的是：我要一切保持安定。Tom thinks he's above hard work.汤姆认为自己没必要努力工作。

3.act

1)

2)

3)

4)

5)

6)Would you please act out what happened? 你能把发生的事演示一下吗？Watch Ricky.He sometimes likes to act up in class.注意里基，他又是喜欢在课堂上捣蛋。That profane comedian needs to clean up his act.那个爱说粗言秽语的喜剧演员应该净化一下自己的言行。We need to get our act together and come to see you.我们需要统一意见后来见你。The newspapers called the earthquake an act of God.报纸上称那次地震为天灾。Masa is a class act.玛莎是位杰出的女性。

4.action

1)

2)

3)

4)We're going to bring action against our debtors.我们打算控告我们的债务人。Did you see any action in yesterday's ballgame? 昨晚的棒球比赛中你看到有什么有趣的精彩场面吗？Our community is going to take action against the proposed waste dump.我地区要采取行动反对那项垃圾处理场的提案。Jim wants to go where the action is.吉姆想去有刺激性的地方。

5.advantage

1)

2)Our opponents have a height advantage on us.我们的对手在身高上比我们占有优势。Nobody likes to be taken advantage of.没有人喜欢被捉弄（或：被欺骗、利用）

6.after

1)

2)

3)

4)I think that girl is after you.我想那女孩是在追你。It looks like things are gonna work out after all.看起来事情终会解决的。This soft drink has a nasty aftertaste.这软饮料有种让人难受的余味。I see your point, but don't you think it's way after the fact.我明白你的意思，但你不觉

得这已是“事后诸葛亮”了吗？

7.again

1)I could go to Japan again and again.我可以一而再、再而三地去日本。（注：意指不会感到

厌倦）

8.age

1)

2)Would you please act your age!请你做事要有一个与自己年龄相称的样子。This is a “coming of age” movie.这是一部成人影片。

9.air

1)

2)

3)

4)

5)

6)

7)

8)

9)I need to go outside and get some air.我需要出去呼吸点新鲜空气。I don't know what's wrong, but can feel it in the air.虽然我不知道到底是出了什么差错，但我能隐隐约约感觉到。Mike was sad when they took his favorite program off the air.当迈克喜欢的节目被取消时，他感到很伤心。The sale of our house is still up in the air.我们的房子出勤率售一事还没有最后定下来。After winning the championship, I felt I could walk on air.获得冠军后，我飘飘欲仙。Your sister is such an airhead.你姐姐真是来个没有头脑的人。Janet Jackson's new song is getting lots of airplay.珍妮〃杰克逊的新歌到处都在不断地播放。That last time I took a plane, I got airsick.上次我乘飞机时晕机了。I hope there's no bad air between us.我希望我们之间的关系不要很别扭。

10.all

1)

2)

3)

4)

5)

6)

7)

8)

9)

10)

11)

12)

13)It's looks like we won't be going after all.看起来最后我们还是不能去。We've all but finished the project.我们已几乎完成了那个项目。All in all I'd say it's been a very productive day.总的来说，我认为这一天过得很充实。Let's go all-out and win this game!让我们尽全力来打赢这场比赛。We knew it was all over when we saw the building burst.当我们看见那座建筑突然起火时，我们知道一切全完了。We wish you all the best.我们大家祝福你一切如意。If it's all the same to you, I'd just as soon not go.如果这对你都是一回事的话，我就不想去了。They were running from the police like all get-out.他们以极快的速度逃脱警察的追赶。I didn't see them come in at all.我根本高没有发现他们的进来。Let's settle this matter once and for all.让我们来把这个问题一次性地彻底解决掉。Mark is an all-around athlete.马克是一个全能运动员。Did you get to play in the all-star game? 你入选全明星队的比赛了吗？He bloke the all-time record in the 100-meter run at his school.他打破了他所在的学校

100米跑的历史最高记录。

11.alley

1)Working on cars isn't up my alley.修理汽车不是我拿手的活儿。

12.alone

1)

2)I just wanna be left alone.我只是想一个人呆会儿。Can't you just leave well enough alone? 你不能少管一些闲事吗？

13.along

1)

2)You knew all along what was going on.你从一开始就知道所发生的事。Debbie doesn't get along with Steve.戴比和史蒂夫相处得不好。

1)

2)

3)

4)

5)Mr.Pak came here searching for the American dream.帕克先生来到这儿寻求他的“美国梦”。Some foreigners become Americanized while living in the U.S.一些外国人在美国居住时被美国化了。Not having any job freedom would be totally unAmerican.没有选择职业的自由是完全违背美国精神传统的。Bill is an all-American quarterback.比尔是全美（橄榄球）明星赛的四分卫队员。I just can't go on the American way.我无法适应美国方式。

15.animal

1)

2)Water-skiing really brings out the animal in Tom.滑水运动真正激发出了汤姆的活力与激情。The young actor emits a lot of animal magnetism on the screen.那个年轻演员在荧幕

上充分显示出他的性魅力。

16.answer

1)I called Emi but there was no answer.我给埃米打了电话，但是没人接。

17.apple

1)

2)

3)

4)

5)Have you ever been to the Big Apple? 你去过纽约吗？Do I sense an apple of discord between you two? 你问我有没有感觉出你们两人之间的不和，是吗？Heather is the apple of my eye.希瑟是我的掌上明珠。Rita likes to keep everything in apple-pie order.丽塔喜欢把一切都弄得井井有条。Dennis has always been an apple polisher.丹尼斯一直就是一个马屁精。

18.arm

1)

2)

3)

4)You don't have to twist my arm to get me to go with you.用不着你强迫我跟你走。My father is a hopeless armchair quarterback.我爸爸是一个没救了的纸上谈兵的人。The suspects are armed and dangerous.嫌疑犯带有武器，十分危险。Every spring the park is filled with lovers walking arm in arm.每到春天公园里到处都是

手挽手散步的恋人。

19.around

1)

2)Coach Johnson has been around for 30 years.约翰逊教练已有三十年的经验了。Someone is on duty here around-the-clock.有人在这里昼夜值班。

20.as

1)

2)

3)

4)

5)

6)It looks as if someone has already been here.看起来在人来过这里了。As for me, I'm going home.至于我，我准备回家。Marty is acting as if nothing happened.马蒂表现得像什么也没发生过一样。I want this room left as is.我希望这间房子保持原样。The changes will begin taking place as of tomorrow.变动从明天开始实施。Police are baffled as to the whereabouts of the kidnappers.警察局搜寻绑架者的工作受

挫。

1)

2)

3)

4)Our gas bill average about $50 a month.我们每个月的煤气费平均50美元。On the average, I'd say we eat chicken once a week.我们平均每周吃一次鸡肉。Kent describes himself as just an average Joe.肯特视自己为一名普通的美国人。On the average day, over 100,000 kids bring guns to school in the U.S.在美国平常日

子里，有100,000个孩子带手枪去上学。

22.away

1)

2)

3)

4)

5)What makes you think you're gonna get away with this? 是什么使你认为你可以免受处罚？I wish they'd do away with these complicated tax forms.我希望他们能费除掉这些复杂的税务表格。We're planning a weekend getaway for our anniversary.我们正在为庆祝我们的纪念日而安排一次周末的外出活动。Tom wants to run away from home.汤姆想从家里出逃。Dave and Kathy are going to steal away on vacation.戴夫和凯茜计划在假期里偷偷跑出

去。

第三篇：中英文对照

AEROFLEX “亚罗弗”保温 ALCO “艾科”自控 Alerton 雅利顿空调 Alfa laval阿法拉伐换热器 ARMSTRONG “阿姆斯壮”保温 AUX 奥克斯

BELIMO 瑞士“搏力谋”阀门 BERONOR西班牙“北诺尔”电加热器 BILTUR 意大利“百得”燃烧器 BOSIC “柏诚”自控 BROAD 远大

Burnham美国“博恩汉”锅炉 CALPEDA意大利“科沛达”水泵 CARLY 法国“嘉利”制冷配件 Carrier 开利 Chigo 志高

Cipriani 意大利斯普莱力

CLIMAVENETA意大利“克莱门特” Copeland“谷轮”压缩机 CYRUS意大利”赛诺思”自控 DAIKIN 大金空调

丹佛斯自控 Dorin “多菱”压缩机

DUNHAM-BUSH 顿汉布什空调制冷 DuPont美国“杜邦”制冷剂 Dwyer 美国德威尔 EBM “依必安”风机

ELIWELL意大利“伊力威”自控 Enfinilan 英国“英菲尼兰“阀门 EVAPCO美国“益美高”冷却设备 EVERY CONTROL意大利“美控” Erie 怡日

FRASCOLD 意大利“富士豪”压缩机 FRICO瑞典“弗瑞克”空气幕 FUJI “富士”变频器

FULTON 美国“富尔顿”锅炉 GENUIN “正野”风机 GREE 格力

GREENCOOL格林柯尔 GRUNDFOS “格兰富”水泵 Haier 海尔 Hisense 海信 HITACHI 日立

霍尼韦尔自控 Johnson 江森自控 Kelon 科龙

KRUGER瑞士“科禄格”风机 KU BA德国“库宝”冷风机 Liang Chi 良机冷却塔 LIEBERT 力博特空调 MARLEY “马利”冷却塔 Maneurop法国“美优乐”压缩机 McQuary 麦克维尔 Midea 美的 MITSUBISHI三菱

Munters 瑞典“蒙特”除湿机 Panasonic 松下 RANCO “宏高”自控

REFCOMP意大利“莱富康”压缩机 RIDGID 美国“里奇”工具 RUUD美国“路德”空调 RYODEN “菱电”冷却塔 SanKen “三垦”变频器 Samsung 三星 SANYO 三洋

ASWELL英国森威尔自控 Schneider 施耐德电气 SenseAir 瑞典“森尔”传感器 SIEMENS 西门子

SINKO ",28商机网;新晃“空调 SINRO “新菱”冷却塔 STAND “思探得”加湿器 SWEP 舒瑞普换热器 TECKA “台佳”空调 Tecumseh“泰康”压缩机 TRANE 特灵

TROX德国“妥思”风阀 VASALA芬兰“维萨拉”传感器 WILO德国“威乐”水泵 WITTLER 德国”威特”阀门 YORK 约克

ZENNER德国“真兰”计量

第四篇：中英文对照

医院中英文对照

发热门诊Have Fever主治医师Doctor-in-charge 供应室Supply Room谢绝入内No entering 红灯亮时谢绝入内No entering when red light

彩超、心电图Colorful Cardiogram/ECG住院楼Inpatient Building 透析血磁EndoscopeDept.护士Nueser康复理疗科RehabilitationPhysiotherapyDept.中药计价China medical price account肛肠科Ano-proctology

皮肤、肛肠、男性科、泌尿科候诊Dermatology、Ano-proctology、male Urology Clinic 皮肤科、肛肠科、男性科、泌尿科Dermatology、Ano-proctology、male Urology Dept 中医科Traditional Chinese Medicine五官科ENT Dept.男性科、泌尿科 Male urology Dept.安全出口Exit

预防保健科Medical center for health preventionand care

后勤科、药库Logistic Room、Seore入院登记In-patient Admisson 高压氧治疗Hyperbaric Oxygehation Therapy碎石中心ESWL Center 急救中心Emergency Center挂号收费Registration

中心药房Cenreral Pharmacy内科门诊Internal Medicine Clinic会议室Meeting Room手外科Hand Surgery 产科Obstentrics Dept.骨外科Orthopedics Dept.神经、烧伤外科Neurosurgery.Plaseric surgey Dept.麻醉科Anaesthesiology手术室Operation Room 泌尿、肿瘤外科Urologic.Gumorsurgery Dept.妇科Gynecology Dept.内二科Internal Medicine.Ward 2产房及爱婴中心Delivery Room内一科Internal Medicine.Ward 1洗手间Toilet

普外、胸外科Surgey、Thoracic Surgey Dept.皮肤科Dermatology Dept.中医骨伤科Traditional Mediaine or Thopaedics餐厅Dining Room 配餐室Pantry Room后勤科Logistics Dept.电工室Electrician Room接待室Dermatology Room 内、儿科候诊 Internal medicine.Pediatrics功能检查候诊Function Exam 中医科候诊TCM Clinic放射科候诊Radiology Clinic 妇科门诊Gynecology Dept.产科候诊Obstentrics Clinic 肛肠科候诊Ano-proctology妇科候诊Gynecology Clinic 产科门诊Obstentrics Dept.五官科候诊ENT.Clinic 外科候诊Surgery Clinic输液中心Transfusion Center 皮肤、泌尿科候诊 Dermatology.Male Urology Clinic检验候诊Clinical Laborotories 家属休息Relation Rest Room口腔科门诊Stomatology Clinic 内儿科Internal Medicine.Pediaarics镜检科Endoscope Dept.外科Surgrey Dept.检验中心Laboratory Center 功能检查Function Exam Dept.登记处Registration 预防保健门诊Hygine ＆ Public Health Dept.收费处Cashier 美容科、镜检科门诊 Cosmetology Dept.Endoscope Clinic

收费健康发证Gharge lssue Bill of Health试敏观察室Scratch Espial Room

第五篇：中英文对照

共轨技术

随着人们对低油耗、低废气排放、发动机低噪声的需求越来越大，对发动机和燃油喷射系统的要求也越来也高。对柴油发动机燃油喷射系统提出的要求也在不断增加。更高的压力、更快的开关时间，以及根据发动机工况修订的可变的流量速率曲线，已经使得柴油发动机具有良好的经济性、低污染、高动力性，因此柴油发动机甚至进入了豪华高性能轿车领域。达到这些需求的前提是拥有一个可以精确雾化燃油并具有高喷油压力的燃油喷射系统。同时，喷油量必须精确计算，燃油流量速率曲线必须有精确的计算模型，预喷射和二次喷射必须能够完成。一个可以达到以上需求的系统即共轨燃油喷射系统。

共轨系统包括以下几个主要的部分： ①低压部分，包含燃油共轨系统组件。

②高压系统，包含高压泵、油轨、喷油器和高压油管等组件。

电控柴油机系统EDC主要由系统模块，如传感器、电子控制单元和执行机构组成。共轨系统的主要部分即喷油器。它们拥有一个可以快速开关喷嘴的执行阀(电磁阀或压电触发器)，这就允许对每个气缸的喷射进行控制。

所有的喷油器都由一个共同的油轨提供燃油，这就是“共轨”的由来。在共轨燃油喷射系统中，燃油喷射和压力的产生是分开的。喷油压力的产生与发动机转速和喷油量无关。EDC控制每个组件。

(1)压力产生。

燃油喷射和压力的产生是通过蓄能器分离开来。将具有压力的燃油提供给为喷射做好准备的共轨系统的蓄能器。

由发动机驱动的连续运转的高压泵提供所需喷油的压力。无论发动机的转速高低，还是燃油喷射量的多少，油轨中的压力均维持在一定值。由于几乎一致的喷油方式，高压泵的设计可以小的多，而且它的驱动转矩可以比传统燃油喷射系统低，这源于高压泵的负载很小。

高压泵是径向活塞泵，在商用车上有时会使用内嵌式喷油泵。(2)压力控制

所应用的压力控制方法主要取决于系统。

一种控制油轨压力的方式是通过一个压力控制阀对高压侧进行控制。不需喷射的燃油通过压力控制阀流回到低压回路。这种控制回路允许油轨压力对不同工况(如负载变化时)迅速做出反应。

在第一批共轨系统中采用了对高压侧的控制。压力控制阀安装在燃油轨道上更可取，但是在一些应用中，它被直接安装在高压泵中。

另一种控制轨道压力的方式是进口端控制燃油供给。安装在高压泵的法兰上的计量单元保证了泵提供给油轨精确的燃油量，以维持系统所需要的喷油压力。

发生故障时，压力安全阀防止油轨压力超过最大值。

在进口端对燃油供给的控制减少了高压燃油的用量，降低了泵的输入功率。这对燃油消耗起到积极的作用。同时，流回油箱的燃油温度与传统高压侧控制的方法相比得到了降低。

双执行器系统也是一种控制轨道压力的方式，它通过计算单元对压力进行控制，并且通过压力控制阀对高压端进行控制，因此同时具备高压侧控制与进口端燃料供给控制的优势。

(3)燃油喷射

喷油器直接将燃料喷到发动机的燃烧室。它们由与燃油轨道直接相连的短高压油轨提供燃油。发动机的控制单元通过与喷油器结合在一起的控制阀的开闭控制喷油嘴的开关。

喷油器的开启时间和系统油压决定了燃油供给量。在恒压状态下，燃油供给量与电磁阀的开启时间成正比，因此与发动机或油泵的转速(以时间为计量的燃油喷射)无关。

(4)液压辅助动力

与传统燃油喷射系统相比，将压力的产生与燃油的喷射分离开来，有利于燃烧室的充分燃烧。燃油喷射压力在系统中基本可以自主选择。目前最高燃油压力为1600巴，将来会达到1800巴。

共轨系统通过引入预喷射或多次喷射可以进一步减少废气排放，也能明显降低燃烧噪声。通过多次触发高速转换阀的开闭可以在每个喷射周期内实现多达5次的喷射。喷油针阀的开闭动作是液压辅助元件助力的，以保证喷射结束的快速性。

(5)控制和调节

发动机的控制单元通过传感器检测加速踏板的位置以及发动机和车辆的当前工况。采集到的数据包括：

① 曲轴转速和转角； ② 燃油轨道的压力； ③ 进气压力；

④ 进气温度、冷却液温度和燃油温度； ⑤ 进气量； ⑥ 车速等。

电控单元处理输入信号。与燃烧同步，电控单元计算施加给压力控制阀或计算模块、喷油器和其他执行机构(如EGR阀，废气涡轮增压器)的触发信号。

喷油器的开关时间应很短，采用优化的高压开关阀和专业的控制系统即可实现。

根据曲轴和凸轮轴传感器的数据，对照发动机状态(时间控制)，角度/时间系统调节喷油正时。电控柴油机系统(EDC)可以实现对燃油喷射量的精确计算。此外，EDC还拥有额外的功能以进一步提高发动机的响应特性和便利性。

其基本功能包括对柴油燃油喷射正时的精确控制，和在给定压力下对油量的控制。这样，它们就保证了柴油发动机具有能耗低、运行平稳的特点。

其他开环和闭环控制功能用于减少废气排放和燃油消耗，或提供附加的可靠性和便利性，具体例子有：

① 废气在循环控制； ② 增压控制； ③ 巡航控制；

④ 电子防盗控制系统等。(6)控制单元结构。

由于发动机控制单元通常最多有8个喷油器输出口，所以超过八缸的发动机需要两个控制单元。它们通过内置高速CAN网络的“主/从”接口进行连接，因此也拥有较高的微控制器处理能力。一些功能被 分配给某个特定的控制单元(如燃料平衡控制)，其功能根据需求情况(如检测传感器信号)可以动态地分配给一个或多个控制单元。

The Common Rail Calls for lower fuel consumption, reduced exhaust-gas emission, and quiet engines are making greater demands on the engine and fuel-injection system.The demands placed on diesel-engine fuel-injection systems are continuously increasing.Higher pressures, faster switching times, and a variable rate-of-discharge curve modified to the engine operating state have made the diesel engine economical, clean, and powerful.As a result, diesel engines have even entered the realm of luxury-performance sedans.These demands can only be met by a fuel-injection pressure.At the same time the injected fuel quantity must be very precisely metered, and the rate-of-discharge curve must have an exact shape, and pre-injection and secondary injection must be performable.A system that meets these demands is the common-rail fuel-injection system.The main advantage of the common-rail system is its ability to vary injection pressure and timing over a broad scale.This was achieved by separating pressure generation(in the high-pressure pump)from the fuel-injection system(injection).The rail here acts as a pressure accumulator.Principle of the Common Rail The common-rail system consists of the following main component groups: ① The low-pressure stage, comprising the fuel-supply system components;② The high-pressure system, comprising components such as the high-pressure pump, fuel-rail, injector, and high-pressure fuel lines.The electronic diesel control(EDC), consisting of system modules, such as sensors, the electronic control unit, and actuators.The key components of the common-rail system are the injectors.They are fitted with a rapid-action valve(solenoid valve or piezo-triggered actuator)which opens and closes the nozzle.This permits control of the injection process for each cylinder.All the injectors are fed by a common fuel rail, this being the origin of the term “common rail”.In the common-rail fuel-injection system, the function of pressure generation and fuel injection are separate.The injection pressure is generated independent of the engine speed and the injected fuel quantity.The electronic diesel control(EDC)controls each of the components.(1)Pressure Generation.Pressure generation and fuel injection are separated by means of an accumulator volume.Fuel under pressure is supplied to the accumulator volume of the common

rail ready for injection.A continuously operating high-pressure pump driven by the engine produces the desired injection pressure.Pressure in the fuel rail is maintained irrespective of engine speed or injected fuel quantity.Owing to the almost uniform injection pattern, the high-pressure pump design can be much smaller and its drive-system torque can be lower than conventional fuel-injection systems.This results in a much lower load on the pump drive.The high-pressure pump is a radial-piston pump.On commercial vehicles, an in-line fuel-injection pump is sometimes fitted.(2)Pressure Control The pressure control method applied is largely dependent on the system.One way of controlling rail pressure is to control the high-pressure side by a pressure-control valve.Fuel not required for injection flows back to the low-pressure circuit via the pressure-control valve.This type of control loop allows rail pressure to react rapidly to changes in operating point(e.g.in the event of load changes).Control on the high-pressure side was adopted on the first common-rail systems.The pressure-control valve is mounted preferably on the fuel rail.In some applications, however, it is mounted directly on the high-pressure pump.Another way of controlling rail pressure is to control fuel delivery on the suction side.The metering unit flanged on the high-pressure pump makes sure that the pump delivers exactly the right quantity of fuel rail in order to maintain the injection pressure required by the system.In a fault situation, the pressure-relief valve prevents rail pressure from exceeding a maximum.Fuel-delivery control on the suction side reduces the quantity of fuel under high pressure and lowers the power input of the pump.This has a positive impact on fuel consumption.At the same time, the temperature of the fuel flowing back to the fuel tank is reduced in contrast to the control method on the high-pressure side.The two-actuator system is also a way of controlling rail pressure, which combines pressure control on the suction side via the metering unit and control on the high-pressure side via the pressure-control valve, thus marrying the advantages of high-pressure-side control and suction-side fuel-delivery control.(3)Fuel Injection.The injectors spray fuel directly into the engine’s combustion chambers.They are supplied by short high-pressure fuel lines connected to the fuel rail.The engine control unit controls the switching valve integrated in the injector to open and close

the injector nozzle.The injector opening times and system pressure determine the quantity of fuel delivered.At a constant pressure, the fuel quantity delivered is proportional to the switching time of the solenoid valve.This is, therefore, independent of engine or pump speed(time-based fuel injection).(4)Potential Hydraulic Power.Separating the functions of pressure generation and fuel injection opens up future degrees of freedom in the combustion process compared with conventional fuel-injection systems;the injection pressure at pressure at present is 160 MPa;in future this will rise to 180 MPa.The common-rail system allows a future reduction in exhaust-gas emissions by introducing pre-injection events or multiple injection events and also attenuating combustion noise significantly.Multiple injection events of up to five per injection cycle can be generated by triggering the highly rapid-action switching valve several times.The nozzle-needle closing action is hydraulically assisted to ensure that the end of injection is rapid.(5)Control and Regulation.The engine control unit detects the accelerator-pedal position and the current operating states of the engine and vehicle by means of sensors.The data collected includes:

① Crankshaft speed and angle;② Fuel-rail pressure;③ Charge-air pressure:

④ Intake air, coolant temperature, and fuel temperature: ⑤ Air-mass intake: ⑥ Road speed, etc.The electronic control unit evaluates the input signals.In sync with combustion, it calculates the triggering signals for the pressure-control valve or the metering unit, the injectors, and the other actuators(e.g.the EGR valve, exhaust-gas turbocharger actuators, etc.).The injector switching times, which need to be short, are achievable using the optimized high-pressure switching valves and a special control system.The angle/time system compares injection timing, based on data from the crankshaft and camshaft sensors, with the engine state(time control).The electronic diesel control(EDC)permits a precise metering of the injected fuel quantity.In

addition, EDC offers the potential for additional functions that can improve engine response and convenience.The basic functions involve the precise control of diesel-fuel injection timing and fuel quantity at the reference pressure.In this way, they ensure that the diesel engine has low consumption and smooth running characteristics.Additional open-and close-loop control functions perform the tasks of reducing exhaust-gas emissions and fuel consumption, or providing added safely and convenience.Some examples are:

① Control of exhaust-gas recirculation;② Boost-pressure control;③ Cruise control;

④ Electronic immobilizer, etc.(6)Control Unit Configuration.As the engine control unit normally has a maximum of only eight output stages for the injectors, engines with more than eight cylinders are fitted with two engine control units.They are coupled within the “ master/slave ” network via an internal, high-speed CAN interface.As a result, there is also a high microcontroller processing capacity available.Some functions are permanently allocated to a specific control unit(e.g.fuel-balancing control).Other can be dynamically allocated to one or many of the control units as situation demand(e.g.to detect sensor signals).