第一篇:初三环境保护英文作文
例文一
How to Protect the Environment.Good environment can make people feel happy and fit.To improve the environment means to improve our life.We should plant more trees and flowers around us.We shouldn’t cut them down.We should stop factories from pouring waste water into the river and waste gas into the air.Whenever we see litter on the ground, we should pick it up and throw it into dustbins.Never spit in public.Don’t draw on public walls.It’s our duty to protect the environment.例文二
Protect our environment In the last several decades, our earth has been extremely polluted, such as air pollution, water pollution, noise pollution and so on.In recent years, the extreme weather becomes more and more frequent.Winter gets colder and summer becomes hotter and it rains more frequently.All of these warn us that protecting the environment is a serious and emergent event.As our general people, we should build proper lifestyle.We should pay attention to water and light saving.When we go out, we should firstly choose the public transportation.The most important is that we must realize that we can do a lot of things to protect our environment.It's our duty to make our home better.Let’s change from ourselves
例文三
How to protect our environment We all know it is becoming more and more important to protect our environment well.We should stop cutting down trees, dropping litter everywhere and throwing waste before it is processed.It has caused lots of problems such as much rich land becomes desert, rivers become dirty, the air is becoming worse and worse.The temperature is becoming hotter and hotter.So we must do something to change the situation.We'd better walk or ride bikes to work or go to school instead of driving a car.We mustn't use plastic bags.Our government must take some measures to prevent factories producing smoking etc.
第二篇:英文环境保护
For cleaning environment is necessary for us to keep in mind the three items.They are reduced, reused and recycled.Reducing is the best way to protect the environment.However if you can’t reduce something we use it and if you can’t reuse it, you can recycle it.We do thing waste means shopping with environment in mind.Considered environment impact even each products before you buy it.Remember to make list what you need before you go shopping.This will reduce impulse buying.Buy in bulk which means buy in large quantities and not pack it.It’s much cheaper and it delimits small tokens and excise packaging.Avoid buy things that can’t be recycled.Second, learning to reuse is easy after you make a little practice.For example, you can reuse shopping bags by canvas bags and use them when you shop.Buy durable high quantity goods for a longer life.All the durable goods may cost a little more at first.They would save your money and help save the environment in longer.Before for anything away, think about how each item can be reused.The last of the three items that we must keep in mind is recycling.Recycling means collecting, processing, marketing and ultimately reusing material that we once thrown away.Check the yellow pages of the internet to find information about local recycle programs in your community.
第三篇:环境保护英文作文
近几年来,我们可以明显的感觉到我们身边的环境污染愈显明显,环境安全问题已十分严重。因为我国以往的政策方针是重经济发展,轻环境保护,所以造成环境污染、生态破坏十分严重,主要表现为以下几个方面:
在大气安全方面,20世纪中叶以来,工业和交通运输迅速发展,造成了大气污染的日益加重。大气污染既危害人体健康,又影响动植物的生长,破坏建筑材料,严重时会改变地球的气候。据调查显示,我国每年因大气污染造成的经济损失高达1000多亿元。
在水安全方面,我国水污染问题十分严重,各地普遍存在着饮用水安全问题,直接威胁到人畜生存。近几年虽然投入大量的资金治理淮河等水域,但效果并不明显,整体情况仍在恶化。
在生物安全方面,大规模的外来物种入侵,严重威胁了我国的生物多样性。事实证明,盲目引进外来物种,会破坏环境平衡,严重时甚至带来灾难性的后果。同时,由于生态环境的破坏和对野生动植物的滥捕滥猎,生物消亡的速度正在迅速增加。
在土地安全方面,我国土地荒漠化和水土流失的情况已十分严重。另外,我国耕地质量下降非常迅速,同时由于过度使用农药等造成的严重的耕地污染现象,直接关系到我国居民的食品安全问题。我国是一个发展中大国,面对环境污染方面的压力不仅来自国内本身,还有来自国外一些发达国家施加的压力。因此发展经济和治理环境是一个需要我们长久面对的问题,而这也需要靠我们每个人的共同参与。
China’s Worsening Environment In recent years, we can clearly feel that the pollution of the environment around us is more obvious , environmental security issues are very seriously.We all know that our previous policy is the emphasis on economic development and light on environmental protection, that’s one of the main reasons that causes the
environmental pollution and ecological damage.Mainly show as the following aspects:
In atmosphere security.Since the mid-20th century, the rapid development of industrial and transportation has caused the increased air pollution which harm to human health, effect the growth of plants and animals, damage building materials, and even change the earth's climate.According to the survey,more than 100 billion yuan losses every year caused by air pollution.In water security.Our water pollution question is extremely serious.The
widespread around the drinking water security problems are threat to human survival directly.Although a large amount of fund has been put into these years, such as the Huai River and other waters, but the effect is not obvious, the overall situation is still deteriorating.In land security.The situation of land desertification and soil erosion is very serious.In addition, the quality of cultivated land in our country down very quickly.At the same time , the excessive use of pesticides has caused serious pollutions of cultivated land, which directly related to food safety issues of our residents.In the biological security.Large-scale of the alien species invasion is threatens to the biological diversity seriously.The facts prove that the blind introduction of alien species will destroy the environmental balance, even lead to catastrophic
consequences.At the same time, due to the destruction of the ecological environment and the abuse of illegal hunting of wild animals and plants, the speed of biological demise is increasing rapidly.China is a big developing country, and we are facing great pressures of the environment pollution which not only from the domestic itself, but also from some developed countries.So economic development and management environment is a need for a long time to face, which also need to rely on the joint participation of everyone.
第四篇:环境保护英文论文
Low carbon and environment protection
I Abstract There is one of the most sensitive global climate issues for years, which is global warming.In general, we know that the origin of global warming is the emission of carbon dioxide.It was verified that the relationship between carbon dioxide and temperature: when there is more carbon dioxide the temperature gets warmer.This topic should be discussed under current situation to advocate people concerning with this severe environmental issue.With the development of our living standard.Low carbon and environment protection are becoming a new lifestyle gradually.However, most of us haven’t known what low carbon and environment protection is.How to live a low-carbon life is also a problem to be settled.So it is necessary for us to make this view to be known by others and know more about green life
Key words: global warming low carbon environment protection green life
II
Introduction What mostly causes Climate change is burning fuel.Many years ago, burning fuel provides human warm, lighting and cooked food.It is a great process for human development.According to the speed of burning fossil fuels around the world, the service time of using fossil fuel is brief.Coal will be run out of in 200 years;natural gas can use 50 to 60 years and oil may only last another 45 years.Fossil fuel is the major part of primary energy at present.The quantity of exploiting and burning is large.Problems are coming.The process of exploiting coal is the most typical case of environmental impact that includes damage of land, countryside and water resources.Besides, burning fuels will produce carbon dioxide.Greenhouse effect and Thermal pollution threaten human’s living conditions.Our environment is of great importance for us human beings and we accelerate the development of the environment at the same time.But we have already produced a plenty of things which are bad for environment and ourselves.Such as carbon dioxide sulfur dioxide and so on.So we put forward the concept of environment protection and call on all of us to live a low-carbon life.However, lots of people didn’t do as they said.Because of this, we ought to take action right now, and everyone should do as much as he can.If we are able to make a contribution to our environment, it can make a big difference.This paper expounds the concept of low carbon and environment protection.What is more, it also involves the way to live a low-carbon life.In addition, it tells us what we should do to live a green life.It will help to improve our concept of low-carbon and environment protection.III 1.The concept of environment protection and low carbon
1.1 The concept of environment protection The life we live today should be leaded by environment protection, so it is necessary for everyone to establish the concept of environment protection.We human beings must protect the environment that we live today.What is more, we ought to realize that green life is always around us and we should peruse it all the time.Furthermore, the concept of environment protection should be seen from all sides.We must know the environment we live are pretty important and we need do as much as we can to protect it.The ways to improve the concept of environment protection are from two sides.1、To begin with, if we want to live a green life, we should restrict ourselves at first.Moreover, it is necessary for us to call on others to live a low-carbon life
2、The government ought to put forward a list of regulations to forbid others doing things that is not good for our environment.1.2The concept of low carbon
Low carbon, to us, is a lifestyle that we should try our best to make differences such as never wasting water, using less electricity, reducing the using of petroleum and any other way which can cut down the carbon dioxide content.With the increasing emission of carbon dioxin, the weather in the world gets warmer and warmer gradually.Some snow mountains are melting, and the sea level is rising.In order to stop it, everyone in the world needs to improve the concept of low carbon.Although many countries in the world have done a mass of things to make the concept be known by others, and lots of people have admitted it, the concept should also be strengthened.The concept is very important for our environment and future.In addition, we need to get together to protect our environment and strengthen the concept.So everyone should undertake the duty of environment protection and low-carbon.Only when we do what we said can we make a difference.IV 2.How to live a low-carbon life Low-carbon life, as we can see, is a life that we use less and less energy when we work and study in order to reduce the emission of carbon dioxide and sulfur dioxide.And it contributes to reducing the glob warming.It is a duty for all of us to live a low-carbon life.So it is of great necessity to know how to live a low-carbon life.1.When we study or doing something else, it is better for us to use energy-saving lamps not electric light.What is more, it is also a good choice to go to work by bike or by feet not by car.2.In order to save energy, we had better use low brightness when we use computers 3.If possible, we ought to watch TV occasionally and watch books when we have free time, for we can not only save the energy but also learn more things from books.4.It is better for us to use things that can be recycled, and we oughtn’t to throw battery randomly.It is easy to achieve the above requirements, but they play an important role in our low-carbon life.So we can do something which is considered unimportant at first and form a habit about it.And then we can live a green life.Air pollution is formed by many kinds of pollutant.Pollutant spread into the air all around.Primary source of air pollution is from factory emissions, automobile exhaust, burning reclamation and forest fire.The damage of air pollution involves industry damage, climate damage and disease.Atmosphere’s acidic pollutants and other chemical gases can corrode buildings and equipments.Besides, increasing floating dusts will product adverse effects during debugging and using equipments.Air pollution will increase the cost of industry production.On the other hand acid rain from air pollution influenced plants’ normal growth and result acidification.Serious acid rain will killed fish and decline forest.Transportation is convenient for human living, however, automobile exhaust pollution influence air condition.Air pollution also influences weather and climate.Rivers drying up and ozone depletion is derived from air pollution.Low-carbon life stands for a healthier, safer and simper lifestyle.Low carbon is not a behavior but a fashion today, and as students, we should take the responsibility at fist and call on others to live a low-carbon.We must make a contribution to the environment protection.V 3.The ways to achieve low carbon
From all these years, because of the dependence on carbon energy, the emission of carbon dioxin is increasing all these years, thus leading to the glob warming.It has great influence on the environment, economic and even the human beings.In order to settle the problem, low carbon is getting more and more necessary.So we can achieve low carbon from three sides.1.Low carbon of energy Low carbon of energy means that we can use some new energy which is not bad for the environment or have little influence on the weather.There are two kinds of energy that are able to meet our requirements.One is clean energy, such as nuclear and gas.the other is renewable energy, such as wind, solar and so on.2.Low carbon of transportation
The transport consumption today is thirty times higher than before, and the emission of greenhouse gas is so high that it has great influence on the weather.Faced with these difficulties, the change of transportation is necessary.Among all these ways to change the transportation, developing a new means of transportation is a good solution to reduce the emission of greenhouse gas.3.Low carbon of consumption Low carbon of consumption, as we can see, is a new way of consumption in life.It means green consumption, green packaging and recycling.Green consumption also means sustainable consumption;it is a new way of consumption that reduces the damage of environment and protects the ecological.Green packaging, which is a sort of packaging that can be cycled, is aim to reduce the damage to the environment, too.At last, cycling means that when we use something that can be used many times, we had better not throw it away right now and we ought to use it or give it to others, which is good for our environment.VI 4.The ways to achieve Environment protection In recent years, environment issues become more serious as speed development of region economic.It is an important measure of social development that protects the environment and maintains ecological balance.It is also the duty of every citizen.In the environmental science, it is stated that environment is the room around human and all kinds of natural factors that affects human life and development directly.In the millions of years of human history, environment played a big role in starting and developing the civilization of human being.Climate, water source, land and grasslands are material bases that make it possible for human to survive.Also, resources of forest and mineral provide human material to develop constantly.These environmental resources create the human civilization on the earth.However, when human being is making use of the material resources, our living environment has a series of environmental problems.―The publication of such literature as Our Common Future,‖ Zhu Zhongyuan wrote in his thesis in 2005 ―Care for the Earth, and 21st Century Agenda indicates that man’s awareness of water and natural ecological system has changed.‖
There are many lifestyles make more ecologically sound.Electrical energy saving is a way.The important environment protecting activity named ―My Earth Hour‖ is a typical example.Nowadays, we can try an activity named ―Unplugged on weekend‖.How can we unplug on weekend? Having a breakfast without microwave food and turning off mobile phones, computers, televisions, videos and washing machines.We can clean our rooms, write letters to our missing people, cooking a healthy food and read books.This beautiful unplugged weekend can let us turn to the healthy and environmental lifestyle.―Don’t hold things‖ is another environmental lifestyle.―Don’t hold things‖ has six points.Don’t take, don’t buy, don’t save, discarding, replacement and borrowing.Free things are usually not cherished and corner obliviously.Don’t use free plastic bags and free products without need.Don’t buy those things only if ―don’t need‖ products.If you buy many plastic products with cut price and feel satisfying, actually it is wasteful.Form a discarding habits and Learn to find other replacements before buying new products.We also can borrow rarely-used things from others.The third way is low-carbon lifestyle.Using traditional spring wound clock instead of electronic clock.Turn down computers especially displayers when you don’t need them as do any other appliances.Doing exercise without electronic machine and ride bikes rather than drive cars.A neoteric thought of environmental lifestyle is don’t divorce.Breaking a marriage aggravate global warming problem.After divorce it needs more rooms, electric power and water resource.These lifestyles can be more environmental for our earth.VII Public participation is a good way for resolving environmental conflict.Communication roles of public participation can give many thoughts to governments on the internet.Websites can increase environmental protection ways for general public.Media’s function cannot be ignoring.Participator can let public participation have chances to participate in environmental activities.But it has a big problem is that too many opinions so it is difficult to comply with each thought.Environmental issues should be reducing nowadays.We should protect environment while human is developed at the same time.People create ethics to remind environmental awareness.For each person, healthy and green lifestyle could help our life sustained.People also can devote themselves with their works.Resolving environmental conflict needs public participation.That is government’s responsibility.VIII 5.Conclusion
In conclusion, global warming has hazard to cause sea level rise and climate change: it leads to the extinction of plants and animals, while hinders people’s daily life and threatens human society.It also has few positive effects which leading people to focus on reuse, reduce, and recycle.It calls for global concentration that every country takes action to preserve the earth ecosystem.This essay consequently addressed people requiring nurturing the consciousness to conserve the sources, enlightening people to preserve the planet.If people can comprehend the details of Low carbon and environment protection well, they will realize the significance to protect the environment and what we should do in our daily life.If we want to make our environment more beautiful and make our life green.So we should do things even if they are considered to be unimportant and call on others to take part in the environment protection.We believe that environment protection and low carbon can be a part of our life, and we can set up a harmony, green and healthy life.We can make the life style become a fashion.The more attention we paid, the better world will be.IX 6.References Brown, Lester.Plan B: Mobilizing to Save Civilization.New York: Carroll and Graf Publishers, 2005.Print.Keppler, Frank.―Global Warming: The Blame is not with the Plants.‖ Max Planck Institute for Nuclear Physics, Heidelberg.18 Jan.2006.Lecture.Revkin, Andrew C..―Global Warming.‖ New York Times.20 May 2010.Web.10 June 2010.Agenda 21: The Earth Summit Strategy to Save Our Planet.Boulder: EarthPress, 1993.[I.A] ―Are You A Green Consumer?‖ Consumer Reports 57, no.11(November 1992): 704–707.[III.C] Bernards, Neal, ed.The Environmental Crisis—Opposing Viewpoints.San Diego: Greenhaven Press, 1991.[IV] Cebon, Peter.―Corporate Obstacles to Pollution Prevention.‖ EPA Journal 19, no.3(July 1993):20–22.[III.A] Cohen, Mark A.Management 5596: Management of Environmental Issues(syllabus).Vanderbilt University, Nashville, March 1993.[V.A] Mitsch, William J.―Ecological Engineering.‖ Environmental Science and Technology 27, no.3(1993): 438–445.[II.A]
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第五篇:常用环境保护名词解释英文
常用环境保护名词解释
1、工业废水排放总量:指经过企业厂区所有排放口排到企业外部的工业废水量。包括生产废水、外排的直接冷却水、超标排放的矿井地下水和与工业废水混排的厂区生活污水,不包括外排的间接冷却水(清污不分流的间接冷却水应计算在内)。
2、直接排入海的:指经企业位于海边的排放口,直接排入海的废水量。直接排放是指废水经过工厂的排污口直接排入海,而未经过城市下水道或其他中间体,也不受其他水体的影响。匠工业废水排放达标量 指各项指标都达到国家或地方排放标准的外排工业废水量,包括经过处理后外排达标的和未经处理外排达标的两部分。排放标准见GB8978--1996。
3、工业废水排放达标率:指工业废水排放达标量占工业废水排放量的百分率。计算公式是:工业废水排放达标率=(工业废水排放达标量*工业废水排放量)、100 %
4、工业废水中污染物排放量: 指排放的工业废水中所含汞、锡、六价铬、铅等重金属和砷、挥发酚、氰化物、化学需氧量、石油类等一般无机物和有机物等污染物本身的纯重量。它可以通过工业废水排放量和其中污染物的浓度相乘求得,也可以通过物料衡算或经验计算公式求得。(可参考《工业污染物产生和排放系数手册》)
污染物纯重量=污染物的平均浓度x 报告期工业废水排放量
污染物的浓度,均以在企业排放口所测的数字为准(含有一类污染物的废水一律在车间或车间处理设施排出口取样测定),无论测出的浓度是否符合排放标准,均应统计在内。
5、废水治理设施数:指企业用于防治水污染和经处理后综合利用水资源的实有设施(包括构筑物)数,以一个废水治理系统为单位统计。附属于设施内的水治理设备和配套设备不单独计算。已报废的设施不统计在内。
6、废水治理设施运行费用:指维持废水治理设施运行所发生的费用,包括能源消耗、设备折旧、设备维修、人员工资、管理费、药剂费及与设施运行有关的其他费用等。
7、工业废水中污染物去除量:是指企业生产过程排出的废水,经过各种水治理设施处理后,除去废水中所含挥发酚、氰化物、化学需氧量、石油类、氨氮等一般无机物和有机物等污染物本身的纯重量。计算公式是:
污染物去除量=(处理前污染物的平均浓度一处理后污染物的平均浓度)X 处理的工业废水量
8、工业废气排放总量:指企业燃料燃烧和生产工艺过程中产生的各种排入空气的含有污染物的气体的总量,以标准状态(273K , 101325 Pa)计。
工业废气排放总量=燃料燃烧过程废气排放量十生产工艺过程废气排放量
9、燃料燃烧废气排放量:指燃煤、油、气锅炉、锻造加热炉、退火炉及其他工业炉窑在燃烧过程中所排废气的总量(即燃料和物料不混合的燃烧纯加热过程所产生的废气量)。
10、生产工艺废气排放量:指生产工艺过程中排放的废气总量。如化工、冶炼、建材、化纤、造纸等行业生产工艺过程中排放的废气。
11、工业二氧化硫排放量 :企业在燃料燃烧和生产工艺过程中排入大气的二氧化硫量。
12、工业二氧化硫去除量:指燃料燃烧和生产工艺废气经过各种废气治理设施处理后,去除的二氧化硫量。
13、工业烟尘排放量: 指企业厂区内的燃料燃烧产生的烟气中夹带的颗粒物的量。
14、工业烟尘去除量 :指企业燃料燃烧过程中产生的废气,经过各种废气治理设施处理后去除的烟尘量。
15、工业粉尘排放量 :指企业在生产工艺过程中排放的颗粒物重量。如钢铁企业的耐火材料粉尘、焦化企业的筛焦系统粉尘、烧结机的粉尘、石灰窖的粉尘、建材企业的水泥粉尘等。不包括电厂排入大气的烟尘。它可以通过排尘系统的排风量和除尘设备出口排尘浓度相乘求得,计算公式是:工业粉尘排放量=排尘系统排风量X 除尘设备出口气体含尘平均浓度X除尘系统运行时间
除尘系统出口的含尘浓度,均以所测的数字为准,无论测出的浓度是否符合排放标准,均应统计在内。
16、工业粉尘去除量 :指企业在生产工艺过程中产生的废气,经过各种废气治理设施处理后,去除的粉尘重量(不包括电厂去除的烟尘)。
17、废气治理设施数 :指企业用于减少在燃料燃烧和生产工艺过程中排向大气的污染物或对污染物加以回收利用的废气治理设施数。附属于设施内的治理设备和配套设备不单独计算。已报废的设施不统计在内。
18、脱硫设施数:指在治理设施中有专用(或兼用)的脱硫设备(或系统),其脱硫效率要达到40%及以上,脱硫后不再释放出二氧化硫,比如使系统中有足够的碱性物质与二氧化硫反应,生成稳定的盐类物质或采用活性炭吸附制酸等方法进行脱硫的设施数。
19、燃料煤消费量:指企业用作燃料的煤炭(非标准煤)消费量。包括企业厂区内生产、生活用燃料煤,也包括砖瓦、石灰等产品生产用的内燃煤,不包括炼焦等行业的原料用煤。
20、原料煤消费量:指企业在生产工艺中用作原料并能转换成新的产品实体的煤炭消费量。如转换为焦炭、水泥、煤气、碳素、活性炭、氨氮等的煤炭称为原料煤。
21、工业固体废物产生量:指企业在生产过程中产生的固体状、半固体状和高浓度液体状废弃物的总量,包括危险废物、冶炼废渣、粉煤灰、炉渣、煤矸石、尾矿、放射性废物和其他废物等;不包括矿山开采的剥离废石和掘进废石(煤开石和呈酸性或碱性的废石除外)。酸性或碱性废石是指采掘的废石其流经水、雨淋水的pH 值小于4 或大于10.5 者。
22、危险废物:指列入国家危险废物名录或根据国家规定的危险废物鉴别标准和鉴别方法认定的,具有爆炸性、易燃性、易氧化性、毒性、腐蚀性、易传染疾病等危险特性之一的废物。冶炼废渣 指在冶炼生产中产生的高炉渣、钢渣、铁合金渣以及有色金属矿渣等。粉煤灰 指燃煤电厂锅炉、煤粉炉在燃煤过程中产生的固体颗粒物。
23、炉渣:指企业燃烧设备从炉膛排出的灰渣。不包括燃料燃烧过程中去除的烟尘。
24、煤矸石:指与煤层伴生的一种含碳量低、比煤坚硬的黑色岩石。通常由煤矿开采、洗煤及耗煤单位排出。
25、尾矿:指选矿厂和水冶厂排出的废物,包括赤泥。赤泥指以铝土矿为原料的氧化铝厂的生产废料。选矿厂包括各种金属和非金属矿石的选矿厂。
26、放射性废渣:指含有天然放射性核素,并其比活度大于2×104Bq / kg 的尾矿砂、废矿石及其他放射性固体废物(指放射性浓度或比活度或污染水平超过规定下限的固体废弃物)。
27、其他废物:指工业垃圾、污泥及燃料燃烧过程中去除的烟尘等工业固体废物。工业垃圾,指机械工业切削碎屑、研磨碎屑、废型砂等;食品工业的活性炭渣;硅酸盐工业和建材工业的砖、瓦、碎砾、混凝土碎块等。污泥指工业废水处理中排出的固体沉淀物(以干泥量计)。
28、工业固体废物综合利用量:指通过回收、加工、循环、交换等方式,从固体废物中提取或者使其转化为可以利用的资源、能源和其他原材料的固体废物量(包括当年利用往年的工业固体废物累计贮存量)。如用作农业肥料、生产建筑材料、筑路等。综合利用量由原产生固体废物的单位统计。
29、工业固体废物综合利用率:指工业固体废物综合利用量占工业固体废物产生量的百分率。计算公式是:工业固体废物综合利用率=工业固体废物综合利用量×(工业固体废物产生量+综合利用往年贮存量)X100 % 30、工业固体废物贮存量:指以综合利用或处置为目的,将固体废物暂时贮存或堆存在专设的贮存设施或专设的集中堆存场所内的量。专设的固体废物贮存场所或贮存设施必须有防扩散、防流失、防渗漏、防止污染大气、水体的措施。
31、工业固体废物处置量:指将固体废物焚烧或者最终置于符合环境保护规定的场所并不再回取的工业固体废物量(包括当年处置往年的工业固体废物累计贮存量)。
处置方式如:填埋(其中危险废物应安全填埋)、焚烧、专业贮存场(库)封场处理、深层灌注、回填矿井等。
32、工业固体废物排放量:指将所产生的固体废物排到固体废物污染防治设施、场所以外的量。不包括矿山开采的剥离废石和掘进废石(煤开石和呈酸性或碱性的废石除外)。
33、“三废”综合利用产品产值:指利用“三废”〔 废水(液)、废气、废渣〕作为主要原料生产的产品产值(现行价),已经销售或准备销售的,应计算产品产值;但留作生产上自用的,不应计算产品产值。
34、工业锅炉数:指企业用于生产和生活的大于1 蒸吨(含1 蒸吨)的蒸气锅炉、热水锅炉总数,不包括茶炉。
35、工业炉窑数:指企业生产用的炉窑总数,如炼铁高炉、炼钢炉、冲天炉、烘干炉窑、锻造加热炉、水泥窑、石灰窑等。
36、生活及其他污染:指除工业生产活动以外的所有社会、经济活动及公共设施的经营活动产生的污染。
37、本年施工项目数:指本年内正在施工的,以治理污染、“三废”综合利用为主要目的的治理废水、废气、固体废物、噪声及其他(如电磁波、恶臭等)环境污染的治理工程的总数。不包括“三同时”项目。
38、污染治理项目本年完成投资合计:指企业实际用于治理废水、废气、固体废物、噪声和其他环境污染(如电磁波、恶臭等)的资金总额。
污染治理项目本年完成投资合计=治理废水资金+治理废气资金+治理固体废物资金+治理噪声资金+治理其他污染资金
40、污染治理项目本年投资来源合计:指企业用于治理废水、废气、固体废物、噪声和其他(如电磁波、恶臭等)环境污染的环境治理工程的各种资金来源合计。各种来源的资金,均为报告期投入的资金,不包括以往历年的投资。
污染治理项目本年投资来源合计=国家预算内资金+环保专项资金+其他资金
41、国家预算内资金:指企业单位用于治理环境污染的国家预算内资金。国家预算内资金指中央财政和地方财政中由国家统筹安排的基本建设拨款和更新改造拨款,以及中央财政安排的专项拨款中用于基本建设的资金和基本建设拨款改贷款的资金等。
42、环保专项资金:指由环境保护部门会同财政部门统筹安排用于环境污染治理项目的资金。
43、其他资金:指除上述资金来源以外的其他用于污染治理的资金,包括国内贷款、利用外资、企业自筹资金及其他来源资金。
44、国内贷款:指企业向银行及非银行金融机构借入的用于污染治理项目建设投资的各种国内贷款。
45、利用外资:指用于环境污染治理投资的国外资金,包括统借统还、自借自还的国外贷款、中外合资项目中的外资,以及对外发行债券和股票等。国家统借统还的外资指由我国政府出面同外国政府、团体或金融组织签定贷款协议,并负责偿还本息的国外贷款。
46、本年竣工项目数:指本年竣工投入运行的治理废水、废气、固体废物、噪声及治理其他污染的环境工程项目的总数。
47、本年竣工项目新增设计处理能力:指本年竣工的污染治理项目设计文件规定的处理、利用“三废”的能力。其中:“治理废气”为治理燃料燃烧和生产工艺(含工业粉尘)废气的能力之和。
48、办理设立的建设项目数:指当年经各级有关主管部门依审批权限批准开工的建设项目数。
49、环境影响评价制度执行率:指当年执行环境影响评价制度的建设项目数占当年开工建设的建设项目总数的比率。
50、应执行“三同时”项目数:指在环境影响评价审批中规定应有环保设施的当年投产建设项目数。
51、实际执行“三同时”项目数:指竣工验收(或已经运行)时环保设施已全部建成的项目数。
52、实际执行“三同时”项目环保投资:指实际执行“三同时”建设项目的环保设施实际投资额。
53、“三同时”合格率:指“三同时”的合格项目数占实际执行“三同时”项目数的比率。
54、“三同时”合格项目数:指建设项目环保设施竣工验收合格的项目数。
55、“三同时”执行合格率:指“三同时”合格项目数占应执行“三同时”项目数的比率。
56、交纳排污费单位数:指所辖区域内已交排污费的排污单位的总数。
57、排污费收入总额:指当年按规定征收的废水、废气、固体废物、噪声四项收入总额。收入中包括超标排污费,小型、三产排污费,二氧化硫排污费,危险废物排污费等。
58、排污费使用总额:指当年环境保护补助资金用于重点污染源治理项目无偿拨款补助、污染源治理项目贷款贴息补助和其他污染源治理补助等。
59、环境污染与破坏事故:指由于违反环境保护法规的经济、社会活动与行为,以及意外因素的影响或不可抗拒的自然灾害等原因,致使环境受到污染,国家重点保护的野生动植物、自然保护区受到破坏,人体健康受到危害,社会经济和人民财产受到损失,造成不良社会影响的突发性事件。
60、特大事故:指由于污染或破坏行为造成直接经济损失在十万元以上,人员中毒死亡,对环境造成严重危害,使当地经济、社会的正常活动受到严重影响或捕杀、砍伐国家一类保护的野生动植物的事故。
61、重大事故:指由于污染或破坏行为造成直接经济损失在5 万元以上,10 万元以下(不含10 万元),人员发生明显中毒症状,辐射伤害或可能导致伤残后果,因污染对环境造成较大危害,使社会安定受到影响或捕杀、砍伐国家二、三类保护的野生动植物的事故。
62、较大事故:指由于污染或破坏行为造成直接经济损失在万元以上,5 万元以下(不含5 万元), 人员发生中毒症状,因环境污染引起厂群冲突,对环境造成危害的事故。
63、一般事故:指由于污染或破坏行为造成直接经济损失在千元以上,万元以下(不含万元)的事故。
64、自然保护区:指对有代表性的自然生态系统、珍稀濒危野生动植物物种的天然分布区、水源涵养区、有特殊意义的自然历史遗迹等保护对象所在的陆地、陆地水体或海域,依法划出一定面积进行特殊保护和管理的区域。以县及县以上各级人民政府正式批准建立的自然保护区为准(包括“六五”以前由部门或“革委会”批准且现仍存在的自然保护区)。风景名胜区、文物保护区不计在内。
65、生态示范区:指经省级以上环境保护行政主管部门批准,以省、地、县政府为主按批准的生态示范区建设规划实施的行政区域。包括已经过国家或省级环境保护行政主管部门验收的和正在开展试点工作的。
66、废水 :生产过程中使用后排放的或产生的水,这种水对该过程无进一步直接利用的价值。
67、出水:从处理厂、工业过程及蓄水池等场所中排放出的水或废水。68、污水:来自居住区的生活污水,水流中夹带和溶解着许多废弃物质。69、活性污泥:在溶解氧存在的情况下,利用细菌和其他微生物对废水进行生化处理所生成的絮状物。70、工业用水:工业生产过程中使用的水。71、冷却水:用于吸收或转移热量的水
72、化学处理 :投加化学剂达到特定效果的过程。
73、物理一化学处理:为了达到特定效果而采用的物理一化学的处理过程。74、曝气:将空气导入液体中的过程。
75、需氧的、好氧的(细菌):需要游离氧存在,或者游离氧存在时不被消灭的(细菌)。76、厌氧的(细菌):不需要游离氧存在,或者游离氧不存在时不被梢灭的(细菌)
77、生物滤池 :废水通过由惰性物质组成的滤料层进行渗滤,利用惰性物质上面的活性生物膜达到净化目的的装置。
78、反硝化(兑硝):通常由细菌作用,将水或废水中含氮化合物(特别是硝酸盐和亚硝酸盐)以氮或氧化亚氮的形式释出。
79、除氧:在自然条件下,用物理或化学的方法将溶于水的氧部分或全部去除的过程。80、脱盐:除去水中盐类的过程,脱盐的水通常可以作饮用水、生产用水或冷却水。81、蒸馏:用蒸发和冷凝使水纯化的过程。
82、絮凝物:由于絮凝作用在液体内形成肉眼可见的絮状物。通常可用重力或浮选加以分离。83、凝聚:通常用机械、物理、化学或生物的方法使小颗粒聚集成可分离的大颗粒的过程。84、氟化:向饮用水中加入含氟化合物,调整氟离子浓度,使之保持在容许的范围之内。85、硝化:在细菌的作用下含氮物质被氧化。通常这种氧化的最终产物为硝酿盐。86、沉降:在重力作用下,水或废水中的悬浮物沉积的过程。87、自净:污染水体的自然净化过程。88、软化:除去水中大部分钙、镁离子的过程。
89、脱水:通常在凝聚剂存在时,用物理的方法降低湿污泥中含水量的过程。90、消化:用生物方法使污泥中有机物稳定的过程,通常用厌氧方法。91、预曝气:污水在生物处理及沉淀之前的曝气过程。
92、再曝气:由于某些化学的或生物的过程将氧耗尽后,再次充气,用以增加溶解氧浓度的过程。93、阶段曝气:为了使体系的生物负荷均匀,把废水沿着曝气池的长度的不同位置注入池内的方法。这是一种改进的活性污泥处理方法。
94、渐减曝气:活性污泥处理方法的改进。把大量的空气送入曝气池中存在着生物活性高的一端,把少量的空气送入另一端。
95、自动采样:采样过程中不需人干预,通过仪器设备能按预先编定的程序进行连续或不连续的采样。96、混合样:两个或更多的样品或子样品按照确定的比例连续地或不连续地加以混合。由此得到的混合样是所需特征的平均祥。通常这种比例是根据时间或流量的测定来确定的。97、连续采祥:从水体中连续采样的过程。
98、不连续采样:从水体中取出一个一个样品的过程。
99、监测:为了评价环境质量等特定目的,对各种特征水按编定的程序进行采样,测量、分析及数据处理等过程。
100、按比例采样:从流动水中采样的技木。在不连续采样时,其采祥次数或连续采样的流速与所采水的流速成正比。
101、水样:为检验各种水质指标,连续地或不连续地从特定的水体中取出尽可能代表性的一部分水。102、堰:用来控制上游水位或测量排水量,或者两者兼用的溢水结构。103、酸度:水介质与氢氧根离子反应的定量能力。104、侵蚀性:水溶解碳酸钙的能力。105、侵蚀性水:指数为负值的水。
106、碱度:水介质与氢离子反应的定量能力。
107、酚酞碱:用酚酞为指示剂滴定终点(pH8.3)测定碱度。该碱度是由水中全部的氢氧根离子和一半碳酸盐含量引起的。通常与甲基红终点碱度结合使用。
108、氨氮:指以氨或铵离子形式存在的化合氨。
109、氰化物:氰化物包括无机氰化物、有机氰化物和络合状氰化物。
110、总氨:用一种单位表示的以铵离子形式存在的化合氨和游离氨的总量.111、总有机氮:样品中测的基耶达(Kjeldahl)氮量与总氨氮量之差。
112、生物需氧量(BOD):在特定条件下,水中的有机物和无机物进行生物氧化时所消耗溶解氧的质量浓度.113、总二氧化碳:水中游离二氧化碳和以重碳酸盐及碳酸盐形式存在的二氧化碳的总含量。
114、化学需氧量(COD):在规定条件下,用氧化剂处理水样时,在水祥中溶解性或悬浮性物质消耗的该氧化剂的量。计算时折合为氧的质量浓度。
115、腐蚀:水通过化学、物理化学或生化的作用对各种材料的侵蚀能力。116、溶解氧曲线:表示沿着流动水道剖面的溶解氧含量图、或数学推导的曲线。117、硬度:水中的钙镁等离子,阻止肥皂在水中形成泡沫的能力。
118、在线分析:通过探头从水体中取得水样,经导管进入分析设备的自动分统。119、参数:用于表现水特征的一种性质。
120、盐度:在盐水和海水中溶解性盐类(主要是NaCl)浓度的一种计量法。
121、污泥体积指数:活性污泥沉降速度的经验计量指标.测量时因方法的细节变化很大,只有在同一条件下取得结果才能进行对比.122、比电导(电导率):在特定条件下,规定尺寸地单位立方体的水溶液相对面之间测得的电阻倒数.对于水质检验,常用电导率表示.亦可作为水样中可电离溶质的浓度量度.123、表面活性剂;表面活化剂 :一种化合物,它溶解或分散在液体时;在界面上优先被吸附,从而产生了一些有实际价值的物理化学或化学性质。这种化合物的分子至少含一个对明显的极性表面有亲和力的基团(在大多数情况下,保证了在水中的溶解)和一个对水亲和力很小的基团。
124、阴离子表面活性剂:一种表面活性剂。它有一个或多个官能团,在水溶液中离解,产生带负电荷的具有表面活性的有机离子。
125、阳离子表面活性剂 :一种表面活性剂。它具有一个或多个官能团,在水溶液中电离,产生带正电荷的具有表面活性的有机离子。
126、非离子型表面活性剂:一种表面活性剂。它在水溶液中不产生离子。它在水中的溶解是由于它具有对水亲和力很强的官能团。
127、总有机碳(TOC):水中溶解性和悬浮性有机物中存在的全部碳。
128、总需氧量(TOD):高温燃烧时,样品中可氧化的物质氧化时所消耗氧的量。
129、富营养化:营养物质特别是含氮和磷的化合物在淡水和盐水中的富集。富营养化加速了藻类和较高等植物的生长。
130、污染:对确定目的而言,水的适用性被破坏。
131、反冲洗:用水或空气与水反向流动清洗滤池的操作过程。
132、生物降解:在水介质中,通过生物的复杂作用,将有机物分子分解的过程。133、排水面积:水排至一个或多个点,该面积的区域范围由主管部门确定。
134、污泥龄:在排泥率恒定的情况下,活性污泥处理厂排放全部活性污泥所需的天数。计算方法是用活性污泥厂中每天的污泥排放量除以污泥总量。
135、污泥膨胀:活性污泥法处理系统中,通常由于丝状菌的存在,引起活性污泥体积膨胀和不易沉降的现象。
136、极限需氧量(UOD):计算完全矿化时氧的需要量。137、生化氧化:微生物氧化水中物质(主要是有机物)的过程。138、混凝:投加混凝剂,使胶体分散体系脱稳和凝聚的过程。
139、离子平衡:阳离子与阴离子电荷的代数和在水溶液中应为零。如果从实际分析结果计算出的代数和不等于零,则表明测定项目不完全(有些离子未测定),或者分析中有误差。
140、软水:低硬度的水。
141、消化污泥:在有氧或无氧情况下,由于微生物作用已达到稳定的污泥。
142、溶解性有机碳(DOC):用规定的过滤方法,不能从水中去除溶存的那一部分有机碳。
143、压滤机:一种污泥脱水装置。系由一组凹进的排水板或干板和框架之间夹入滤布而组成的隔室,在压力下压入污泥。通过滤布把水从污泥中挤到排水系统,并在每一过滤周期后,清除压实的污泥。
144、流化床:由于向上流动的液流、气流或二者结合,形成的细小颗粒自由悬浮的滤床。145、非生物降解:物质通过化学或物理过程的降解。例如,水解、光解、还原和氧化的分解。146、氨化作用:细菌转化含氮化合物为铵离子的过程。
147、挥发酚:水体中的酚类化合物主要来源于含酚废水,如焦化厂、煤气厂、煤气发生站、石油炼厂、木材干馏、合成树脂、合成纤维、染料、医药、香料、农药、玻璃纤维、油漆、消毒剂、化学试剂等工业废水。酚类属有毒污染物,但其毒性较低。
148、污泥厌氧消化:在决氧条件下,细菌分解污泥的控制过程,此过程可在常温、中温(25-40℃)或高温(45-60℃)下进行。
149、助凝剂:和混凝剂同时投加的一种物质(通常为聚合电解质),用以提高混凝沉淀的效果。150、生污泥:从一级沉淀池排出的污泥,或回流的二级沉滤池污泥与一级沉淀池污泥的混合物。151、二级处理:利用生物方法处理污水,如生物过滤和沉降法,或者活性污泥法。152、配水池:供水系统中储存净化水的构筑物。
153、污泥饼:从压滤机或类似脱水装置中排除的污泥,通常约含25%~30%(m/m)的干固物。154、污泥调节:促进污泥脱水的物理和(或)化学处理方法。
155、需氧污泥消化:一级沉淀污泥、活性污泥或共沉污泥经长时间曝气后,被部分氧化的生物过程。这一过程主要由内源呼吸和摄食微生物的活动来完成。
156、预处理(污水):大部分污水固体的去除或破碎以及砂粒的去除。也可能包括沉淀前的去除油脂、预曝气与中和。
157、初级处理(污水):通常指去除大部分可沉淀固体的处理阶段。它紧接着预处理。158、总碳:水中的有机碳和无机碳的总和。
159、总无机碳:水中溶解的和悬浮的无机物中的全部碳。160、总氧化氮:水中硝酸盐和亚硝酸盐中存在的总氮量。
161、空气污染物:由于人类活动或自然过程,排放到大气中的物质,这些物质以人或环境产生不利影响,统称空气污染物。
162、空气污染:由于人类活动或自然过程,使得排放到大气中的物质的浓度及持续时间足以及以对人的舒适感,健康,对设施或环境产生不利影响时,即称空气污染。
163、除尘器:除去气体介质中颗粒物的一种装置。
164、灰:含碳物质燃烧启残存的固体残渣。虽然灰中可能含有未完全燃烧的可燃物,但是从分析的观点看,常假定其是完全燃烧的。
165、旋风分离器或气旋:
1)利用气体运动所产生的离心力使粉尘或掖滴从气体中分离的一种分离器。2)伴有旋转风系统的大气低压区,称为气旋。
166、粉尘:通常指空气动力当量直径在75μm以下的固体小颗粒。能在空气中悬浮一段时间,靠本身重量可以从空气中沉降下来。167、有效烟囱高度:烟囱排出的烟气扩散公式中采用的高度即烟囱高度加上烟气抬升高度。烟气抬升高度取决于烟气出口速度、温度及风速等因素,也可能受地形的影响。
168、排放:物质排到大气中的过程,排放物质钓点或面称为“排放源”。本名词用于描述排出及排出速率,也可用于噪音、热等方面。
169、烟尘:一种固体颗粒气溶胶。一般是在冶炼过程中由熔化的物质蒸发后凝聚而产生的,并且经常伴随氧化反应。
170、监测:
1)广义上讲,为了追踪污染物种类,浓度的变化,在一定时期内对污染物进行重复测定;
2)狭义上讲,为了判断是否达到标准或评价管理和控制系统的效果,对污染物进行的定期测定称为监测。
171、光化学反应:某些物质在光辐射下所产生的一种化学反应。
172、光化学烟雾:大气中氮氧化物、有机化合物及氧化剂(oxidant)在日光照射下的反应产物是一种氧化性的化合物.并可能引起能见度变坏,达到足够的浓度时,会刺激眼睛、呼吸道,损害物质及植物。
173、氮氧化物:空气中含氮的氧化物有一氧化二氮、一氧化氮、二氧化氮、三氧化二氮等,其中占主要成分的是一氧化氮和二氧化氮。
174、探头:用来采集或测量管道内或烟囱内物质的一种装置,通常为管状。
175、林格曼数:评价烟羽黑度的一种数值。用肉眼观测的烟羽黑度与林格曼卡[从0(白)到5(黑)一组格数]对比得到。
176、自净:污染物由于自然过程,而从大气中除去或浓度降低的过程或现象。
177、二次污染物:由固定的或流动的排放源排放出的一次污染物在大气中发生物理或化学反应而生成的污染物。
178、烟:通常是由燃烧而产生的一种可见的气溶胶。注:①此名词的含义不包括水蒸气。
②在一些文献内,烟是根据林格曼数、烟的浓淡程度、斑点的黑度或采集的沉积物的量而定量的。
179、烟气 :燃烧气体及被这些气体所夹带颗粒的总称。推广说亦包括化学生产或冶炼过程中所产生的载带颗粒的气体。
180、悬浮物质:长期悬浮在大气或烟道气中的颗粒物。由于它的粒径太小,其沉降速度不明显。181、噪声:我们国家制定的《中华人民共和国环境噪声污染防治法》中把超过国家规定的环境噪声排放标准,并干扰他人正常生活、工作和学习的现象称为环境噪声污染
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