第一篇:哥特式建筑英文翻译
专业英语翻译第十篇——
Further Reading(1): Gothic Architecture 深入阅读(1):哥特式建筑
建筑091班
Gothic architecture is a style of architecture which flourished during the high and late medieval period.It evolved from Romanesque architecture and was succeeded by Renaissance architecture.哥特式建筑是一种兴盛于中世纪高峰和晚期的建筑风格。哥特式建筑是从罗马建筑演变发展而来,并且成功地发展为后来的文艺复兴建筑。
Originating in 12th-century France and lasting into the 16th century, Gothic architecture was known during the period as “the French Style”, with the term Gothic first appearing during the latter part of the Renaissance as a stylistic insult.Its characteristic features include the pointed arch, the ribbed vault and the flying buttress.哥特式建筑发展于12世纪的法国并且持续到第十六世纪,哥特式建筑在此期间被称为“法国式”,哥特这个词第一次出现在文艺复兴后期并且带有一定的贬义色彩。哥特式建筑的特点包括有尖券、骨架券和飞扶壁。
Gothic architecture is most familiar as the architecture of many of the great cathedrals, abbeys and parish churches of Europe.It is also the architecture of many castles, palaces, town halls, universities, and to a less prominent extent, private dwellings.哥德式建筑最常见于欧洲著名的大教堂、修道院和教区教堂。同时,这种建筑风格也应用到了许多城堡、宫殿、城镇的会堂、大学以及尺度较小的私人住宅。
It is in the great churches and cathedrals and in a number of civic buildings that the Gothic style was expressed most powerfully, its characteristics lending themselves to appeal to the emotions.A great number of ecclesiastical buildings remain from this period, of which even the smallest are often structures of architectural distinction while many of the larger churches are considered priceless works of art and are listed with UNESCO as World Heritage Sites.For this reason a study of Gothic architecture is largely a study of cathedrals and churches.哥特式建筑在著名的教堂、大教堂和一些市政建筑中,哥特式风格得到了充分的体现和表达,它的建筑特点符合了人们的情感需要。这个时期保留了大量的基督教建筑,这些建筑对于研究教堂的结构具有较大的意义,被联合国教课文化组织认为是无价的艺术品并列为世界遗产地。因此学习哥特式建筑主要就是学习大教堂和教堂。
Characteristics of Gothic churches and cathedrals 哥特式教堂和大教堂的特点
In Gothic architecture, a unique combination of existing technologies established the emergence of a new building style.Those technologies were the ogival or pointed arch, the ribbed vault, and the flying buttress.The Gothic style, when applied to an ecclesiastical building, emphasizes verticality and light.This appearance was achieved by the development of certain architectural features, which together provided an engineering solution.The structural jparts of the building ceased to be its solid walls, and became a stone skeleton comprising clustered columns, pointed ribbed vaults and flying buttresses.在哥德式建筑中,独特的、成熟的技术结构决定了一种新的建筑风格的出现。这些技术是有尖顶拱的尖券、骨架券和飞扶壁。当哥特式风格应用到宗教建筑中时,很强调垂直感和纤细。这种外观是由某一建筑特色发展而来的,还需要有技术和工程施工方案的支撑。建筑的部分结构去掉了实体墙,而是变成了一系列的石柱、骨架券和飞扶壁。
A Gothic cathedral or abbey was, prior to the 20th century, generally the landmark building in its town, rising high above all the domestic structures and often surmounted by one or more towers and pinnacles and perhaps tall spires.在二十世纪之前,哥特式大教堂或者修道院往往是城镇的地标性建筑,建筑的一个或者多个小尖塔或者高塔尖要高于国内其它建筑物。
Plan平面图
Most Gothic churches, unless they are entitled chapels, are of the Latin cross(or “cruciform”)plan, with a long nave making the body of the church, a transverse arm called the transept and, beyond it, an extension which may be called the choir, chancel or presbytery.There are several regional variations on this plan.大多数哥特式教堂,它们除了被称为小教堂,都是拉丁十字或十字平面之外,它们都有一个中厅,横向伸臂两端的空间叫做十字耳堂,延长突出的那一端,有可能是唱诗班区、高坛、或者是内殿。这几个部分在这个拉丁十子平面上不断变化。
The nave is generally flanked on either side by aisles, usually singly, but sometimes double.The nave is generally considerably taller than the aisles, having clerestory windows which light the central space.Gothic churches of the Germanic tradition, like St.Stephen of Vienna, often have nave and aisles of similar height.In the South of France there is often a single wide nave and no aisles, as at Sainte-Marie in Saint-Bertrand-de-Comminges.中殿通常是作为两边空间作为平面上交通的通道,一般设置一个,有时候设置两个。中殿的层高一般要高于侧廊,在中殿顶部中间的位置设置有采光的天窗。德国的哥特式教堂,如圣史蒂芬维也纳,也有类似高度的中殿和侧廊。在法国,哥特式教堂通常仅仅有一个宽敞的中殿而没有侧廊,例如圣·贝特朗·德科曼的圣玛丽教堂。
In some churches with double aisles, like Notre Dame, Paris, the transept does not project beyond the aisles.In English cathedrals transepts tend to project boldly and there may be two of them, as at Salisbury Cathedral, though this is not the case with lesser churches.在一些教堂中有两条侧廊,例如巴黎圣母院,它的十字耳堂在设计上没有超过侧廊。在英国,大教堂的十字耳堂设计趋于大胆彰显并且成双存在,例如索尔兹伯里大教堂,这种情况并非存在于少数的教堂。
The eastern arm shows considerable diversity.In England it is generally long and may have two distinct sections, both choir and presbytery.It is often square ended or has a projecting Lady Chapel, dedicated to the Virgin Mary.In France the eastern end is often polygonal and surrounded by a walkway called an ambulatory and sometimes a ring of chapels called a “chevet”.While German churches are often similar to those of France, in Italy, the eastern projection beyond the transept is usually just a shallow apsidal chapel containing the sanctuary, as at Florence Cathedral.教堂的东臂体现出相当大的差异。在英国,东臂一般很长并且明显的区分为两部分,即唱诗班区和长老会区。它通常是在广场的尽端,或者设计一个圣母堂,用来奉献圣母玛利亚。在法国,教堂东臂的尽端通常是成多边形的被称为回廊的走道,有时候是被称为“休息室”的小教堂。然而德国的教堂类似于法国的教堂,在意大利,教堂的东臂设计超过横厅部分通常是半圆形的含有圣殿的小教堂,例如佛罗伦萨大教堂。
The pointed arch 双圆心尖券
One of the defining characteristics of Gothic architecture is the pointed or ogival arch.The Gothic vault, unlike the semi-circular vault of Roman and Romanesque buildings, can be used to roof rectangular and irregularly shaped plans such as trapezoids.The other structural advantage is that the pointed arch channels the weight onto the bearing piers or columns at a steep angle.This enabled architects to raise vaults much higher than was possible in Romanesque architecture.哥特式建筑最典型的一个特征是尖券和尖拱。哥特式拱顶不同于罗马式建筑的半圆形拱顶,哥特式拱顶可以用于矩形和不规则形状平面的屋顶,例如梯形。其它结构的优点是尖拱的自重可以由扶壁或者柱子独立承受。这使得建筑师可以把拱顶设计得比罗马式建筑的拱顶更高些。
While, structurally, use of the pointed arch gave a greater flexibility to architectural form, it also gave Gothic architecture a very different visual character to Romanesque, the verticality suggesting an aspiration to Heaven.同时,在结构上,相对于建筑形式尖拱具有更大的灵活性,尖拱赋予了哥特式建筑与罗马式建筑不同的视觉效果,它的垂直感象征着人们对天堂的向往和渴望。
In Gothic Architecture the pointed arch is used in every location where a vaulted shape is called for, both structural and decorative.Gothic openings such as doorways, windows, arcades and galleries have pointed arches.Gothic vaulting above spaces both large and small is usually supported by richly moulded ribs.哥特式建筑中,尖券用于每一个拱形的位置,同时起到结构和装饰的作用。哥特式建筑中开洞的地方,例如门洞、窗洞、拱形走道和画廊都使用了尖券。哥特式拱顶上方的空间大小由浇筑骨架来决定。
Rows of pointed arches upon delicate shafts form a typical wall decoration known as blind arcading.Niches with pointed arches and containing statuary are a major external feature.The pointed arch lent itself to elaborate intersecting shapes which developed within window spaces into complex Gothic tracery forming the structural support of the large windows that are characteristic of the style.一排雅致的柱子和尖券作为墙的装饰形成一系列靠墙设置的拱门。壁龛的尖券和雕塑是主要的外表特征。尖券之间相互交叉的部分逐渐演变称为复杂的窗花格,这种窗花格并发展为一种窗固定的风格。
Vertical emphasis 垂直向上的趋势
The pointed arch lends itself to a suggestion of height.This appearance is characteristically further enhanced by both the architectural features and the decoration of the building.尖券本身有一定的高度,尖券的这种外观特征更进一步装饰了建筑和建筑特征。On the exterior, the verticality is emphasized in a major way by the towers and spires and in a lesser way by strongly projecting vertical buttresses, by narrow half-columns called attached shafts which often pass through several storeys of the building, by long narrow windows, vertical mouldings around doors and figurative sculpture which emphasizes the vertical and is often attenuated.The roofline, gable ends, buttresses and other parts of the building are often terminated by small pinnacles, Milan Cathedral being an extreme example in the use of this form of decoration.在外部,垂直感的表现和强调是通过垂直的扶壁支撑的塔和尖塔,通过纤细的贯通建筑几层楼的半圆形壁柱,通过细长的窗子、垂直浇筑的圆形门和形象的雕塑,通过强调垂直感而使建筑变得更加纤细。建筑轮廓、山墙端、扶壁和建筑其它部分一般汇集于塔尖,米兰大教堂就是使用这种装饰非常到位的一个例子。
On the interior of the building attached shafts often sweep unbroken from floor to ceiling and meet the ribs of the vault, like a tall tree spreading into branches.The verticals are generally repeated in the treatment of the windows and wall surfaces.In many Gothic churches, particularly in France, and in the perpendicular period of English Gothic architecture, the treatment of vertical elements in gallery and window tracery creates a strongly unifying feature that counteracts the horizontal divisions of the interior structure.正如一棵大树由树干蔓延到树梢,建筑内部的柱子也总是从地面连续的延伸至屋顶,并汇集于屋顶的肋梁。垂直面通常在窗子和墙面上反复出现。对于走廊和玫瑰窗窗花中垂直元素的处理创造了一种统一的形式,这种形式抵消了建筑内部的水平分隔形式,这种现象体现很多哥特式教堂,尤其是法国和英国垂直式哥特式建筑。
Flying Buttress 飞扶壁 A flying buttress, or arc-boutant, is a specific type of buttress.They are used to transmit the horizontal thrust of a vault across an intervening space(which might be an aisle, chapel or cloister), to a buttress outside the building.The employment of the flying buttress means that the load bearing walls can contain cut-outs, such as for large windows, that would otherwise weaken them.Flying buttresses are often found in Gothic architecture.飞扶壁,或飞拱是一种特殊的扶壁形式。它们是用来传输十字拱顶的水平推力(这可能是一个过道,教堂或修道院)的建筑外部的扶壁。飞扶壁的使用意味着承重墙可以开洞口,例如窗子,否则洞口会削弱承重墙。飞扶壁通常出现在哥特式建筑中。
The purpose of a buttress is to provide horizontal strength to a wall.The majority of the load is carried by the upper part of the buttress, so making the buttress as a semi-arch provides almost the same load bearing capability, yet in a much lighter and cheaper structure.As a result, the buttress seemingly flies through the air, rather than resting on the ground and hence is known as a flying buttress.扶壁的目的是增强墙面的横向强度。扶壁上部的荷载大多数由扶壁来承载,所以扶壁作为拱形的提供几乎相同的承载能力的并且是比较轻巧和便宜的结构。因此,扶壁看似飞跃在空中,而不是坐落于地上,故而人们称其为飞扶壁。
Rose Window 玫瑰窗
A Rose window(or Catherine window)is often used as a generic term applied to a circular window, but is especially used for those found in churches of the Gothic architectural style and being divided into segments by stone mullions and tracery.玫瑰窗(或者称凯瑟琳窗口)通常用于圆形窗口的一个术语,尤其是用在哥特式风格教堂中,玫瑰窗用来分隔石头直棂和作为窗饰。
Rose windows are particularly characteristic of Gothic architecture and may be seen in all the major Gothic Cathedrals of Northern France.Their origins are much earlier and rose windows may be seen in various forms throughout the Medieval period.Their popularity was revived, with other medieval features, during the Gothic revival of the 19th century so that they are seen in Christian churches all over the world.玫瑰窗是哥特式建筑中突出的特征,在法国南部的大多数哥特式教堂建筑中都能够看到玫瑰窗。玫瑰窗起源较早并且在整个中世纪时期可以看到有各种各样的玫瑰窗。玫瑰窗流行与19世纪哥特式文艺复兴时期,保留了中世纪的特征,因此在世界各地的基督教教堂中都能够看到玫瑰窗。
Notre Dame de Paris 巴黎圣母院
Notre Dame de Paris is widely considered one of the finest examples of French Gothic architecture in the world.The name Notre Dame means “Our Lady” in French.Notre Dame de Paris was one of the first Gothic cathedrals, and its construction spanned the Gothic period.巴黎圣母院被广泛认为是世界上法国哥特式建筑最好的一个例子。名称圣母院在法语中时“生母”的意思。巴黎圣母院是第一个哥特式教堂,整个建设过程跨越了哥特式时期。
Notre Dame de Paris was among the first buildings in the world to use the flying buttress(arched exterior supports).The building was not originally designed to include the flying buttresses around the choir and nave.After the construction began and the thinner walls(popularized in the Gothic style)grew ever higher, stress fractures began to occur as the walls pushed outward.In response, the cathedral’s architects built supports around the outside walls, and later additions continued as such.巴黎圣母院是世界上第一个使用了飞扶壁的建筑(斜拱支撑)。包括飞扶壁周围、中厅和唱诗班区并不是最初的设计。施工开始之后,随着薄墙的(推广的哥特风格)渐渐升高,开始产生向外墙的侧推力,对此情况,教堂的建筑师们在建筑外墙的周围进行了加固,以及后来不断的增加等待。
第二篇:哥特式建筑教案
授课章节:哥特建筑 所需学时:1课时
教学目的与要求:哥特式建筑在西方建筑史中占据的重要的地位。通
过本课的教学,让学生了解哥特式建筑的起源,掌握哥特式建筑的风格特点,了解哥特式建筑艺术的辉煌成就,从而培养学生对艺术的兴趣以及提高学生的自身艺术修养。
教学重点:了解和把握哥特式建筑的起源和风格特征。教学难点:运用相关理论知识分析哥特式的建筑风格。教学方法与手段:多媒体辅助教学结合讲解 教学内容时间分配:
作业及思考题:
1、哥特式建筑的风格特点?
2、列举出更多带有哥特式风格的教堂。
3、在理解哥特式风格特点后,利用其哥特式的风格
特点设计一款自己感兴趣的带有哥特元素的家具或饰品。
教学的基本内容:
一、导入新课(各位老师好,我今天试讲的题目是哥特式建筑)西方建筑史是作为一名环艺的学生必修的课程,只有了解了过去的建筑风格才能把握现在建筑的流行趋势。本节课就西方建筑史中的哥特式建筑为例。让同学们了解哥特式建筑的起源,掌握哥特式建筑的风格特点是本节课的重点。首先简单介绍下什么是哥特式建筑
哥特式建筑是11世纪下半叶起源于法国,13~15世纪流行于欧洲的一种建筑风格。主要见于天主教堂,也逐渐影响到世俗的建筑。哥特式建筑有着高超的技术和艺术成就,在建筑史上占有重要地位。最富著名的哥特式建筑有法国巴黎圣母院、意大利米兰大教堂、德国科隆大教堂等等。1起源:
哥特式建筑是以法国为中心发展起来的。12世纪以后,西欧经济进一步繁荣,城市得到了一定的发展,人口的集中,城市规模越来越大。城市的手工业和商业也有了一定程度的发展,城市内实行一定程度的民主政体。这一时期的教堂显示着城市的富足。市民们以极高的热情建造教堂,以此来表现自己的城市。另外,当时教堂已不再是纯属宗教性建筑物,它已成为城市公共生活的中心,成为市民大会堂、公共礼堂,甚至可用作市场和剧场的场所。在宗教节日时,教堂往往成为热闹的集会场地。
2特点:(结合图片分析其特点)首先概述哥特式建筑的特点是高耸的尖塔、尖形拱门、大窗户及绘有圣经故事的花窗玻璃。在设计中利用尖肋拱顶、飞扶壁、修长的束柱,营造出轻盈修长的飞天感。以及新的框架结构以增加支撑顶部的力量,使整个建筑以直升线条、雄伟的外观和教堂内空阔空间,再结合镶着彩色玻璃的长窗,使教堂内产生一种浓厚的宗教气氛。教堂的平面仍基本为拉丁十字形。
1尖肋拱顶
推力作用于四个拱底石上,这样拱顶的高度和跨度不再受限制,可以建得又大又高。并且尖肋拱顶也具有“向上”的视觉暗示。2飞扶壁(画图说明)
是一种用来分担主墙压力的辅助设施,飞扶壁是哥特建筑结构上的一大特点,它是为了平衡拱券对外墙的推力,而在外墙上附加的墙或其他结构。就是说中间的拱对墙有向外的推力,而扶壁是将墙向内推。这一结构的进步,使得教堂的中厅可设置面积较大的高侧窗,同时也增加了采光。3花窗玻璃
哥特式建筑增加了侧廊窗户的面积,直至整个教堂采用大面积排窗。这些窗户既高且大,几乎承担了墙体的功能。
彩色玻璃窗是哥特式建筑的一大特征,早期哥特式建筑中已广泛运用,是教堂内部装饰的重要手段,占有特殊的地位。彩色玻璃是在熔化的玻璃液中加入锰或钴等化学元素炼成的,基本色彩为红、蓝、紫三色,也有其他多种色彩。玻璃片之间用铅条焊接,一方面可以作为黑色的轮廓线,二是起到加固的作用。其五颜六色玻璃画拼成了一幅幅的宗教故事,大多以《圣经》为题材,这也起到了向一些不识字的民众宣传教义的作用,也具有很高的艺术成就。花窗玻璃以红、蓝二色为主,蓝色象征天国,红色象征基督的鲜血。
窗棂的构造工艺十分精巧繁复。细长的窗户被称为“柳叶窗”,圆形的则被称为“玫瑰窗”。
花窗玻璃造就了教堂内部神秘灿烂的景象,从而改变了罗曼式建筑因采光不足而沉闷压抑的感觉,并表达了人们向往天国的内心理想。
4门
层层往内推进,并有大量浮雕,对于即将走入大门的人,仿佛有着很强烈的吸引力。5十字平面
这也是继承自罗马式建筑,但扩大了祭坛的面积。6束柱
柱子不再是简单的圆形,多根柱子合在一起,强调了垂直的线条,更加衬托了空间的高耸峻峭。举例说明
大家熟知的法国著名作家维克多·雨果曾在他的小说《巴黎圣母院》中对圣母院作过最充满诗意的描绘。从此巴黎圣母院被更多的人们所熟知。巴黎圣母院是一座哥特式风格的基督教教堂,是古老巴黎的象征。位于整个巴黎城的中心。它的地位、历史价值无与伦比,是历史上最为辉煌的建筑之一。该教堂以其哥特式的建筑风格,祭坛、回廊、门窗等处的雕刻和绘画艺术,以及堂内所藏的13~17世纪的大量艺术珍品而闻名于世。虽然这是一幢宗教建筑,但它闪烁着法国人民的智慧,反映了人们对美好生活的追求与向往。
圣母院的法文原意是“我们的女士”,这位女士不是指别人,正是意指耶稣的母亲圣母玛丽亚。
巴黎圣母院的立面表现了哥特式立面的主要元素:中央的玫瑰花窗,多列的人像,连续的尖券,入口的叠涩尖券门。(叠涩是一种古代砖石结构建筑的一种砌法,利用石材通过一层层的堆叠向外或向内的一种形式。)
布置作业 单元小结
第三篇:美术鉴赏之哥特式建筑
《哥特式建筑的美》
前言
美术,在我看来是人为创造出来美的技术。世间充满着各式各样的美,而欣赏美,追求美是人类的天性!当然,我也不例外,对于美的享受,我总能得到一种幸福感。
这也是我选择‚美术赏析‛这门选修课程的原因,伍老师用他的语言,结合PPT课件,图片,还有视频,为我们学生深入浅出的讲解了西方美术的一些基本常识和作品的赏析,其中主要包括西方的绘画、雕塑、建筑等。几节课下来,我对西方建筑艺术最感兴趣,当老师介绍西方建筑风格时,看到大屏幕上显示的哥特式建筑风格的教堂图片所深深吸引住了。
在听老师赏析讲解下,我更了解哥特式建筑了,也喜欢上了这样美丽的建筑,出于喜欢和好奇我通过网络大量收集相关资料,从大量的图片中我享受到了视觉盛宴,我发现了一些哥特式建筑的共同特点和规律,在西方历史文献浏览中也了解了产生这种风格的历史背景。我就通过这次论文,将自己对哥特式建筑的一点认识和赏析感受和老师分享分享。
关键字:哥特式风格,背景起源,艺术特点,巴黎圣母院。
哥特之源
在听老师介绍欧洲建筑或城市的时候听到哥特式建筑或其风格建筑的解说,那到底什么是哥特式建筑?有是怎么发展起源的呢?这个问题恐怕很多人说不清楚。下面让我们了解一下哥特式这一建筑风格的背景起源
哥特,原为参加覆灭古罗马帝国的一个日耳曼民族,其称谓含有粗俗、野蛮的意思。它是文艺复兴时期的欧洲人,因厌恶中世纪的黑暗而‚赠‛给中世纪建筑的。哥特式建筑是以法国为中心发展起来的。在12—15世纪,城市手工业和商业行会相当发达,城市内实行一定程度的民主政体,市民们以极高的热情建造教堂,以此相互争胜来表现自己的城市。另外,当时教堂已不再是纯属宗教性建筑物,它已成为城市公共生活的中心,成为市民大会堂、公共礼堂,甚至可用作市场和剧场。在宗教节日时,教堂往往成为热闹的赛会场地。习惯上人们将与中世纪的这种主要建筑风格一致的建筑,均称为‚哥特式建筑‛。其实,哥特式艺术与哥特人并无任何联系,它乃‚罗马式‛艺术的更高发展,为中世纪天主教神学观念在艺术上的一种反映。
哥特发展历程
早期:第一座哥特式教堂是1143年在法国巴黎建成的圣丹尼斯教堂,其四尖券巧妙地解决了各拱间的肋架拱顶结构问题,有大面积的花窗玻璃,为以后许多教堂所效法。1144年,在庆祝圣丹尼斯重修完成举行的典礼上,各国的主教们吃惊地发现这种建筑形式有着不可抵挡的魅力。于是25年之后,凡有代表参加过庆典的地区都出现了哥特式教堂。
经典时期:12世纪末到13世纪中叶。
晚期:辐射状哥特式和火焰哥特式发展。直到16世纪被文艺复兴风格替代。
复兴:1820年,哥特式装饰风格复兴,主要在内装饰上。
哥特之艺术特点
通过网络图片分析比较可以笼统的归纳出哥特建筑的几个共同之处:尖塔高耸、尖形拱门、大窗户及绘有圣经故事的花窗玻璃。在设计中利用尖肋拱顶、飞扶壁、修长的束柱,营造出轻盈修长的飞天感。新的框架结构以增加支撑顶部的力量,使整个建筑以直升线条、雄伟的外观和教堂内空阔空间,常结合镶着彩色玻璃的长窗,使教堂内产生一种浓厚的宗教气氛。
哥特式建筑的外观的基本特征是高而直,其典型构图是一对高耸的尖塔,中间夹着中厅的山墙,在山墙檐头的栏杆、大门洞上设臵了一列布有雕像的凹龛,把整个立面横联系起来,在中央的栏杆和凹龛之间是象征天堂的圆形玫瑰窗。西立面作为教堂的入口,有三座门洞,门洞内都有几层线脚,线脚上刻着成串的圣像。所有墙体上均由垂直线条统贯,一切造型部位和装饰细部都以尖拱、尖券、尖顶为合成要素,所有的拱券都是尖尖的,所有门洞上的山花、凹龛上的华盖、扶壁上的脊边都是尖耸的,所有的塔、扶壁和墙垣上端都冠以直刺苍穹的小尖顶。
与此同时,建筑的立面越往上划分越为细巧,形体和装饰越见玲珑。这一切,都使整个教堂充满了一种超俗脱凡,腾跃迁升的动感与气势。这种气势将基督教的‚天国理想‛其次,从内部空间的特点,哥特式教堂的平面一般仍为拉丁十字形,但中厅窄而长,瘦而高,教堂内部导向天堂和祭坛的动势都很强,教堂内部的结构全部裸露,近于框架式,垂直线条统帅着所有部分,使空间显得极为高耸,象征着对天国的憧憬。束状的柱子涌向天顶,像是一束束喷泉从地面喷向天空;有时像是森林中一棵棵挺拔的树干,叶饰交织,光线就从枝叶的缝隙中透进来,启示人们以迷途中的光明,每当阳光从布满窗棂间的彩色玻璃照射进来时,整个教堂的空间便弥漫着迷离与幽幻,教堂仿佛就是天堂。此种气氛已尽显了基督教的精神,而这种气氛的形成,又无疑得益于尖券、尖拱及空间结构等技术。哥特之巴黎圣母院
哥特式建筑在不同国家也有各自的特点,最负著名的哥特式建筑有俄罗斯圣母大教堂。记得在高中就读过《巴黎圣母院》这本经典名著,对书中描写的巴黎圣母院的建筑了解少之又少,也不知道它是属于什么建筑风格,直到上西方美术赏析时,经老师介绍才知道这是属于哥特式建筑。
巴黎圣母院是巴黎第一座哥特式建筑,它开创了欧洲建筑史的先河。
圣母院坐东朝西,正面风格独特,结构严谨,看上去十分雄伟庄严。它被壁柱和三条装饰带分为九部分,其中,最下面有三个透视门,站在塞纳河畔,远眺高高矗立的圣母院,巨大的门四周布满了雕像,一层接著一层,石像越往里层越小。门洞上方就是所谓的‚国王廊‛,上有分别代表以色列和犹太国历代国王的二十八尊雕塑。大门上雕刻也是精巧无比,多为描述圣经中的人物。大门正中间是一幕「最后的审判」,中柱上的耶稣在‚世界末日‛宣判每个人的命运,一边是‚灵魂得救者‛升入天堂,一边是被推入地狱的罪人。左右两边各另设一个大门,左侧大门刻的是圣母玛利亚的事迹,其雕刻之精美,格调之雄浑居三门之冠。右侧刻的则是圣母之母-圣安娜的故事,每一个雕塑作品都层次分明,工艺精细。在所有的柱子都挺拔修长,与上部尖尖的拱券连成一气。中庭又窄又高又长。从外面仰望教堂,那高峻的形体加上顶部耸立的钟塔和尖塔,使人感到一种向蓝天升腾的雄姿。
教堂内部结构严谨,却极为朴素,几乎没有什么装饰。走入圣母院内,右侧安放一排排烛台,数十枝白烛辉映使院内洋溢著柔和的气氛。大厅里,门与门相套,逐层后退,形成典型的尖圆拱券。无数的垂直线条引人仰望,数十米高的拱顶在幽暗的光线下隐隐约约,闪闪烁烁,加上宗教的遐想,似乎上面就是天堂。于是,教堂就成‘与上帝对话’的地方。在这高旷、明亮、可容纳近万人的教堂大厅里,聆听着数千根音管的大管风琴奏出的庄严的圣歌、唱诗班的祈唱和牧师不紧不慢的布道,人们仿佛超拔与尘埃之外,心凝神释,与上帝融为一体了。
圣母院的第二层楼就是著名的玫瑰花形的大圆窗。哥特式建筑的另一特点就是取消了台廊和楼廊,增加了侧廊窗户的面积,甚至整个教堂都采用大面积排窗。这些窗户既高且大,几乎承载了墙体的功能。圣母院的花窗还应用了从阿拉伯学来的彩色玻璃工艺,拼成一幅幅五颜六色的宗教故事。花窗玻璃以红蓝二色为主,色彩斑斓,但这可不仅仅是装饰,这富丽堂皇的彩色玻璃刻画著一个个的圣经故
事。由于以前的大多数民众不识字,这些图像正好方便以前的神职人员来做传道之用。
院内摆臵很多的壁画、雕塑、圣像,因此前来观览的游客络绎不绝。要享受独自一人片刻的宁静,不妨上去圣母院第三层楼,也就是最顶层,雨果笔下的钟楼。圣母院的正面有一对钟塔,两座钟塔高69米,由一条装饰精美的走廊连接。南钟楼有一口重达13吨的巨钟,北钟楼有一个自上而下的石头楼梯,由387个台阶组成。中庭的上方有一个高达百米的尖塔,塔尖补充了花窗上方的空白,并与建筑的正面构成了一个完美的平面对称图形。登上钟楼的最高处,游客可以尽赏巴黎美景。
正如雨果在《巴黎圣母院》的那段名言:‚这座可敬的历史性建筑的每一个侧面,每一块石头,都不仅仅是我国历史的一页,而且是科学史和艺术史的一页。‛它不仅‚写出了人类的世界通史‛,而且是一部‚规模宏大的石头制造的交响诗。建筑成为了艺术,在改变人类物质生活的同时,也带给精神世界美的享受。虽然我不是艺术家,但我有一颗追求美的,发现美的心。我喜欢哥特式建筑,喜欢巴黎圣母院,喜欢上一切美丽的艺术。感谢老师的教学,虽然选修课已经上完了,但我仍然会用心去发现周围的艺术,欣赏它,获得美的感受来升华自己的灵魂。
第四篇:哥特式建筑文化内涵与象征
试论哥特式建筑的文化含义及象征
2012020601072 吴嘉映
哥特式建筑正是在法、英两地高涨的反教廷统治权的斗争时期产生和发展的。在建筑形式上。新的哥特式教堂建筑与以往的修道院建筑有很大的区别。作为地方权力中心的修道院,因为同时具有多种功能,因此其建筑以庞大的组群形式为主,而哥特式教堂则是城市和国家权力的象征,以单体建筑形式为主。作为一种独立王权统治下的产物,教会与教堂建筑抛弃了来自古罗马的建筑传统,在综合以往建筑经验的基础上寻求到了一种全新的建筑面貌,并以这种具有高昂精神象征性的建筑形式,来象征独立地区教廷一如既往的骄傲之感。
在这种背景之下。兴建规模庞大、装饰华美的教堂建筑,就会成为各个国家和地区城市间彰显城市实力和进行城市竞赛的最主要途径。尤其在英、法两个宗教改革最为热烈的国家,新的哥特式建筑发展也最为蓬勃兴盛。此时的教堂建筑,已经不再是教廷出于显示其庞大影响力和权威而建造,而是成为新崛起的王权以及城市居民自治权的象征,因此建造哥特式教堂的民众基础雄厚,尤其是在各个经济发达的城市中,居民们对建造本区标志性的高大哥特式教堂建筑,抱有十分的热情。
哥特式把过去希腊建筑的柱式与花山的特点放在一边,把罗马建筑的圆拱和穹隆的特点放在一边,把拜占庭建筑的高穹顶、帆拱、集中式空间的特点放在一边,而完全以从所未有的艺术风格及建筑形象向世人展示了一种新的建筑模式。这种建筑模式不需要,就向人民说明了建筑者向往天国、追求与天上的上帝对话的崇高理想,展示了世俗社会的人们为精神理想所能营造出的最大化的高耸建筑的实体形象,使世界建筑艺术的发展又一次达到一个前所未有的高度。以经院文化为主导的哥特时期就像它的本名来源一样,是一种被认为是野蛮与原始的文化与建筑风格。从实质上来说,虽然哥特式教堂就是进献给上帝的产物,但也是从哥特时期起,人类才又继古典时期之后真正凭借自身探索和实践,创造了新的结构和新的建筑文化,也让人们再一次明确看到了其自身力量的所在。
第五篇:英文翻译
英语三级翻译辅导习题
1.各吹各的号,各唱各的调。
2.每逢假日的下午,我总要漫游周围的乡村。
3.暴风雨把小屋冲坏,他们只好住在一个窑洞里。
4.要不断加强基础设施建设,努力营建良好的开发环境。
5.深秋,冷雨霏霏,屋里静悄悄的。他们看了一下午的书。
6.Liberty is more important than life.(英译汉)
答案:
1.各吹各的号,各唱各的调。转载自:考试大[Examda.Com]
She works as a bilingual secretary for an insurance company.4.去年我一天洗两次澡,早晚各一次。
I used to take a bath twice a day last year,morning and night.5.坦白地说,面试后我一直认为这个职位不适合我。
Frankly speaking,I have been thinking that the position is not right for me after the
interview.6.Some people assert that nothing is impossible.Such people should get a grip on
reality and understand it‘s impossible to create another Universe.In more down-to-earth
terms,it’s impossible to know with any certainty whether you will live or die tomorrow.(英译汉)
一些人断言没有什么事是不可能的。这些人应该把握现实,知道再造一个宇宙是不可能的。更现实的 说法是不可能明确地知道明天你会活着还是会死。
get a grip on抓住,控制,管束
1.八成他不会来了。
Most probably he isn,t coming.2.他巴不得立刻见到你。
He is very anxious to meet you immediately.3.这刀不会留下任何疤痕。转载自:考试大-[Examda.Com]
The cut will not leave any scar.4.孩子成了他唯一的安慰。
The child became her only consolation.5.非常感谢贵公司的录用,但我不得不拒绝这份工作。
I really appreciate your offer,but I must decline it.6.Things aren’t even starting to take shape yet.(英译汉)
八字还没有一撇.1.显然你错了。考试大论坛
It is clear you were wrong.2.仔细看看信的地址是否写对了。
Care should be taken to see that the letter is properly addressed.3.现在全厂上上下下都普遍认为工厂必须进行改革。
It is now generally accepted that reform is necessary in the factory.4.这儿是头两卷,第三卷下个月出版。
Here are the first two volumes,the third one to come out next month.5.我们不知不觉地朝公园走去。公园就在人行桥那边,桥下很深的地方,汹涌的河水滚滚流过。Somehow our path took us toward the park across the footbridge high above the rolling
waters of the river.6.The man who is above his business may one day find his business above him.(英译汉)
不屑于干自己工作的人,终会有一天发现自己不配干那份工作。
1.为了找房子,不知花费我多少时间,受过多少闲气。
In my long seeking for lodging,I often met with a snub.2.树是那样高,笔直,而又整齐的特别可爱!因为是松树和杉树的原故,所以四时都是绿油油的。Standing tall and erect before me in neat array was a forest of evergreen pines and
firs.3.自己在树底下行走,如果把风景看得太严重了,倒反没有什么趣味。考试大论坛
While walking in the shade of the trees,I preferred not to focus my attention
exclusively on the scenery.4.最有意思的是自己慢慢地在后面走,看着人家一个个地从树荫下经过。
I found it most interesting to watch,by slowing down my pace,other people walking
ahead of me one after another.6.We‘ve all done something in our lives us we are ashamed of,some of us have fallen
for the wrong man,some have let go of the right women,there’re those who have
humiliated their parents and those who have failed their children.Yes,we‘ve all made
mistakes that diminish us and those we love.But there is redemption if we try to learn from
those mistakes and grow。(英译汉)
我们都做过一些自己都感到惭愧的事。有些人爱错了人,有些人错过了爱;有些孩子使父母丢脸,也 有些家长让孩子失望。是的,我们都犯过错,使自己和爱人蒙羞。但如果我们试着从s这些错误中吸取教 训并成长,就还有挽回的机会。
A: Bill Mcphee。我会尽快带他来见你。
Bill Mcphee.I’ll bring him around to see you soon.B: 我们会怀念和你一起共事的时光。
We’ll miss doing business with you.A: Bill Mcphee是个好人。你们会和他相处得很好的。
Bill Mcphee is a good man.You’ll get along with him very well.6.With the rapid development of Taiwan’s economy,a lot of social problems have come
to pass.(英译汉)
随着台湾经济的快速发展许多社会问题产生了
1.这架班机正点起飞吧?
Is the plane on schedule?
2.准备好机票与登机牌。
Let’s get our tickets and boarding pass ready.3.如果有退票的,请通知我。
Please notify me if there is any cancellation.4.请于起飞前一小进到达机场。
Please be at the airport at least one hour before departure?
You’ll be late if you don’t arrive in one hour before leaving.5.我需要提前多少天付款订票?
How long in advance of the flight must I pay to confirm the booking?
6.Promises are often like the butterfly,which disappear after beautiful hover。(英译
汉)
承诺常常很像蝴蝶,美丽地盘旋然后不见。
1.我们应该不遗余力地美化我们的环境。请访问考试大网站http:///
We should spare no effort to beautify our environment.2.在建立个人网站前,先问问自己,为什么想要一网站,想要达到的目标是什么。
Before you build a personal site,ask yourself why you want one,and what you want to
accomplish.3.在造访一个提供网站空间服务的网站时,你会看到种类繁多的方案可供选择,哪一种价位可以给 你多少网络空间及多大的传输流量。
When you visit the site of a Web host,you’ll see a wide variety of plans-so much
space and so much network traffic for so much money.4.典型的网站包括图像、文字及图片,比较精心制作的网站还有动画、影像、声音和其他额外的内 容。
Web site typically contain graphics,texts and pictures,while more elaborate ones
include animation,video,audio and other extras.5.关于网站设计,有许多是很吸引人的,也有许多则令人泄气。
There are many things about Web sites that are appealing and many that are just plain
frustrating.6.Pizza came to the U.S.with Italian immigrants;the first U.S.pizzeria opened in
1905,and pizza became one of the nation’s favourite foods after World War Ⅱ。It is now
popular worldwide.(英译汉)
比萨随着意大利移民引进美国;1905年第一家美国比萨店开业了,第二次世界大战后比萨成为全美国 最喜爱的食物之一。现在比萨畅销全世界。
1.只要走一下就到了吗?
Is it within walking distance?
2.我儿子骑在我肩上看游行。
My son rode pickaback on me to watch the parade.3.其实我一点都不喜欢我现在的工作。
The fact of the matter is I’m not enjoying my new job at all.4.他有边吃饭边抽烟那让人讨厌的习惯。
He has the irritating habit of smoking during meals.5.如果我今早没忘了把油箱加满,我们不会没油的。
If I hadn’t forgotten to fill up the tank this morning,we wouldn’t be out of gas.6.Are there any charter flights?(英译汉)
有包机航班吗?
1、A:有什么我可以为您效劳的吗?
Is there anything I can help you with?
B:是的,我想知道你是否可以帮我找到一些这个城市的旅游指南,或许也要一张公路地图。Yes,I was wondering if you could help me find some travel guides for this city.And
maybe also a rode map,too.A:我们有各种不同的那个题材的书。有些相当概扣,而其他的则比较专业化。
We have a variety of books on that subject.Some are quite general while others are more
specialized and specific,B:我想概括性的就可以了。我只是要在这儿停留几天。但我想要那种多多少少能使我感觉到这个城 市的东西。
I think the generalized ones would do.I’m only staying here for a couple of days.But
I want something that can give me more or less the feel of the city.A:那样的话,也许这本书可以。它有很多图片,而且容易阅读,里头也有公路地图。
In that case,maybe this book will do.It has a lot of pictures and is easy to read.There are also road maps in it.B:太好了!我买这一本。
That’s perfect.I’ll buy this one.(英译汉)
2、At Christmas the air is filled with carols.圣诞节的时候到处都可以听到圣诞颂歌。
1.我认为年轻人应该能够有自己作决定的自由和空间。
I think young people should have the freedom and the space to make their own decisions.2.由于奥运会规模越来越大,为了大多数的城市将没有能力举办。来源:考试大
The Olympic Games are growing so big that most cities may not be able to host them in
future.3.当奥运会结束后,所有累积的专业经验就消失,使下一届主办城市必须一切从零开始。Currently,once the Games are finished,all the gathered expertise vanishes and the
next city has to begin from scratch.4.除了一般大学程度的课程之外,卢浮学院也提供大众免费的夜间艺术史课程。
The Ecole du Louvre,in addition to its regular university-level curricula,offers
free public evening classes in art history.5.你会相信咖啡有助于保护你的脑部免收一种危险的退化性疾病的侵袭吗?
Would you believe coffee and help protect your brain from a dangerous degenerative
disease?
6.The two of us sit on chairs and stare upward and around until closing time,watching
the sun illuminate the stained glass panes deep red,blue,gold,and a near blinding
white.On the way out,someone coughs,and the sound goes on and on—acoustics in this
chapel are remarkable.(英译汉)
我们俩坐在椅子上向上及四周凝视直到教堂关门,看着太阳照亮窗格中的彩色玻璃,有深红、蓝色、金色,及眩目的白色。离开时,有人咳嗽,回音缭绕再缭绕—可见这座教堂里的音响效果是多么棒。
1.她的行为深深地刺痛了我的心。{来源:考{试大}
I am deeply offended by her conduct.2.稳定性带来的好处有可能被夸大。
It is possible to overstate the benefits of stabilization.3.这事若是事实,它将给我们造成许多麻烦。
If true,this will cause us a lot of trouble.If it is true,this will cause us a lot of trouble.4.任何政府忽视这一点都将付出巨大的代价。
Any government which is blind to this point may pay a heavy price.5.许多市民抱怨城市的公交车太少,以至于他们要花很长时间等一辆公交车,而车上可能已满载乘客Many city residents complain that it is so few buses in their city that they have to
spend much more time waiting for a bus,which is usually crowded with a large number of
passengers.6.Love is the greatest refreshment in life。
爱情是生活最好的提神剂。
1.大家最好养成学习的好习惯。
You‘d better form the habit of studying.2.别把这两个近义词混淆了。
Don’t mix up this pair of synonyms.3.给出这个词的同义词和反义词。
Give the synonym and antonym of this word.4.他脸皮厚,从来不在乎别人讲什么。
He is thick-skinned and never cares what others say.5.面试时,有些面试者会有夸大的倾向。
During the interview,some interviewees tend to exaggerate.6.You’re really too good for me.(英语)
我真的配不上你。
1.一项调查显示妇女欢迎退休。
An investigation shows that female workers tend to have a favorable attitude toward
retirement.2.我最近利用了一点时间采访成功的专业人士,谈谈他们最难忘、最有效的学习经验。
I recently spent time asking effective professionals about their most memorable and
effective learning experiences.3.我的目的,是要找出成人教育的最佳方式。{来源:考{试大}
My goal was to find out what works best when it comes to adult education.4.那么为什么在适合成人的训练方式与公司的训练部门实际所提供的训练之间会有如此的断层呢?So why is there such a disconnect between what works for adults and is offered by
corporate training departments?
5.在世界各地,极少数的训练人员在从事他们的工作时,具备有充分的学习方面的知识。Very few trainers,in world over,come to their work with much knowledge about
learning.6.What I discovered is that adults are remarkably similar in how they learn best: The
most unforgettable and transformative learning occurs through personal experience,group
support and/or mentoring.(英译汉)
我发现,成人学习最有效的方式其实非常类似:最难忘、带来最深远改变的学习经验,均是通过个人 的体会、小组支持或者良师的启发。