中国传统文化翻译--春节用语

第一篇：中国传统文化翻译--春节用语

一、中国传统文化之英语表达---有关春节的基本词汇与短语

【Greeting Season】: 春节 The Spring Festival 农历 lunar calendar 正月 lunar January;the first month by lunar calendar 除夕 New Year„s Eve;eve of lunar New Year

初一 the beginning of New Year 元宵节 The Lantern Festival 【Customs】：

过年 Guo-nian;have the Spring Festival 对联 poetic couplet: two successive rhyming lines in poetry 春联 Spring Festival couplets 剪纸 paper-cuts 买年货 special purchases for the Spring Festival;do Spring Festival shopping 年画 New Year paintings 敬酒 propose a toast 灯笼 lantern: a portable light 烟花 fireworks 爆竹 firecrackers(People scare off evil spirits and ghosts with the loud pop.)红包 red packets(cash wrapped up in red paper, symbolize fortune and wealth.)舞狮 lion dance(The lion is believed to be able to dispel evil and bring good luck.)舞龙 dragon dance(to expect good weather and good harvests)戏曲 traditional opera 杂耍 variety show;vaudeville 灯谜 riddles written on lanterns 灯会 exhibit of lanterns 守岁 staying-up 禁忌 taboo 拜年 pay New Year„s call;give New Year„s greetings;New Year„s visit

去晦气 get rid of the ill-fortune 祭祖宗 offer sacrifices to one„s ancestors

压岁钱 gift money;money given to children as a lunar New Year gift www.xiexiebang.com 辞旧岁 bid farewell to the old year 扫房 spring cleaning;general house-cleaning 【Food names】：

年糕 Nian-gao;rise cake;New Year cake 团圆饭 family reunion dinner 年夜饭 the dinner on New Year„s Eve

饺子 Jiao-zi;Chinese meat ravioli 八宝饭 eight treasures rice pudding 汤圆 Tang-yuan;dumplings made of sweet rice, rolled into balls and stuffed with either sweet or spicy fillings糖果盘 candy tray: 什锦糖 assorted candiesgrowth and good health 西瓜子 red melon seedprosperity 红枣 red datesmany descendents to come 糖藕 candied lotus rootsweet 【Blessing】: Treasures fill the home 财源广进

Business flourishes 事业兴隆

Peace all year round 岁岁平安

Wishing you prosperity 恭喜发财

Harmony brings wealth 家和万事兴

May all your wishes come true 心想事成Everything goes well 万事如意 The country flourishes and people live in peace 国家富强、人民安康

Money and treasures will be plentiful 财源茂盛

Wishing you every success Promoting to a higher position 事业有成、更上一层楼、蒸蒸日上 Safe trip wherever you go 一帆风顺

Wish you happiness and prosperity in the coming year!祝你新的一年快乐幸福

Wish you success in your career and happiness of your family!事业成功，家庭美满。

【中国新年禁忌】：

Dos and Donts of Chinese New Year Do's: Wish everyone you meet a happy New Year by saying “gong xi fa cai”, which translates to: “Have a happy and prosperous New Year!” 对每一个你遇到的人道一声：“恭喜发财”，翻译成英文就是：“在新的一年里拥有幸福繁荣的生活”；

Wear articles of red clothing because red symbolizes luck.穿红色布料做成的饰品，因为红色昭示着幸运；

Eat vegetarian food because it's not good to see blood.吃素食，因为见血是不吉利的；

Buy new trousers because the Chinese word for trousers is “fu”,(Chinese homonym for wealth)买新裤子（衣服），因为汉语里裤子就是“服”，（在汉语里与财富的“富”谐音）；

Children should stay up as late as possible on New Year's Eve for it is believed that the later they stay up, the longer their parents will live.孩子应该在除夕之夜尽可能晚睡、熬夜因为据说他们睡的越晚，他们的父母越长寿；

Visit family(especially those older than yourself)and friends to pass on your wishes on good fortune for the New Year.(plus kids and single people will receive lai-see lucky red packets full of money.拜访亲戚朋友（尤其是比你年长的），传递你对他们来年幸福的美好祝愿（另外孩子和单身的人将会得到装满钱的幸运红包，称为“来喜”。）

Give two lai see to each child.Because happiness comes in two's, do not just give one.This is your way of passing good luck to the next generation.Business owners also give lai see to employees and associates.给每个孩子两份“来喜”（我觉得应该指钱是偶数的），因为好事成双，不要只给一份。这是你把祝愿传递给下一代的方法。企业主（老板）也要给员工和同事红包。

Don'ts: Don't wear white or black clothing, since they are the traditional colours of mourning.不要穿白色或黑色服装，因为这是传统意义上丧事的颜色；

Don't buy new shoes for the first month of the New Year, because the sound of shoe in Chinese is “hai”.“Hai” is similar to the sound of sighing, which Chinese believe is not a good way to start the year.不要在新年的第一个月买新鞋，因为在汉语里鞋的发音是“孩”（好像是四川地区的发音），它与叹息”唉“相近，中国人认为这不是新年伊始的好兆头。

Don't wash your hair for the first three days of the New Year, because the Chinese word for hair is a homonym for the Chinese word for wealth.Therefore, Chinese believe it isn't a good thing to 'wash away your wealth' right at the start of the New Year.在新年的前三天里不要洗头，因为汉语里“头发”的“发”和“发财”的“发”同音。因此，中国认为在新年伊始把财富给冲走可不是好兆头。

Floors may not be swept and garbage may not be disposed of on the first day of the New Year for fear of casting riches out the door.在新年第一天，不拖地，不扔垃圾，因为怕把“财”给送走了；

Don't swear or quarrel.不要诅咒发誓，也不愿吵架；

Don't break any dishes, otherwise you may incur more misfortune for the New Year.In the event of breaking a dish, quickly say “ Peace for all time”, and the bad luck will be warded away.不要打破碗碟，否则在来年你可能会遭遇不幸。一旦打破了，要马上说“岁岁平安”，这样坏运气就会被赶走了；

Don't greet people who are in mourning.不要向服丧期的人们问候（主要指不要说喜庆的话吧？）

Don't drop your chopsticks.不要让筷子掉地上；

Don't say the number 'four'(Chinese homonym for death)or mention death.不要说数字“四”（汉语里和“死”谐音）或者提到死；

Don't borrow or lend money.不要借钱也不要借给别人钱。

拜年 Pay a New Year Call

An important activity during the Spring Festival is bainian（to pay a New Year call）.People start to pay New Year calls from the lunar New Year's Day，that is，the first day of the first month of the lunar calendar.Ever since the Ming Dynasty in the 14th century，ordinary people have begun to exchange greeting cards on this day.On the morning of the lunar New Year's Day，people get up very early and call on others.The earlier one does so，the more sincere he is.Moreover，people wear new clothes and a new cap，symbolizing that a new year has begun.The younger generation should call on their elders first，such as the grandfather，grandmother，father and mother，wishing them “Good health” and “Long life”.Then the elders give children some money in a red envelope as a New Year gift.After that，people call on their relatives，friends and neighbors.As “big tangerine” is a homonym for “very lucky” in Chinese，so people often present red big tangerines as a gift while paying a New Year call.Nowadays，besides greeting cards，people also use telephones and e-mails to pay New Year calls.一、艺术 1.画类 壁画 mural 国画 Chinese traditional painting 水墨画 ink and wash painting 绢画 silk painting 木刻画 wood engraving 版画 engraving 贝雕画 shell carving painting 年画 new year picture 2.陶器类

陶器 pottery ware 玉器 jade article 瓷器 china ware 青瓷 celadon 青铜器 bronze ware 景泰蓝 cloisonné enamel 漆器 lacquer ware 彩陶 painted pottery 唐三彩 trio-colored glazed pottery of the Tang Dynasty 3.雕刻类

冰雕 ice carving 玉雕 jade carving 石雕 stone carving 骨雕 bones carving 贝雕 shell carving 木雕 wood carving 根雕 tree root carving 瓷器雕 porcelain carving 象牙雕 ivory carving 4.塑像类

彩塑painted sculpture 画塑 dough figurine 泥人儿 clay figure 5.扇类

绢扇 silk fan 檀香扇 sandal wood fan 折扇 folding fan 6.宝石类 珍珠 pearl 玛瑙 agate 珊瑚 coral 翡翠 green jade 琥珀 amberwww.xiexiebang.com 玉 jade 7.工艺类

刺绣 embroidery 双面秀 two-sided embroidery 挂毯 tapestry 蜡染 batik 藤条制品 wickerwork 真丝 pure silk 烟嘴 cigarette holder 鼻烟壶 snuff bottle 图章 seal 盆景 potted landscape 屏风 screen

二、民俗词汇 轿子sedans 风车 pinwheel 杂技 acrobatics 魔术 magic 拨浪鼓 shaking drum 竹苗 bamboo flute 皮影 shadow puppet 糖人 sugar-molded 四合院 courtyard homes 踩高跷 stilt walk 武术 martial arts 人力车 rickshaw 宫灯 palace lantern 猜拳 finger-guessing game 说书 monologue story-telling 老字号 time-honored 相声 cross talk

三、传统节日词汇

拜年 pay a new year call 爆竹 firecracker 鞭炮 a string of small fire crackers 大扫除 year-end household 灯谜 lantern riddles 庙会 temple fair 年画 new year’ s picture

挂年画 to hang out new year’s picture

年夜饭 family reunion dinner on lunar new year 守岁 to stay awake all night 年糕 glutinous cake for new year 大年初一 the first day of the first lunar month 八宝饭 eight-treasure rice pudding 对联 poetic couplets 贴春联 to put up antithetical couplets 糊窗花 to put up window paper-cuts 压岁钱 money given to children as a lunar new year gift

四、京剧相关词汇

地方戏：local opera 戏剧脸谱theatrical mask 生 male characters 旦 female characters 净 painted face characters 末 middle-aged male characters 丑 clown

五、中国古代四大发明

火药 gunpowder 指南针 compass 造纸术 paper-making techniques 印刷术 paper-printing techniques

六、中国特有的事务

武术 martial arts 气功 Qigong 打擂台 to fight a challenge fight in an arena 听评书 to listen to historical or traditional stories 下象棋 to play Chinese chess 练习书法 to make special studies of calligraphy 画国画 to do traditional Chinese painting 题诗 to inscribe a poem 求对 to match an antithetical couplet 元宵节 the Lantern Festival 端午节 the Dragon-Boat Festival 中秋节 the Mid-autumn Day 荔枝节 the Litchi Festival 西瓜节 the Water Melon Festival 风筝节 the Kate Festival 国庆节 the National Day 劳动节 the Labor Daywww.xiexiebang.com 妇女节 the Women’s Day 儿童节 the Children’s Day 教师节 the Teachers’ Day 建军节 the Army Day 解放 the Liberation in 1949 建国 the founding of the People’s Republic of China in 1949 改革开放 to carry out reforms and adopt open policies 基层 at grass-root level 干部 cadre 文革 the Cultural Revolution 上山下乡 to settle down in the mountainous areas and in the countryside 国民党 the Kuomintang 四世同堂的大家庭 an extended family with four generations living under the same roof 独生子女家庭 family with only one child 大龄未婚青年 elder unmarried youth 离退休人员 retired people 贫困地区 poverty-stricken area 贫困户 poverty-stricken family 承包 to adopt the responsibility system 致富 to become well-off 铁饭碗 iron rice bowl/a secure job 吃大锅饭 to eat from the same large caldron

七、其它

大观园 Grand View Garden 龙舟 dragon boat 肝火 fire in the liver 诊脉 feel the patient’s pulse 衙门 yamen 磕头 kowtow 人参 ginseng 秧歌 yangko 京韵大鼓 story-telling in Beijing dialect with drum accompaniment 民乐 traditional instrumental music 楷体字 characters in the orthographic script 箬笠 hat of plaited bamboo leaves 空城计 “undefended city”, a stratagem of putting up a bluff 大观园 Grand View Garden 龙舟 dragon boat 肝火 fire in the liver 诊脉 feel the patient’s pulse 衙门 yamen 磕头 kowtow 人参 ginseng 秧歌 yangko 京韵大鼓 story-telling in Beijing dialect with drum accompaniment 民乐 traditional instrumental music 楷体字 characters in the orthographic script 箬笠 hat of plaited bamboo leaves 空城计 “undefended city”, a stratagem of putting up a bluff

第二篇：中国传统文化春节

中国传统文化——春节

中国有许多传统的节日，比如春节、元宵节、清明节、端午节、中秋节等，但我最喜欢的就要属过年了。每到春节，家家户户喜贴春联，敲锣打鼓，张灯结彩，辞旧迎新的活动热闹非凡，每一个人的脸上都洋溢着节日的喜悦。但你知道吗，过年为什么会有这些喜庆的活动呢？这里面有着一个美妙的神话故事，现在让我给你讲一讲吧！

相传，中国古时候有一种叫“年”的怪兽，头长触角，凶猛无比。“年”长年深居海底，每到除夕才爬上岸，吞食牲畜，伤害人命。因此，每到除夕这天，村村寨寨的人们都要扶老携幼逃往深山，以躲避“年”兽的伤害。

这一年的除夕，桃花村的人们正准备扶老携幼上山避难。这时从村外来了个乞讨的老人，当时全村的乡亲们正在收拾行装，谁也没心关照这位乞讨的老人。只有村东头的一位老婆婆走过去给了他一点粮食说：“快逃吧！年兽快要来了。”老伯伯笑着说：“婆婆如果让我在你家呆一夜，我一定能把‘年'兽赶走。”老婆婆继续劝说他，乞讨老人笑而不语。婆婆无奈，只有撇下他，上山避难去了。

半夜时分，“年”兽闯进村。它发现村里气氛与往年不同：只见村东头老婆婆家里，门贴大红纸，屋内烛火通明。“年”兽浑身一抖，怪叫了一声，便向老婆婆家扑了过去。快到门口时，院内突然传来“劈里啪啦”的炸响声，“年”吓坏了，就再也不敢往前走了。原来“年”最怕红色、火光和炸响。这时，婆婆的家门大开，只见院内一位身披红袍的老人在哈哈大笑。“年”大惊失色，狼狈逃窜了。

第二天是正月初一，避难回来的人们见村里安然无恙，十分惊奇。这时老婆婆才恍然大悟，赶忙向乡亲们述说了乞讨老人的许诺。于是，乡亲们一起拥向老婆婆家，只见婆婆家门上贴着红纸，院里一堆未燃尽的竹子仍在“啪啪”作响，屋内几根红蜡烛还发着余光„„欣喜若狂的乡亲们为庆祝吉祥的来临，纷纷换新衣戴新帽，到亲友家道喜问好。这件事很快在周围村子传开了，人们都知道了驱赶“年”兽的办法

从此以后，每到除夕，家家贴红对联，燃放爆竹，户户烛光通明，守更待岁。初一一大早，还要走亲串友道喜问好。后来这风俗越传越广，逐渐成了中华民族最隆重的传统节日。过年的习俗除了上面所说的外，还有很多，比如：贴窗花，贴年画，吃饺子，压岁钱等。我最喜欢和小朋友一起放鞭炮，晚上我早早的吃过年夜饭，就拿着鞭炮就朝门外奔去。伴随着我们的欢呼声，一个个烟花飞到了空中，点亮了美丽的天空。还有一个传统也是我们最喜欢的了，那就是春节，我们都会收到长辈们给我们的红包，预示着来年我们都会顺顺利利的过着每一天。

“过新年，穿新衣，开开心心过大年„„”我们唱着欢乐的歌谣，迎接新的一年来到。

第三篇：段落翻译(中国传统文化)

一、Chinese Dragon

对龙图腾他的崇拜在中国大约已绵延了八千多年。中国龙是古人将鱼、蛇、马、牛等动物与云雾、雷电等自然天象集合而成的一种神物。中国龙的形成与中华民族的多元融合过程同步。在中国人的心目中，龙具有振奋腾飞、开拓变化的寓意和团结凝聚的精神。

Dragon totem worship in China has been around for the last 8,000 years.The ancients in China considered the dragon(or loong)a fetish that combines animals including the fish, snake, horse and ox with cloud, thunder, lightning and other natural celestial phenomena.The Chinese dragon was formed in accordance with the multicultural fusion process of the Chinese nation.To the Chinese, the dragon signifies innovation and cohesion.二、Yangko

秧歌舞是中国汉族的一种民间传统舞蹈，通常在北方省份表演。秧歌舞者通常穿上明亮多彩的表演服装，他们的表演动作有力迅速。在农历春节、元宵节等节日期间，人们一旦听到锣鼓声，不管外面天气有多冷，他们都会蜂拥到街上看秧歌舞表演。近年来，中国东北某些城市的老年人自发组织了了秧歌队，队员常年通过跳秧歌舞来保持健康，同事他们也乐在其中。

Yangko is one of tradition folk dance of Han in China.It is usually performed in northern provinces.The dancers usually wear colorful and light costumes, and the performance is powerful and rapid.During some festivals such as Spring Festival, Lantein Festival, if people hear the sound of drum and gong, no matter how cold the weather is , they will come to street and appreciate the Yangko.Recent years, the old people in city of east-northern of China organized the team of Yangko by themselves, the teamers keep their health by dancing Yangko the whole year.三、The Great Wall

长城是人类创造的世界奇迹之一。如果你到了中国却没去过长城，就想到了巴黎没有去看看菲尔铁塔，或者就像到了埃及没有去看金字塔一样。人们常说：“不到长城非好汉。”实际上，长城最初只是一些断断续续的城墙，直到秦朝统一中国后才将其连城长城。然而，今天我们看到的长城——东起山海关，西至嘉峪关——大部分都是在明代修建的。

The Great Wall is one of the wonders of the world that created by human beings!If you come to China without climbing the Great Wall, it's just like going Paris without visiting the Eiffel Tower;or going to Egypt without visiting the Pyramids!Men often say, “He who doest not reach the Great Wall is not a true man.”In fact, it began as independent walls for different states when it was first built, and did not become the “Great Wall” until the Qin Dynasty.However, the wall we see today, starting from Shanhaiguan Pass in the east to Jiayunguan Pass in the west, was mostly built during the Ming Dynasty.四、Dumplings

饺子是深受中国人民喜爱的传统食品。相传为古代医圣张仲景发明。饺子的制作是包括： 1）擀皮、2）备馅、3）包馅水煮三个步骤。其特点是皮薄馅嫩，味道鲜美，形状独特，百食不厌。民间有“好吃不过饺子”的俗语。中国人接亲待客、逢年过节都有包饺子吃的习俗，寓意吉利。对崇尚亲情的中国人来说，“更岁交子”吃饺子，更是欢度除夕、辞旧迎新必不可少的内容。

Dumplings are one of the Chinese people’s favorite traditional dishes.According to an ancient Chinese legend, dumplings were first made by the medical saint---Zhang Zhongjing.There are three steps involved in making dumplings: 1)make dumpling wrappers out of dumpling flour;2)prepare the dumpling stuffing;3)make dumplings and boil them.With thin and elastic dough skin, fresh and tender stuffing, delicious taste, and unique shapes, dumplings are worth eating hundreds of times.There’s an old saying that claims, “Nothing could be more delicious than dumplings”.During the Spring Festival and other holidays, or when treating relatives and friends, Chinese people like to follow the auspicious custom of eating dumplings.To Chinese people who show high reverence for family love, having dumplings at the moment the old year is replaced by the new is an essential part of bidding farewell to the old and ushering in the new year.五、Acupuncture

针灸是中医学的重要组成部分。按照中医的经络理论，针灸疗法主要是通过疏通经络、调和气血，来达到阴阳归于平衡，使脏腑趋于调和之目的。其特点是“内病外治”。主要疗法是用针刺入病人身体的一定穴位，或用艾火的温热刺激烧灼病人的穴位，以达到刺激经络。治疗病痛的目的。针灸以其独特的优势，流传至今并传播到了世界，与中餐、功夫、中药一起被海外誉为中国的“新四大国粹”。

Acupuncture is an important part of traditional Chinese medicine(TCM).In accordance with the “main and collateral channels” theory in TCM, the purpose of acupuncture is to dredge the channel and regulate qi and blood, so as to keep the body’s yin and yang balanced and achieve reconciliation between the internal organs.It features in traditional Chinese medicine that “internal diseases are to be treated with external therapy”.The main therapy of acupuncture involves using needles to pierce certain acupoints of the patient’s body, or adopting moxibustion to stimulate the patient’s acupoints so as to stimulate the channels and relieve pain.With its unique advantages, acupuncture has been handed down generation after generation and has now spread all over the world.Nowadays, acupuncture, along with Chinese food, kung fu(otherwise known as Chinese martial arts), and traditional Chinese medicine, has been internationally hailed as one of the “four new national treasures.”

六、Chinese Kung Fu

中国功夫即中国武术，是将技击寓于搏斗和套路运动之中的中国传统体育项目，承载着丰富的中华民族传统文化。其核心思想是儒家的中和养气之说，同时兼容了道家、释家的思想。中国武术源远流长、流派林立、拳种繁多，讲究刚柔并济、内外兼修，蕴含着先哲们对生命和宇宙的参悟。后世所称十八般武艺，主要指：徒手拳艺，如太极拳、形意拳、八卦掌等；器械功夫，如刀枪剑戟、斧钺钩叉等。

Chinese kung fu, or Chinese martial arts, carries traditional Chinese culture in abundance.It is a traditional Chinese sport which applies the art of attack and defence in combat and the motions engaged with a series of skill and tricks.The core idea of Chinese king fu is derived from the Confucian theory of both “the mean and harmony” and “cultivating qi”(otherwise known as nourishing one’s spirit).Meanwhile, it also includes thoughts of Taoism and Buddhism.Chinese kung fu has a long history, with multi-various sects and many different boxing styles, and emphasizes coupling hardness with softness and internal and external training.It contains the ancient great thinkers’ pondering of life and the universe.The skills in wielding the 18 kinds of weapons named by the later generations mainly involve the skills of bare-handed boxing, such as shadow boxing(Taijiquan), form and will boxing(Xingyiquan), eight trigram palm(Baguazhang), and the skills of kung fu weaponry, such as the skill of using swords, spears, two-edged swords and halberds, axes, tomahawks, kooks, prongs and so on.七、Chinese characters

汉字是从原始人用以记事的简单图画，经过不断演变发展最终成为一种兼具音、形、意韵的独特文字。现存中国古代最早成熟的文字是甲骨文，被认为是现代汉字的初形。此后，汉字又经历了金文、隶书、楷书、草书、行书等不同的阶段。汉字结构“外圆内方“，源于古人”天圆地方“的观念。汉字有五种基本笔画，即：横、竖、撇、捺、折。

Chinese characters were initially meant to be simple pictures used to help people remember things.After a long period of development, it finally became a unique character system that embodies phonetic sound, image, idea, and rhyme at the same time.The writing system, which was extremely advanced in ancient times, began with inscriptions on bones and tortoise shells, and these are regarded as the original forms of Chinese characters.Afterwards, Chinese characters went through numerous calligraphic styles: bronze inscriptions, official script, regular script, cursive script, running script, etc.Chinese characters are usually round outside and square inside, which is rooted in ancient Chinese beliefs of an orbicular sky and a rectangular Earth.The five basic strokes of Chinese characters are “---“(the horizontal stroke)“│”(the vertical stroke), “／”(the left-falling stroke), “＼”(the right-falling stroke), and “乙”(the turning stroke).八、Chinese Chopsticks

中国人使用筷子就餐的方式在世界上独树一帜。有史记载用筷的历史已有三千多年。筷子古时称为箸，它看似简单，但却同时具有夹、拨、挑、扒、拌、撮、戳、撕等多种功能。中国民间视筷子为吉祥之物，如婚俗中将筷子隐喻为快生贵子的祝福等。与使用刀叉以及手抓的 方式不同，成双结对的筷子含有“和为贵“的意蕴。西方人赞誉筷子是古老的东方文明。

The Chinese way of eating with chopsticks is unique in the world.The recorded history of chopsticks started more than three thousand years ago.Chopsticks were named zhu in ancient Chinese.They look deceptively simple to use, but possess multi-various functions, such as clamping, turning over, lifting up, raking, stirring, scooping, poking, tearing, and so on.Chopsticks were taken as an auspicious mascot by ordinary people in ancient China.For example, the partial tone of chopsticks is often used by people as a metaphor at weddings to indicate a blessing or benediction for the couple to have a baby soon.Unlike using a knife and fork or one’s own hands, a pair of chopsticks also implies the meaning of “Harmony is what matters”.Chopsticks are highly praised by Westerners as a hallmark of ancient oriental civilization.九、Chinese Seal

印章就是图章。中国历代官、私所用的印章有印信、朱记、合同、符、契等等不同的称谓，而帝王所用的印章古时称玺、印、宝、章等。据史料记载，印章在战国时代已普遍使用。印章的制作是将篆隶等字体、图像用阴、阳的形式雕刻而成，形状以圆、方为主。印章用朱色 钤盖，除日常应用外，又多用于书画题识，逐渐成为中国特有的艺术形式之一。

A seal can also be defined as a stamp.Both the Chinese official and private seal of various dynasties have different titles, such as stamp, zhu note, contract, fu, lease and others.The seals used by the emperors of ancient China were called xi, yin, bao, etc.According to historical records, seals were widely used during the Warring States Period(475BC-221BC).The making of a seal is to engrave fonts, such as seal characters and official script and so on;or images in the form of intaglio and embossment into the seal, basically shaped as round or square.Covered with a vermilion overlay, the Chinese seal is not only used in daily life, but it is also used to represent signatures on paintings and calligraphies.It is gradually becoming one of China’s unique artworks.十、Chinese Era

天干地支是中国历法中用以记录和命名年岁的方法。十天干为：甲、乙、丙、丁、戊、已、庚、辛、壬、癸；十二地支为：子、丑、寅、卯、辰、巳、午、未、申、酉、戊、亥。古人观测朔望月，发现月亮圆缺12次大体上是一年的天数，而两个朔望月约是60天。古人以十天干与十二地支的顺序依次相配，记录不同年份，60年为一个轮回。干支纪年法从古沿用至今。按干支纪年法，2011年便是辛卯年。

The Chinese era is the symbol that the Chinese calendar uses for recording and naming years.The ten Heavenly Stems are: jia, yi, bing, ding, wu, ji, geng, xin, ren, gui.The twelve Earthly Branches are: zi.chou, yin, mou, chen, si, wu, wei, shen, you, xu, hai.After observing the lunar month, the ancients found that the moon always wazes and wanes roughly 12 times a year, and two lunar months account for about 60 days, so the order of the ten Heavenly Stems and the order of the twelve Earthly Branches are properly matched in turn.In terms of recording date, 60 years is considered to be a full time cycle.The Chinese era chronology was first invented in ancient times and is still in use now.according to the chronology of the “ten Heavenly Stems,” 2011 is the year of “the seventh of the ten Heavenly Stems” and “ the fifth of the twelve Earthly Branches”.十一、Chinese Beijing Opera

京剧被誉为“东方歌剧”，是地道的中国国粹。它起源于中国多种古老的地方戏剧，特别是南方的“徽班”。到了19世纪末，京剧形成并成为中国最大的戏曲剧种。京剧是综合性表演艺术，集唱（歌唱）、念（念白）、做（表演）、打（武）、舞（舞蹈）为一体，通过程式化的表演手段，叙述故事，刻画人物。角色主要分生（男性）、旦（女性）、净（男性）、丑（男性女性皆有）四大行当。

Praised as “Oriental Opera”, Beijing Opera is a genuine national quintessence of China.It originated from many kinds of ancient local operas, especially huiban in southern China.At the end of the 19th Century, Beijing Opera evolved and took shape, becoming the greatest kind of opera in China.Beijing Opera is a blend of performing arts---song, speech, performance, acrobatix fighting and dance.Beijing Opera portrays and narrates the plot and characters through stylized acting.The main types of roles in Beijing Opera are sheng(male), dan(young female), jing(painted face, male), and chou(clown, male or female).十二、Chinese Taoism

道教是中国土生土长长的宗教。创始人是春秋末期的哲学家、思想家老子。道教以老子所著的《道德经》为主要经典。道教主张“重人贵生”。崇尚清静无为，修身养性。“道可道，非常道。名可名，非常名。无名天地之始；有名万物之母。故常无，欲以观其妙；常有，欲以观其徼”便是老子的至理名言。

Taoism first originated in China.The founder of Taoism is Laozi, a philosopher and thinker who lived in the late Spring and Autumn Period(770BC-476BC).Tao Te Ching whose authorship has been attributed to Laozi, is considered to be the main Taoist classic.Taoism advocates the value of a human being’s life, recommends the discarding of all desires and worries from one’s mind, and encourages the cultivation of moral character and the nourishment of human nature.The following is an example of Laozi’s golden saying: The way that can be told of is not an unvarying way;The names that can be named are not unvarying names.It was from the nameless that Heaven and Earth sprang;The named is but the mother that rears the ten thousand creatures, each after its kind.Truly, only he that rids himself forever of desire can see the secret essences;He that has never rid himself of desire can see only the outcomes.十三、Chinese Idioms

中国成语是汉语中意义完整的表示一般概念的固定词组或短语。“成语”中的“成”既是约定俗成。成语是比词大而语法功能又相当于词的语言单位。绝大多数的中国成语由四个汉字组成，例如：自强不息、青出于蓝、厚积薄发。成语主要从民间谚语、古代文学作品、诗歌、寓言、典故、名言警句等方面提炼而成，是汉语语言中精炼而又富有生命力的一部分。

Chinese idioms refer to comprehensive and integrated fixed phrases and expressions.Idioms are established and accepted by constant usage and common practice.An idiom is a language unit that is larger than a word, but has the same grammatical function as a word.Most Chinese idioms consist of four characters.For example, ziqiangbuxi(make unremitting efforts to improve oneself), qingchuyulan(bluer than indigo), and houjibofa(success comes with time and effort).Idioms are extrated from folk proverbs, ancient works of literature, poems, fables, allusions, and well-known sayings.Idioms are a part of the Chinese language that are concise and have great vitality.十四、Chinese silk

中国是丝绸的故乡。栽桑、养蚕、缫丝、织绸是中国古代人民的伟大发明。商周时期丝绸的生产技术就已发展到相当高的水平。西汉时张骞通西域，把中原与波斯湾、地中海紧密联系起来，开辟了中外交流贸易的新纪元。从此中国的丝绸以其卓越的品质、精美的花色和丰富的文化内涵闻名于世，成为中国文化的象征。东方文明的使者。

China is the home of silk.Mulberry planting, sericulture, silk reeling and thickening are all great inventions of the ancient Chinese.As early as the Shang and Zhou Dynasties(1600BC-256BC), the Chinese people’s silk-weaving techniques had reached an extremely high level.During the Western Han Dynasty(206BC-25AD), Zhang Qian, an outstanding diplomat, travelled around central Asia and connected China with the Persian Gulf and the Mediterranean, opening up a new era of Sino-foreign trade, exchange and communication.From then on, China’s silk became well known for its extraordinary quality, exquisite design and color, and abundant culture connotations.Hitherto, Chinese silk has been accepted as a symbol of Chinese culture and the emissary of oriental civilization.十五、Chinese Classical Garden

中国园林是把人造的山水、植物、建筑等与自然地貌有机结合的环境艺术，是我国古代建筑艺术的珍宝。其建造原则是“妙极自然，宛自天开”。游赏中国古典园林，能充分领略“假自然之景，创山水真趣”的园林意境。在世界三大园林体系中，中国园林历史悠久、内涵丰富，被誉为世界造园史上的渊源之一。

The Chinese classical garden is a precious treasure of our ancient Chinese architecture.It is a kind of environment art, which systematically combines artificial mountains and rivers, plants and buildings with the natural landscape.The construction standard of a Chinese classical garden is “artificial as it is, the garden must look ingenious and natural.” When you go sightseeing in a Chinese classical garden, you should be able to appreciate its artistic concept which “makes use of the natural landscape to create the real fun of mountains and rivers for viewers.” Of the world’s three major garden systems, the Chinese classical garden is hailed as one of the origins of the world’s garden due to its long history and abundant connotations.十六、The Four Treasures of the Study

笔墨纸砚是中国古代文人书房当中必备的宝贝，被称为“文房四宝”。用笔墨书写绘画在中国可追溯到五千年前。秦时已用不同硬度的毛和竹管制笔；汉代以人工制墨替代了天然墨；有了纸张以后，简牍锦帛逐失其用；砚台则随笔墨的使用而发展。“文房四宝”到宋朝以后特指湖笔、徽墨、宣纸、端砚。可以说文房四宝书写了整个中华文明。

The writing brush, ink stick, ink stone, and paper were requisite treasures in the study of the scholars of ancient China, and they are often referred to as the “Four Treasures of the Study.” The writing brush and ink stick have been used by the Chinese to write and paint since 5,000 years ago.In the Qin Dynasty(221BC---206BC), people already used feathers of different hardness and bamboo trunks to make brushes.During the Han Dynasty(206BC-220AD), man-made ink was used instead of natural ink.After paper was invented by the Chinese, bamboo slips, wooden tablets, brocade and silk, which originally functioned as writing surfaces, gradually faded out.The ink stone was first developed with the use of writing brushes and ink.After the Song Dynasty(960AD---1279AD), the “Four Treasure of the Study” particularly referred to hubi, the writing brush produced in Huzhou, Zhejiang province;huimo, the ink stick produced in Huizhou, Anhui province;xuan paper, a kind of paper produced in Xuanzhou, Anhui province;and duanyan, the ink stone made in Zhaoqing, Guangdong province(Zhaoqing was earlier called Duanzhou).Indeed, the Four Treasures of the Study” have writtin the whole Chinese civilization, as it is.十七、Paper cutting

剪纸是中国最为流行的传统民间艺术形式之一。中国剪纸有一千 五百多年的历史，在明朝和清朝时期特别流行。人们常用剪纸美化居家环境。特别是在春 节和婚庆期间，剪纸被用来装饰门窗和房 间，以增加喜庆的气氛。剪纸最常用的颜色是红色，象征健康和兴旺。中国剪纸在 世界各地很受欢迎，经常被用作馈赠外国 友人的礼物。

Paper cutting is one of China’s most popular traditional folk arts.Chinese paper cutting has a history of more than 1,500 years.the Ming and Qing It was widespread Dynasties.particularly during the Ming and Qing Dynasties.People often beautify their homes with paper cuttings.During the Spring Festival and wedding celebrations, in particular, paper cuttings are used to decorate doors, windows and rooms in order to enhance the joyous atmosphere.The color most frequently used in paper cutting is red, which symbolizes health and prosperity.Chinese paper cutting is very popular around the world and it is often given as a present to foreign friends.十八、Lion Dance

狮舞（Lion Dance）是中国最广为流传的民间舞蹈之一。狮为百兽之首，在中国传统中，狮子被视为是能带来好运的吉祥物（mascot）。古人将狮子视作是勇敢和力量的化身，能驱赶邪恶、保护人类。据记载，狮舞已拥有了2,000多年的历史。在唐代（the Tang Dynasty），狮舞就已经被引入了皇室。因此，舞狮成为元宵节（the Lantern Festival）和其他节日的习俗，人们以此来祈祷好运、平安和幸福。

The Lion Dance is one of the most widespread folk dances in China.The lion is the king of animals.In Chinese tradition, the lion is regarded as a mascot, which can bring good luck.Ancient people regarded the lion as a symbol of braveness and strength, which could drive away evil and protect humans.The dance has a recorded history of more than 2,000 years.During the Tang Dynasty, the Lion Dance was already introduced into the royal family of the dynasty.Therefore, performing the lion dance at the Lantern Festival and other festive occasions became a custom where people could pray for good luck, safety and happiness.十九、The Duanwu Festival

端午节，又叫龙舟节，是为了纪念爱国诗人屈原。屈原是一位忠诚和受人敬仰的大臣（minister）,他给国家带来了和平和繁荣。但最后因为受到诽谤（vilify）而最终投河自尽。人们撑船到他自尽的地方，抛下粽子，希望鱼儿吃粽子，不要吃屈原的身躯。几千年来，端午节的特色在于吃粽子（glutinous dumplings）和赛龙舟，尤其是在一些河湖密布的南方省份。

The Duanwu Festival, also called the Dragon Boat Festival, is to commemorate the patriotic poet Qu Yuan.Qu Yuan was a loyal and highly esteemed minister, who brought peace and prosperity to the state but ended up drowning himself in a river as a result of being vilified.People got to the spot by boat and cast glutinous dumplings into the water, hoping that the fishes ate the dumplings instead of Qu Yuan’s body.For thousands of years, the festival has been marked by glutinous dumplings and dragon boat races, especially in the southern provinces where there are many rivers and lakes.二十、hutong 北京有无数的胡同(hutong)。平民百姓在胡同里的生活给古都北京带来了无穷的魅力。北京的胡同不仅仅 是平民百姓的生活环境，而且还是一门建筑艺术。通常，胡同内有一个大杂院，房间够4到10个家庭的差不多20 口人住。所以，胡同里的生活充满了友善和人情味。如今，随着社会和经济的飞速发展，很多胡同被新的高楼大 厦所取代。但愿胡同可以保留下来。

In Beijing, there are numerous hutongs.The life of common people in hutongs brings endless charm to the ancient capital, Beijing.The hutong in Beijing is not only the living environment of common people but also a kind of architecture.Usually, there is a courtyard complex inside hutong, with rooms shared by 4 to 10 families of about 20 people.Therefore, life in hutongs is full of friendliness and genuine humanity.Nowadays, with rapid social and economic development, many hutongs are replaced by new tall buildings.I hope hutongs can be preserved.二

十一、Romance of the Three Kingdoms

《三国演义》由罗贯中创作于14世纪，是一部中国历史题材小说。小说以汉朝末年和三国时期的历史演变为背景，叙述了在这个动荡（turbulent）时期发生的一系列重大事情。整个故事情节从公元168年开始一直到公元280年领土统一（reunification）时结束。小说篇幅长达80万字，分为120个章节，共描述了1,191个人物角色，堪称中国文学史上四大经典小说之一。

Romance of the Three Kingdoms, written by Luo Guanzhong in the 14th century,is a Chinese historical novel based upon events in the turbulent years near the end of the Han Dynasty and the Three Kingdoms era, starting in AD 168 and ending with the reunification of the land in AD280.It is acclaimed as one of the Four Great Classical Novels of Chinese literature, with a grand total of 800,000 words, 1,191 characters, and 120 chapters.·

第四篇：一般用语翻译

在英式英语中，“副”的翻译是deputy 或者vice.副经理：Deputy Manager 或 Vice Manager

副总经理：Deputy General Manager 或 Vice General Manager

查字典的话，Deputy 是副手、副职的意思。

而在字典当中，vice除了“副”之外还有其他意思，包括：邪恶、罪行、恶习等等。

在“副”的含义来说，deputy和vice几乎是可以替换使用的，但deputy比vice使用得更多，尤其是书面上和正式场合中。正如刚才所说，deputy的含义比较纯正，没有歧义。

Deputy的用法有：

Deputy Commissioner of Police 副警务处长

Deputy General Manager 副总经理 Deputy Manager 副经理

Deputy Chairman of the Board 董事会副主席

以上都是在英式英语地方（英国、香港、澳大利亚等）真正使用的词语。

很多人都认为deputy是代理的意思（例如代主席，代经理，等），这没有错。但是英式英语中，实际使用的“代理”有另外一个词acting.例如，英国的殖民地的总督（例如以前的香港总督）出外访问的时候，政府会任命其下一级的最高级官员在总督外访期间担任代总督（也叫做署理总督）Acting Governor.因此，如果要表达代主席，代经理，应该是acting chairman, acting manager.顺便说一下，外国是有总经理的，但也有“首席执行官”。首席执行官这个词在中国用得很流行，其实它比较恰当的翻译是“行政总裁”。

Assistant完全没有“副”的意思，它只是助理的意思。顺便也说，Assistant Manager是助理经理，Manager Assistant 是经理助理，这两个的意思很不相同哦！

《项目副经理岗位职责2010年11月15日》《项目副经理岗位职责》简介：

1、在项目经理领导下，主持项目日常施工管理工作，贯彻执行公司质量、环境、职业健康安全方针，组织实施项

《项目副经理岗位职责》正文开始>>

1、在项目经理领导下，主持项目日常施工管理工作，贯彻执行公司质量、环境、职业健康安全方针，组织实施项目目标及管理方案，对各分部、分项工程的施工质量、工期、安全负直接领导责任。

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程进度奖惩办法。项目经理外出时，代理项目部日常工作。

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10、定期向项目经理汇报工作，落实员工http://转载请注明出处，谢谢！

chief of office 办公室主任

工商金融 Industrial, commercial and banking communities 会长 President 主席 Chairman

名誉顾问 Honorary Adviser 理事长 President

理事 Trustee/Council Member 总干事 Director-General 总监 Director 董事长 Chairman

执行董事 Executive Director 总裁 President

总经理 General Manager;C.E.O(Chief Executive Officer)经理 Manager 财务主管 Controller

公关部经理 PR Manager 营业部经理 Business Manager 销售部经理 Sales Manager 推销员 Salesman 采购员 Purchaser 售货员 Sales Clerk 领班 Captain 经纪人 Broker

高级经济师 Senior Economist 高级会计师 Senior Accountant 注册会计师 Certified Public Accountant 出纳员 Cashier

审计署审计长 Auditor-General, Auditing Administration 审计师 Senior Auditor 审计员 Auditing Clerk 统计师 Statistician 统计员 Statistical Clerk

厂长 factory Managing Director 车间主任 Workshop Manager

工段长 Section Chief 作业班长 Foreman

仓库管理员 Storekeeper 教授级高级工程师 Professor of Engineering 高级工程师 Senior Engineer 技师 Technician 建筑师 Architect 设计师 Designer

机械师 Mechanic 化验员 Chemical Analyst 质检员 Quality Inspector

会计助理Accounting Assistant

记帐员Accounting Clerk

会计部经理Accounting Manager

会计部职员A ccounting Stall

Accounting Supervisor 会计主管

Administration Manager 行政经理

Administration Staff 行政人员

Administrative Assistant 行政助理

Administrative Clerk 行政办事员

Advertising Staff 广告工作人员

Airlines Sales Representative 航空公司定座员

Airlines Staff 航空公司职员 Application Engineer 应用工程师

Assistant Manager 副经理 Bond Analyst 证券分析员

Bond Trader 证券交易员 Business Controller 业务主任

Business Manager 业务经理 Buyer 采购员

Cashier 出纳员

Chemical Engineer 化学工程师

Civil Engineer 土木工程师

Clerk/Receptionist 职员/接待员

Clerk Typist & Secretary 文书打字兼秘书

Computer Data Input Operator 计算机资料输入员

Computer Engineer 计算机工程师

Computer Processing Operator 计算机处理操作员

Computer System Manager计算机系统部经理

Copywriter广告文字撰稿人 Deputy General Manager副总经理

Economic Research Assistant经济助究助理

Electrical Engineer电气工程师 Engineering Technician工程技术员

English Instructor/Teacher英语教师 Export S 总经理 副总经理 市场总监 生产总监 生产部 总经办 财务部 后勤部 销售部 采购部

客户服务中心 技术开发部 门卫室 董事长General manager

Deputy general manager Chief Marketing Officer Produces inspector general Production department always manages Finance department Rear services headquarters Sales outlet Purchase department customer services center Technical development division Gate guard room chairman trustee Sales manager 1.国家甲级工程监理单位State Class A engineering supervision unit 2.国家甲级工程招标代理机构National Class A project tendering agencies 3.法定代表人The legal representative 4.董事长兼总经理Chairman and Managing Director 5.高级工程师Senior Engineer

6.常务副总经理Executive Vice President 7.会计师Accountant 8.总工程师Chief Engineer deputy vice assistant这三个单词的区别

浏览次数：1854次悬赏分：5 | 解决时间：2009-9-4 17:47 | 提问者：karry_yin

请帮我区别以下这三个词

详细有条理点 谢谢 问题补充：

四个单词都能

表示副职

deputy vice assistant associate这四个单词的区别 谢谢

最佳答案

其实，配合不同的职位有不同的选择。

Director，CEO的话不能用Vice，只能用Deputy或Assistant。President的话不能用Deputy或Assistant，只能用Vice。

General Manager的话不能用Vice，只能用Assistant或Deputy。

在同时有Deputy和Assistant的情况下，一般Deputy的职位比Assistant高。

楼上的还真能编（除1楼之外）。三个词本来就是同一个意思，副职。当然都有其他的意思，不过LZ问的就是副职的问题啊。

vice:the person next in rank below someone in authority, who can represent them or act instead of them那么说Assitant Director（副董事）或Assitant GM（副总经理）的职位就一定低于经理？不是吧。这要看什么职位。

在不同职称用的词不同，当然行业不同也有分别，不过意思都一样的，副职。如金融界有很多Vice-President，不过职位不高，都为撑门面。跨国企业也是有不少Vice-President，不过职责和职位就高多了，国家的副总统就一两个，不过职位高的吓人。哈哈。

副经理 Assistant Manager 代理经理

Acting Manager

代理主管acting Supervisor

主任 Director

Accounting Assistant 会计助理

Accounting Clerk 记帐员

Accounting Manager 会计部经理

Accounting Stall 会计部职员

Accounting Supervisor 会计主管

Administration Manager 行政经理

Administration Staff 行政人员

Administrative Assistant 行政助理

Administrative Clerk 行政办事员

Advertising Staff 广告工作人员

Airlines Sales Representative 航空公司定座员

Airlines Staff 航空公司职员

Application Engineer 应用工程师

Assistant Manager 副经理

Bond Analyst 证券分析员

Bond Trader 证券交易员

Business Controller 业务主任

Business Manager 业务经理

Buyer 采购员

Cashier 出纳员

Chemical Engineer 化学工程师

Civil Engineer 土木工程师

Clerk/Receptionist 职员/接待员

Clerk Typist & Secretary 文书打字兼秘书

Computer Data Input Operator 计算机资料输入员

Computer Engineer 计算机工程师

Computer Processing Operator 计算机处理操作员

Computer System Manager 计算机系统部经理

Copywriter 广告文字撰稿人

Deputy General Manager 副总经理

Economic Research Assistant 经济研究助理

Electrical Engineer 电气工程师

Engineering Technician 工程技术员

English Instructor/Teacher 英语教师

Export Sales Manager 外销部经理

Export Sales Staff 外销部职员

Financial Controller 财务主任

Financial Reporter 财务报告人

F.X.(Foreign Exchange)Clerk 外汇部职员

F.X.Settlement Clerk 外汇部核算员

Fund Manager 财务经理

General Auditor 审计长

General Manager/ President 总经理

General Manager Assistant 总经理助理

General Manager's Secretary 总经理秘书

Hardware Engineer 计算机硬件工程师

Import Liaison Staff 进口联络员

Import Manager 进口部经理

Insurance Actuary 保险公司理赔员

International Sales Staff 国际销售员

Interpreter 口语翻译

Legal Adviser 法律顾问

Line Supervisor 生产线主管

Maintenance Engineer 维修工程师

Management Consultant 管理顾问

Manager 经理

Manager for Public Relations 公关部经理

Manufacturing Engineer 制造工程师

Manufacturing Worker 生产员工

Market Analyst 市场分析员

Market Development Manager 市场开发部经理

Marketing Manager 市场销售部经理

Marketing Staff 市场销售员

Marketing Assistant 销售助理

Marketing Executive 销售主管

Marketing Representative 销售代表

Marketing Representative Manager 市场调研部经理

Mechanical Engineer 机械工程师

Mining Engineer 采矿工程师

Music Teacher 音乐教师

Naval Architect 造船工程师

Office Assistant 办公室助理

Office Clerk 职员

Operational Manager 业务经理

Package Designer 包装设计师

Passenger Reservation Staff 乘客票位预订员

Personnel Clerk 人事部职员

Personnel Manager 人事部经理

Plant/ Factory Manager 厂长

Postal Clerk 邮政人员

Private Secretary 私人秘书

Product Manager 生产部经理

Production Engineer 产品工程师

Professional Staff 专业人员

Programmer 电脑程序设计师

Project Staff 项目策划人员

Promotional Manager 推售部经理

Proof-reader 校对员

Purchasing Agent 采购进货员

Quality Control Engineer 质量管理工程师

Real Estate Staff 房地产职员

Recruitment Co-ordinator 招聘协调人

Regional Manger 地区经理

Research＆.Development Engineer 研究开发工程师

Restaurant Manager 饭店经理

Sales and Planning Staff 销售计划员

Sales Assistant 销售助理

Sales Clerk 店员、售货员

Sales Coordinator 销售协调人

Sales Engineer 销售工程师

Sales Executive 销售主管

Sales Manager 销售部经理

Salesperson 销售员

Seller Representative 销售代表

Sales Supervisor 销售监管

School Registrar 学校注册主任

Secretarial Assistant 秘书助理

Secretary 秘书

Securities Custody Clerk 保安人员

Security Officer 安全人员

Senior Accountant 高级会计

Senior Consultant/Adviser 高级顾问

Senior Employee 高级雇员

Senior Secretary 高级秘书

Service Manager 服务部经理

Simultaneous Interpreter 同声传译员

Software Engineer 计算机软件工程师

Supervisor 监管员

Systems Adviser 系统顾问

Systems Engineer 系统工程师

Systems Operator 系统操作员

Technical Editor 技术编辑

Technical Translator 技术翻译

Technical Worker 技术工人

Telecommunication Executive电讯（电信）员

Telephonist / Operator 电话接线员、话务员

Tourist Guide 导游

Trade Finance Executive 贸易财务主管

Trainee Manager 培训部经理

Translation Checker 翻译核对员

Translator 翻译员

Trust Banking Executive 银行高级职员

Typist 打字员

Wordprocessor Operator 文字处理操作员

----------

行政职务名称

（副）主席：（vice-）president/chairman

（副）总理：（vice-）premier

总书记：general secretary

（副）秘书长：（deputy）secretary-general

（副）部长：（vice-）minister

（副）局长：（vice-）bureau director

（副）省长：（vice-）governor

（副）市长：（vice-）mayor

（副）县长：（vice-）head of a county

（副）主任：(deputy)director

（副）处长：(deputy)section chief,head of a depart.（副）科长：(deputy)section chief/manager

大专院校（副）校长：（vice-）president;(vice-)chancellor

专业技术职称

（副）教授：(associate)professor

讲师：lecturer

助教：assistant teacher

研究员：research fellow

助理研究员：assistant research fellow

（副）编审：(associate)professor of editorship

助理编辑：assistant editor

主任医师：professor of medicine

主治医师：consultant

高级经济师：senior business engineer

高级会计师：senior accountant

高级统计师：senior statistician

人力资源部经理

human resource department manager

研发部

其全称是Research and Development Center

副科长：Vice-section chief

副厂长：Assistant Production Manager

副总裁：Vice-President

副处长：Deputy Division Chief 第一分厂

First Branch-------------

HRDM

第五篇：中国传统文化资料春节

中国传统文化资料春节

导语：中国的春节给了人们一份浓得难以化开的情，一种经年酿造的淳厚的味。下面是小编给大家整理的中国传统文化资料春节的内容，希望能给你带来帮助!

中国传统文化资料春节

我们的传统节日春节一到大街小巷张灯结彩，爆竹声声到处都是节日的喜庆。

说起春节，我想起了一个传说：很久很久以前，有一头叫“年”的怪兽，它长得凶神恶煞，住在村庄旁的深海中，每到除夕，它就会上岸，去旁边的村庄吞食牲畜，还要伤人命，人们害怕得躲到了山上。有一年，一个老翁出现在它们的面前，对他们说：“那个来捣乱的‘年’怕红色和响声。”于是，村民们手忙脚乱地准备起来，把红色的春联贴在门上，然后，用竹子互相敲打发出声音，“年”就落慌而逃，从此以后，我们过年的除夕夜家家户户灯火通明，我们每年的大年初一走亲向友，从此，春节就流传到了现在，变得越来越隆重。

随着我们科技的发展，家家户户变得富裕，我们的春联变成贴图，还有挂着灯笼，竹子的敲打声变成了烟花爆竹。随着“噼里啪啦”的烟花声音在空中绽放开来，像争奇斗艳的“仙女散花”，又像下烟花雨，有红、黄、紫……天空被打扮得炫丽多彩，它们照到了人们的脸上，人们的脸被照得喜气洋洋，人们过年的习俗还有包团圆果，大扫除……

中国的春节，是最具文化内涵和传统魅力的节日，也是最有凝聚力的一个节日，尽管随着社会的进步，生活节奏的加快，这一节日在城市渐渐地失去了原有的韵味，但在农村，这几千年延续的文化仍显示着它的生命力。那里有小山村的静谧，有黄土地的厚重，有春节神秘温馨的气氛，有严肃庄重的礼仪和浓烈淳厚的人情味。而生活在城市的人则像断了根的浮萍一样在社会中漂流，因此人们心中始终有着一种寻根的冲动。

中国的春节给了人们一份浓得难以化开的情，一种经年酿造的淳厚的味。这就是生养我们的“文化之根”。春节，融入一种文化的意境、文化的象征，并担负起一种文化的功能：一是辞旧迎新，打上一个人生的结，分开过去和未来;二是祭祀，缅怀祖宗之德，承继先人之志，融通天地万物，祈盼人生幸福;三是宗亲礼仪往来，安排人生秩序，联络世代亲情，找到个人定位，担负社会责任;四是民间娱乐，扩大社会交往，播撒传统文化，宣泄感情之波，体味生活之乐。

春节成为中国传统文化的载体，代代相传，沉淀下厚重的含金的矿藏。宋代王安石曾作《元日》诗云：“爆竹声中一岁除，春风送暖入屠苏。千家万户瞳瞳日，总把新桃换旧符。”文化的质是历千年而不变的。

一、贴春联、门神

春联，起源于桃符。“桃符”是周代悬挂在大门两旁的长方形桃木板。据《后汉书·礼仪志》说，桃符长六寸，宽三寸，桃木板上书“神荼”、“郁垒”二神。正月一日，造桃符著户，名仙木，百鬼所畏。所以，清代《燕京时岁记》上说：“春联者，即桃符也。”五代时，西蜀的宫廷里，有人在桃符上提写联语。据《宋史·蜀世家》说：“后蜀主孟昶令学士章逊题桃木板，以其非工，自命笔题云：新年纳余庆，嘉节号长春”，这便是我国的第一副春联。直到宋代，春联仍称“桃符”。王安石诗中就有“千门万户幢幢日，总把新桃换旧符”之句。宋代，桃符由桃木板改为纸张，叫“春贴纸”。

关于春节的黑板报

明代，桃符才改称“春联”。明代陈云瞻《簪云楼杂话》中载：“春联之设，自明太祖始。帝都金陵，除夕前忽传旨：公卿士庶家门口须加春联一幅帝微行时出现。”朱元璋不仅亲自微服出城，观赏笑乐，他还亲自题春联。他经过一户人家，见门上不曾贴春联，便去询问，知道这是一家阉猪的，还未请人代写。朱元璋就特地为那阉猪人写了“双手劈开生死路，一刀割断是非根”的春联。联意贴切、幽默。经明太祖这一提倡，此后春联便沿习成为习俗，一直流传至今。据传某年春节后乾隆下江南时路过通州小镇(今江苏通州市)，想到紫禁城外也有一个通州(今北京通州区)，于是出一联让随行大臣们作对：“南通州，北通州，南北通州通南北”，大臣们无一人对得出来，不料一小侍从平素勤学，眼见满街当铺，当即对出下联：“东当铺，西当铺，东西当铺当东西”，乾隆大喜，奖其官升三级。

民间有些春联写得也很有意思。如一个鞋店的春联是：前程远大脚跟须站稳，工作浩繁轻重要分清，横批——始于足下。一家理发店的春联是：提起刀人人落发，拉下水个个低头，横批——改头换面。

门神，传说是能捉鬼的神荼、郁垒。东汉应劭的《风俗通》中引《黄帝书》说：上古的时候，有神萘、郁垒俩兄弟，他们住在度朔山上。山上有一棵桃树，树阴如盖。每天早上，他们便在这树下检阅百鬼。如果有恶鬼为害人间，便将其绑了喂老虎。后来，人们便用两块桃木板画上神茶、郁垒的画像，挂在门的两边用来驱鬼避邪。南朝·梁·宗憬《荆楚岁时记》中记载：正月一日，“造桃板着户，谓之仙木，绘二神贴户左右，左神萘，右郁垄，俗谓门神。”然而，真正史书记载的门神，却不是神荼、郁垄，而是古代的一个勇士叫做成庆的。在班固的《汉书·广川王传》中记载：广川王(去疾)的殿门上曾画有古勇士成庆的画像，短衣大裤长剑。到了唐代，门神的位置便被秦叔宝和尉迟敬德所取代。

春节风俗

二、贴年画

过年，人们除了贴春联，剪窗花外，还喜爱在客厅里、卧室中挂贴年画。一张张新年画给家家户户平添了欢乐的节日气氛。

年画是我国的一种古老的民间艺术，他反映了人民大众的风俗和信仰，寄托着人们对未来的希望。年画，也和春联一样，起源于“门神”。春联由神荼、郁垒的名字而向文字发展，而年画依然沿着绘画方向发展。

随着木版印刷术的兴起，年画的内容已不仅限于门神之类，而渐渐把财神请到家里，进而在一些年画作坊中产生了《福禄寿三星图》、《天官赐福》、《五谷丰登》、《六畜兴旺》、《迎春接福》等彩色年画，以满足人们喜庆祈年的美好愿望。

因明太祖朱元璋提倡春节贴春联，年画也受其影响随之而盛行开来，全国出现了年画三个重要产地：苏州桃花坞，天津杨柳青和山东潍坊杨家埠，形成了我国年画的三大流派。

我国收藏最早的年画是南宋《隋朝窈窕呈倾国之芳容》木刻年画，画的是王昭君、赵飞燕、班姬和绿珠四位古代美人。不过我国民间流传最广的是一幅《老鼠娶亲》的年画。这画描绘了老鼠依照人间的风俗迎娶新娘的有趣场面。其画构图生动活泼，热闹非凡。此画曾给鲁迅先生留下不可磨灭的印象。正如他说的那样，这幅寓教于乐的《老鼠娶亲》，不但唤起成年人的兴趣，对儿童的艺术感染更为强烈。

民国初年，上海郑曼陀将月历和年画二者结合起来。这是年画的一种新形式。这种合二而一的年画，以后发展成挂历，至今风靡全国。

三、拜年

拜年是中国民间的传统习俗，是人们辞旧迎新、相互表达美好祝愿的一种方式。

古时“拜年”一词原有的含义是为长者拜贺新年，包括向长者叩头施礼、祝贺新年如意、问候生活安好等内容。遇有同辈亲友，也要施礼道贺。

在古代，上层士大夫有用名帖互相投贺的习俗。宋人周辉在《清波杂志》中说：“宋元佑年间，新年贺节，往往使用佣仆持名刺代往”。当时士大夫交游广，若四处登门拜年，既耗费时间，也耗费精力，因此有些关系不大密切的朋友就不亲自前往，而是派仆人拿一种用梅花笺纸裁成的二寸宽、三寸长，上面写有受贺人姓名、住址和恭贺话语的卡片前往代为拜年。

明代人们以投谒代替拜年。明朝杰出画家、诗人文征明在《贺年》诗中描述：“不求见面惟通谒，名纸朝来满蔽庐;我亦随人投数纸，世憎嫌简不嫌虚”。这里所言的“名刺”和“名谒”即是现今贺年卡的起源。贺年卡用于联络感情和互致问候，既方便又实用，乃至今日仍盛行不衰。

大约从清朝时候起，拜年又出现“团拜”的形式，清人艺兰主在《侧帽余谭》中说：“京师于岁首，例行团拜，以联年谊，以敦乡情”，“每岁由值年书红订客，饮食宴会，作竟日欢”。

随着时代的发展，拜年的习俗亦不断增添新的内容和形式。现在人们除了沿袭以往的拜年方式外，又兴起了礼仪电报拜年、电话拜年、短信拜年等。

四、放爆竹

古代过年时人们以火烧竹，爆裂发声，用以驱鬼，“爆竹”一名由此而来。《荆楚岁时记》说：“正月一日，鸡鸣而起，先于庭前爆竹，以辟山臊恶鬼。”到后来，由于社会和民俗的进化，爆竹发生了两大变化：一是火药发明以后，从烧竹子发展为用纸筒灌装火药引爆，炸开后响声贯耳，纸屑飞扬，火药香四溢，于是爆竹又叫“爆仗”。此后人们又用麻茎把爆竹编成串来放，称为“编炮”。因其声音清脆如鞭响，故也叫“鞭炮”。在“鞭炮”的基础上又出现了各种花炮乃至烟花。二是爆竹的功能由避邪驱鬼完全转变为节日的吉祥、热闹、喜庆和欢乐。王安石诗曰：“爆竹声中一岁除，春风送暖入屠苏。”因此过去老百姓认为不放鞭炮不喝酒就不算过年。

宋朝重爆竹，明清出烟花。明代的烟花制作已达到了相当的水平。从高度、品种到造型都相当不错。明人张时辙在《陈都阃宅看烟花》诗中，对烟花燃放空中的景象作了生动描绘：“空中捧出百丝灯，神女新妆五彩明。真有斩蛟动长剑，狂客吹箫过洞庭”。到了清代放烟花的规模更加盛大，工艺和花型变幻精美无比，民间、官府和佛教界逢年过节都要大放烟花，尤以宫廷的烟花最为壮观和盛大。现在我国的不少城市因安全、噪音和污染等问题而禁放鞭炮，这种风俗只在没有“禁放”的城市和农村沿袭着。其实，文化是人创造的，文化形式也会不断地发生变化。既然有法必依，对于心中的留恋您就得从方式上想点辙。有的人就比较聪明，弄盘录音带放放，听鞭炮声，或用踩小气球声当鞭炮，有的干脆买几串工艺品鞭炮挂在厅里看，不但安全又一点儿不影响情绪，还给家里另添了几分喜庆!

五、扫尘

扫尘就是年终大扫除，北方称“扫房”，南方叫“掸尘”。在春节前扫尘，是我国人民素有的传统习惯。每逢春节来临，家家户户都要打扫环境，清洗各种器具，拆洗被褥窗帘，洒扫六闾庭院，掸拂尘垢蛛网，疏浚明渠暗沟。大江南北，到处洋溢着欢欢喜喜搞卫生、干干净净迎新春的气氛。

“腊月二十四，掸尘扫房子”的风俗，由来已久。据《吕氏春秋》记载，我国在尧舜时代就有春节扫尘的风俗。按民间的说法：因“尘”与“陈”谐音，新春扫尘有“除陈布新”的涵义，其用意是要把一切“穷运”、“晦气”统统扫出门。这一习俗寄托着人们破旧立新的愿望和辞旧迎新的祈求。

六、压岁钱

压岁钱由来已久，古称“厌胜钱”、“压崇钱”、“押岁钱”等，在钱币系列中，它被归为花钱类。早在汉代我国就已出现压岁钱，以圆形圆孔和圆形方孔居多，钱的正面多为吉祥文字，如“去殃除凶”。“福山寿海”、“长命富贵”、“强身健体”等，还有的正面为钱文，背面为祥瑞图案，如“北斗七星”、“龟蛇”、“老虎”、“八卦”、“生肖”等纹饰。唐朝时期，宫廷盛行春日散钱，当时人们把春节这天作为立春日，是宫内相互朝拜的日子，而当时在民间还没有拜年的习俗。宋元以后，春节被定为正月初一，春日散钱习俗就演变为长者给晚辈压岁钱的习俗。清人富察敦崇《燕京岁时记·压岁钱》记载：“以彩绳穿钱，编作龙形，置于床脚，谓之压岁钱。尊长之赐小儿者钱，亦谓之压岁钱。”明清时期，长者用红绳串连着压岁钱送于晚辈。民国时期，方孔圆钱基本取消，长辈则用红纸包一百文铜元作为压岁钱，其寓为“长命百岁”，货币改用纸钞后，长者喜欢选用连号的新纸钞赐于晚辈，有“连连好运”、“连连高升”之意，这种送连号钱给晚辈的习俗一直延续至今，这就是将连号钱作为压岁钱赐于晚辈的缘由。压岁钱的习俗源远流长，它预示着镇岁、去病、避邪、祈福等，是长者对晚辈的美好祝愿。

七、祭灶

祭灶，是一项在我国民间影响很大、流传极广的习俗。旧时，差不多家家灶间都设有“灶王爷”神位。人们称这尊神为“司命菩萨”或“灶君司命”，传说他是玉皇大帝封的“九天东厨司命灶王府君”，负责管理各家的灶火，被作为一家的保护神而受到崇拜。灶王龛大都设在灶房的北面或东面，中间供上灶王爷的神像。没有灶王龛的人家，也有将神像直接贴在墙上的。有的神像只画灶王爷一人，有的则有男女两人，女神被称为“灶王奶奶”。这大概是模仿人间夫妇的形象。灶王爷像上大都还印有这一年的日历，上书“东厨司命主”、“人间监察神”、“一家之主”等文字，以表明灶神的地位。两旁贴上“上天言好事，下界保平安”的对联，以保佑全家老小。

八、祭 祖

华人过节总不会忘记死去的先人，春节也不例外。供奉食物或鲜花以表心意，是我们普遍采用的仪式，祭祖的形式或许因宗教信仰而不同，但纪念祖先的意义却是相同的。

九、吃年夜饭

吃年夜饭，是春节家家户户最热闹愉快的时候。大年夜，丰盛的年菜摆满一桌，阖家团聚，围坐桌旁，共吃团圆饭，心头的充实感真是难以言喻。人们既是享受满桌的佳肴盛馔，也是享受那份快乐的气氛，桌上有大菜、冷拼、热炒、点心，一般少不了两样东西，一是火锅，一是鱼。火锅沸煮，热气腾腾，温馨撩人，说明红红火火;“鱼”和“余”谐音，是象征“吉庆有余”，也喻示“年年有余”。还有萝卜俗称菜头，祝愿有好彩头;龙虾、鲍鱼等煎炸食物，预祝家运兴旺如“烈火烹油”。最后多为一道甜食，祝福往后的日子甜甜蜜蜜，这天，即使不会喝酒的，也多少喝一点。古代，过年喝酒，非常注意酒的品质，有些酒现在已经没有了，只留下许多动人的酒名，如“葡萄醅”、“兰尾酒”、“宜春酒”、“梅花酒”、“桃花酒”、“屠苏酒”等等。

年夜饭的名堂很多，南北各地不同，有饺子、馄饨、长面、元宵等，而且各有讲究。北方人过年习惯吃饺子，是取新旧交替“更岁交子”的意思。又因为白面饺子形状像银元宝，一盆盆端上桌象征着“新年大发财，元宝滚进来”之意。有的包饺子时，还把几枚沸水消毒后的硬币包进去，说是谁先吃着了，就能多挣钱。吃饺子的习俗，是从汉朝传下来的。相传，医圣张仲景在寒冬腊月，看到穷人的耳朵被冻烂了，便制作了一种“祛寒娇耳汤”给穷人治冻伤。他用羊肉、辣椒和一些祛寒温热的药材，用面皮包成耳朵样子的“娇耳”，下锅煮熟，分给穷人吃，人们吃后，觉得浑身变暖，两耳发热。以后，人们仿效着做，一直流传到今天。新年吃馄饨，是取其开初之意。传说世界生成以前是混沌状态，盘古开天辟地，才有了宇宙四方，长面，也叫长寿面。新年吃面，是预祝寿长百年。

十、包饺子

饺子已有一千多年的历史，历代曾叫牢丸、水角、馄饨、饽饽等。后来怎么叫饺子呢?饺的原名叫“角”，“粉角”即用面粉做的角，“水角”指用水煮的角，因北方人发音“角”“饺”相似，后来就说成“饺”子了。三国时《广雅》一书载：“馄饨，形如偃月，天下之通食也”。这个馄饨就是饺子，偃月就是半月形。唐《酉阳杂俎》已有“笼上牢丸蒸饺”、“汤中牢丸水饺”的描述。

今天昌明盛世的饺子更是异彩纷呈。从馅来说，有鸡蓉、鲜虾、什锦、三鲜等上百种;从烹法来说，有汤煮、笼蒸、罐煲、锅贴等各法，速冻饺、即食饺等产品也层出不穷。饺子馆也如雨后春笋遍布神州。京城“八大楼”之一的鸿兴楼饭庄，一两面能捏成25个小饺子，一个一种味道。西安唐城饺子馆的饺子宴名扬海内外，据说一些老外们吃的时候一边老叫肚子胀一边还拼命往口里塞。沈阳的“老边饺子馆”因煽锅蒸饺和炝鸡汤煮饺而闻名遐迩。天津清真“白记饺子馆”和太原“认一力饺子馆”也为华厦饺子上品，使路人垂涎因而门庭若市。广东粤菜中的鲜虾仁蒸饺有后来居上之势，北方人南下均趋之若鹜。

此外，春节还有蒸年糕，倒贴“福”字，守岁，迎春，回娘家等习俗。