翻译题(中国传统文化)2

第一篇：翻译题(中国传统文化)2

一、历史文化

四大文明古国：中国位于亚洲东部，是世界上人口最多的国家。中国是世界四大文明古国之一，拥有大量的中华文化光辉的古迹，此外，中国地大物博，拥有茂密的森林、雄伟壮丽的瀑布、秀丽的湖泊以及如利剑直插云霄的山峰，所有这些都令世界各国人民神往。但是，更重要的是，中国以拥有五千多年的历史而自豪，遗留下无数的历史文物，其中包括珍贵珠宝、古迹名胜、宫殿及数不尽的雄伟建筑，令人惊叹不已。这种种原因都促使中国成为许多人梦寐以求的旅游胜地。China lies in the east of Asia and it has the largest population in the world.China is also one of the four countries in the world that have an ancient civilization, Besides, it has a vast territory with such abundant natural resources as dense forests, magnificent waterfalls, majestic and beautiful rivers and lakes, and mountains whose peaks reach high into the sky like swords.All these make China a singularly attractive place to tourists around the world.But, most importantly, China boasts a history of over five thousand years with innumerable historical relics left over from the long past, such as priceless pearls and jewels, historic sites and scenic spots, palaces and edifices of architectural richness, all of which have won people’s admiration.You are sure to find great enjoyment from all these attractions in China, a much-admired dream land.中华传统文化：中华民族的传统文化博大精深，源远流长。早在2000多年前，就产生了以孔孟为代表的儒家学说和以老庄为代表的道家学说，以及其他许多也在中国思想史上有地位的学说流派，这就是有名的“诸子百家”。从孔夫子到孙中山，中华民族传统文化有它的许多珍贵品质，许多人民性和民主性的好东西。比如，强调仁爱，强调群体，强调和而不同，强调天下为公。特别是“天下兴亡，匹夫有责”的爱国情找，“民为邦本”，“民贵君轻”的民本思想，“己所不欲勿施于人”的待人之道，吃苦耐劳，勤俭持家，尊师重教的传统美德，世代相传。所有这些，对家庭，国家和社会起到了巨大的维系与调节作用。

The traditional Chinese culture, both extensive and profound, starts far back and runs a long, long course.More than 2,000 years ago, there emerged in China Confucianism represented by Confucius and Mencius, Taoism represented by Lao Zi and Zhuang Zi, and many other theories and doctrines that figured prominently in the history of Chinese thought, all being covered by the famous term” the masters’ hundred schools.” The traditional Chinese culture presents many precious ideas and qualities, which are essentially populist and democratic.For example, they lay stress on the importance of kindness and love in human relations, on the interest of the community, on seeking harmony without uniformity and on the idea that the world is for all.Especially, patriotism as embodied in the saying ”Everybody is responsible for the rise or fall of the country”;the populist ideas that “people are the foundation of the country” and that “people are the more important than the monarch”;the code of conduct of “Treat others as you want to be treated”.And the traditional virtues taught from generation to generation:endurance and hard working diligence and frugality in household management,and

respecting

teachers

and

valuing education.All of which have played a great role in binding and regulating the family,the country and the society.汉语：从某种意义上说，汉语是一种很古老的语言，其最早的汉字已有近四千年的历史了。汉字在其漫长的发展史中演化成许多不同的书写形式，例如篆书、隶书、楷书和行书。中国书法家往往使汉字的字形夸张以取得艺术效果，例如旅游胜地的一些石刻碑文。中国书法是一门研究艺术，随着各位学习兴趣的提高，我们将适时介绍中国书法的流派，以及如何欣赏中国书法的艺术性。

In a sense, Chinese is a very old language, and its earliest characters date back nearly four thousand years ago.During their long history of development, Chinese characters have evolved into many different script forms, such as the Seal script, Clerical script, Regular script and Running script.Chinese calligraphers usually render their Chinese characters in ways that exaggerate the form to yield artistic beauty, such as those in stone inscriptions seen in tourist resorts.Chinese calligraphy is a subject of artistic study.As your interest in Chinese character system increases in the days to come, we will introduce in due time the different schools of Chinese calligraphy, and how to appreciate the artistic beauty of Chinese calligraphy.孔子：孔子(ConfUcius)是一位思想家、政治家，教育家，也是中国儒 学(the Ru School)思想的创始人。儒学(Confucianism)，这个道德和 宗教哲学的大系统建立在孔圣人(Master Kung)的教学上。冯友兰，中国思想史上20世纪伟大的的权威之一，把孔子在中国历史上的影 响比作西方的苏格拉底。

Confucius was a thinker, political figure, educator, and founder of the Ru School of Chinese thought.Confucianism, the great system of moral and religious philosophy built upon the teachings of Master Kung.Fung You-lan, one of the great 20th century authorities on the history ofChinese thought, compares Confucius9 influence in Chinese history with that of Socrates in the West.红楼梦：《红楼梦》问世二百年以来,通过汉文原文和各种译文读过此书的人,不知有多少亿!这么多的读者哪一个是先看批评家的文章,然而再让批评家牵着鼻子走,按图索骥地去读原作呢?我看是绝无仅有的。一切文学作品,特别是象《红楼梦》这样伟大的作品,内容异常地丰富,涉及到的社会层面异常地多,简直象是一个宝山，一座迷宫。而读者群就更加复杂，他们来读《红楼梦》，会各就自己的特点，欣赏该书中的某一个方面，受到鼓舞，受到启发，引起了喜爱;也可能受到打击，引起了憎恶。总之是千差万别。

Ever since the publication of A Dream of Red Mansions some 200 years ago, hundreds of millions of people have read its Chinese original or its translations in various languages.Of these innumerable people, how many have read the novel by starting with a perusal of the critics' articles and allowing themselves to be led by the nose by the critics as to how to read the novel? Next to none.All literary works, especially a monumental one like A Dream of Red Mansions, are extremely rich in content and involve diverse social strata-to such an extent that they virtually resemble a mountain of treasure or a labyrinth.And the readers are even more complicated, differing from each other in family background.They will each appreciate a certain aspect of the novel according to their own individuality.They may feel inspired and enlightened, and hence love it, or they may feel hurt, and hence loathe it.In short, the reactions vary.二、传统节日

春节：春节庆祝活动是一年中最重要的庆祝活动。中国人庆祝春节的方式可能略微不同，但其愿望几乎是相同的，他们希望其家人和朋友来年健康和幸运。春节庆祝活动通常持续15天。庆祝活动包括春节的年夜饭，放鞭炮，给儿童压岁钱，春节钟声和春节问候。大多数中国人将在春节的第7天停止庆祝活动，因为全国性节假通常在这一天结束，但在公共场所的庆祝活动可能最终持续到正月十五。

Chinese New Year Celebration is the most important celebration of the year.Chinese people may celebrate the Chinese New Year in slightly different ways but their wishes are almost the same;they want their family members and friends to be healthy and lucky during next year.Chinese New Year Celebration usually lasts for 15 days.Celebratory activities include Chinese New Feast, firecrackers, giving lucky money to children, the New Year bell ringing and Chinese New Year Greetings.Most of Chinese people will stop the celebrating in their home on the 7th day of New Year because the national holiday usually ends around that day, however celebrations in public areas can last until the 15th day of New Year.清明节：清明节的习俗是丰富有趣的，除了讲究禁火、扫墓，还有踏青、荡秋千、蹴鞠、打马球、插柳等一系列风俗体育活动。相传这是因为清明节要寒食禁火，为了防止寒食冷藏伤身，所以大家来参加一些体育活动，以锻炼身体。因此，这个节日既有祭扫新坟生别死离得悲酸泪，又有踏青游玩的欢笑声，是一个富有特色的节日。

Ching Ming Festival(the Tomb-sweeping Festival), the custom is full of interesting.In addition to pay attention to ban fire, tomb-sweeping, as well as spring outing, swinging, Cuju, playing polo, Liu inserted a series of custom sports.According to legend, this is because the Ching Ming Festival to Cold Food Observance ban fire, in order to prevent the Cold Food Observance buffet beverages, so we come to participate in some sports, in order to exercise.Therefore, this festival which has both the acid tears of sorrow for the died and the laughter from the players, is a distinctive holiday.元宵节：与大多数中国节日一样，元宵节同样有自己的特色小吃，成为“汤圆”(也叫“元宵”)。汤圆外形圆圆的，外皮由糯米制成，内陷或甜或辣。人们都说汤圆有两个象征之意，一为农历的第一个月圆，二为家庭团聚圆满。元宵节传统习俗中还有一部分是关于猜灯谜的游戏。在过去，这些谜语大多出自于模糊的文学典故和中国古典文学之中，所以猜灯谜以前多为知识份子的“领地”。踩高跷，敲大鼓和舞龙狮也是元宵节主要的娱乐活动。

Like most Chinese festivals, the Lantern Festival has its own special food, called “tang yuan”.These are round, glutinous rice dumplings with sweet or spicy fillings.The dumplings are said to symbolize both the first full moon and family utility and completeness.Part of the lantern festival tradition involves a game to guess riddles attached to the lanterns.In the old days the riddles were obscure literary allusions to the Chinese classics and so were mainly the preserve of the educated classes.Stilt-walking, drumming and dragon and lion dancing are the main entertainment forms of the Lantern Festival.端午节：端午节，又叫龙舟节，是为了纪念爱国诗人屈原。屈原是一位忠诚和受人敬仰的大臣（minister）,他给国家带来了和平和繁荣。但最后因为受到诽谤（vilify）而最终投河自尽。人们撑船到他自尽的地方，抛下粽子，希望鱼儿吃粽子，不要吃屈原的身躯。几千年来，端午节的特色在于吃粽子（glutinous dumplings）和赛龙舟，尤其是在一些河湖密布的南方省份。

The Duan Wu Festival, also called the Dragon Boat Festival, is to commemorate the patriotic poet Qu Yuan.Qu Yuan was a loyal and highly esteemed minister, who brought peace and prosperity to the state but ended up drowning himself in a river as a result of being vilified.People got to the spot by boat and cast glutinous dumplings into the water,hoping that the fishes ate the dumplings instead of Qu Yuan’s body.For thousands of years, the festival has been marked by glutinous dumplings and dragon boat races, especially in the southern provinces where there are many rivers and lakes.中秋节：农历八月十五日是中国的传统节日——中秋节。在这天，每个家庭都团聚在一起，一家人共同观赏象征丰裕、和谐和好运的圆月。此时，大人们尽情吃着美味的月饼，品着热腾腾的香茗，而孩子们则在一旁拉着明亮的兔子灯尽情玩耍。月宫里美丽的仙女嫦娥的神话故事赋予了这个节日神话色彩。传说古时候，天空曾有10个太阳围着地球旋转。后翌射下了其中9个太阳，拯救了地球上的生灵。他偷了长生不老药，却被妻子嫦娥偷偷喝下，从而产生了嫦娥奔月的故事。The Mid-Autumn Festival falls on the 15th day of the 8th month of the lunar month.It is a time for family members to congregate and enjoy the full moon, which is a symbol of abundance, harmony and luck.Adults usually indulge in fragrant mooncakes of various kinds with a good cup of hot Chinese tea, while the children run around with their brightly-lit rabbit lanterns.The festival was endowed a mythological flavour with legends of Chang-E, the beautiful lady in the moon.According to Chinese mythology, the earth once had 10 suns circling over it.Hou Yi, shot down 9 of the suns to save all the lives on carth.He stole the elixir of life, which can make people immortal.However, his wife, Chang-E drank it.Thus the legend of Chang-E flying into the moon came into being.三、传统事物

筷子：中国人使用筷子已经有3 000多年的历史了。中国的筷子夹菜的一端是圆的，象征着天；另一端是方的，象征着地。这是因为，维持充足的食物供应是天地之间最重要的事情。中国有个古老的风俗，女子出嫁时要用筷子当嫁妆，因为“筷子”与“快子”谐音。根据中国的餐桌礼仪，吃饭时一直握着筷子是不礼貌的。将菜送入口中后，应立刻把筷子放下。吃饭时，用筷子指着别人会对其造成冒犯。

There has been a history of more than 3 000 years for the Chinese to have meals with chopsticks.Chinese chopsticks are round on the eating end which symbolizes the heaven, and the other end is square which symbolizes the earth.It is because maintaining an adequate food supply is the greatest concern between the heaven and the earth.There is an old custom in the past in China, that chopsticks should be a part of a girl’s dowry.Kuaizi(chopsticks)is pronounced the same as “kuai zi”.The latter symbolized “quick” and “son”.According to the Chinese traditional table manners, it is impolite to hold the chopsticks all the time over the meal.As soon as one person sends a bite into his mouth, he should put down the chopsticks.It would offend others to point at them with chopsticks over the meal.文房四宝：在中国，笔、墨、纸、砚（ink slab），就是人们所说的“文房四宝”，在中华文明的传承中起了重要作用。文房四宝不仅有实用价值，它们本身也是供人观赏的艺术品，并逐步成为收藏品。文房四宝品类繁多，丰富多彩，选材制作不断趋于完善、精美，历代都有名品、名匠产生，成为一种深厚的文化积淀。在当今时代，使用笔、墨、纸、砚进行学习、写作的人越来越少了，但是，在中国的书法、绘画、收藏以及修身养性活动中，它们仍起着不可替代的作用。In China, “four treasures of the study” refers to “writing brush”, “ink stick”, “paper” and “ink slab”, playing an important role in passing on Chinese civilization.They not only have their value of practical use, but also become the works of art for appreciation and collection.There is a large variety of these four treasures.Selecting of materials and making process have become increasingly delicate and perfect.Each dynasty of Chinese history saw famous craftsmen appear and works produced, which is a profound process of cultural accumulation.In contemporary times, “four treasures of the study” have been increasingly rarely used for study or writhing, but they are still playing an irreplaceable role in the field of Chinese calligraphy, painting, collection and in the activities of cultivating one's mind.中国结：中国结（The Chinese Knot）是一种古老的艺术形式。人们发现，绳结可以追朔到10万年前。中国人不仅用绳结来固定、包裹、狩猎、捕鱼，还用来记录事件，而且有些绳结纯粹起装饰作用。中国结具有文化内涵（cultural connotation）。由于结在汉语中的发音与“吉”相近。吉的意思是“福、禄、寿、喜、财、安、康”，这是中国人永恒的追求，因此有些中国结表达出人们的各种愿望。例如：新婚夫妇的房间通常用一个盘长结（Pan-chang Knot）来装饰，象征着永恒的爱情。

The Chinese Knot is an ancient art form and artifacts could be found as far back as 100 000 years ago.Chinese people used knots for more than just fastening,wraping,hunting,fishing.Knots were also to record events,and some knots had purely ornamentak functions.The Chinese Knot has cultural connotations.Since knot is pronouced as“jie” in Chinese similar with

that

of

“ji”,which

means

blessing,good salary,longevity,happpiness,fortune,safety and health and is the everlasting pursuit of Chinese people,some Chinese Knots espress people's various hopes.For example,the room of newlyweds is usually decorated with a Pan-Chang Knot to symbolize eternal love.八大菜系：中国一个幅员辽阔、资源丰富、历史悠久的多民族国家，每个 民族都有其独特的丰富菜肴。地域菜系在地理环境、气候、文化传 统、民族风俗和其他因素的影响下经过悠久历史的发展已经成形。最有影响力、最具代表性的是鲁、川、粵、闽、苏、浙、湘、徽菜系，这八种被人们称为“八大菜系”。中国的“八大菜系”是以多种多样 的烹饪方法区分的，各有其长处。

China is a time-honored multi-ethnics nation with a vast territory and abundant resources, and every ethnic group has its unique abundant dishes.Regional cuisines have taken shape after long-history evolution under the influence of geographical environment, climate, cultural tradition, folk customs and other factors.The most influential and representative ones are Lu, Chuan，Yue, Min, Su，Zhe, Xiang and Hui Cuisines, which are commonly known as “Eight Major Cuisines”.Dishes in the “Eight Major Cuisines” in China are characterized by diversified cooking skills, with each having its strong points.四、传统艺术

京剧：京剧被奉为中国的国粹，来源于18世纪晚期的安徽和湖北的当地剧种。京剧是中国所有剧种中最有影响力和代表性的，在中国乃至世界享有声誉。京剧完美融 合了多种艺术形式。京剧集传统音乐、舞蹈、诗歌、杂耍、武术于一身，以华丽的戏服、逼真的脸谱和程式化的演出套路而闻名。京剧脸谱上每一种图形和亮丽的颜 色都有象征意义：红色表示忠诚，蓝色表示残暴，黑色表示正直。Known as China’s national opera, Peking Opera originated in the late 18th century from the basis of some local operas in Anhui and Hubei Provinces.Peking Opera is the most influential and representative of all operas in China.It has won great popularity not only in China but also throughout the world.Peking Opera is a harmonious combination of many art forms.It is a synthesis of traditional music, dancing, poetry, acrobatics and martial arts.It is famous for its exquisite costumes, beautiful make-up or painted face, and established performing conventions and rules.Each of patterns and brilliant colors on the painted face has a symbolic meaning: red suggests loyalty;blue suggests cruelty;black suggests honesty.武术：武术在我国源远流长，是中华民族传统文化的瑰宝。我们知道，一个民族的优秀文化遗产，不仅仅属于一个民族，它会逐渐传播到世界而成为人类的共同财富。// 为了更好的推广武术运动，使其与奥运项目接轨，中国武协和国际武联做了大量的艰苦卓绝的工作。现在武术运动已被列为一种具有与保龄球运动和国际标准舞同等地位的奥运表演项目。//武术的蓬勃发展，除得益于其项目本身的吸引力之外，早期移居海外的一代武术大师功不可没。//老一代武术家在海外播种下了武术的种子，使武术这门既可以自卫又可以健身的运动很快就在新的土地上扎下了根。今天高超的武术大师已遍布世界各地，武术爱好者也与日俱增。Wushu, or Chinese martial art, can be traced back to ancient times.It is a gem of Chinese traditional culture.As well know, the fine culture of a nation does not belong to the nation alone and it will be spread to the rest of the world and shared by all humanity.// The Chinese Wushu Association and International Wushu Federation(IWUF)have been working very hard to popularize wushu and make the Chinese martial art closer to the Olympic Movement.Wushu was accepted to join bowling and international standard dance as an Olympic demonstration event.// The booming of wushu is attributed not only to the attractiveness of the sport but also to emigrant Chinese wushu masters over the years.// Martial artists of the older generation shave sown wushu seeds in foreign countries.Wushu, which can be used as self defense and can keep practitioners fit and strong, soon became popular on new lands.Today superb wushu masters are active all over the world, and amateurs are on the increase with each passing day.狮舞：狮舞（Lion Dance）是中国最广为流传的民间舞蹈之一。狮为百兽之首，在中国传统中，狮子被视为是能带来好运的吉祥物（mascot）。古人将狮子视作是勇敢和力量的化身，能驱赶邪恶、保护人类。据记载，狮舞已拥有了2,000多年的历史。在唐代（the Tang Dynasty），狮舞就已经被引入了皇室。因此，舞狮成为元宵节（the Lantern Festival）和其他节日的习俗，人们以此来祈祷好运、平安和幸福。

The Lion Dance is one of the most widespread folk dances in China.The lion is the king of animals.In Chinese tradition, the lion is regarded as a mascot, which can bring good luck.Ancient people regarded the lion as a symbol of braveness and strength, which could drive away evil and protect humans.The dance has a recorded history of more than 2,000 years.During the Tang Dynasty, the Lion Dance was already introduced into the royal family of the dynasty.Therefore, performing the lion dance at the Lantern Festival and other festive occasions became a custom where people could pray for good luck, safety and happiness.五、历史景点

故宫：故宫，又名紫禁城，为明清共二十四位皇帝统治中国近500年的皇宫。它位于北京市中心，在天安门广场的北侧，形状为长方形。南北长960米，东西宽750米，占地72公顷，总建筑面积达15万平方米。故宫是世界上现存规模最大、最完整的古代木构宫殿。它分为外朝和内廷两部分，外朝是皇帝上朝处理国家大事的地方，内廷是皇帝和皇室的居住地。1987年，故宫被联合国教科文组织列入世界文化遗产。

The Imperial Palace, also called the Forbidden City was the palace where the 24 emperors of the Ming and Qing Dynasties ruled China for roughly 500 years.The Imperial Palace is located in the center of Beijing, on the northern side of Tian’anmen Square, rectangular in shape, 960 meters from north to south and 750 meters wide from east to west, with an area of 72 hectares and a total floor space of 150 000 square meters.It’s the world’s largest and most integral palace made of wood in existence.The Forbidden City is divided into two parts: the outer court and the inner court.The outer court was the place where the emperors gave audience and handled state affairs, while the inner court was the living quarters for the emperors and their families.In 1987 the Imperial Palace was listed by the UNESCO as one of the World Cultural Heritage sites.四合院：四合院（Siheyuan）是中国传统民居中最重要的形式。它数量多、分布广，并且在汉族、满族、白族以及其他少数民族中十分流行。大多数房屋采用木制框架。主屋建在南北走向的轴线上，两个厢房则位于四合院的两侧。家庭中的长者住在主屋中，而两翼则是年轻一代的卧室。妇女住在内院。客人和男仆住在外院。这种分布符合封建礼制（feudal regulations）。四合院遍布全国的城乡，但由于各地自然条件和生活方式各有不同，因此发展出各自的特征。北京的四合院最具代表性的。

Siheyuan is the most important form of Chinese traditional residential house.It is great in number and wide in distribution,popular among the Han,Manchu，Bai,and some of other minority groups.Most of the houses are of wood framework.The principal room is biult on the south-north axis,and two wing rooms are located on both sides of it.The family elders live in the principal room and wings are the bedrooms for the younger generations.Women live in the inner yard.Guests and male servants live in the outer yard.This distribution is in accordance with feudal regulations.Siheyuan spreads over towns and villages throughout China,but each developed its own characteristics as result of respective natural conditions and different way of life.Siheyuan in Beijing is the most repesentative

丝绸之路：闻名于世的丝绸之路是一系列连接东西方的路线。丝绸之路代表了古代中国的丝绸贸易。丝绸之路上的贸易在中国、南亚、欧洲和发挥这重要作用。正是通过丝绸之路，中国的造纸、火药、指南针、印刷术传遍各地。同样，中国的丝绸、茶叶和瓷器也传遍各地，欧洲也是通过丝绸之路出口各种商品和植物，满足中国市场的需要.The world-renowned Silk Road is a series of routes connecting the East and the West.The Silk Road represents the ancient Chinese silk trade.The Silk Road trade played an important role in China, South Asia, Europe and Africa.It was through the Silk Road that Chinese papermaking, gunpowder, the compass and the printing press spread all over the world.Similarly, Chinese silk, tea and porcelain also spread all over the world through the Silk Road.And Europe exported all kinds of goods and plants through the Silk Road to meet the needs of the Chinese market。

茶马古道：茶马古道(Tea-horse Ancient Road)两边，生活着20多个少数 民族。不同的地方有着各自美丽而神奇的自然风景和传统文化，比 如:大理，丽江古城，香格里拉(Shangrila),雅鲁藏布江大峡谷和布 达拉宫(Potala Palace)。古道的两旁有庙宇、岩石壁画、骚站(post house),古桥和木板路，还有少数民族舞蹈和民族服装。时至今天，虽然这条古道的踪迹都消失了，但它的文化和历史价值仍然存在。?

Along the Tea-horse Ancient Road lived more than 20 minori?ties.Concentrations of beautiful and mysterious natural landscapes and traditional cultures developed in various sites，including Dali old city, Lijiang old city, Shangrila, Yarlung Zangbo River Grand Canyon, Potala Palace.The road features temples, rock paintings, post houses, ancient bridges and plank roads.It is also home to many national minorities and their dances and folk customs.Today, although the traces of the ancient road are fading away, its cultural and historic values remain.泰山：泰山称东岳，以“五岳独尊”的盛名享誉古今。按照“五行学说”，东方属木，主生发，有生命之源、万物之本的含义。这就是古代帝王通常在自己登基或晚年时到泰山封禅祭拜的原因。泰山拔地通天，气势磅礴，汉语又有“稳如泰山”、“重于泰山”之说。1987年，联合国教科文组织将泰山列为世界自然与文化遗产。

Mount Tai, called “East Yue”, has a great reputation for the most important mountain of the Five Holy Mountains.According to the theory of five elements, the East belongs to mu, which means liveliness.Therefore, the East is a place where nature regulated and adjusted its procedures.This explains why important emperors made pilgrimages mostly to Mount Tai when they were crowned or in their later years.It is a symbol of loftiness and might, hence, there are the Chinese idioms: “as firm as Mount Tai” and “as weighty as Mount Tai”.Mount Tai was proclaimed world natural and cultural heritage by UNESCO in 1987.秦始皇陵墓：秦始皇陵墓(the Mausoleum of the Emperor Qin Shihuang)坐落在 陕西省西安市临潼区以东5公里的骊山北部，是中国历史上第一个皇帝的最终休眠之地。它于公元前246年开始建造,工程持续了38年。它占地面积56.25平方公里，是中国历史上最大的陵墓。

The Mausoleum of the Emperor Qin Shihuang, located at the northern foot of the Lishan Mountain five kilometers east of Lintong District, Xi’an City, Shanxi Province, is the final resting place of the first emperor in the history of China.Its construction lasted for 38 years, commencing in 246BC.With an area of 56.25 square kilometers, it’s the largest mausoleum in China’s history.六、中西文化

中西文化1：美国人强调效率、竞争和独创性，而中国人则将严谨规划放在首位，鼓励团队成员之间的密切合作和无私奉献。//在美国学校，讨论享有至高无上的地位，讨论是课堂教学的主旋律；而中国教师喜欢讲课，喜欢考试，编写千篇一律的标准教案，培养整齐划一的高材生。//美国人的政治观，经济观以及社会观的核心是个人道德自治观。中国传统的思想体系是以儒家学说为基础的，这种思想强调整体和谐。//现在，中美联系比以往更加紧密，中国人学英语，玩保龄球，吃肯德基，美国人学汉语，练功夫，吃北京烤鸭，《泰坦尼克》驶进中国，《牡丹亭》也在百老汇上演。//

American people emphasize efficiency,competition and originality while Chinese people give priority to careful planning and encourage close cooperation and altruistic dedication among team members.//In American schools, discussion is given top priority while Chinese teachers like to lecture in class,and a lot of them are obsessed with examinations.They write consistent and standardized teaching plans, and are

happy with bringing up identical and standardized talents.//Central to American political, economic and social thought is the concept of individual moral autonomy.Traditional Chinese philosophical systems are based on Confucianism,which sings high praises for communal harmony.//Nowadays, the relation of China and America become closer than ever.Chinese learn English, play bowling, enjoy KFC, while Americans learn Chinese, exercise Kung Fu, like Peking Duck.And Titanic sailed into China, while The Peony Pavilion has been performed on Broadway.//

中西文化2：越来越多受英文教育的海外华人父母，已经认识到孩子在掌握不可或缺的英文的同时，也通晓中文的重要性。中国的崛起，让他们充分认识到孩子掌握双语的好处——既能增加他们的就业机会，也能让他们接触和熟悉东西方两种不同的文化。这些人对中文的态度几乎没有完全改变。曾几何时，他们还非常骄傲地宣称自己只懂英文。现在，他们已开始积极支持孩子学习中文和中国文化，而且还不时走访中国，欣赏壮观的自然风光，认识丰富的文化遗产。An increasing number of English-educated Chinese parents overseas have come to the realization that while English learning is indispensable to their children, it is essential that their kid shave a good command of Chinese.China’s rise has fully awakened their awareness of the fact that their kids can benefit rom their bilingual ability which can not only enhance their competitiveness in the job market, but also facilitate their exposure to and familiarity with the two different cultures between the East and the West.They have hardly changed their attitudes towards Chinese.At one time they proudly declared that they knew English only.Now, they have begun to give full support to their kids learning Chinese and its culture, and they also make occasional visits to China,where they can enjoy its magnificent natural landscape and get to know its rich cultural heritage.中西文化3：我赞同许多东亚学者的观点，东方文明可以医治盛行于西方世界的一些顽疾。西方世界个人自由主义泛滥导致了极端个人主义、性关系混乱以及过度暴力行为，对此我们不能视而不见。// 相反，东方社会的自我约束力，集体责任感以及温厚儒雅的传统倒可以消除西方社会的许多恶疾。// 在这个信息时代，世界已缩小成一个地球村。这个地球村里，不再有什么泾渭分明的东方世界和西方世界，我们是生活在同一个社区里的邻里。// 因此，我们彼此之间无须冲突。我们之间的关系应该是一种友好合作，平等互补的关系。我们应该相互理解，相互学习，和睦共处。

I share the same view with many East Asian scholars that the Oriental civilization can heal some of the prevailing ,stubborn Western ills.We should not turn a blind eye to the fact that individual freedom has gone overboard in the West, resulting in extreme individualism, sexual promiscuity and excessive use of violence.// By contrast,self-discipline, corporate responsibility and the pacific tradition of East Asia can offset many Western vices.// At this age of information, the world has shrunk as a global village in which there will be no clear-cut worlds of the East and the West any more, but a world of one community with neighboring families.// Therefore,we do not necessarily have to come into clash with each other.Our relationship is one of friendly cooperation, equality and mutual complementarity and therefore,we should understand and learn from each other, and live in harmony.//

上海：朝气蓬勃，充满活力，丰富多彩的上海是现代中国的缩影。虽然上海的文化遗迹不能与北京媲美，但是上海迷人的城市风貌，风格各异的万国建筑为这座城市注入了无限的魅力。今日之上海，已经成为享誉中外的国际大都市。漫步在这座日新月异的现代大都市里，你会发现许多精彩的历史亮点，隐现在众多摩天大楼背后的是上海发展变化的轨迹。它们记述了上海自十九世纪末开埠以来，尤其是新中国成立以后，是如何迅猛发展的。

Shanghai is a dynamic, diverse and stimulating city-the very epitome of modern China.Though Shanghai cannot rival Beijing in cultural heritage, its varied architectural styles and cosmopolitan feel give it a charm of its own.Today's Shanghai has become a world-famous international metropolis.A walk through this booming city reveals many glimpses of its colorful past.Hidden a mongst the skyscrapers are remains of the original Shanghai.They keep on showing how Shanghai has been developing fast and enormously since its opening as a commercial port in the late 19th century, especially after the founding of new China.香港中文大学：香港中文大学，简称“中大”，成立于1963年。中大是一所研究型综合大学，以“结合传统与现代，融汇中国与西方”为创校使命。//40多年来，中大一直致力于弘扬中华传统文化，坚持双语教育，并推行独特的书院制度，在香港教育界卓然而立。中大校园占地134 公顷，是世界上最美丽的校园之一。//中大的师生来自世界各地。有教职员工 5200多人，近万名本科生、约2000多名研究生，其中约2500多人来自45个不同的国家和地区。//中大实行灵活的学分制，不仅有助于培养有专有博的人才，而且还赋予学生更大的学习自主权。中大的多元教育有助于充分发挥每一个学生的潜能。// The Chinese University of Hong Kong, CUHK for short, was founded in 1963.It is are search-oriented comprehensive university with a mission to combine tradition with modernity and bring together China and the West.//For more than40 years, we have been distinguished from other local universities by virtue of our rich Chinese cultural heritage, bilingual education, and our unique college system.134-hectare campus is one of the most beautiful campuses in the world.//CUHK’ s faculty and students come from all corners of the world.It has more than 5200 staff members,approximately10,000 undergraduates, and 2000 postgraduate students.Of these students, some2,500 are from 45 countries and regions outside Hong Kong.//The flexible credit unit system allows a balance between depth with breadth, and a high degree off ree choice of students in designing their own learning.The mufti-faceted education at CUHK helps to bring out the best in every student.//

七、社会热点

中国梦：几千年的中国文化充实着中国梦，同时，过去三十几年的改革开放也激励着中国梦。中国梦最显著的特征是包容性和双赢合作。这些也是使中国梦扩大它的全球影响范围和被其他国家的人民认可的基本特征。中国梦是民族复兴的梦。它是建设一个强大繁荣的国家，给中国人民带来幸福生活的梦。中国梦需要维持稳定健康的经济发展，科学管理社会，以及有效应对外部发展的风险和挑战。The Chinese dream has been enriched by thousands of years of Chinese culture and inspired among other things by the past three decades of reform and opening-up.The most noticeable features of the Chinese dream include inclusiveness and win-win cooperation.These are the very features that will enable the Chinese dream to expand its global reach and be recognized by people of other nations.The Chinese dream is the dream of national rejuvenation.It is the dream of building a powerful and prosperous state, a dream of bringing happiness in the lives of the Chinese people.It entails sustaining steady and healthy economic growth, scientifically managing the Chinese society, and effectively responding to the risks and challenges of external development.中国经济：中国将进一步发展经济、扩大开放，这对海外企业（enterprises）意味着更多的商机。改革开放以来，中国企业与海外企业一直积极开展经济技术合作，并取得了巨大成就。海外企业不仅帮助了中国企业的成长，而且也在合作中获得了收益。中国政府将继续提供有利的政策和条件，推动中国企业与国外企业进一步开展合作。

China will develop its economy further and open itself wider to the outside world,which offers more business opportunities to overseas enterprises.Since China’s reform and opening upChinese enterprises have been cooperating with overseas enterprises in terms of economy and technology and have scored great achievement.Overseas enterprises have not only helped Chinese enterprises with their growth, but also benefited from the cooperation.Chinese government will continue to offer favorable policies and conditions to promote the further cooperation between Chinese and overseas enterprises.中国消费：假日经济的现象表明：中国消费者的消费观正在发生巨大变化。根据统计数据，中国消费者的消费需求正在从基本生活必需品转向对休闲、舒适和个人发展的需求。同时，中国人的消费观在蓬勃发展的假日经济中正变得成熟。因此产品结构应做相应调整，来适应社会的发展。另一方面，服务质量要改善，以满足人们提高生活质量的要求。

The phenomenon of holiday economy shows that Chinese people’s consumption concept is undertaking great changes.According to statistics, the demands of Chinese consumers are shifting from the basic necessities of

life

to

leisure，comfort

and

personal development.Therefore, the structure of products should be adjusted accordingly to adapt to social development.On the other hand, services should be improved to satisfy people’s demand for an improved quality of life.中国城市化：中国城市化(urbanization)将会充分释放潜在内需（domestic demand)。一些经济学家指出，在中国几乎所有的发展中城市都面临 着城市化的进程。这使得许多人的生活水平有所提高，也为人们提 供更多的就业机会。随着越来越多的人向城市迁徙，住房及城市基 础设施建设(infrastructure construction),包括水源等能源的供应将会 成为城市发展的焦点问题。商品与服务的自由、快速流通是城市化 社会的一项基本特征。逐渐扩张的城市需要更多的零售店来满足消 费者的需求。

China’s urbanization will release the full potential of domestic demand.Some economists point out that urbanization is a process that is occurring in nearly every developing city in the country.It will lead to a better quality of life for many people，and provide individuals with more job opportunities.The construction of housing and city infrastructure, in?cluding water and energy supplies, will be a focal point of urban develop?ment as more people migrate to cities.Urbanization means better access to educational and medical resources in the city.But it also predicts less use of personal vehicles and more use of public transportation.The fast, free flow of goods and services is a basic trait of an urbanized society.Ex-panding cities require more retail outlets to serve customers.大学生就业：许多刚毕业的大学生找不到工作，在校学生则担心他们的未来。多个调查显示，三分之二的中国毕业生想在政府或者国有企业工作，而不是为中国令人瞩目的经济增长提供动力的民营企业。政府和国 有企业被认为能免受经济萧条的影响。如今几乎没有大学生愿意放 弃政府的铁饭碗而下海、加入初创企业或自己创业。

Many recent college graduates can’t find a job and students are fearful about their future.Two-thirds of Chinese graduates say they want to work either in the government or state-owned firms，which are seen as recession-proof, rather than at the private companies that have powered China’s remarkable economic climb, surveys indicate.Few college stu?dents today, according to the surveys, are ready to leave the safe shores of government work and jump into the sea to join startups or go into business.环境问题：过去10年，海平面升高和森林看法的速度都是前所未有的；生态恶化、物种灭绝、臭氧层被破坏、温室效应、酸雨等一系列环境问题已经严重影响到人类的生存环境。// 环境恶化造成的问题之一就是缺水。目前全世界 40%以上的人口，即 20 多亿人，面临缺水问题。据预测，未来 25 年全球人口将有 60 亿增长到 80 亿，环境保护面临更大的压力。// 中国作为一个发展中国家，面临着发展经济和保护环境的双重任务。从国情出发，中国在全面推进现代化的过程中，将环境保护视为一项基本国策。// 众所周知，对生态环境和生物多样性的保护是环保工作的重点。我国野生动植物物种丰富，仅脊椎动物就有 6000 多种左右，高等植物 3 万多种。//

Sea level rose and forest were destroyed at an unprecedented rate during the last decade.A series of environmental problems such s the deterioration of ecosystem, the extinction of bio-species,damage to the ozone layer, the green-house effect, acid rain, have posed a serious threat to human living conditions.Environmental crisis leads to one of the serious problems, namely, water shortage.Presently, more than 40% of the world’s population, more than 2 billion people, now face water shortage.It is predicted hat with the global population expected to increase from six billion to eight billion over the next 25 years, more pressure on environmental protection stress is expected.As a developing country, china is confronted with the dual task of developing the economy and protecting the environment.Proceeding from its national conditions, china has, in the process of promoting its overall modernization program, made environmental protection one of its basic state policies.// It is known to all that protection of the ecological environment and biodiversity is the focal point of environmental protection work.China is rich in wildlife species.There are about 6,000 vertebrates alone and 30,000species of higher plants

亚洲发展：近代以来，亚洲经历了曲折和艰难的发展历程。亚洲人们为改变自己的命运，始终以不屈的意志和艰辛的奋斗开辟前进道路。今天，人们所看到的亚洲发展成就，是勤劳智慧的亚洲人民不屈不挠、锲而不舍奋斗的结果。亚洲人民深知，世界上没有放之四海而皆准的发展模式，也没有一成不变的发展道路，亚洲人民勇于变革创新，不断开拓进取，探索和开辟适应时代潮流，符合自身实际的发展道路，为经济社会发展打开了广阔前景。

In modern times, Asia experienced twists and turns in its development.To change their destiny, the people of Asia have been forging ahead in an indomitable spirit and with hard struggle.Asia's development achievements today are the result of the persistent efforts of the industrious and talented Asian people.The people of Asia re fully aware that there is no ready model or unchanging path of development that is universally applicable.They never shy away from reform and innovation.Instead, they are committed to exploring and finding development paths that are in line with the trend of the times and their own situations, and have opened up bright prospects for economic and social development.英语翻译常考的中国文化词汇

风水：Fengshui;geomantic omen

阳历：solar calendar

阴历：lunar calendar

闰年：leap year

十二生肖：zodiac

春节：the Spring Festival

元宵节：the Lantern Festival

清明节：the Tomb-sweeping Day

端午节：the Dragon-boat Festival

中秋节：the Mid-autumn Day

重阳节：the Double-ninth Day

七夕节：the Double-seventh Day

春联：spring couplets

春运：the Spring Festival travel

把中国的汉字“福”字倒贴在门上(听起来像是福到)预示新年有好运：turn the Chinese character for luck(fu)upside down to make “dao”(which sounds like arrival)and put it on your door to bring in good fortune for the new year

庙会：temple fair

爆竹：firecracker

年画：(traditional)New Year pictures

压岁钱：New Year gift-money

舞龙：dragon dance

舞狮：lion dance

元宵：sweet sticky rice dumplings

花灯：festival lantern

灯谜：lantern riddle

食物对于中国佳节来说至关重要，但甜食对于农历新年特别重要，因为他们能让新的一年更加甜蜜。

Food is central to all Chines festivals, but sugary snacks are especially important for Lunar New Year, since they sweetne up prospects for the coming year.传统的佳节食物包括年糕、八宝饭、饺子、果脯和瓜子。

Traditional holiday treats include nian gao(rice pudding), ba bao fan(eight treasure rice), jiao zi(crispy dumplings), candied fruits and seeds.四合院：Siheyuan/ Quadrangle

亭/阁：pavilion/attic

刺绣：Embroidery

剪纸：Paper Cutting

书法：Calligraphy

针灸：Acupuncture

象形文字：Pictograms/Pictographic Characters

偏旁：radical

战国：Warring States

人才流动：Brain Drain/Flow

铁饭碗：Iron Bowl

黄土高原：Loess Plateau

红白喜事：Weddings and Funerals

儒家文化：Confucian Culture

孟子：Mencius

火锅：Hot Pot

《诗经》：the Book of Songs

《史记》：Historical Records/ Records of the Grand Historian

《西游记》：The Journey to the West

唐三彩：Tri-color Pottery of the Tang Dynasty/ The Tang Tri-colored Pottery

火药：gunpowder

印/玺：Seal/Stamp

京剧：Beijing Opera/Peking Opera

秦腔：Crying of Qin People/Qin Opera

相声：Cross-talk/ Comic Dialogue

电视小品：TV Sketches/TV Skit

太极拳：Tai Chi

天坛：Altar of Heaven in Beijing

故宫博物馆：The Palace Museum

敦煌莫高窟：Mogao Caves

小吃摊：Snack Bar/Snack Stand

春卷：Spring Roll(s)

莲藕：Lotus Root

北京烤鸭：Beijing Roast Duck

门当户对：Perfect Match/ Exact Match

《水浒》：Water Margin/Outlaws of the Marsh

文房四宝(笔墨纸砚)：”The Four Treasure of the Study”/ “Brush, Ink-stick, Paper, and Ink-stone”

兵马俑：Cotta Warriour/ Terracotta Army

第二篇：新时代英语传统文化翻译

英语翻译

Unit 1Book 3.中国传统节日以中国的农历为依据。农历年的岁首称为春节，俗称“过年”，有祈年等多种习俗，是中国人民最隆重的传统节日，象征团结兴旺。其他主要的节日有元宵节、清明节、端午节、七夕节、中秋节、重阳节、冬至节、腊八节等等。各个节日都有其来源讲究和风俗习惯。农历节日与农历中的二十四节气不同。农历节日是中华民族凝聚力和生命力的体现

Traditional Chinese festivals are usually fixed to the Lunar calendar.January 1st on the lunar calendar has been designated as the Spring Festival(generally referred to as guonian).There are several customs during the Spring Festival, such as praying for a good harvest, etc.The Spring Festival is the most ceremonious traditional festival in China and symbolizes unity and prosperity.Some other significant Chinese festivals include the Lantern Festival, the Pure Bright Festival, the Dragon Boat Festival.the Double-Seventh Festival, the Mid-Autumn Festival, the Double-Ninth Festival, the Winter Solstice, and the Eight Day of the Twelfth Lunar Month, etc.Each festival has its own unique origin and custom.These Chinese festivals that follow the Lunar calendar are different from the 24 Solar Terms in the Lunar calendar.They embody China's cohesion and vitality.Unit 3Book3.中国古代四大艺术“琴棋书画” 的画特指国画。其绘画形式是用毛笔蘸水、墨、颜料作画于绢、帛、宣纸之上，古代称之为水墨丹青。为区别于西方的油画而称之为“中国画”，简称“国画”。其题材有人物、山水、花鸟等。技法可分为工笔和写意。国画的艺术特质在于“笔墨”，强调以形写神，画尽意在。国画在艺术创作上反映了中化民族的审美意识和情趣。

The four art forms in ancient China are guqin, chess, penmanship, and painting.And painting particularly refers to traditional Chinese painting.Traditional Chinese painting is done with a brush dipped into black or colored ink and is painted on silk or xuan paper.In ancient China, it was called “ink-painting.” In order to distinguish it from Western oil-paintings, the Chinese people term their works “traditional Chinese painting”(abbreviated to “Chinese painting”.)The subject matters of Chinese paintings are typically figures, landscapes, birds and flowers.The drawing skills and techniques employed by the Chinese painters can be divided into two forms: fine brushwork and free-hand brushwork.The artistic characteristics lie in “the writing brush and ink.” Chinese painting emphasizes using the shape to convey the feelings of the painter.Even though a painting is a finished product, it endlessly conveys a meaning.In terms of the artistic creation, traditional Chinese painting is a reflection of the aesthetic consciousness and artistic sentiment of the Chinese people.5.中国石窟

中国石窟组要反映的是佛教文化艺术。敦煌莫高窟、大同云冈石窟、洛阳龙门石窟、天水麦积山石窟，号称中国四大石窟艺术景观。佛教石窟随山雕凿、彩绘，形象生动自然，将崇尚美与世俗情融为一体，把天然造化与人工创造有机结合，是由建筑、绘画、雕塑等组成的博大精深、绚丽夺目的综合艺术殿堂。其艺术成就为世界瞩目，已成为重要的世界文化遗产。Chinese Grottoes

Chinese grottoes mainly reflect the art of Buddhist culture.In China，there are four major art landscape of grottoes:the Mogao Grottoes at Dunhuang, the Yungang Grottoes at Datong, the Longmen Grottoes at Luoyang, and the Maijishan Grottoes at Tianshui.Carved and painted on mountains, the Buddhist grottoes mingle both sublimity and secular feelings together, presenting us a vivid and natural appearance.They embody the systematic combination of both the exceptional artistry of great nature and the extremely fine craftsmanship of mankind.The Chinese Buddhist Grottoes are regarded as a profound and stunning general art gallery, which are composed of architecture, painting, sculptures, etc.The artistic achievements of Chinese grottoes have attracted the attention of the world, and have become important international cultural heritage.Unit 7Book3.中药主要由植物药（根、茎、叶、果）、动物药（内脏、皮、骨、器官）和矿物药组成。因以植物药为主，故也称中草药。中药的应用理论独特，认为中药有四气五味。“四气”指药性的“寒热温凉”，“五味”指“辛酸甘苦咸”。中国人探索中草药已有几千年的历史，如今中医药及其诊疗方法已传播到世界各地。

Traditional Chinese medicine mainly consists of plant medicine(roots, stems, leaves, fruits), animal medicine(viscera, skins, bones, organs), and mineral medicine.Chinese herbal medicine is based on plant medicine.According to the unique application

theory of traditional Chinese medicine, it is believed that it contains “ four natures and five flavors.” “Four Natures” refers to the properties of “coldness, heat, mildness, and coolness,” while “five flavors” refers to the properties of being

“pungent, sour, sweet, bitter, and salty.” It is said that Chinese people have been conducting research into herbal medicine for thousands of years.Nowadays, traditional Chinese medicine and its therapeutic methods have extensively been spread to the far corners of the globe.Unit 1 Book 4

剪纸

剪纸又叫刻纸，窗花或剪画。剪纸在纸的发明之前就已经流行，当时人们运用金箔，绢帛，皮革等片状材料，通过镂空雕刻的技法制成工艺品。汉代（前206-公元220），纸张的发明促使了剪纸的发展与普及。民间剪纸的题材多来源于现实生活，充满纳福迎祥的主题，表达对美好生活的向往。

Paper cutting(otherwise known as jianzhi)is also called kezhi, chuanghua or jianhua.Paper cutting was popular even before paper was invented.When there was no paper, people carved on gold leaf, silk , feathers , and so on, with a carving technique known as hollow-cutting to make handicrafts.In the Han Dynasty(206BC-220AD), the invention of paper promoted the development and popularity of paper-cutting.The folk themes of the paper-cutting are rooted in real life, filled with the themes of enjoying a life of ease and comfort, and expressing the desire for a happy life.Unit3 Book 4 中国象棋

中国象棋早在战国时期（前475-前221）就有记载，最初称为六博，用象牙做成，到了北宋（960-1127）末期定型为近代模式。棋盘为九竖十横线画成的长方形平面，是中国封建社会制度和文化的缩影——有军中帐（九宫）、士位（士，仕），文官（象，相），武将（车，马，炮），士兵（兵、卒）。是世界四大棋类（中国围棋、中国象棋、国际象棋、日本将棋）之一.The earliest records of Chinese chess can be traced back to the Warring States Period(475BC-221BC).The early-stage Chinese chess was composed of six pieces carved out of ivory, and was therefore called “Six Boxing”.Its final form of play was fixed at the end of the Northern Song Dynasty(960AD-1127AD)after a long period of development.The chessboard is a rectangular board that is 9 lines wide by 10 lines long.Composed of marshal or general , advisors(scholar or official), civil officials(elephant or minister), military officers(chariots, horses, and cannons),and soldiers(soldiers or pawns), Chinese chess is Chinese social institution and culture in miniature.It is also one of the four most popular chess games in the world, the other three being the Chinese Weiqi, the game of chess, and shogi(or general’s chess)

Unit 5Book 4 中国书法

中国古代四大艺术“琴棋书画”的“书”特指书法。它是用毛笔书写篆、隶、行、楷、草等各种汉字的艺术。中国书法在技法上讲究笔法、墨法、章法等，其艺术的和谐之美体现在字里行间。隶书的蚕头燕尾，楷书的中规中矩，草书的龙飞凤舞，行书的潇洒飘逸，可谓异彩纷呈，千姿百态。中国书法体现了中华民族豪爽大气、端庄含蓄的特点。Chinese Calligraphy The four ancient Chinese artistic forms are called guqin, chess, penmanship, and painting;and penmanship particularly refers to the Chinese calligraphy.Chinese calligraphy is a kind of art using a brush to write seal script, official script, regular script, cursive script, grass script, and other various writing styles of Chinese characters.The writing techniques of Chinese calligraphy are highlighted by the manner of using a brush, the way ink is used, the art of composition, and so on.Its harmonious beauty of art is reflected in between the lines.Chinese calligraphy exhibits its beauty in different poses, such as the uniqueness of the official script’s “silkworm head and swallow tail”, the regular script’s requirement to “stick to the norm and rules”, the characteristics of grass script’s “flying dragons and dancing phoenixes”, and the distinctive “natural grace” of the cursive script.Indeed, Chinese calligraphy reflects the personality of Chinese people’s straightforwardness, dignity, and reticence.Unit 7 Book 4十二生肖

十二生肖是中国用十二种动物所组成的记年方法。我国自古就有“干支纪年法”，而我国西北地区游牧的少数民族则以动物纪年，两种纪年法相互融合，形成了现在的十二生肖，即：子鼠，丑牛，寅虎，卯兔，辰龙，巳蛇，午马，未羊，申猴，酉鸡，戌狗，亥猪。属相的基本意义在于使人们圆融通达，和衷共济。The Chinese Zodiac

The Chinese Zodiac is the Chinese way of numbering the years.It attributes an animal to each year, according to a 12-year cycle.Since ancient times, the Chinese people began to use the Heavenly Stems and Earthly Branches to record the passing of years.At the same time, Chinese nomadic people(骡马迪克)who lived in northwest China instead used animals to number the years.The two ways of numbering the years were smoothly integrated, and the Chinese Zodiac took shape.The 12 animals in the Chinese Zodiac are: rat, ox, tiger, rabbit, dragon, snake, horse, sheep, monkey, rooster, dog, and pig.The meaning of the symbolic animal of the birth year is that it can make people magnanimous and be of one mind in times of difficulty.

第三篇：段落翻译(中国传统文化)

一、Chinese Dragon

对龙图腾他的崇拜在中国大约已绵延了八千多年。中国龙是古人将鱼、蛇、马、牛等动物与云雾、雷电等自然天象集合而成的一种神物。中国龙的形成与中华民族的多元融合过程同步。在中国人的心目中，龙具有振奋腾飞、开拓变化的寓意和团结凝聚的精神。

Dragon totem worship in China has been around for the last 8,000 years.The ancients in China considered the dragon(or loong)a fetish that combines animals including the fish, snake, horse and ox with cloud, thunder, lightning and other natural celestial phenomena.The Chinese dragon was formed in accordance with the multicultural fusion process of the Chinese nation.To the Chinese, the dragon signifies innovation and cohesion.二、Yangko

秧歌舞是中国汉族的一种民间传统舞蹈，通常在北方省份表演。秧歌舞者通常穿上明亮多彩的表演服装，他们的表演动作有力迅速。在农历春节、元宵节等节日期间，人们一旦听到锣鼓声，不管外面天气有多冷，他们都会蜂拥到街上看秧歌舞表演。近年来，中国东北某些城市的老年人自发组织了了秧歌队，队员常年通过跳秧歌舞来保持健康，同事他们也乐在其中。

Yangko is one of tradition folk dance of Han in China.It is usually performed in northern provinces.The dancers usually wear colorful and light costumes, and the performance is powerful and rapid.During some festivals such as Spring Festival, Lantein Festival, if people hear the sound of drum and gong, no matter how cold the weather is , they will come to street and appreciate the Yangko.Recent years, the old people in city of east-northern of China organized the team of Yangko by themselves, the teamers keep their health by dancing Yangko the whole year.三、The Great Wall

长城是人类创造的世界奇迹之一。如果你到了中国却没去过长城，就想到了巴黎没有去看看菲尔铁塔，或者就像到了埃及没有去看金字塔一样。人们常说：“不到长城非好汉。”实际上，长城最初只是一些断断续续的城墙，直到秦朝统一中国后才将其连城长城。然而，今天我们看到的长城——东起山海关，西至嘉峪关——大部分都是在明代修建的。

The Great Wall is one of the wonders of the world that created by human beings!If you come to China without climbing the Great Wall, it's just like going Paris without visiting the Eiffel Tower;or going to Egypt without visiting the Pyramids!Men often say, “He who doest not reach the Great Wall is not a true man.”In fact, it began as independent walls for different states when it was first built, and did not become the “Great Wall” until the Qin Dynasty.However, the wall we see today, starting from Shanhaiguan Pass in the east to Jiayunguan Pass in the west, was mostly built during the Ming Dynasty.四、Dumplings

饺子是深受中国人民喜爱的传统食品。相传为古代医圣张仲景发明。饺子的制作是包括： 1）擀皮、2）备馅、3）包馅水煮三个步骤。其特点是皮薄馅嫩，味道鲜美，形状独特，百食不厌。民间有“好吃不过饺子”的俗语。中国人接亲待客、逢年过节都有包饺子吃的习俗，寓意吉利。对崇尚亲情的中国人来说，“更岁交子”吃饺子，更是欢度除夕、辞旧迎新必不可少的内容。

Dumplings are one of the Chinese people’s favorite traditional dishes.According to an ancient Chinese legend, dumplings were first made by the medical saint---Zhang Zhongjing.There are three steps involved in making dumplings: 1)make dumpling wrappers out of dumpling flour;2)prepare the dumpling stuffing;3)make dumplings and boil them.With thin and elastic dough skin, fresh and tender stuffing, delicious taste, and unique shapes, dumplings are worth eating hundreds of times.There’s an old saying that claims, “Nothing could be more delicious than dumplings”.During the Spring Festival and other holidays, or when treating relatives and friends, Chinese people like to follow the auspicious custom of eating dumplings.To Chinese people who show high reverence for family love, having dumplings at the moment the old year is replaced by the new is an essential part of bidding farewell to the old and ushering in the new year.五、Acupuncture

针灸是中医学的重要组成部分。按照中医的经络理论，针灸疗法主要是通过疏通经络、调和气血，来达到阴阳归于平衡，使脏腑趋于调和之目的。其特点是“内病外治”。主要疗法是用针刺入病人身体的一定穴位，或用艾火的温热刺激烧灼病人的穴位，以达到刺激经络。治疗病痛的目的。针灸以其独特的优势，流传至今并传播到了世界，与中餐、功夫、中药一起被海外誉为中国的“新四大国粹”。

Acupuncture is an important part of traditional Chinese medicine(TCM).In accordance with the “main and collateral channels” theory in TCM, the purpose of acupuncture is to dredge the channel and regulate qi and blood, so as to keep the body’s yin and yang balanced and achieve reconciliation between the internal organs.It features in traditional Chinese medicine that “internal diseases are to be treated with external therapy”.The main therapy of acupuncture involves using needles to pierce certain acupoints of the patient’s body, or adopting moxibustion to stimulate the patient’s acupoints so as to stimulate the channels and relieve pain.With its unique advantages, acupuncture has been handed down generation after generation and has now spread all over the world.Nowadays, acupuncture, along with Chinese food, kung fu(otherwise known as Chinese martial arts), and traditional Chinese medicine, has been internationally hailed as one of the “four new national treasures.”

六、Chinese Kung Fu

中国功夫即中国武术，是将技击寓于搏斗和套路运动之中的中国传统体育项目，承载着丰富的中华民族传统文化。其核心思想是儒家的中和养气之说，同时兼容了道家、释家的思想。中国武术源远流长、流派林立、拳种繁多，讲究刚柔并济、内外兼修，蕴含着先哲们对生命和宇宙的参悟。后世所称十八般武艺，主要指：徒手拳艺，如太极拳、形意拳、八卦掌等；器械功夫，如刀枪剑戟、斧钺钩叉等。

Chinese kung fu, or Chinese martial arts, carries traditional Chinese culture in abundance.It is a traditional Chinese sport which applies the art of attack and defence in combat and the motions engaged with a series of skill and tricks.The core idea of Chinese king fu is derived from the Confucian theory of both “the mean and harmony” and “cultivating qi”(otherwise known as nourishing one’s spirit).Meanwhile, it also includes thoughts of Taoism and Buddhism.Chinese kung fu has a long history, with multi-various sects and many different boxing styles, and emphasizes coupling hardness with softness and internal and external training.It contains the ancient great thinkers’ pondering of life and the universe.The skills in wielding the 18 kinds of weapons named by the later generations mainly involve the skills of bare-handed boxing, such as shadow boxing(Taijiquan), form and will boxing(Xingyiquan), eight trigram palm(Baguazhang), and the skills of kung fu weaponry, such as the skill of using swords, spears, two-edged swords and halberds, axes, tomahawks, kooks, prongs and so on.七、Chinese characters

汉字是从原始人用以记事的简单图画，经过不断演变发展最终成为一种兼具音、形、意韵的独特文字。现存中国古代最早成熟的文字是甲骨文，被认为是现代汉字的初形。此后，汉字又经历了金文、隶书、楷书、草书、行书等不同的阶段。汉字结构“外圆内方“，源于古人”天圆地方“的观念。汉字有五种基本笔画，即：横、竖、撇、捺、折。

Chinese characters were initially meant to be simple pictures used to help people remember things.After a long period of development, it finally became a unique character system that embodies phonetic sound, image, idea, and rhyme at the same time.The writing system, which was extremely advanced in ancient times, began with inscriptions on bones and tortoise shells, and these are regarded as the original forms of Chinese characters.Afterwards, Chinese characters went through numerous calligraphic styles: bronze inscriptions, official script, regular script, cursive script, running script, etc.Chinese characters are usually round outside and square inside, which is rooted in ancient Chinese beliefs of an orbicular sky and a rectangular Earth.The five basic strokes of Chinese characters are “---“(the horizontal stroke)“│”(the vertical stroke), “／”(the left-falling stroke), “＼”(the right-falling stroke), and “乙”(the turning stroke).八、Chinese Chopsticks

中国人使用筷子就餐的方式在世界上独树一帜。有史记载用筷的历史已有三千多年。筷子古时称为箸，它看似简单，但却同时具有夹、拨、挑、扒、拌、撮、戳、撕等多种功能。中国民间视筷子为吉祥之物，如婚俗中将筷子隐喻为快生贵子的祝福等。与使用刀叉以及手抓的 方式不同，成双结对的筷子含有“和为贵“的意蕴。西方人赞誉筷子是古老的东方文明。

The Chinese way of eating with chopsticks is unique in the world.The recorded history of chopsticks started more than three thousand years ago.Chopsticks were named zhu in ancient Chinese.They look deceptively simple to use, but possess multi-various functions, such as clamping, turning over, lifting up, raking, stirring, scooping, poking, tearing, and so on.Chopsticks were taken as an auspicious mascot by ordinary people in ancient China.For example, the partial tone of chopsticks is often used by people as a metaphor at weddings to indicate a blessing or benediction for the couple to have a baby soon.Unlike using a knife and fork or one’s own hands, a pair of chopsticks also implies the meaning of “Harmony is what matters”.Chopsticks are highly praised by Westerners as a hallmark of ancient oriental civilization.九、Chinese Seal

印章就是图章。中国历代官、私所用的印章有印信、朱记、合同、符、契等等不同的称谓，而帝王所用的印章古时称玺、印、宝、章等。据史料记载，印章在战国时代已普遍使用。印章的制作是将篆隶等字体、图像用阴、阳的形式雕刻而成，形状以圆、方为主。印章用朱色 钤盖，除日常应用外，又多用于书画题识，逐渐成为中国特有的艺术形式之一。

A seal can also be defined as a stamp.Both the Chinese official and private seal of various dynasties have different titles, such as stamp, zhu note, contract, fu, lease and others.The seals used by the emperors of ancient China were called xi, yin, bao, etc.According to historical records, seals were widely used during the Warring States Period(475BC-221BC).The making of a seal is to engrave fonts, such as seal characters and official script and so on;or images in the form of intaglio and embossment into the seal, basically shaped as round or square.Covered with a vermilion overlay, the Chinese seal is not only used in daily life, but it is also used to represent signatures on paintings and calligraphies.It is gradually becoming one of China’s unique artworks.十、Chinese Era

天干地支是中国历法中用以记录和命名年岁的方法。十天干为：甲、乙、丙、丁、戊、已、庚、辛、壬、癸；十二地支为：子、丑、寅、卯、辰、巳、午、未、申、酉、戊、亥。古人观测朔望月，发现月亮圆缺12次大体上是一年的天数，而两个朔望月约是60天。古人以十天干与十二地支的顺序依次相配，记录不同年份，60年为一个轮回。干支纪年法从古沿用至今。按干支纪年法，2011年便是辛卯年。

The Chinese era is the symbol that the Chinese calendar uses for recording and naming years.The ten Heavenly Stems are: jia, yi, bing, ding, wu, ji, geng, xin, ren, gui.The twelve Earthly Branches are: zi.chou, yin, mou, chen, si, wu, wei, shen, you, xu, hai.After observing the lunar month, the ancients found that the moon always wazes and wanes roughly 12 times a year, and two lunar months account for about 60 days, so the order of the ten Heavenly Stems and the order of the twelve Earthly Branches are properly matched in turn.In terms of recording date, 60 years is considered to be a full time cycle.The Chinese era chronology was first invented in ancient times and is still in use now.according to the chronology of the “ten Heavenly Stems,” 2011 is the year of “the seventh of the ten Heavenly Stems” and “ the fifth of the twelve Earthly Branches”.十一、Chinese Beijing Opera

京剧被誉为“东方歌剧”，是地道的中国国粹。它起源于中国多种古老的地方戏剧，特别是南方的“徽班”。到了19世纪末，京剧形成并成为中国最大的戏曲剧种。京剧是综合性表演艺术，集唱（歌唱）、念（念白）、做（表演）、打（武）、舞（舞蹈）为一体，通过程式化的表演手段，叙述故事，刻画人物。角色主要分生（男性）、旦（女性）、净（男性）、丑（男性女性皆有）四大行当。

Praised as “Oriental Opera”, Beijing Opera is a genuine national quintessence of China.It originated from many kinds of ancient local operas, especially huiban in southern China.At the end of the 19th Century, Beijing Opera evolved and took shape, becoming the greatest kind of opera in China.Beijing Opera is a blend of performing arts---song, speech, performance, acrobatix fighting and dance.Beijing Opera portrays and narrates the plot and characters through stylized acting.The main types of roles in Beijing Opera are sheng(male), dan(young female), jing(painted face, male), and chou(clown, male or female).十二、Chinese Taoism

道教是中国土生土长长的宗教。创始人是春秋末期的哲学家、思想家老子。道教以老子所著的《道德经》为主要经典。道教主张“重人贵生”。崇尚清静无为，修身养性。“道可道，非常道。名可名，非常名。无名天地之始；有名万物之母。故常无，欲以观其妙；常有，欲以观其徼”便是老子的至理名言。

Taoism first originated in China.The founder of Taoism is Laozi, a philosopher and thinker who lived in the late Spring and Autumn Period(770BC-476BC).Tao Te Ching whose authorship has been attributed to Laozi, is considered to be the main Taoist classic.Taoism advocates the value of a human being’s life, recommends the discarding of all desires and worries from one’s mind, and encourages the cultivation of moral character and the nourishment of human nature.The following is an example of Laozi’s golden saying: The way that can be told of is not an unvarying way;The names that can be named are not unvarying names.It was from the nameless that Heaven and Earth sprang;The named is but the mother that rears the ten thousand creatures, each after its kind.Truly, only he that rids himself forever of desire can see the secret essences;He that has never rid himself of desire can see only the outcomes.十三、Chinese Idioms

中国成语是汉语中意义完整的表示一般概念的固定词组或短语。“成语”中的“成”既是约定俗成。成语是比词大而语法功能又相当于词的语言单位。绝大多数的中国成语由四个汉字组成，例如：自强不息、青出于蓝、厚积薄发。成语主要从民间谚语、古代文学作品、诗歌、寓言、典故、名言警句等方面提炼而成，是汉语语言中精炼而又富有生命力的一部分。

Chinese idioms refer to comprehensive and integrated fixed phrases and expressions.Idioms are established and accepted by constant usage and common practice.An idiom is a language unit that is larger than a word, but has the same grammatical function as a word.Most Chinese idioms consist of four characters.For example, ziqiangbuxi(make unremitting efforts to improve oneself), qingchuyulan(bluer than indigo), and houjibofa(success comes with time and effort).Idioms are extrated from folk proverbs, ancient works of literature, poems, fables, allusions, and well-known sayings.Idioms are a part of the Chinese language that are concise and have great vitality.十四、Chinese silk

中国是丝绸的故乡。栽桑、养蚕、缫丝、织绸是中国古代人民的伟大发明。商周时期丝绸的生产技术就已发展到相当高的水平。西汉时张骞通西域，把中原与波斯湾、地中海紧密联系起来，开辟了中外交流贸易的新纪元。从此中国的丝绸以其卓越的品质、精美的花色和丰富的文化内涵闻名于世，成为中国文化的象征。东方文明的使者。

China is the home of silk.Mulberry planting, sericulture, silk reeling and thickening are all great inventions of the ancient Chinese.As early as the Shang and Zhou Dynasties(1600BC-256BC), the Chinese people’s silk-weaving techniques had reached an extremely high level.During the Western Han Dynasty(206BC-25AD), Zhang Qian, an outstanding diplomat, travelled around central Asia and connected China with the Persian Gulf and the Mediterranean, opening up a new era of Sino-foreign trade, exchange and communication.From then on, China’s silk became well known for its extraordinary quality, exquisite design and color, and abundant culture connotations.Hitherto, Chinese silk has been accepted as a symbol of Chinese culture and the emissary of oriental civilization.十五、Chinese Classical Garden

中国园林是把人造的山水、植物、建筑等与自然地貌有机结合的环境艺术，是我国古代建筑艺术的珍宝。其建造原则是“妙极自然，宛自天开”。游赏中国古典园林，能充分领略“假自然之景，创山水真趣”的园林意境。在世界三大园林体系中，中国园林历史悠久、内涵丰富，被誉为世界造园史上的渊源之一。

The Chinese classical garden is a precious treasure of our ancient Chinese architecture.It is a kind of environment art, which systematically combines artificial mountains and rivers, plants and buildings with the natural landscape.The construction standard of a Chinese classical garden is “artificial as it is, the garden must look ingenious and natural.” When you go sightseeing in a Chinese classical garden, you should be able to appreciate its artistic concept which “makes use of the natural landscape to create the real fun of mountains and rivers for viewers.” Of the world’s three major garden systems, the Chinese classical garden is hailed as one of the origins of the world’s garden due to its long history and abundant connotations.十六、The Four Treasures of the Study

笔墨纸砚是中国古代文人书房当中必备的宝贝，被称为“文房四宝”。用笔墨书写绘画在中国可追溯到五千年前。秦时已用不同硬度的毛和竹管制笔；汉代以人工制墨替代了天然墨；有了纸张以后，简牍锦帛逐失其用；砚台则随笔墨的使用而发展。“文房四宝”到宋朝以后特指湖笔、徽墨、宣纸、端砚。可以说文房四宝书写了整个中华文明。

The writing brush, ink stick, ink stone, and paper were requisite treasures in the study of the scholars of ancient China, and they are often referred to as the “Four Treasures of the Study.” The writing brush and ink stick have been used by the Chinese to write and paint since 5,000 years ago.In the Qin Dynasty(221BC---206BC), people already used feathers of different hardness and bamboo trunks to make brushes.During the Han Dynasty(206BC-220AD), man-made ink was used instead of natural ink.After paper was invented by the Chinese, bamboo slips, wooden tablets, brocade and silk, which originally functioned as writing surfaces, gradually faded out.The ink stone was first developed with the use of writing brushes and ink.After the Song Dynasty(960AD---1279AD), the “Four Treasure of the Study” particularly referred to hubi, the writing brush produced in Huzhou, Zhejiang province;huimo, the ink stick produced in Huizhou, Anhui province;xuan paper, a kind of paper produced in Xuanzhou, Anhui province;and duanyan, the ink stone made in Zhaoqing, Guangdong province(Zhaoqing was earlier called Duanzhou).Indeed, the Four Treasures of the Study” have writtin the whole Chinese civilization, as it is.十七、Paper cutting

剪纸是中国最为流行的传统民间艺术形式之一。中国剪纸有一千 五百多年的历史，在明朝和清朝时期特别流行。人们常用剪纸美化居家环境。特别是在春 节和婚庆期间，剪纸被用来装饰门窗和房 间，以增加喜庆的气氛。剪纸最常用的颜色是红色，象征健康和兴旺。中国剪纸在 世界各地很受欢迎，经常被用作馈赠外国 友人的礼物。

Paper cutting is one of China’s most popular traditional folk arts.Chinese paper cutting has a history of more than 1,500 years.the Ming and Qing It was widespread Dynasties.particularly during the Ming and Qing Dynasties.People often beautify their homes with paper cuttings.During the Spring Festival and wedding celebrations, in particular, paper cuttings are used to decorate doors, windows and rooms in order to enhance the joyous atmosphere.The color most frequently used in paper cutting is red, which symbolizes health and prosperity.Chinese paper cutting is very popular around the world and it is often given as a present to foreign friends.十八、Lion Dance

狮舞（Lion Dance）是中国最广为流传的民间舞蹈之一。狮为百兽之首，在中国传统中，狮子被视为是能带来好运的吉祥物（mascot）。古人将狮子视作是勇敢和力量的化身，能驱赶邪恶、保护人类。据记载，狮舞已拥有了2,000多年的历史。在唐代（the Tang Dynasty），狮舞就已经被引入了皇室。因此，舞狮成为元宵节（the Lantern Festival）和其他节日的习俗，人们以此来祈祷好运、平安和幸福。

The Lion Dance is one of the most widespread folk dances in China.The lion is the king of animals.In Chinese tradition, the lion is regarded as a mascot, which can bring good luck.Ancient people regarded the lion as a symbol of braveness and strength, which could drive away evil and protect humans.The dance has a recorded history of more than 2,000 years.During the Tang Dynasty, the Lion Dance was already introduced into the royal family of the dynasty.Therefore, performing the lion dance at the Lantern Festival and other festive occasions became a custom where people could pray for good luck, safety and happiness.十九、The Duanwu Festival

端午节，又叫龙舟节，是为了纪念爱国诗人屈原。屈原是一位忠诚和受人敬仰的大臣（minister）,他给国家带来了和平和繁荣。但最后因为受到诽谤（vilify）而最终投河自尽。人们撑船到他自尽的地方，抛下粽子，希望鱼儿吃粽子，不要吃屈原的身躯。几千年来，端午节的特色在于吃粽子（glutinous dumplings）和赛龙舟，尤其是在一些河湖密布的南方省份。

The Duanwu Festival, also called the Dragon Boat Festival, is to commemorate the patriotic poet Qu Yuan.Qu Yuan was a loyal and highly esteemed minister, who brought peace and prosperity to the state but ended up drowning himself in a river as a result of being vilified.People got to the spot by boat and cast glutinous dumplings into the water, hoping that the fishes ate the dumplings instead of Qu Yuan’s body.For thousands of years, the festival has been marked by glutinous dumplings and dragon boat races, especially in the southern provinces where there are many rivers and lakes.二十、hutong 北京有无数的胡同(hutong)。平民百姓在胡同里的生活给古都北京带来了无穷的魅力。北京的胡同不仅仅 是平民百姓的生活环境，而且还是一门建筑艺术。通常，胡同内有一个大杂院，房间够4到10个家庭的差不多20 口人住。所以，胡同里的生活充满了友善和人情味。如今，随着社会和经济的飞速发展，很多胡同被新的高楼大 厦所取代。但愿胡同可以保留下来。

In Beijing, there are numerous hutongs.The life of common people in hutongs brings endless charm to the ancient capital, Beijing.The hutong in Beijing is not only the living environment of common people but also a kind of architecture.Usually, there is a courtyard complex inside hutong, with rooms shared by 4 to 10 families of about 20 people.Therefore, life in hutongs is full of friendliness and genuine humanity.Nowadays, with rapid social and economic development, many hutongs are replaced by new tall buildings.I hope hutongs can be preserved.二

十一、Romance of the Three Kingdoms

《三国演义》由罗贯中创作于14世纪，是一部中国历史题材小说。小说以汉朝末年和三国时期的历史演变为背景，叙述了在这个动荡（turbulent）时期发生的一系列重大事情。整个故事情节从公元168年开始一直到公元280年领土统一（reunification）时结束。小说篇幅长达80万字，分为120个章节，共描述了1,191个人物角色，堪称中国文学史上四大经典小说之一。

Romance of the Three Kingdoms, written by Luo Guanzhong in the 14th century,is a Chinese historical novel based upon events in the turbulent years near the end of the Han Dynasty and the Three Kingdoms era, starting in AD 168 and ending with the reunification of the land in AD280.It is acclaimed as one of the Four Great Classical Novels of Chinese literature, with a grand total of 800,000 words, 1,191 characters, and 120 chapters.·

第四篇：中国传统文化翻译--春节用语

一、中国传统文化之英语表达---有关春节的基本词汇与短语

【Greeting Season】: 春节 The Spring Festival 农历 lunar calendar 正月 lunar January;the first month by lunar calendar 除夕 New Year„s Eve;eve of lunar New Year

初一 the beginning of New Year 元宵节 The Lantern Festival 【Customs】：

过年 Guo-nian;have the Spring Festival 对联 poetic couplet: two successive rhyming lines in poetry 春联 Spring Festival couplets 剪纸 paper-cuts 买年货 special purchases for the Spring Festival;do Spring Festival shopping 年画 New Year paintings 敬酒 propose a toast 灯笼 lantern: a portable light 烟花 fireworks 爆竹 firecrackers(People scare off evil spirits and ghosts with the loud pop.)红包 red packets(cash wrapped up in red paper, symbolize fortune and wealth.)舞狮 lion dance(The lion is believed to be able to dispel evil and bring good luck.)舞龙 dragon dance(to expect good weather and good harvests)戏曲 traditional opera 杂耍 variety show;vaudeville 灯谜 riddles written on lanterns 灯会 exhibit of lanterns 守岁 staying-up 禁忌 taboo 拜年 pay New Year„s call;give New Year„s greetings;New Year„s visit

去晦气 get rid of the ill-fortune 祭祖宗 offer sacrifices to one„s ancestors

压岁钱 gift money;money given to children as a lunar New Year gift www.xiexiebang.com 辞旧岁 bid farewell to the old year 扫房 spring cleaning;general house-cleaning 【Food names】：

年糕 Nian-gao;rise cake;New Year cake 团圆饭 family reunion dinner 年夜饭 the dinner on New Year„s Eve

饺子 Jiao-zi;Chinese meat ravioli 八宝饭 eight treasures rice pudding 汤圆 Tang-yuan;dumplings made of sweet rice, rolled into balls and stuffed with either sweet or spicy fillings糖果盘 candy tray: 什锦糖 assorted candiesgrowth and good health 西瓜子 red melon seedprosperity 红枣 red datesmany descendents to come 糖藕 candied lotus rootsweet 【Blessing】: Treasures fill the home 财源广进

Business flourishes 事业兴隆

Peace all year round 岁岁平安

Wishing you prosperity 恭喜发财

Harmony brings wealth 家和万事兴

May all your wishes come true 心想事成Everything goes well 万事如意 The country flourishes and people live in peace 国家富强、人民安康

Money and treasures will be plentiful 财源茂盛

Wishing you every success Promoting to a higher position 事业有成、更上一层楼、蒸蒸日上 Safe trip wherever you go 一帆风顺

Wish you happiness and prosperity in the coming year!祝你新的一年快乐幸福

Wish you success in your career and happiness of your family!事业成功，家庭美满。

【中国新年禁忌】：

Dos and Donts of Chinese New Year Do's: Wish everyone you meet a happy New Year by saying “gong xi fa cai”, which translates to: “Have a happy and prosperous New Year!” 对每一个你遇到的人道一声：“恭喜发财”，翻译成英文就是：“在新的一年里拥有幸福繁荣的生活”；

Wear articles of red clothing because red symbolizes luck.穿红色布料做成的饰品，因为红色昭示着幸运；

Eat vegetarian food because it's not good to see blood.吃素食，因为见血是不吉利的；

Buy new trousers because the Chinese word for trousers is “fu”,(Chinese homonym for wealth)买新裤子（衣服），因为汉语里裤子就是“服”，（在汉语里与财富的“富”谐音）；

Children should stay up as late as possible on New Year's Eve for it is believed that the later they stay up, the longer their parents will live.孩子应该在除夕之夜尽可能晚睡、熬夜因为据说他们睡的越晚，他们的父母越长寿；

Visit family(especially those older than yourself)and friends to pass on your wishes on good fortune for the New Year.(plus kids and single people will receive lai-see lucky red packets full of money.拜访亲戚朋友（尤其是比你年长的），传递你对他们来年幸福的美好祝愿（另外孩子和单身的人将会得到装满钱的幸运红包，称为“来喜”。）

Give two lai see to each child.Because happiness comes in two's, do not just give one.This is your way of passing good luck to the next generation.Business owners also give lai see to employees and associates.给每个孩子两份“来喜”（我觉得应该指钱是偶数的），因为好事成双，不要只给一份。这是你把祝愿传递给下一代的方法。企业主（老板）也要给员工和同事红包。

Don'ts: Don't wear white or black clothing, since they are the traditional colours of mourning.不要穿白色或黑色服装，因为这是传统意义上丧事的颜色；

Don't buy new shoes for the first month of the New Year, because the sound of shoe in Chinese is “hai”.“Hai” is similar to the sound of sighing, which Chinese believe is not a good way to start the year.不要在新年的第一个月买新鞋，因为在汉语里鞋的发音是“孩”（好像是四川地区的发音），它与叹息”唉“相近，中国人认为这不是新年伊始的好兆头。

Don't wash your hair for the first three days of the New Year, because the Chinese word for hair is a homonym for the Chinese word for wealth.Therefore, Chinese believe it isn't a good thing to 'wash away your wealth' right at the start of the New Year.在新年的前三天里不要洗头，因为汉语里“头发”的“发”和“发财”的“发”同音。因此，中国认为在新年伊始把财富给冲走可不是好兆头。

Floors may not be swept and garbage may not be disposed of on the first day of the New Year for fear of casting riches out the door.在新年第一天，不拖地，不扔垃圾，因为怕把“财”给送走了；

Don't swear or quarrel.不要诅咒发誓，也不愿吵架；

Don't break any dishes, otherwise you may incur more misfortune for the New Year.In the event of breaking a dish, quickly say “ Peace for all time”, and the bad luck will be warded away.不要打破碗碟，否则在来年你可能会遭遇不幸。一旦打破了，要马上说“岁岁平安”，这样坏运气就会被赶走了；

Don't greet people who are in mourning.不要向服丧期的人们问候（主要指不要说喜庆的话吧？）

Don't drop your chopsticks.不要让筷子掉地上；

Don't say the number 'four'(Chinese homonym for death)or mention death.不要说数字“四”（汉语里和“死”谐音）或者提到死；

Don't borrow or lend money.不要借钱也不要借给别人钱。

拜年 Pay a New Year Call

An important activity during the Spring Festival is bainian（to pay a New Year call）.People start to pay New Year calls from the lunar New Year's Day，that is，the first day of the first month of the lunar calendar.Ever since the Ming Dynasty in the 14th century，ordinary people have begun to exchange greeting cards on this day.On the morning of the lunar New Year's Day，people get up very early and call on others.The earlier one does so，the more sincere he is.Moreover，people wear new clothes and a new cap，symbolizing that a new year has begun.The younger generation should call on their elders first，such as the grandfather，grandmother，father and mother，wishing them “Good health” and “Long life”.Then the elders give children some money in a red envelope as a New Year gift.After that，people call on their relatives，friends and neighbors.As “big tangerine” is a homonym for “very lucky” in Chinese，so people often present red big tangerines as a gift while paying a New Year call.Nowadays，besides greeting cards，people also use telephones and e-mails to pay New Year calls.一、艺术 1.画类 壁画 mural 国画 Chinese traditional painting 水墨画 ink and wash painting 绢画 silk painting 木刻画 wood engraving 版画 engraving 贝雕画 shell carving painting 年画 new year picture 2.陶器类

陶器 pottery ware 玉器 jade article 瓷器 china ware 青瓷 celadon 青铜器 bronze ware 景泰蓝 cloisonné enamel 漆器 lacquer ware 彩陶 painted pottery 唐三彩 trio-colored glazed pottery of the Tang Dynasty 3.雕刻类

冰雕 ice carving 玉雕 jade carving 石雕 stone carving 骨雕 bones carving 贝雕 shell carving 木雕 wood carving 根雕 tree root carving 瓷器雕 porcelain carving 象牙雕 ivory carving 4.塑像类

彩塑painted sculpture 画塑 dough figurine 泥人儿 clay figure 5.扇类

绢扇 silk fan 檀香扇 sandal wood fan 折扇 folding fan 6.宝石类 珍珠 pearl 玛瑙 agate 珊瑚 coral 翡翠 green jade 琥珀 amberwww.xiexiebang.com 玉 jade 7.工艺类

刺绣 embroidery 双面秀 two-sided embroidery 挂毯 tapestry 蜡染 batik 藤条制品 wickerwork 真丝 pure silk 烟嘴 cigarette holder 鼻烟壶 snuff bottle 图章 seal 盆景 potted landscape 屏风 screen

二、民俗词汇 轿子sedans 风车 pinwheel 杂技 acrobatics 魔术 magic 拨浪鼓 shaking drum 竹苗 bamboo flute 皮影 shadow puppet 糖人 sugar-molded 四合院 courtyard homes 踩高跷 stilt walk 武术 martial arts 人力车 rickshaw 宫灯 palace lantern 猜拳 finger-guessing game 说书 monologue story-telling 老字号 time-honored 相声 cross talk

三、传统节日词汇

拜年 pay a new year call 爆竹 firecracker 鞭炮 a string of small fire crackers 大扫除 year-end household 灯谜 lantern riddles 庙会 temple fair 年画 new year’ s picture

挂年画 to hang out new year’s picture

年夜饭 family reunion dinner on lunar new year 守岁 to stay awake all night 年糕 glutinous cake for new year 大年初一 the first day of the first lunar month 八宝饭 eight-treasure rice pudding 对联 poetic couplets 贴春联 to put up antithetical couplets 糊窗花 to put up window paper-cuts 压岁钱 money given to children as a lunar new year gift

四、京剧相关词汇

地方戏：local opera 戏剧脸谱theatrical mask 生 male characters 旦 female characters 净 painted face characters 末 middle-aged male characters 丑 clown

五、中国古代四大发明

火药 gunpowder 指南针 compass 造纸术 paper-making techniques 印刷术 paper-printing techniques

六、中国特有的事务

武术 martial arts 气功 Qigong 打擂台 to fight a challenge fight in an arena 听评书 to listen to historical or traditional stories 下象棋 to play Chinese chess 练习书法 to make special studies of calligraphy 画国画 to do traditional Chinese painting 题诗 to inscribe a poem 求对 to match an antithetical couplet 元宵节 the Lantern Festival 端午节 the Dragon-Boat Festival 中秋节 the Mid-autumn Day 荔枝节 the Litchi Festival 西瓜节 the Water Melon Festival 风筝节 the Kate Festival 国庆节 the National Day 劳动节 the Labor Daywww.xiexiebang.com 妇女节 the Women’s Day 儿童节 the Children’s Day 教师节 the Teachers’ Day 建军节 the Army Day 解放 the Liberation in 1949 建国 the founding of the People’s Republic of China in 1949 改革开放 to carry out reforms and adopt open policies 基层 at grass-root level 干部 cadre 文革 the Cultural Revolution 上山下乡 to settle down in the mountainous areas and in the countryside 国民党 the Kuomintang 四世同堂的大家庭 an extended family with four generations living under the same roof 独生子女家庭 family with only one child 大龄未婚青年 elder unmarried youth 离退休人员 retired people 贫困地区 poverty-stricken area 贫困户 poverty-stricken family 承包 to adopt the responsibility system 致富 to become well-off 铁饭碗 iron rice bowl/a secure job 吃大锅饭 to eat from the same large caldron

七、其它

大观园 Grand View Garden 龙舟 dragon boat 肝火 fire in the liver 诊脉 feel the patient’s pulse 衙门 yamen 磕头 kowtow 人参 ginseng 秧歌 yangko 京韵大鼓 story-telling in Beijing dialect with drum accompaniment 民乐 traditional instrumental music 楷体字 characters in the orthographic script 箬笠 hat of plaited bamboo leaves 空城计 “undefended city”, a stratagem of putting up a bluff 大观园 Grand View Garden 龙舟 dragon boat 肝火 fire in the liver 诊脉 feel the patient’s pulse 衙门 yamen 磕头 kowtow 人参 ginseng 秧歌 yangko 京韵大鼓 story-telling in Beijing dialect with drum accompaniment 民乐 traditional instrumental music 楷体字 characters in the orthographic script 箬笠 hat of plaited bamboo leaves 空城计 “undefended city”, a stratagem of putting up a bluff

第五篇：英文写作 中国传统文化翻译

 段落翻译考纲新增考点“中国传统文化”必备词句【背会典型16

更多13年12月四六级考纲关于翻译题有两点大纲变动

1、句子翻译改为段落汉译英翻译。

2、考试范围由“校园文化、民生发展、科技兴国、生命科学、求职就业”改为“校园文化、社会生命科学、求职就业、新兴学科发展、中国传统文化”，其中亮点就是新增了难度较大的文化领域化语句的通用表达，必背！背下这16句，传统文化考点将一分不丢。

推荐大家复制到word中打印出来天天看！本文也适用于针对四六级作文考纲“民族传统”的必背

一、对龙图腾他的崇拜在中国大约已绵延了八千多年。中国龙是古人将鱼、蛇、马、牛等动物与云中国龙的形成与中华民族的多元融合过程同步。在中国人的心目中，龙具有振奋腾飞、开拓变化的Chinese DragonDragon totem worship in China has been around for the last 8,000 years.The aloong)a fetish that combines animals including the fish, snake, horse and ox with cloud, thundephenomena.The Chinese dragon was formed in accordance with the multicultural fusion processdragon signifies innovation and cohesion.二、秧歌舞是中国汉族的一种民间传统舞蹈，通常在北方省份表演。秧歌舞者通常穿上明亮多彩的农历春节、元宵节等节日期间，人们一旦听到锣鼓声，不管外面天气有多冷，他们都会蜂拥到街上市的老年人自发组织了了秧歌队，队员常年通过跳秧歌舞来保持健康，同事他们也乐在其中。Yangko is one of tradition folk dance of Han in China.It is usually performed in northern provinclight costumes, and the performance is powerful and rapid.During some festivals such as Sprinthe sound of drum and gong, no matter how cold the weather is , they will come to street and appeople in city of east-northern of China organized the team of Yangko by themselves, the teamerwhole year.三、长城是人类创造的世界奇迹之一。如果你到了中国却没去过长城，就想到了巴黎没有去看看菲塔一样。人们常说：“不到长城非好汉。”实际上，长城最初只是一些断断续续的城墙，直到秦朝统们看到的长城——东起山海关，西至嘉峪关——大部分都是在明代修建的。

The Great Wall is one of the wonders of the world that created by human beings!If you come tojust like going Paris without visiting the Eiffel Tower;or going to Egypt without visiting the Pyrareach the Great Wall is not a true man.“In fact, it began as independent walls for different states the ”Great Wall" until the Qin Dynasty.However, the wall we see today, starting from Shanhaiguthe west, was mostly built during the Ming Dynasty.更多四六级资料 请加卢秋钱 111923747

4四、DumplingsDumplings are one of the Chinese people’s favorite traditional dishes.Accordinwere first made by the medical saint---Zhang Zhongjing.There are three steps involved in makinout of dumpling flour;2)prepare the dumpling stuffing;3)make dumplings and boil them.Withtender stuffing, delicious taste, and unique shapes, dumplings are worth eating hundreds of tim“Nothing could be more delicious than dumplings”.During the Spring Festival and other holidayChinese people like to follow the auspicious custom of eating dumplings.To Chinese people whohaving dumplings at the moment the old year is replaced by the new is an essential part of biddnew year.饺子是深受中国人民喜爱的传统食品。相传为古代医圣张仲景发明。饺子的制作是包括： 1）擀其特点是皮薄馅嫩，味道鲜美，形状独特，百食不厌。民间有“好吃不过饺子”的俗语。中国人接亲意吉利。对崇尚亲情的中国人来说，“更岁交子”吃饺子，更是欢度除夕、辞旧迎新必不可少的内容

五、AcupunctureAcupuncture is an important part of traditional Chinese medicine(TCM).In achannels” theory in TCM, the purpose of acupuncture is to dredge the channel and regulate qi ayang balanced and achieve reconciliation between the internal organs.It features in traditional Chto be treated with external therapy”.The main therapy of acupuncture involves using needles tobody, or adopting moxibustion to stimulate the patient’s acupoints so as to stimulate the channeadvantages, acupuncture has been handed down generation after generation and has now spreacupuncture, along with Chinese food, kung fu(otherwise known as Chinese martial arts), and internationally hailed as one of the “four new national treasures.”针灸是中医学的重要组成部分。按照中医的经络理论，针灸疗法主要是通过疏通经络、调和气血，目的。其特点是“内病外治”。主要疗法是用针刺入病人身体的一定穴位，或用艾火的温热刺激烧灼的目的。针灸以其独特的优势，流传至今并传播到了世界，与中餐、功夫、中药一起被海外誉为中

六、Chinese Kung Fu Chinese kung fu, or Chinese martial arts, carries traditional Chinese cultursport which applies the art of attack and defence in combat and the motions engaged with a seChinese king fu is derived from the Confucian theory of both “the mean and harmony” and “cultione’s spirit).Meanwhile, it also includes thoughts of Taoism and Buddhism.Chinese kung fu has amany different boxing styles, and emphasizes coupling hardness with softness and internal and great thinkers’ pondering of life and the universe.The skills in wielding the 18 kinds of weaponsinvolve the skills of bare-handed boxing, such as shadow boxing(Taijiquan), form and will boxin(Baguazhang), and the skills of kung fu weaponry, such as the skill of using swords, spears, twotomahawks, kooks, prongs and so on.中国功夫即中国武术，是将技击寓于搏斗和套路运动之中的中国传统体育项目，承载着丰富的中国养气之说，同时兼容了道家、释家的思想。中国武术源远流长、流派林立、拳种繁多，讲究刚柔并宙的参悟。后世所称十八般武艺，主要指：徒手拳艺，如太极拳、形意拳、八卦掌等；器械功夫，七、Chinese characters were initially meant to be simple pictures used to help people remember tit finally became a unique character system that embodies phonetic sound, image, idea, and rhywhich was extremely advanced in ancient times, began with inscriptions on bones and tortoise shforms of Chinese characters.Afterwards, Chinese characters went through numerous calligraphiregular script, cursive script, running script, etc.Chinese characters are usually round outside anChinese beliefs of an orbicular sky and a rectangular Earth.The five basic strokes of Chinese char(the vertical stroke), “／”(the left-falling stroke), “＼”(the right-falling stroke), and “乙”(the tu汉字是从原始人用以记事的简单图画，经过不断演变发展最终成为一种兼具音、形、意韵的独特文文，被认为是现代汉字的初形。此后，汉字又经历了金文、隶书、楷书、草书、行书等不同的阶段地方“的观念。汉字有五种基本笔画，即：横、竖、撇、捺、折。

八、Chinese ChopsticksThe Chinese way of eating with chopsticks is unique in the world.The rthan three thousand years ago.Chopsticks were named zhu in ancient Chinese.They look decemulti-various functions, such as clamping, turning over, lifting up, raking, stirring, scooping, pok

taken as an auspicious mascot by ordinary people in ancient China.For example, the partial tonemetaphor at weddings to indicate a blessing or benediction for the couple to have a baby soon.hands, a pair of chopsticks also implies the meaning of “Harmony is what matters”.Chopsticks ahallmark of ancient oriental civilization.中国人使用筷子就餐的方式在世界上独树一帜。有史记载箸，它看似简单，但却同时具有夹、拨、挑、扒、拌、撮、戳、撕等多种功能。中国民间视筷子为子的祝福等。与使用刀叉以及手抓的 方式不同，成双结对的筷子含有“和为贵“的意蕴。西方人赞

九、Chinese SealA seal can also be defined as a stamp.Both the Chinese official and private seasuch as stamp, zhu note, contract, fu, lease and others.The seals used by the emperors of anciAccording to historical records, seals were widely used during the Warring States Period(475BC-2fonts, such as seal characters and official script and so on;or images in the form of intaglio and eas round or square.Covered with a vermilion overlay, the Chinese seal is not only used in daily signatures on paintings and calligraphies.It is gradually becoming one of China’s unique artwor印章就是图章。中国历代官、私所用的印章有印信、朱记、合同、符、契等等不同的称谓，而帝王史料记载，印章在战国时代已普遍使用。印章的制作是将篆隶等字体、图像用阴、阳的形式雕刻而盖，除日常应用外，又多用于书画题识，逐渐成为中国特有的艺术形式之一。

十、Chinese EraThe Chinese era is the symbol that the Chinese calendar uses for rHeavenly Stems are: jia, yi, bing, ding, wu, ji, geng, xin, ren, gui.The twelve Earthchen, si, wu, wei, shen, you, xu, hai.After observing the lunar month, the ancientand wanes roughly 12 times a year, and two lunar months account for about 60 daStems and the order of the twelve Earthly Branches are properly matched in turn.is considered to be a full time cycle.The Chinese era chronology was first inventenow.according to the chronology of the “ten Heavenly Stems,” 2011 is the year Stems” and “ the fifth of the twelve Earthly Branches”.天干地支是中国历法中用以记录和命名年岁的方法。十天干为：甲、乙、丙、丁、戊、已、庚、辛辰、巳、午、未、申、酉、戊、亥。古人观测朔望月，发现月亮圆缺12次大体上是一年的天数，与十二地支的顺序依次相配，记录不同年份，60年为一个轮回。干支纪年法从古沿用至今。按干

十一、hinese Beijing OperaPraised as “Oriental Opera”, Beijing Opera is a genuinoriginated from many kinds of ancient local operas, especially huiban in southernCentury, Beijing Opera evolved and took shape, becoming the greatest kind of opeof performing arts---song, speech, performance, acrobatix fighting and dance.Beijplot and characters through stylized acting.The main types of roles in Beijing Opfemale), jing(painted face, male), and chou(clown, male or female).京剧被誉为“东方歌剧”，是地道的中国国粹。它起源于中国多种古老的地方戏剧，特别是南方的为中国最大的戏曲剧种。京剧是综合性表演艺术，集唱（歌唱）、念（念白）、做（表演）、打（表演手段，叙述故事，刻画人物。角色主要分生（男性）、旦（女性）、净（男性）、丑（男性

十二、Chinese TaoismTaoism first originated in China.The founder of Taoism is Llived in the late Spring and Autumn Period(770BC-476BC).Tao Te Ching whose a

Laozi, is considered to be the main Taoist classic.Taoism advocates the value of a hdiscarding of all desires and worries from one’s mind, and encourages the cultivanourishment of human nature.The following is an example of Laozi’s golden sayingan unvarying way;The names that can be named are not unvarying names.It was Earth sprang;The named is but the mother that rears the ten thousand creaturethat rids himself forever of desire can see the secret essences;He that has never routcomes.道教是中国土生土长长的宗教。创始人是春秋末期的哲学家、思想家老子。道教以老子所著的《道崇尚清静无为，修身养性。“道可道，非常道。名可名，非常名。无名天地之始；有名万物之母。便是老子的至理名言。

十三、Chinese IdiomsChinese idioms refer to comprehensive and integrated fixed established and accepted by constant usage and common practice.An idiom is a word, but has the same grammatical function as a word.Most Chinese idioms consziqiangbuxi(make unremitting efforts to improve oneself), qingchuyulan(bluer thcomes with time and effort).Idioms are extrated from folk proverbs, ancient worallusions, and well-known sayings.Idioms are a part of the Chinese language that a中国成语是汉语中意义完整的表示一般概念的固定词组或短语。“成语”中的“成”既是约定俗成。言单位。绝大多数的中国成语由四个汉字组成，例如：自强不息、青出于蓝、厚积薄发。成语主要典故、名言警句等方面提炼而成，是汉语语言中精炼而又富有生命力的一部分。

十四、China is the home of silk.Mulberry planting, sericulture, silk reeling and ththe ancient Chinese.As early as the Shang and Zhou Dynasties(1600BC-256BC),techniques had reached an extremely high level.During the Western Han Dynastoutstanding diplomat, travelled around central Asia and connected China with thMediterranean, opening up a new era of Sino-foreign trade, exchange and communbecame well known for its extraordinary quality, exquisite design and color, and Hitherto, Chinese silk has been accepted as a symbol of Chinese culture and the 中国是丝绸的故乡。栽桑、养蚕、缫丝、织绸是中国古代人民的伟大发明。商周时期丝绸的生产技通西域，把中原与波斯湾、地中海紧密联系起来，开辟了中外交流贸易的新纪元。从此中国的丝绸化内涵闻名于世，成为中国文化的象征。东方文明的使者。

十五、Chinese Classical GardenThe Chinese classical garden is a precious treasuarchitecture.It is a kind of environment art, which systematically combines artiand buildings with the natural landscape.The construction standard of a Chinese the garden must look ingenious and natural.” When you go sightseeing in a Chineable to appreciate its artistic concept which “makes use of the natural landscapeand rivers for viewers.” Of the world’s three major garden systems, the Chinese claorigins of the world’s garden due to its long history and abundant connotations.中国园林是把人造的山水、植物、建筑等与自然地貌有机结合的环境艺术，是我国古代建筑艺术开”。游赏中国古典园林，能充分领略“假自然之景，创山水真趣”的园林意境。在世界三大园林体誉为世界造园史上的渊源之一。

十六、The Four Treasures of the StudyThe writing brush, ink stick, ink stone, an

the study of the scholars of ancient China, and they are often referred to as the “writing brush and ink stick have been used by the Chinese to write and paint since(221BC---206BC), people already used feathers of different hardness and bamboo Han Dynasty(206BC-220AD), man-made ink was used instead of natural ink.Afterbamboo slips, wooden tablets, brocade and silk, which originally functioned as wrThe ink stone was first developed with the use of writing brushes and ink.After ththe “Four Treasure of the Study” particularly referred to hubi, the writing brush province;huimo, the ink stick produced in Huizhou, Anhui province;xuanpapeXuanzhou, Anhui province;and duanyan, the ink stone made in Zhaoqing, Guangcalled Duanzhou).Indeed, the Four Treasures of the Study” have writtin the who笔墨纸砚是中国古代文人书房当中必备的宝贝，被称为“文房四宝”。用笔墨书写绘画在中国可追竹管制笔；汉代以人工制墨替代了天然墨；有了纸张以后，简牍锦帛逐失其用；砚台则随笔墨的湖笔、徽墨、宣纸、端砚。可以说文房四宝书写了整个中华文明。

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