第一篇：2014年职称英语卫生类C级-背完必得的15分_完型填空短文(已填答案)-A4精简打印版（本站推荐）
Better Control of TB Seen If a Faster Cure
Is Found
The World Health Organization1 estimates that about one-third of all people are infected with bacteria that cause tuberculosis.Most times, the infection remains inactive.But each year about eight million people develop active cases of TB, usually in their Two million people dieit.The disease haswith the spread of AIDS and drug-resistant forms of tuberculosis.Current treatments take at least six months.People have to a combination of several antibiotic drugs daily.But many people stop they feel better.Doing that canto an infection that resists treatment.Public health experts agree that a faster-acting cure for tuberculosis would be more effective.Now a study estimates just how it might be.A professor of international health at Harvard University2 led the study.Joshua Salomon says a shorter treatment program would likely mean not just more patients.It would also meaninfectious patients who can pass on their infection to others.The researchers developed a mathematical model to examine the effects of a two-month treatment plan.Theythe model with current TB conditions in Southeast Asia.The scientists found that a two-month treatment could prevent about twenty percent of new cases.And it might about twenty-five percent of TB deaths.The model shows that thesewould take place between two thousand twelve and two thousand thirty.That is, if a faster cure is developed and in wide use by two thousand twelve.The World Health Organization the DOTS3 program in nineteen ninety.DOTS is Directly Observed Treatment, Short-course.Health workers watch tuberculosis patients take their daily pills to makethey continue treatment.Earlier this year, an international partnership of organizations announced a plan to expand the DOTS program.The ten-year plan also aims to finance research new TB drugs.The four most common drugs used now are more than forty years old.The Global Alliance for TB Drug Development4 says its long-term goal is a treatment that could work in as few as ten doses.A Biological Clock
Every living thing has what scientists call a biological clock that controls behavior.The biological clock tells when to form flowers and when the flowers should open.It tellscocoons and fly away，and it tells animals and human beings when to eat, sleep and wake.Events outside the plant and animal（affect）_ the actions of some biological clocks.Scientists recently found, for example,（because of）_ the number of hours of daylight.In the short _（days）__ of winter, its fur becomes white.The fur becomes gray brown in color in the longer hours of daylight in summer.Inner signals control other biological
clocks.German scientists found that some kind of internal clock seems to order birds to begin Birds flying become restless when it is time for the trip，flight has ended.Scientists say they are beginning to learn which An American researcher, Martin Moorhead, said a small group of cells near the front of the brain（awaken）_，when to sleep and when to seek food.Scientists say there probably are other biological clock cells that control other body activities.Dr.Moorhead is studying our biological clocks affect the way we do our work.For example, most of us have great difficulty if we must often change to different work hours.can take many days for a human body to accept the major change in work hours.Dr.Moorhead said industrial officials should have a better understanding of biological clocksunderstanding could cut sickness and accidents at work and would help increase a factory’s production,One Good Reason to Let Smallpox Live It’s now a fair bet that we will never see the total extinction of the smallpox virus.The idea was to cap the glorious achievement of 1980, when smallpox was eradicated in the wild, by destroying the killer virus in the last two labs that are supposed to have it—one in the US and one in Russia.If smallpox had truly gone from the planet, what point was there in keeping these reserves?
reality, of course, it was naive to that everyone would let of such a potential weapon.Undoubtedly several nations still havevials.the last “official” stocks of lice virus bred mistrust of the US and Russia,no obvious gain.Now American researchers havean animal model of the human disease, opening thefor tests on new treatments and vaccines.So one again there’s a good reason tothe virus—just inthe disease puts in a reappearance.How do we_ with the mistrust of the US and Russia?Keep the virusinternational auspices in a well-guarded UN laboratory that’s open to all countries.The US will object, of course, just as it rejects a multilateral approach to just about everything.But it doesn’tthe idea is wrong.If the virus useful, then let’s make it the servant of all humanity—not just a part of it.Diet, Alcohol Linked to Nearly One Third of
Cancers
Diet is second only to tobacco as a leadingof cancer and, along with alcohol, is responsible for nearly one third of cases of the disease developed countries, a leading researcher said on Tuesday.Dr.Tim Key, of the University of Oxford, told a cancer conference that scientists are still discovering how certain foods contribute to ,but they know that diet, alcohol and obesity.a major role.“Five percent of cancers could be avoidednobody was obese,” he said.While tobacco is blinked to about 30 of cancer cases, diet is involved in an estimated 25 percent and alcoholabout six percent.Obesity raises the of breast, womb, bowel and kidney cancer, while alcohol is known to cause cancers of the mouth, throat and liver, Its dangerous impact iswhen combined with smoking.Key told the meeting of the charity Cancer Research UKother elements of diet linked to cancer are unknown but scientists are hoping that the EPIC study, which is comparing the diets of 500,000 people in 10 countries and their risk of cancer, will provide someEarly results of the study have revealed that Norway, Sweden and Denmark have the consumption of fruit and vegetables among European countries while Italy and Spain have the highest.Eating at five portions of fruit and vegetables a day is recommended to reduce the risk of cancer.Key, principal scientist on the EPIC study, said it is looking at dietary links to some of the most common cancers colorectal, breast and prostate.Men Too May Suffer from Domestic
Violence（2013已考）
Nearly three in 10 men have experienced violence at the hands of an intimate partner during their lifetimes, according to one of the few studies to lookdomestic violence and health among men.“Many men actually do experience domestic violence, although we don't hear about it,” Dr.Robert J.Reid of the University of Washington in Seattle, one of the study's authors, told Reuters Health.“They often don't tellwe don't ask.We want to get the message out to men whoexperience domestic violence that they are not alone and there are resources available to” The researchers asked study participants about physical abuse and non-physical , such as threats that made them for their safety, controlling behavior(for example, being told who they could associate with and where they could go), and constant name-calling.Among men 18 to 54 years old, 14.2 percent said they had experienced intimate partner __ in the past five years, while 6.1 percent reported domestic violence in the previous year.Rates were lower for men 55 and,with 5.3 percent reporting violence in the past five years and 2.4 percent having experienced it in the past 12 months.Overall, 30.5 percent of men younger than 55 and 26.5 percent of older men said they had been victims ofviolence at some point in their lives.About half of the violence the men experienced was physical.However, the physical violence men reported wasn't as harsh assuffered by women in a previous study;20 percent to 40 percent of the men rated it as severe, compared to 61 percent of
Men who reported experiencing domestic violence had more emotional and mental health problems those who had not, especially older men, thefound.
第二篇：2014年职称英语卫生类C级-背完必得的15分_完型填空短文(已填答案)-A4精简打印版
Better Control of TB Seen If a Faster Cure
Is Found
The World Health Organization1 estimates that about one-third of all people are infected with bacteria that cause tuberculosis.Most times, the infection remains inactive.But each year about eight million people develop active cases of TB, usually in their lungs.Two million people die of of it.The disease has increased with the spread of AIDS and drug-resistant forms of tuberculosis.Current treatments take at least six months.People have toa combination of several antibiotic drugs daily.But many people stop they feel better.Doing that canto an infection that resists treatment.Public health experts agree that a faster-acting cure for tuberculosis would be more effective.Now a study estimates just how it might be.A professor of international health at Harvard University2 led the study.Joshua Salomon says a shorter treatment program would likely mean not just more patients.It would also mean infectious patients who can pass on their infection to others.The researchers developed a mathematical model to examine the effects of a two-month treatment plan.They the model with current TB conditions in Southeast Asia.The scientists found that a two-month treatment could prevent about twenty percent of new cases.And it mightabout twenty-five percent of TB deaths.The model shows that thesewould take place between two thousand twelve and two thousand thirty.That is, if a faster cure is developed and in wide use by two thousand twelve.The World Health Organization the DOTS3 program in nineteen ninety.DOTS is Directly Observed Treatment, Short-course.Health workers watch tuberculosis patients take their daily pills to makethey continue treatment.Earlier this year, an international partnership of organizations announced a plan to expand the DOTS program.The ten-year plan also aims to finance research new TB drugs.The four most common drugs used now are more than forty years old.The Global Alliance for TB Drug Development4 says its long-term goal is a treatment that could work in as few as ten doses.A Biological Clock
Every living thing has what scientists call a biological clock that controls behavior.The biological clock tells（plants）when to form flowers and when the flowers should open.It tells（insects）_ when to leave the protective cocoons and fly away，and it tells animals and human beings when to eat, sleep and wake.Events outside the plant and animal（affect）_ the actions of some biological clocks.Scientists recently found, for example,（because of）_ the number of hours of fur becomes white.The fur becomes gray brown in color in the longer hours of daylight in summer.Inner signals control other biological clocks.German scientists found that some kind
of internal clock seems to order birds to begin Birds flying become restless when it is time for the trip，flight has ended.Scientists say they are beginning to learn which An American researcher, Martin Moorhead, said a small group of cells near the front of the brain _（.seems）_ to control the timing of some of our（awaken）_，when to sleep and when to seek food.Scientists say there probably are other biological clock cells that control other body activities.Dr.Moorhead is studying _（how）_ our biological clocks affect the way we do our work.For example, most of us have great difficulty if we must often change to different work hours._（It）_ can take many days for a human body to accept the major change in work hours.Dr.Moorhead said industrial officials should have a better understanding of biological clocksunderstanding could cut sickness and accidents at work and would help increase a factory’s production,One Good Reason to Let Smallpox Live It’s now a fair bet that we will never see the total extinction of the smallpox virus.The idea was to cap the glorious achievement of 1980, when smallpox was eradicated in the wild, by destroying the killer virus in the last two labs that are supposed to have it—one in the US and one in Russia.If smallpox had truly gone from the planet, what point was there in keeping these reserves?
in reality, of course, it was naive to that everyone would let of such a potential weapon.Undoubtedly several nations still havevials.the last “official” stocks of lice virus bred mistrust of the US and Russia,no obvious gain.Now American researchers havean animal model of the human disease, opening thefor tests on new treatments and vaccines.So one again there’s a good reason tothe virus—just inthe disease puts in a reappearance.How do we_ with the mistrust of the US and Russia?Keep the virusinternational auspices in a well-guarded UN laboratory that’s open to all countries.The US will object, of course, just as it rejects a multilateral approach to just about everything.But it doesn’tthe idea is wrong.If the virus useful, then let’s make it the servant of all humanity—not just a part of it.Diet, Alcohol Linked to Nearly One Third of
Cancers
Diet is second only to tobacco as a leadingof cancer and, along with alcohol, is responsible for nearly one third of cases of the disease developed countries, a leading researcher said on Tuesday.Dr.Tim Key, of the University of Oxford, told a cancer conference that scientists are still discovering how certain foods contribute to ,but they know that diet, alcohol and obesity.a major role.“Five percent of cancers could be avoidednobody was obese,” he said.While tobacco is blinked to about 30 of cancer cases, diet is involved in an estimated 25 percent and alcoholabout six percent.Obesity raises the of breast, womb, bowel and kidney cancer, while alcohol is known to cause cancers of the mouth, throat and liver, Its dangerous impact iswhen combined with smoking.Key told the meeting of the charity Cancer Research UKother elements of diet linked to cancer are unknown but scientists are hoping that the EPIC study, which is comparing the diets of 500,000 people in 10 countries and their risk of cancer, will provide someEarly results of the study have revealed that Norway, Sweden and Denmark have the consumption of fruit and vegetables among European countries while Italy and Spain have the highest.Eating at five portions of fruit and vegetables a day is recommended to reduce the risk of cancer.Key, principal scientist on the EPIC study, said it is looking at dietary links to some of the most common cancers including colorectal, breast and prostate.Men Too May Suffer from Domestic
Violence（2013已考）
Nearly three in 10 men have experienced violence at the hands of an intimate partner during their lifetimes, according to one of the few studies to lookdomestic violence and health among men.“Many men actually do experience domestic violence, although we don't hear about it,” Dr.Robert J.Reid of the University of Washington in Seattle, one of the study's authors, told Reuters Health.“They often don't tellwe don't ask.We want to get the message out to men whoexperience domestic violence that they are not alone and there are resources available to” The researchers asked study participants about physical abuse and non-physical , such as threats that made them for their safety, controlling behavior(for example, being told who they could associate with and where they could go), and constant name-calling.Among men 18 to 54 years old, 14.2 percent said they had experienced intimate partner __ in the past five years, while 6.1 percent reported domestic violence in the previous year.Rates were lower for men 55 and,with 5.3 percent reporting violence in the past five years and 2.4 percent having experienced it in the past 12 months.Overall, 30.5 percent of men younger than 55 and 26.5 percent of older men said they had been victims ofviolence at some point in their lives.About half of the violence the men experienced was physical.However, the physical violence men reported wasn't as harsh assuffered by women in a previous study;20 percent to 40 percent of the men rated it as severe, compared to 61 percent of
Men who reported experiencing domestic violence had more emotional and mental health problems those who had not, especially older men, thefound.
第三篇：2014年职称英语卫生类A级答案-完型填空
More about Alzheimer's Disease
Scientists have developed skin tests that may be used in the future to identify people with Alzheimer's disease1 and may ultimately allow physicians to predict who is at risk of getting this neurological disorder.' The only current means of diagnosing the disease in a living patient is a long and expensive series of tests that eliminate every other cause of dementia.“ Since Alois Alzheimer described the disease nearly a century ago，people have been trying to find a way to accurately diagnose it in its early stages2，” said Patricia Grady，acting director3 of the National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke in Bethesda, Maryland.“This
discovery, if confirmed, could prove a big step forward in our efforts to deal with and understand the disease.”
Alzheimer's is the single greatest cause4 of mental deterioration in older people, affecting between 2.5 million and 4 million people in the United States alone5.The devastating disorder gradually destroys memory and the ability to function，and eventually causes death.6 There is currently no known treatment for the disease.Researches discovered that the skin cells of Alzheimer' s patients have defects that interfere with their ability to regulate the flow of potassium in and out of the cells.The fact that the cell defects are present in the skin suggests that7 Alzheimer's results from physiological changes
throughout the body，and that dementia may be the first noticeable effect of these changes as the defects affect the cells in the brain, scientists said.The flow of potassium is especially critical in cells responsible for memory formation8.The scientists also found two other defects that affect the cells' supply of calcium, another critical element.One test developed by researches calls for9 growing skin cells in a laboratory culture and then testing them with an electrical detector to determine if the microscopic tunnels that govern the flow of potassium are open.Open potassium channels create a unique electrical signature.A spokesman for the Alzheimer's Association said that if the validity of the diagnostic test can be proven it would be an important development, but cautioned that other promising tests for Alzheimer's have been disappointing.10
第四篇：2014职称英语押题 理工C 完型填空[定稿]
完型填空：
第一篇Captain Cook Arrow Legend
It was a great legend while it lasted，but DNA testing has __1__ ended a two-century-old story of the Hawaiian arrow carved from the bone of British explorer Captain James Cook__2__ died in the Sandwich Islands’in 1779.“There is __3__ Cook in the Australian Museum，”museum collection manager Jude Philip said not long ago in announcing the DNA evidence that the arrow was not made of Cook’S bone.But that will not stop the museum from continuing to display the arrow in its__4__，“Uncovered：Treasures of the Australian Museum,” which__5__include a feather cape presented to Cook by Hawaiian King Kalani’opu’u in 1778.Cook was one of Britain’s great explorers and is credited with__6__ the“Great South Land，”__7__ Australia, in 1 770.He was clubbed to death in the Sandwich Islands，now HawaiiThe 1egend of Cook’s arrow began in 1 824 __8__ Hawaiian King Kamehameha on his deathbed gave the arrow to William Adams，a London surgeon and relative of Cook’s wife，saying it was made of Cook’s bone after the fatal__9 __ with islanders.In the 1890s the arrow was given to the Australian Museum and the legend continued __10__ it came with science.DNA testing by laboratories in Australia and New Zealand revealed the arrow was not made of Cook’s bone but was more __11__ made of animal bone。said Philp.However, Cook’s fans __ 12 __ to give up hope that one Cook legend will prove true and that part of his remains will still be uncovered.as they say there is evidence not a11 of Cook’s body was __13 __ at sea in 1 779.“On this occasion technology has won"，”said Cliff Thornton，president of the Captain Cook Society, in a __14__ from Britain.“But I am __15__ that one of these days…one of the Cook legends will prove to be true and it will happen one day.’’ 练习：
1.A.finally
B.firstly
C.lately
D.usually 2.A.whose
B.who
C.which
D.what 3.A.some
B.none
C.neither
D.no
4.A.cinema
B.exhibition
C.shop
D.market 5.A.must
B.did
C.has to
D.does
6.A.discovering
B.visiting
C.traveling
D.using 7.A.then
B.now
C.past
D.previously 8.A.how
B.where
C.when
D.that 9.A.conversation
B.fight
C.meal
D.dance 10.A.however
B.until
C.after
D.whenever 11.A.helpfully
B.usefully
C.likely
D.readily 12.A.refuse
B.return
C.regain
D.reply 13.A.collected
B.washed
C.stored
D.buried
14.A.statement
B.suggestion
C.proposal
D.guess 15.A.safe
B.weak
C.sure
D.lucky 参考答案：
1.A.分析：借助搭配“..地已经结束了..”直接判断A(最终地)
2.B.分析：考察定语从句，从句需要主语，且该主语指代Captain James Cook，所以B合适。D。分析：考察否定副词。借助搭配特点—空格后直接出现了名词，所以D是答案(no否定名词)
4.B.分析：借助句子中的相关词语museum(博物馆)..display(陈列)直接猜测答案为B(展览会)
5.D.分析：借助上文时态—一般将来时，及与空格处的搭配结构—‘“考古发现：澳大利亚博物馆的宝藏”…包括..’直接判断D为答案该题考点：上下文时态和定语从句。
6.A。分析：借助句子中出现的词语：explorers(探险家)…Great South Land，判断A(发现)是答案。
7.B。分析：该题考察插入语结构(插入语结构往往是对前面的名词/代词进行描述，或补充说明，该结构往往以定语(定语从句)，状语(状语从句)，或同位语的语法结构形式出现)
8.C.分析：空格前出现典型时间词1824，空格后是句子，所以直接判断when 可能是答案。考察：定语从句结构。
9.B.分析：该题考察上下文内容的呼应：前面出现“被棍棒打死”，所以这里选择B(打仗)最合适。
10.B.分析：借助空格所在结构的特点和搭配结构含义(持续到..)直接判断答案B(直到)。
11.C.分析：分析：根据空格相关结构含义(不是由cook的骨头制成，而是更..是由动物的骨头制成)判断C是答案。
12.A.分析：直接借助搭配结构特点(v.+ to 引导的不定式结构)判断A是答案。
13.D.分析：借助上文句意和该句句意(不是所有的cook的尸体都在1779年被。海里)判断D(埋葬)是答案。
14.A.分析：借助被选项的关系：suggestion和 proposal是近义词，且用法接近，所以相互排除掉，比较A和D，判断A((来自伦敦的)声明)正确。
15．C本题要选sure，表示Cliff Thornton对sure后面的that从句表达的将要发生的事有信心。而safe，weak或lucky的词义与句子表达的意思不符。
译文：库克船长弓箭的传说
这本是个绝妙的传说，但DNA测试最终结束了这个长达两个世纪之久的古老故事。传说是关于一支据说是用1779年在桑伟奇群岛死去的英国探险家船长詹姆士库克的遗骨刻成的夏威夷弓箭。
在不久前DNA 证据宣布该弓箭并非来自于库克船长的遗骨时，奥大利亚博物馆收藏经理尤大书?菲利普说：“澳大利亚博物馆里并没有库克的遗骨。”但这并不能停止博物馆在展览会 2
上展出弓箭。“考古发现：澳大利亚博物馆的宝藏”展览中的确还展示了一个在1778年夏威夷国王卡兰尼欧普送给库克的一个羽毛斗篷。
库克是英国最伟大探险家之一，他在1770年发现了“南大陆”，也就是现在的澳大利亚。此后在桑伟奇群岛被棒击致死。
库克弓箭传说始于1824年，当时夏威夷国王卡莫哈莫哈在弥留之际将弓箭赐给了库克妻子的亲戚，一名伦敦外科医生威廉正当斯，并告诉他弓箭是在那次致命殴打后用库克的遗骨做成的。
在19世纪90年代，弓箭被交给澳大理亚博物馆。这个传说直到与科学直接接触才停止。据菲利普说，澳大利亚和新西兰的试验室的DNA测试证实弓箭并非取材于库克的遗骨，而更可能来自动物的骨头。
但是，库克迷们却不肯放弃希望。他们期待库克传说之一将会被证明是正确，并且他人部分遗骨还会被发现。正如他们所说，有证据表明库克的遗骨并不是在1779年全都葬身大海了。库克船长协会的会长克利夫托马森在一个来自英国的声明中说：“在这个问题上，科技取得了胜利。我坚信某一天库克传说之一将会被证明是真的。”
这听起来完全不对——在一块木头里面钻些洞让它更耐敲打。但是这确实有效，因为击打产生的能量分散到了整块木头上，而不是集中于一个薄弱点。这个发展应该导致更有效和更轻的包装材料的产生。
木匠们几个世纪以来都知道一些木头比另一些更结实。例如山胡桃木被用做斧柄和轮辐，因为它可以承受振击而不会断裂。列如白橡木容易损坏得多，尽管它的质地一样细密。巴斯大学的Julian Vincent和他的研究小组都认为木头的内部结构能够解释这些不同。
许多树都有导管，这些导管通向树干上方，把水输到叶子。在橡木里，这些管道很大，而且是呈窄带状，但是在山胡桃木中这些管道小得多，而且分布得更平均。研究者们认为这个布局能够分散打击的能量到整块木头止，以此吸收较重的打击。为了测试这个理论，他们在一块没有管道的云杉木上钻了一些0.65毫米的洞，发现它能够承受重大的打击。只有当每平方厘米超过30个孔时，木头抵御敲打的表现才会减弱。均匀的物质不太好抵御敲打，因为受到影响的只有一小部分物质，来自打击的所有能量在折断材料时都集中在一两个地方，留下的散片常常没有受到破坏。
Vincent说，这些洞可以提供很多薄弱点，当它们破裂时一起吸收能量，而不是使能量聚在一个地方。“你可以控制木头断裂的地方，它还可以吸收更多的能量，更安全。” 研究人员相信，这个原则可用于任何一种材料，例如可用于制造更轻、保护力更强的包装物。斯图加特的Max Plank金属研究学院的Ulrike Wegst说，这一原则还可用在汽车的减震器、保护杠和军事车辆的装甲板等东西上。但是她强调说你需要设计材料时考虑力的方向。她说：“负荷的方向是很关键的。”
第二篇Avalanche and Its Safety
An avalanche is a sudden and rapid flow of snow, often mixed with air and water, down a mountainside.Avalanches are____1____ the biggest dangers in the mountains for both life and property.All avalanches are caused by an over-burden of material, typically snowpack, that is too massive and unstable for the slope____2____ supports it.Determining the critical load, the amount of over-burden which is____3____ cause an avalanche, ____4____ acomplex task involving the evaluation of a number of factors.Terrain slopes flatter than25degrees or steeper than60degrees typically have a low
____5____ of avalanche.Snow does not____6____ significantly on steep slopes;also, snow does not ____7____ easily on flat slopes.Human-triggered avalanches have the greatest incidence when the snow’s angle of rest1 is____8____ 35 and45 degrees;the critical angle, the angle at which the human incidence of avalanches is greatest, is38degrees.The rule of thumb2 is: A slope that is____9____ enough to hold snow but steep enough to ski has the potential to generate an avalanche, regardless of the angle.Additionally3, avalanche risk increases with ____10____;that is, the more a slope is disturbed by skiers, die more lijkely it is that an avalanche will occur.Due to the complexity of the subject, winter travelling in the backcountry4 is never 100% safe.Good avalanche safety is a continuous____11____， including route selection and examination of the snowpack, weather____12____ and human factors.Several well-known good habits can also____13____ the risk.If local authorities issue avalanche risk reports, they should be considered and all warnings should be paid ____14____ to.Never follow in the tracks of others without your own evaluations;snow conditions are almost certain to have changed since they were made.Observe the terrain and note obvious avalanche paths where plants are____15____ or damaged.Avoid traveling below others who might trigger an avalanche.词汇：
avalanche n.雪崩 snowpack n.积雪场 terrain n.地形，地势
steep adj.险峻的，陆峭的 trigger v.引起，激发 incidence n.发生(率)ski v.滑雪
complexity n.复杂性 注释：
1.angle of rest：这里指积雪保持静止的角度。
2.rule of thumb：指“a broadly accurate principle, based on experience or practice rather than theory”，即“通用法则，经验法则' 3.Additionally：是一个副词，用来引人新的事实或论点，意为“此外”。4.backcountry：人烟稀少的地区 练习：
1.A among
B of
C to
D in 2.A when B that
C who
D whose 3.A mostly
B likely
C clearly
D surely 4.A are
B will be
C is
D was 5.A weight
B form
C risk
D work 6.A fall
B flow
C roll
D gather 7.A fall
B flow
C roll
D gather 8.A among
B between
C with
D for 9.A thick
B thin
C flat
D rocky 10.A use
B time
C snow
D rain 11.A journey
B trip
C fact
D process
12.A conditions
B reports
C forecast
D event 13.A increase
B reduce
C improve
D remove
14.A price
B effort
C attention
D money 15.A missing
B grown
C big
D fresh 答案与题解：
1.A 表“雪崩是山上可能发生的最大危险之一”的意思，因此应该选择among(在……之中)。
2.B 从该句的语法结构上来看，此处需要一个关系代词，代替slope，所以that是最佳选择。选项A、C、D均不符合语法。
3.B 选项A不合语法，C和D符合语法，但不符合常识：过度的雪的积压可能导致雪崩，而不是必定导致雪崩。所以，B是最佳答案。
4.C 该句的主语是Determining the critical load，从上下文来看应该使用一般现在时，所以C是正确答案。
5.C 要确定本题答案的一个有效的方法是排除法。a low weight/form work of avalanche都不合逻辑，只有a low risk of avalanche符合上下文的意思。下面的句子解释了low risk of avalanche的道理，更证实了选risk是正确的。
6.D 第6题和第7题可以一起考虑。整个句子的意思是：在较陡峭的坡面上，雪不会大量堆积。在较为平坦的坡面，雪不会轻易滑动。
7.B 见注释6。
8.B 理解了句子的意思就不难判断选项：雪在静止状态下，角度在35° ~45°之间，最可能发生人为触发的雪崩。between：在……之间。
9.C 这个句子说明的是什么样的山坡最易发生雪崩，即A slope that is flat enough to hold snow but steep enough to ski。flat在此作“平坦”解，与后面的steep形成反义。
10.A 句中的that is表明，后半部分是对前半部分的进一步说明。所以，这里的选择要根据下文的意思判断。use是最佳选择,整个句子的意思是：山坡被滑雪者使用得越多，雪崩就越有可能发生。
11.D 尽管选项A、B和D都能和continuous搭配，从全段的内容判断，只有process是最佳选择，因为该段描写的是如何防备雪崩以及如何做好安全措施等一系列问题。
12.A 选项A、B、C都可以与weather搭配，但是根据上下文，只有A最为符合文章的内容。
13.B 选项A不符合句子的意思;C不能和risk搭配;D也不符合句子的意思，因为不可能完全消除雪崩的隐患。
14.C 该句主句使用的是被动语态，第二个动词是pay attention to的被动形式。选项A、B、D均不符合句子的意思。
15.A 该句是作者给出的一系列忠告之一，即认真观察地形，注意明显的雪崩路径：没有植物或植物被毁坏的地方。选项B、C、D均不符合句意。
译文：雪崩和安全问题
雪崩是雪掺杂着空气和水沿着山体突然迅猛地滑动造成的。雪崩是造成山区人们生命和财产安全的最大危险之一。
所有雪崩都是由于物质的过渡负荷造成，通常是积雪堆积过厚，很不稳固，超出了山坡面的承载能力。要确定山坡的临界承载量，可能造成突然雪崩的负荷量是一项很复杂的任务，需要衡量多个因素。
通常倾斜度小于25度，大于60度的山坡发生雪崩的危险要小一些。积雪不会在陡峭的山坡上大量堆积，同样也不会在平缓的山坡上快速滑动。当雪在静止状态下的角度在35_45度之间，最可能发生人为触发的雪崩。人为引发雪崩的临界角度是38度，是最易人为引发雪崩的角度。常规经验是：一个平缓的足以堆积积雪，同时陡峭的适合人们滑雪的山坡，无论角度如何，都有可能产生雪崩。此外，雪崩的危险随着使用的增加而增加，换言之，滑雪者活动得越频繁，雪崩的可能性越大。由于雪崩研究的复杂性，冬天在人烟稀少的地区旅行从来不是百分之百的安全。很好地躲避雪崩，保持安全是一个连续的过程，包括选择路线、检查积雪、了解天气状况及其他人为因素。以下几个广为人知的好习惯也可以降低风险：如果当地权威部门发布了雪崩警报，你应当予以考虑，加以注意。绝不要不加审度，就立刻接受他人意见。积雪自形成的那时就几乎注定要发生变化。认真观察地形，注意明显的雪崩路径：没有植物或植物被毁坏的地方。不要在那些可能引发雪崩的人或事物下面行走。
第四篇Animal’s “Sixth Sense”
A tsunami was triggered by an earthquake in the Indian Ocean in December, 2004.It killed tens of thousands of people in Asia and East Africa.Wild animals,____1____, seem to have escaped that terrible tsunami.This phenomenon adds weight to notions that1 they possess a “sixth sense” for____2____, experts said.Sri Lankan wildlife officials have said the giant waves that killed over 24,000 people along the Indian Ocean island’s coast clearly____3____ wild beasts, with no dead animals found.“No elephants are dead, not____4____ a dead rabbit.I think animals can____5____ disaster.They have a sixth sense.They know when things are happening,” H.D.Ratnayake, deputy director of Sri Lanka’s Wildlife Department, said about one month after the tsunami attack.The____6____ washed floodwaters up to 2 miles inland at Yala National Park in the ravaged southeast, Sri Lanka’s biggest wildlife____7____ and home to hundreds of wild elephants and several leopards.“There has been a lot of____8____ evidence about dogs barking or birds migrating before volcanic eruptions or earthquakes.But it has not been proven,” said Matthew van Lierop, an animal behavior____9____ at Johannesburg Zoo.“There have been no____10____ studies because you can’t really test it in a lab or field setting2，” he told Reuters.Other authorities concurred with this____11____ ·
“Wildlife seem to be able to pick up certain____12____ especially birds...there are many reports of birds detecting impending disasters/’ said Clive Walker, who has written several books on African wildlife.Animals____13____ rely on the known senses such as smell or hearing to avoid danger such as predators.The notion of an animal “sixth sense” — or____14____ other mythical power — is an enduring one3 which the evidence on Sri Larika’s ravaged coast is likely to add to.The Romans saw owls____15____ omens of impending disaster and many ancient cultures viewed elephants as sacred animals endowed with special powers or attributes.词汇：
tsunami n.海啸
trigger v.引发，触发 ravaged adj.被毁坏的 leopard n.豹 eruption n.喷发 migrate v.迁移
volcanic adj.火山的
concur v.(with)同意，赞成 impending adj.迫近的 predator n.食肉动物 mythical adj.神话般的 owl n.猫头鹰
omen n.预兆，征兆 endow v.赋予 注释：
1.adds weight to notions that：更加相信
2.field setting：field意为“实地，野外”，setting意为“环境”。field setting可译为“野外环境”。3.enduring one：由来已久的信念。one指代在句首出现的notion。enduring意为“持久的，永久的”。练习：
1.A therefore
B however
C although
D whatever 2.A shelters
B foods
C disasters
D water 3.A missed
B protected
C raised
D caught 4.A such
B too
C so
D even 5.A feel
B see
C hear
D sense
6.A waves
B tides
C winds
D rivers 7.A birthplaces
B playground
C reserve
D storage 8.A experimental
B apparent
C scientific
D chemical 9.A specialist
B assistant
C supporter
D sponsor 10.A additional
B specific
C especial
D exceptional 11.A modification
B detection
C assessment
D value 12.A route
B behavior
C principle
D phenomenon 13.A unwillingly
B occasionally
C doubtfully
Dcertainly 14.A some
B much
C many
D few 15.A on
B as
C for
D in 答案与题解：
1.B 第一句说的是海啸造成了巨大的人员伤亡，第二句说的是动物能逃脱海啸的袭击。两
句意思相反，所以要用however承接上文。
2.C 上文说的是：海啸是一种自然灾害，所以“sixth sense”范围只能是disasters，不能是shelters，foods或water。
3.A 本句继续在对比海啸造成的人员伤亡和动物能逃脱海啸这一现象。答案应该是选项A(missed)。其他三个选项的词义与上下文都不相配。
4.D 从上下文判断，本句的意思应该是：没有大象死亡，甚至连一只野兔或兔子也没有死亡。“甚至”的英语是even。
5.D 全文说的是动物的第六感觉，而feel(触觉)，see，hear都属于前五个感觉，所以不是正确答案。
6.A 本说的是海的巨浪将洪水带到离海岸远达2英里的地方。正确答案应该是waves。
7.C 从上下文判断，本句的意思应该是：Yala国家公园是斯里兰卡野生动物最大的保护区，而birthplaces(出生地)、playground(操场)和storage(储存)都与上下文表达的意思接不上，因此不是答案。reserve的意思是“保护区”，不是“储备”或“保留”。因此，选项C是答案。
8.B 下一句说，这些迹象(evidence)并没有被证实。因此，这些迹象不可能是scientific的。而experimental和chemical的词义与上下文不配合，因此也不是答案。只有apparent(明显的)与上下文的意思相配。apparent的迹象还需得到科学的验证。
9.A 在动物园里工作并发表对动物行为的专业性见解的人一定是专家学者(specialist)。其他三个选项都不合适。
10.B 本段第一句是说明为什么evidence没有得到科学验证。原因是科学家无法在实验室或野外进行特定的实验，以验证动物预见灾难的第六感觉。理解了上下文的意思，就知道选specific是最合适的。其他三个选项的词义与上下文不符，additional，especial和exceptional分别是“额外的”、“特别的”和“例外的”意思。
11.C concurred with(同意)支配的宾语应该是view，opinion，judgment这一类词。前面句子说的是某位科学家指出无法验证动物预见灾难的第六感觉的困难所在，其他专家也同意这一看法，所以选assessment是正确的。
12.D 本句说的是动物特别是鸟有捕捉灾难来临前某些征兆的能力。route(路线)、behavior(行为)和principle(原则)与上述意思相去甚远，只有phenomenon是答案。
13.D 根据常识判断，动物是要依赖味觉、听觉等逃避食肉动物的攻击。unwillingly(不情愿地)occasionally(偶尔)和doubtfully(怀疑地)与上述意思有俘，只有certainly是合适的选项。
14.A 从本句的意思判断，应该是“某种神奇的能力”,所以要选some。
15.B 本句的意思是“将……看成”，而英语的用词是see...as，所以要选as。
译文：动物的“第六感”
2004年12月由印度洋海域地震引发的海啸造成亚洲和东非数万人死亡。但野生动物们似乎躲过了可怕的海啸的袭击。有专家表示，这进一步证实了动物对自然灾难有“第六感”的观点。斯里兰卡负责野生动物的官员表示，巨浪席卷印度洋海岛沿岸，淹死了两万四千多人，但野生动物似乎都幸免于难，目前尚未发现一具动物的尸体。
斯里兰卡野生动物部门的副部长H.D.拉特纳亚克在海啸袭击过后一个月说道：“没有一头大象死亡，甚至没有一只野兔死亡。我认为动物能够感知灾难。它们有‘第六感’，它们知道灾难何时发生。”海洪冲向离岸二英里远的亚拉国家公园，这里是斯里兰卡最大的野生动物保护区，生活着几百头野生大象和一些美洲豹，海啸引发的洪水使亚拉国家公园所在的东南部地区变得一片狼藉。
“每当火山爆发或地震发生前，动物们的行为就会发生许多异常，比如犬吠或鸟类迁徙，但这些现象尚未得到科学证明。”南非约翰内斯堡动物园的动物行为专家马修·范·利罗普说。他对路透社记者说：“目前还没有这方面的专门研究，因为你无法在实验室或实际环境中进行真正的试验。”其他专家也同意这一看法。
“野生动物似乎能够感知某些特殊现象，尤其是鸟类。很多报告显示鸟类能察觉即将来临的灾难。”克莱夫?沃克这样说，他曾经写过数本关于非洲野生动物的书。
一些动物确实是依靠嗅觉或听觉等人类已知的官能来躲避危险的，比如食肉动物。
关于动物“第六感”(或者其他神秘力量)的说法已有很长时间，斯里兰卡被摧残的海滩可能会为这一说法再添一笔证据。
罗马人把猫头鹰视为迫近凶险的征兆，很多古代文明都将大象看做拥有特殊能力或特征的“圣兽”。
第五篇Singing Alarms Could Save the Blind
If you cannot see, you may not be able to1 find your way out of a burning building — and that could be fatal.A company in Leeds could change all that2____1____ directional sound alarms capable of guiding you to the exit.Sound Alert, a company____2____ the University of Leeds, is installing the alarms in a residential home for____3____ people in Sommerset and a resource centre for the blind in Cumbria.____4____ produce a wide range of frequencies that enable the brain to determine where the____5____ is coining from.Deborah Withington of Sound Alert says that the alarms use most of the frequencies that can be____6____ by humans.“It is a burst of white noise____7____ people say sounds like static on the radio，” she says.“Its life-saving potential is great.”
She conducted an experiment in which people were filmed by thermal-imaging cameras trying to find their way out of3 a large____8____ room.It____9____ them nearly four minutes to find the door____10____ a sound alarm, but only 15 seconds with one.Withington studies how the brain____11____ sounds at the university.She says that the____12____ of a wide band of frequencies can be pinpointed more easily than the source of a narrow band.Alarms____13____ the same concept have already been installed on emergency vehicles.The alarms will also include rising or falling frequencies to indicate whether people should go up____14____ down stairs.They were____15____ with the aid of a large grant from British Nuclear Fuels.词汇：
directional adj.定向的 exit n.出口 install v.安装
residential adj.居住的 static n.静电噪声 potential n.潜力
thermal-imaging热效应成像 pinpoint v.精确地确定 concept n.概念，观念 emergency n.紧急情况 grant n.授予物，准许 注释：
1.在谓语动词中，不能并列使用两个情态动词，如may和can就不能并列使用。如果由于表达需要，要同时用“可能”和“能够”，就得说(写)成may be able to。如： I may be able to come tomorrow, but I cannot promise.我可能明天来，但我不可能作出承诺。2.that指第一句所表达的意思。
3....find their way out of...：意为“找到从出去的路”。练习：
1.A without
B with
C having
D selling 2.A run by
B changed by
C decorated by
D criticized by 3.A slow
B deaf
C blind
D lame 4.A Alarms
B Alarm
C The alarm
D The alarms 5.A noise
B sound
C music
D bell 6.A watched
B produced
C learnt
D heard 7.A where
B what
C that
D how 8.A smoked
B smoke-filled
C filled with smoke
D smoke-filling 9.A has taken
B takes
C took
D will take 10.A on
B near
C without
D from 11.A processes
B produces
C possesses
D proceeds 12.A feature
B quality
C diagram
D source
13.A basis on
B base on
C basing on
D based on 14.A or
B and
C but
D otherwise 15.A developed
B determined
C discovered
D delivered 答案与题解：
1.B 空格后是一种装置，用它来改变火灾时找不到出口的危险境况。表达“用……装置”这层意思就要用介词with。其他几项均不符合句子的意思。
2.A Sound Alert是一家公司的名字，a company是Sound Alert的同位语，根据句意判断，应选择run by，意为“由……经营的”。其他选项虽然语法正确，但都与句意不符。
3.C 从文章标题以及文章内容和本句后面部分resource center for the blind，可以推断这里最好的选择就是C。
4.D 因为这种警告装置已在上文中提到：第一段中的directional sound alarms，第二段中的installing the alarms in a residential home...，所以这里的alarms是特指，要用定冠词。选项C是错误的，因为它是单数形式。
5.B 句子的前半句有a wide range of frequencies,发出来的应该是sound，而不是令人烦躁的noise。用music或bell都有些突然，与上下文的意思不连贯。
6.D 文章一直在讨论警报器、声音和波长，所以首先排除选项A;从上下文的意思看，不可能是选项B和C，因为警报器的制造，就是为了让失明的人听到。
7.C 选择A、B、D均不能构成语义连贯的句子，而且语法上也有问题。选项C能使句子结构成为“It is...that”的强调句型。
8.B 从所给的选项可以看出，这里要表达的意思是“烟火弥漫的房间”。有了这个理解，现在要做的就是选择正确的表达形式。A是“烟熏的”，D是“使……烟火弥漫的”，所以意思不对，C填入后就出现filled with smoke room，不符合语法。只有B是正确选项。
9.C 这里显然是“It takes somebody+time+动词不定式”的句型，但选择什么时态是关键。从上句看，应选择一般过去时，因为整个段落是对一次实验的描写，而且上面一句也使用了一般过去时。
10.C 后半句的one指上半句中的a sound alarm。该句上半句和下半句由but连接，表示相反的意思，从后半句的with可以看出，两个相对比的事物是:the door without a sound alarm和the door with a sound alarm，所以选择C。
11.A 选项B、C和D显然是错误的，因为词义不符。只有选项A是答案。句子的意思是，Withington在她的大学里研究大脑如何处理声音。
12.D 句子中的more...than表示该句是对两样事物的对比。than后面是the source of a narrow band,这里的narrow和前半句的wide形成反比，从上下文中可以看出，the source of a narrow band of(frequencies)是和the source of a wide band of frequencies形成对比。
13.D 这个句子有主语alarms，有谓语have been installed，这里应填入动词的分词形式。be based on是常用的搭配，所以应选择动词的过去分词形式。选项A的basis是名词，明显是错的。
14.A 根据上半句中的rising or falling frequencies，这里应填入or，与上半句表达的意思相一致。音频升高表示上楼，音频降低表示下楼。
15.A首先确定主语They指的是第一句中的主语The alarms，后半句说这种设备得到大笔
资助。根据上文内容，我们知道资助的目的是开发这种alarms，所以应该选择developed。
译文：警报器救盲人
如果看不见，那你可能会因找不到路而逃不出一幢失火楼房，那将是致命的。英国利兹市的一家公司发明的一种可指方向的警报器可能会把你引向出口。声音警报是一家由利兹大学设立的公司。该公司现在正在为位于萨莫塞特的一家盲人收容所和位于卡姆布雷亚的一家盲人资源中心安装此种装置。这种警报器发出的频率范围广，使人脑可以判断出声音的来源。
该公司的戴博拉?威星顿称此种警报器使人类可以听到大部分音频。她说：“它们是一种突发的频谱连续而均匀的声音。人们感觉它们听上去就像是收音机发出的静电噪声，其在救人方面潜力巨大。”
她进行了一次试验。她让人们在一所充满浓烟的大屋子里设法找到出路，同时她用热效应成像摄像机进行拍摄。在没有警报器时，这些人用了近4分钟才找到门，而在警报器的指引下，只用了15秒。
她在大学里对人脑如何处理声音进行研究，并提出与波段窄的频率相比，人们更易发现波段宽的音响源。基于此理论的警报器已被应用于急救车上。这种警报器也容纳了音频的升降，以指示人们上下楼。这种设备是得到英国核燃料组织的大笔资助才开发成功的。
第五篇：[补全短文和完型填空]2012年职称英语 考前培训班重点资料
第五部分补全短文：
1）出题特点：①所有A级一样，B级一样，C级一样。难度较大
②核心是理顺空格前后句连贯一致。方法：放进去试试前后是否连贯
2）解题思路和解题步骤：①猜段落主旨（段落结构：A.每段一个意思，句首讲主旨，中间用例子和细节展开，后面总结；B先述通常情况做为铺垫，接下来通过对比转折到作者真正意图。特征是有转折词）依此理论排除根本不可能的选项，留下可能选项。
②先看短文后A-F 6个句子。
③后看短文，重点盯住每个填空处的前句和后句。空格句连通前后句，从而猜空格大致是什么，据此连贯理论排除根本不可能的选项，留下可能选项。
3）解题方法和技巧
①当先看A-F六个句子时，一定要划出“特定词”或“关联词”
特定词和关联词主要有：1.“连同、一起”，2.表时间的介词 3.代词，4.定冠词5.“the+名词” 6.复数人称代词7.单数人称代词 8.固定搭配：neither„nor,either„or, not only„but also等。
9、other, another 关联词为the+名词，前一句会出现the 后的名词。 关联词为the second，前一句会出现the first。 关联词为they, 上一句会出现复数名词。
关联词为人名，依据男性人名或者女性人名，下一句将出现he或者she。
②当盯住每个填空处的前句或者后句时，要重点寻找与“特定词”或“关键词”相关的词，以便确定选项。
重点词意思是”连同、一起”，说明重点词后的单词会在横线前一句出现。 重点词是表时间的介词，说明重点词后的单词会在横线前一句出现
重点词是代词，说明横线前会出现与重点词相应单复数的人称代词或名词 4.重点词是定冠词，说明横线前会出现重点词后的词
“the +名词”作主语，说明上一句有此名词，或下一句会出现it(单数)或they（复数）
如果是复数人称代词，表示其指代复数名词，之前出现过复数名词或相应人称代词。 如果是单数人称代词，表示其指代单数名词，之前出现过单数名词或相应人称代词。 固定搭配：neither„nor,either„or, not only„but also等。 重点词是other, another等，说明横线前有与之相对应的情况。
③如无法确定，就要看懂填空处的前句或后句，以便从A-F6句中找出合乎逻辑，又相通相顺的一项。
4)提示：
a)细节句可能是答案尤其是涉及到数字的选项是答案 b)涉及到篇章逻辑连词副词可能是答案； c)最长项必是选项，EF常是选项； d)细节句常接连出现。
5）争取做正确一个，蒙正确一个。
第六部分：完型填空 1）出题特点：
a)各自独立，绝大多数出现在划定篇幅中，偶有从阅读理解中出题的可能性。b)文章有改变，特别是空格移位现象多见。选项变化时宜查词典与原来答案同意词就是答案。完形填空的换空率接近50% c)个别级别，特别是阅读押两道题者，有做为完型填空的可能性。2．要求：①以押题为重点。
②补全答案研习该篇，英汉对照阅读，搞懂每句话，熟悉空格处词义 ③出现空格移位时，空格内的词和原文的词义是同义替换（查词典）
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