关于动物权利的雅思作文

第一篇：关于动物权利的雅思作文

With the tremendous development of modern society and science,experimentations become an essential impetus to the scientific advancement.Accordingly, the using of animals in experimentations is raising people's attention for the number of it has exceeded 8 millions according to figures ,what a huge amount!Which means 8 millions lives disappeared by force.Some people persevere this standpoint that human being is the domination of the world ,who has the domination patent of using animals to the experimentations for the purpose of progress of science.As well as the sacrifice of animals is prerequisite to some extent.Not only agriculture、industry、medical science、hereditism、military but necessities of our daily life ,the using of animals in experimentations plays an significant role to these researches ,The Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences data shows that three fourths research achievements depends on the experiment animals every year.However, the others take prohibiting using animals in experimentations for granted ,especially zoophilists.From a modern perspective, they understand that equal rights take precedence over scientific interest.Science improvements should not at the expense of animals.How can the animals' rights be neglected as the human rights has been upraised to

a high position which touch off so many watchful eyes that every country has to do something for their management and legislation.If evolution is survival of the fittest, why should we give them a peaceful and safe environment not force them in death for experimentations but let them go? My friend, a student in college of medicine posted a card in Internet says that when the using of animals in experimentations can over, seeing these innocent animals lost their life for a reason to research is so cruel.We can never taste the painful feeling of experimental animals.injection narcosis surgery seaming even struggling against death.Every step they taking stands drastic sufferings.how dear can we leave them in this situation ? It is a vivid life ,not a thing but our company in this world ,who own a longer living history than we human being.All in all，every thing has two sides ,what we should attach importance to is judging and weighing which side is more meaningful and worthy.If you ask me ,i will provide you a viewpoint that the using animals in experimentations is so ruthless and brutal that should be forbided as soon as possible.Of course the science moving step is necessary for us ,however,which can not be a powerful reason that we can ending a life without permit.And we can use dead humans

cell or organs to the experimentations instead of vivid animals ,As the technology of science high developed ,we has no hinder that we can create a now tool or something kinds like appliances can be used in experimentations.Remember we are a member of living lives ,we are equal ,please do not deprive the rights of animals ,just give them a space to be a

life.

第二篇：雅思大作文：动物保护

最权威的国际教育服务平台

雅思大作文范文：动物保护、本文是雅思大作文范文：动物保护，供大家阅读参考。认真研读一定的雅思范文及作文模板可以帮助我们检验自己的写作水平，并能很好地吸收和应用优秀范文里的优秀内容。

Wild animals have no place in the 21st century.Some people think that preventing these wild animals from dying out is a waste of resource.To what extent do you agree or disagree with this opinion.Biological diversity has never been so threatened as it is today as a result of the process of human civilization.The various forms of pressure created by human activity have destroyed natural balance, led to the deterioration of natural habitats, genetic erosion and the rarity, even disappearance, of a number of plant and animal species.As the pace of civilization accelerates, more people, taking more space, needing to use more natural resources, engaging in ever-growing consumption, impose severe deterioration on the habitat of animals.An increasing number of people come to realize that the disappearance of animals will result in serious threat to the equilibrium of ecosystem.Simply put, the extinction of hawks, a rat-eating bird seen in many

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最权威的国际教育服务平台

regions, will result in the rapid propagation of rats.And rats, further, will destroy the prairies and threaten the other animals like gazelles, zebras and others, who live on grass and green lands.The coexistence of animals and human beings creates perfect harmony and brings about the vividness to our planet.It is hard to imagine what our world would be like without animals.Sociologists also point out that the disappearance of animals can cause social and economic problems.Animal trade, as a supporting sector to the world economy, was very active before.However, the situation is beyond control since animal trade is very profitable and alluring.Many species cannot escape the adversity of being killed.Certainly, our diet cannot be without meat.There are living stocks, which can provide us with sufficient and nutritious produce.Therefore, we need not to resort to wild animals, especially the endangered ones.To protect animals is to protect our living environment.Every individual should join efforts to keep the diversity of animals.资料来源：教育优选 http://www.xiexiebang.com/

第三篇：自然辩证法论文：动物权利

动物权利

摘 要：一些学者认为动物跟我们人类一样，可以感知痛苦，并拥有情感。所以它们应该拥有获得尊重对待的平等权利。所以，人类对动物的任何利用方式都是错误的，要求人类完全废除对动物的利用。本人认为，这种激进的完全废除主义是不可能实现的，动物权利违背了绝大多数人类的利益,所以动物没有权利。本文通过实例，论述动物并不具有权利这一现实，同时正确看待动物在自然界中的重要地位，我们应该看到动物保护有利于促进人类进步和社会发展的一面。关键词：动物权利、道德、权利

一、动物权利的概念

为了提高人类的知识水平，在合理地尊重动物的安乐和符合人道主义精神的前提下，大多数人都承认动物实验的必要性，但是，一个不同的声音和一个逐渐增大的少数派极端分子团体则要求完全放弃为人类目的的，包括实验目的的动物使用，这些人赞成所谓的动物权利这样一种哲学观念。从这一思维方式出发，他们认为动物具有与人类一样的法律和道德权利。

二、动物权利的观点

汤哲学家姆·雷根认为动物天生拥有权利，老鼠和鸡都拥有子午，就像人拥有道德自我一样，他们有资格获得道德尊重，就像人有资格获得道德尊重一样。任何人以任何借口侵犯它们权利的行为都是不道德的，包括吃肉和把动物用于医学研究等。

相反，卡尔·科亨教授则认为，动物并没有权利，但这并不代表我们没有善待或者以仁慈的方式对待它们的义务，但是这种义务并不是来自它们的权利，而是来自这样两个事实，即它们能够感受痛苦，而我们负有避免导致不必要的痛苦或死亡的一般义务。这种义务来源于人作为道德代理人所具有的尊严。

本人赞同动物并不具有权利这一观点。之所以人们认为动物会拥有权利这一观点，一般因为他们混淆了动物道德状况和人的道德状况，然后把仅仅能够正确运用于人的那些概念和原则运用于动物。罗纳德·罗林认为：活着就拥有这利益，生命权，除非是自卫否则无权杀害。赛庞提斯认为：拥有利益，有感觉，就有权利。如果人作为实验对象就必须征得同意，那么动物也是个体，也必须征得他们的同意。但是我们能从动物有利益、有感觉这一事实合理地推导出动物有权利，动物和人类一样拥有道德自主性吗？

下面，本人将通过几方面来论述为什么动物不具有权利这一说法。第一，如果动物具有权利，那么它们应该具有哪些权利呢？生命的两大基本需求是生存和繁衍，在这里人和动物是一致的，那么参考人权的内容：生命权、婚恋自由权、财产权、人身自由权等等，那么转换到动物身上就可以是生存权、个体自由权、免受折磨权等等，一些学者则认为动物还应该拥有免受饥渴的自由、免受疾病，伤害，疼痛的自由、免受痛苦和恐惧的自由、表达天性的自由等等。

那么我们在思考下面一些问题，第一个问题是：一些医学上的治疗方法是通过在动物身上进行实验才获得的，而治疗的方法可以造福人类，那么你愿意去为了动物的权利而去剥夺人类的医疗权利吗？第二个问题是：如果说动物拥有权利，那么一只老鼠的死亡可以等同于一个人的死亡吗？第三个问题是：吃肉在道德上是不是等同于谋杀？第四个问题是：一个着火的房间里有一个人类小孩和一只狗，这是你恰巧经过，你会选择救那个？第五个问题是：豢养宠物和占有奴役在道德上是不是有相同的意义？显然，认为动物具有权利的观点在这里并不能站得住脚。因为我们人类必然是自私的，所谓人不为己天诛地灭，我们人类会在保证自己的利益不受侵害的前提下才会考虑其他事物的利益。所以对于第一个问题，我们肯定会选择造福人类自身，因为它可以满足大多数人的利益。对于第二个问题，就从人类本身而言，一个人的死亡必然不能等同于一只老鼠死亡那么简单，一只老鼠死了就是死了，它不会像一个人死了那样会有安葬和追悼。而第三个问题，吃肉在道德上如果等同于谋杀的话，我们绝大部分人类都是谋杀的凶手，这不是很荒谬吗？第四个问题，毫无疑问你肯定会选择救人类。第五个问题，我们对于宠物投入的情感要比其他家禽什么的要多的多，那对于家禽的豢养算是占有奴役的话，我们对于宠物是否算是爱的占有和奴役？如果动物有权利，那前面所有答案相反，这绝对不会被人们所接受，甚至可以说是反人类的思想了。所以说动物是不可能具有权利的。

第二，从道德的角度来说，动物也不具有权利，只不过我们却对它们负有许多的义务，负有做出仁慈行为的义务。所谓道德，也是我们人类自己的主观意识的呈现，道德的标准也是由我们人类自己定的，道德只存在于我们人类世界中，当我们的认知不断成熟时，道德的评判标准也随之改变。

尝试这样一个思想实验：在广阔的非洲大草原上，一直年幼的瞪羚羊，在母亲不小心离开的瞬间被一直猎豹抓住，咬断了它的喉咙，拖入了的远处的丛林中。你会作何感想？如果我们有能力保护的话，我们会去阻止吗？在试想，这时把瞪羚羊换做成一个人类小孩，我们又会怎么做？我们要如何去解释这两者之间的道德差别？毫无疑问，我们会对受威胁的人拥有更大的同情心，同时我们还承认（有意识或者潜意识的），小瞪羚羊的道德地位和婴儿的道德地位有着深刻的差别。在道德世界中，权利是很重要的，但必须予以认真对待，但是瞪羚羊、猎豹和其他的动物都不生活在人类道德的世界中，对它们而言，不存在道德上的对错之分。我们再来设想一下这样一个场景：某天你在开车去上班的途中，路中突然冲出来了一只小狗，刹车已然来不及，撞上它已不可避免，当你听到车底发出的撞击声，你咬紧牙齿，你很难过，但你的内心在对自己说，如果小狗被撞死的话，希望它没有遭受太大的痛苦，你可能仍然会驾车前行。这时候，假设那不是一只小狗，而是一个刚刚学步的小孩，因为父母不注意，走到了路中，你在恐惧中急转弯，小孩被严重的撞伤，害怕、恐惧向你袭来，一般情况下你肯定会停下来，做你能做的事，赶紧抱起它去医院，联系家人，请求他们的谅解，做出赔偿，以后你还会去医院探望他，给他带礼物等等。那么为什么两种情况下你的反应会如此之大呢？因为这些都源于你对两者的不同道德地位的直觉理解，源于你认识到，小孩拥有全世界范围内你都不能去侵犯的权利，而另一个（尽管有感觉，或许还招人喜欢）却不拥有这权利。

人类有采取仁慈行为的权利，但是利用动物以促进人的福祉研究，并没有侵犯它们的权利，因为动物没有权利，权利不适用于它们。

第三，权利与义务是相统一的，人类拥有着很多的权利，但同时也承担着很多的义务。那么如果动物具有权利，与之所匹配的义务是什么呢？我们人类确实对动物负有很多的义务，但是这种义务是从动物拥有权利这一前提产生出来的吗？否认动物权利的实在性并不意味着否认我们对动物的义务。并不是所有的义务都来源于别人的权利。权利和义务之间的关系不是堆成的。即时权利这一概念不可能适用于动物，但我们对它们也负有做出仁慈行为的义务。所以说动物不可能成为权利的拥有者，因为权利这一概念在本质上属于人，它根植于人的道德世界，且仅在人的世界里才发挥效力和适用性。

第四，对于动物本身而言，认知能力、交流和推理能力都不是问题所在，情绪的能力、偏好和记忆的差别也不是问题所在，即时它们有这些能力，它们也不可能以道德的方式去行动或成为道德共同体的成员。人类群落和动物群落生活的相似性并不能成为物种之间道德平等的基础。一个能遵循真正的道德判断的存在必须要能够理解行为的原理，也必须有能力理解道德论证中的伦理前提的普遍性。

动物权利论所犯的根本错误是，把一个某种环境中非常有意义的概念（道德权利概念）运用到了另一个在其中这一概念毫无意义的环境中。

三、总结

事实证明，动物并不生活在人类的道德世界中，权利根植于人的道德世界中，仅在人的世界才能发挥作用，所以动物并不具备权利。我们不应该混淆动物道德状况和人的道德状况，然后把仅仅能够正确运用于人的那些概念和原则运用于动物。

参考文献：

[1]杨健雄.动物权利的法律问题研究[D].新疆大学 2014 [2]秦思.动物权利研究[D].吉林大学,2006.[3]苏欣.动物权利之争[D].吉林大学,2011.[4]张文显,姚建宗.权利时代的理论景象[J].法制与社会展,2005,(05):5-17.[5]刘文燕,刘滨.生态法学的基本结构[J].现代法学,1998,(06):100-101.[6]杨通进.动物拥有权利吗[J].河南社会科学,2004,(06):29-32.[7]孔曙光.“动物权利论”批判[D].中国海洋大学,2012.[8]曹丽荣.野生动物资源的法律保护[J].四川动物,2011,30(02):288-292.[9]巩固.环保与法治,何以平衡?——环境判例的另类解读[J].朝阳法律评论,2010,(01):237-250.[10]高巍.动物福利的正当性基础[J].思想战线,2010,36(02):87-91.[11]曹明德,刘明明.对动物福利立法的思考[J].暨南学报(哲学社会科学版),2010,32(01):41-46.[12]孙江.从“非人类中心主义”看动物权利的理论基础[J].河北法学,2009,27(04):146-150.[13]郑清贤.“动物不是物,而是权利主体”论质疑[J].莆田学院学报,2008,15(06):21-24.[14]杜光秋.动物法律地位辨析[J].湖北函授大学学报,2008,21(04):57-59.[15]蔡守秋.简评动物权利之争[J].中州学刊,2006,(06):58-64.[16]武培培,包庆德.当代西方动物权利研究评述[J].自然辩证法研究,2013,29(01):73-78.[17]赵桂华.从动物权利到动物福利:动物保护的现实路径选择[J].中国环境管理干部学院学报,2017,27(04):8-11+89.[18]陶海柱.浅议动物权利保护的伦理理据[J].学理论,2010,(05):90-91.[19]王晓华.动物权利之辩[J].书屋,2011,(03):36-39.[20]应一扬.基于“动物权利”的几点思考[J].湘潮(下半月),2014,(07):67-69.[21]T.雷根,杨通进.关于动物权利的激进的平等主义观点[J].哲学译丛,1999,(04):23-31.

第四篇：动物的权利An animals Place

动物的权利

我第一打开SINGER《动物解放》这本书的时候，我正独自在棕榈树餐厅吃饭，享受着半熟的牛眼肉牛排。这听起来好像认知上很矛盾（也许还不消化），这就是我的观点。对于动物权利支持者，虽然这事看起来很荒谬，我现在干的事等于作为一个白人在1852年的南方种植园里读着《汤姆叔叔小屋》。

SINGER和他日益壮大的追随者们让我们想象将来，未来人们回顾我在牛排馆的这顿饭，会同样看成是落后时代的遗风遗俗。吃动物的肉，穿动物的皮，用动物做实验，斗牛运动：所有这些对我们来说完全正常的行为，未来会被看做是野蛮人。将来有一天，我们将会把“物种主义”（这个新造词我之前只当做玩笑）看作是一种歧视像白人至上种族主义或者反犹太主义一样没道理的。

1975年，澳大利亚哲学家SINGER的《动物的解放》第一次出版，他现在在普林斯顿教书。他相信他顺应历史潮流而动，最近人权斗争就是序曲，人权解放斗争一个跟着一个取得了胜利。虽然慢但是必然的，白人接纳的圈子扩大首先从黑人开始，然后是妇女，再然后是同性恋。每个例子中的群体曾被认为与主流的我们不同而不配有人权，经过斗争，都承认到社会中。现在轮到动物了。

动物解放是人类道德进步的下一步，这个观点已经不再是边缘的思想了。1975年提出来，哲学家、伦理学家、法律教授和激进分子，这些人都相信我们这个时代最伟大的道德斗争是为动物权利而斗争。

动物解放运动已经取得了巨大的胜利在欧洲。今年初，德国成为赋予动物宪法权利的第一个国家，在“强迫国家尊重和保护人的尊严”后面加入了动物的尊严。英格兰不允许为了扒皮养殖动物。一些欧洲国家，猪不允许被限制在板条箱里，下蛋鸡也不许放在铁丝笼子里，一层层摞着的铁丝笼子小得鸡都不能展开翅膀。瑞士正在修改他们的法律，把动物的地位从“物品”变为“一个有生命的存在”。

虽然在美国法律中动物仍然是“东西”，但是变化正在进行中。37个州最近通过了法律把对动物的残忍行为定为犯罪，21个州通过了公投。由于活动家的抗议，麦当劳和汉堡王在宰杀动物获得肉食的方式取得了有意义的进步。农业和化妆品业、服装业都在通过引导大众关注动物福利的方式努力减少危害。

曾经把这些观点看作是左翼观点，现在这些运动已经穿越了意识形态的界限（无论左右都认为重要）。代表动物最有说服力的诉求是一本叫《统治》的新书。是由为小布什写演讲稿的人撰写。曾经让大家认为非常边缘非常奇怪的观点现在也成为主流文化。一项民意调查发现，51%的美国人相信灵长动物应该被赋予一样的和人类儿童权利。

现在的现状如何呢？这是一件全民混乱的事。同一时间人们道德思考的范畴已经延伸到了动物，但在工业化农场和实验室里我们加在动物身上的痛苦比历史上任何时候都多。一个又一个科学研究瓦解了我们的宣称：人类是特殊的独一无二，每一样文化、工具制作、语言，甚至自我意识都是不是我们人类独有的。我们为生活更有条理宰杀的大部分动物，在笛卡尔的思想里，他宣称这些动物仅仅是机器，不能思考和感受。我们和动物之间的关系存在着矛盾的特质，柔情和残忍并存。今年美国有一半的狗得到了圣诞礼物，但很少有人停下来想想猪的悲惨生活。猪有和狗一样的智力，但他们却变成了圣诞火腿。

我们容忍这种断档，因为猪的生活在我们的视线之外。最后一次你看见猪是什么时候？除了宠物，真正的动物，活还是死，不会出现在我们每天的生活中。肉来自杂货店，在那已经被切割和包装得很难看出是动物的哪一部分。动物从我们生活中消失，造成了空档，让我们没有现实做检验，我们对动物是柔情还是残忍。这就是我们生存的世界，在动物的问题上，这个空间既有动物保护者也有FP这一种残害动物的人，这两种人都活得挺好。

几年前，英国评论家写了篇文章“为什么要看动物？”他认为我们和动物之间的交流没有了，尤其是眼神的交流没有了——让我们在和其他物种的关系上十分迷惑。那种眼神交流，通常难以用语言表达出来，但却每时每刻提醒我们动物和我们有什么相似或不同的特征。在它们眼中，我们可以看见我们熟悉的东西（痛苦，眼泪，柔情）和陌生的东西。基于这种悖论，人们与动物建立了一种关系，我们可以既尊重动物又可以毫无愧疚的吃他们。但这种和谐关系被打破了，最近，或者我们做贼心虚的吃肉，或者食素。对我来说这两种观点我都不赞同，这就是我为什么能在牛排馆读《动物解放》。

到底是我们吃动物的肉重要，还是动物保命重要，这导致了动物是否痛苦这个难以回答的问题。难回答因为我们不可能知道牛、或是猩猩脑子里想什么。我们脑子里的神经是相似的，我们有极好的理由推断，其他人感到的疼痛和自己一样。

我没发现还有人同意笛卡尔的观点，相信动物不会感到疼痛，因为它们没有心灵。科学家和哲学家达成了相同的共识，谈到痛苦，高级一点的动物因为相同进化的原因大脑结构和我们很像，所以我们要考虑深层的东西，狗被踢了一定会疼。事实上，大量动物实验重要的前提，也是实验有价值的原因，在于动物感受的生理上甚至心理上的痛苦和我们人类是一样的。否则，为什么化妆品实验者要向兔子眼睛里滴药水看它们疼不疼？为什么研究脑损伤的人要把大猩猩弄成脑损伤？心理学家为了诱发抑郁症和习得性无助把狗暴露在无止境的随机电击？

有人会争论人和动物之间的痛苦有很大差别。这是质的区别，人有语言，通过言语还有思想，我们还能对我们的现状有不同的想象。哲学家D建议我们在疼痛和痛苦之间画一条界线。疼痛是大多数动物都能感到的，痛苦取决于自我意识的程度，只有很少的动物感受到。痛苦不是疼痛的叠加，而是由于人类的情感让它更剧烈，失落，悲哀，担心，悔恨，自怜，羞耻，耻辱，极度恐惧。

以阉割为例。没人否认这种做法会使动物疼痛，但动物对这种疼会过去，但人不行。（一种猴子为争抢配偶会咬掉对手的睾丸，第二天失败者伤口不疼了就感觉没事了）这种痛苦会展现出另一种层次上的极度痛苦，因为人能够理解阉割意味什么，预测思索这会给他带来什么。同理，言语以及伴随着语言而出现的一切，可以使一些疼痛更容易忍受。看牙医对大猩猩只是疼痛，他不能理解为什么，但人会忍受。

The similarities and differences between human and animals in terms of pain and suffering.在养鸡场和猪的围栏饲养场里，给疼痛和痛苦之间划界限并不容易。这些地方道德哲学的精妙和对动物的认知一文不值，所有一切从达尔文开始教给我们的动物知识都被置之不理。参观现代围栏饲养场意味着进入了一个世界，这个世界虽然技术很先进，但却是按笛卡尔落后的理论设计：动物是机器不会感到疼痛。由于我们任何一个能思考的人都不可能再相信迪尔的观点。工业化畜牧业（能够经营下去）依靠的是，经营方对迪卡理论明知不对而悬置起来，而其他人自愿选择视而不见。

我所了解的，产蛋鸡和猪的经营是最差的。在美国虽然肉牛站在没过脚脖子的粪便里，吃着让它们生病的配方饲料，但它们至少生活在户外。肉鸡虽然它们的尖喙被烧热的剪子剪掉，以避免它们在圈养的压力下互相啄咬，但至少它们没有在8星期都住在连展开翅膀都不行的小笼子里。这种命运是留给美国另一种产蛋鸡的。他们短暂的寿命是和另外6只一起堆在一个小笼子里，每只鸡只有一页杂志那么大的地方。鸡的每一个自然的天性都被剥夺了，导致它们行为失常了包括：咬他的笼友，在铁丝上把自己蹭出血。疼痛，痛苦，还是疯狂？运营方对迪卡理论不相信的悬置依赖于一种更加中性的描述，像“习惯”，“压力”。不论你怎么去说笼子里发生的事，有10%的鸡因为忍受不了死去，死的这10%被计入生产成本。没死的那些鸡产蛋量下降了，它们会被强制脱毛，不给食物、水和光亮关几天，以刺激它们在存栏期再下一轮蛋。

饲养场的小猪在他们出生10天后就断奶（自然情况13周才断奶），因为他们吃添加了激素

和抗生素的饲料长肉更快。提前断奶给猪的一生留下了吸吮和咀嚼的欲望，在饲养场猪为了满足欲望就咬他前面猪的尾巴。正常的猪会回击它的攻击者，但是一只绝望的猪已经不理这些攻击了。习得性无助是人类心理学术语，但在动物饲养场里很常见。上万头猪度过了他们整整一生，没见过阳光、土或干草，一起挤在金属笼子里，这种笼子底是铁条的悬挂在粪坑上。像猪这样敏感和聪明的动物就会很沮丧，而沮丧的猪会允许自己的尾巴被嚼的感染。生病的猪就不能当做是生产单位，会被当场棒杀。美国农业部推荐了针对这个问题的“剪尾巴”方法。不使麻药用一副板子，把大部分尾巴夹掉。为什么留一小截？因为这个举动的目的不是把咬尾巴的目标移走，而是让尾巴更敏感。现在被咬尾巴太疼了，再沮丧的猪都要反击避免被咬。

我的这些描述都是从《统治》这本书截下的，MS的书中对北卡莱埃纳生猪饲养场进行了毛骨悚然的描述。S是基督教保守派，他对左翼权利的说法不赞同，相反他提出上帝给了人控制动物的权力，但也告诫人要对动物仁慈。“上帝召唤我们善待动物，不是因为动物的权利权力，或是所谓的平等，而是他们在我们面前是那么无助和不平等（人类应该善良一些）。”

第五篇：雅思作文 保护动物

The time and money spent on the protection of wild animals should be spent on improving human lives instead.To what extent do you agree or disagree? We are facing many problems that affect the whole planet.Some people think that good relationships between different countries are more important than ever before.Do you agree or disagree? Some people think that high school students should be encouraged to evaluate their teachers.Others, however, believe that will result in loss of respect and discipline in the classroom.Discuss both these views and give your own opinion.Once children start school, teachers have more influence than parents on their intellectual and social development.To what extent do you agree or disagree? Some people believe that students should study a wide range of subjects.Others, however, argue that students should focus on the subjects they are best at or they find most interesting.Discuss both these views and give your own opinion.Students from rural areas often find it difficult to access university education.Some people think that universities should make it easier for them to access higher education.To what extent do you agree or disagree? Distance education delivered via the Internet or television has more advantages than classroom-based education.Do you agree or disagree with this opinion? There are many problems associated with mobile phones.Do you think the disadvantages of mobile phones outweigh the advantages? The Internet will replace books as the main source of information.To what extent do you agree or disagree? As global trade increases, many goods, including some daily goods, are exported to other countries.Such goods are usually transported over long distances.Do the benefits of this trend outweigh the drawbacks? Some people believe that the government can improve public health by increasing the number of sports facilities and promoting healthy diets, while others think that other measures should be taken.Discuss both these views and give your own opinion.12 Many people think that private companies, rather than the government, should pay for cleaning up the environment.Do you agree or disagree? Many people today are too busy with their work and do not have enough time to spend with their family and friends.What are the main causes of this? What effects does it have on individuals and society as a whole? The government should not provide financial support for elderly people because it is the responsibility of each person to prepare for retirement.Do you agree or disagree? If a product is good and can meet people’s needs, people will buy it.Advertising in the media is no more than a form of entertainment.Do you agree or disagree? Some people think that we live in a consumer society where money and possessions are given too much importance.Others, however, believe that consumer culture plays an important role in improving our lives.Discuss both these views and give your own opinion.Some people think that cultural traditions will be destroyed if they are used as money-making attractions aimed at tourists.Others, however, believe that is the only way to save these traditions.Discuss both these views and give your own opinion.Some people think that museums and art galleries should be enjoyable places to entertain people.Others, however, believe that the purpose of museums and art galleries is to educate.Discuss both these views and give your own opinion.Developing countries need international organisations’ help.Some people think that financial aid should be provided, while others think that practical aid and advice would be better.Discuss both these views and give your own opinion.The number of crimes committed by young people has been increasing in recent years.What are the causes of this trend? Suggest some solutions.Part 1:(Q's about your personal background)

What’s your favorite subject/course? Do you think people who major in your field can find a job easily when they graduate? What subjects did you study at primary school? What’s your hometown famous for? Is it good for young people? Can you tell me about some recent changes in your hometown? Can you tell me something about the public transport system in your hometown? What's your favorite means of transport? Does your Chinese name have any special meaning? Are there any important traditions about giving children their names in China?

(some other general Q’s about yourself and your life)Do you live in a house or a flat? Have you ever considered moving to another place? Which is your favorite room in your house/ flat? Do you prefer to live in a city or in the countryside? Have you ever been to the countryside? Are there any disadvantages to living in the countryside? Do you have a bicycle? Do you think bicycles will become more popular in the future? Have you ever travelled by train? Do people in your country like to travel by train? Do you wear a watch? Why? Do you often use dictionaries? Do you use paper dictionaries or electronic dictionaries? Why? How many languages can you speak? Do you want to learn another language? How are you going to learn it? Do you like pets? Why do people keep pets? Do you like wild animals? Do you think zoos are still important today? Do you like plants? Do you have any plants in your house / flat? How do you take care of the plants? Do you think trees and forests are important to us? Do you wish to live in a place with many trees? Do you think places with lots of trees can attract many visitors? Why are gardens and parks important to us? Do you like to walk in cities? How can large cities become more pedestrian-friendly and walkable? Do you like rainy days? Why? Do you like to go out on sunny days? What do you usually do on sunny days? Is there anything that you don’t like to do on sunny days? Why? Do you think sunshine can make people happy and friendly? What’s your favorite kind of weather?

Do you have patience? Have you ever lost your patience? Why is it important to be polite? Do you think people in your country are more polite than in the past? Why is it important to be punctual? Are you often late for things? Do you prefer to write letters or emails? Or would you prefer to use a mobile phone? How often do you send an email? Do you like writing? Do you think you're good at it? What did you write about in high school? How do you get news? How often do you read newspapers? Are you more interested in international news or news about your own country? Do you want to become a journalist? When do you do your housework? Do you think children should help their parents with housework? What do you think is the most difficult housework task? Who cooks in your family? Can you cook? How did you learn to cook? Do you want to take cooking classes? Are cooking shows popular in China? Do you think children should learn how to cook? What’s your favorite activity after school(or after work)?

Do you often buy things online? Why are things so expensive today? Where do you usually buy clothing? What is your favorite kind of clothing? Do you think clothing is less expensive in China than in other countries? Do you often help your friends shop for clothing? Do you like going to parties? Why? Do you prefer to go to parties with your family or with your friends? What do you dislike about parties? Do you often visit your relatives? Who are more important to you – your friends or your relatives? Which birthday left you with the deepest impression? Did you receive any gifts for that birthday? Who gave you the gifts? What did your friends do for that birthday? Do you prefer to celebrate your birthday with your family members or your friends? What’s your favorite birthday activity? How do children celebrate their birthday in China? Do you like taking photos? How often do you take photos? What kind of camera do you have? Do you like to take photos outdoors or indoors? Is photography popular in China? Do you like drawing and painting? What were your favorite kinds of drawings or paintings when you were a child? Do you think children can benefit from drawing and painting? Do you like art? Do you think art is difficult to understand? Do you think art is a good way to express ourselves? What were your favorite childhood activities? Did you prefer outdoor activities or indoor activities? What were your favorite toys when you were a child? What kinds of toys do Chinese children play with these days? What games did you like to play when you were a child? What games do children play these days? What’re the differences between sports played by boys and sports played by girls? What’re your favorite sports? Are there any sports you want to learn to play? What are the most popular sports in China? Are advertisements popular in China? Do you often buy advertised products? Do you like history? Why? Who’s your favorite historical figure? Do you like watching historical dramas? Do you like watching historical documentaries online?

March, 2014 Part 2: 城市与建筑

Describe a beautiful(or ideal)house / flat.Describe a new house.(Keep in mind you can reuse the same ideas for different topic cards.)Describe a new place you moved to.Describe a room that you use a lot / a room where you spend a lot of time.Describe a garden / park.Describe a trip by public transport(such as bus or train).Describe a holiday that you spent far away from home.Describe a place where you experienced a new culture.Describe a childhood trip / journey.Describe a place you’ll travel to when you have a day off.Describe a place far away from your home.Describe a plan(not related to study or work).Describe a library.Describe a new school.Describe a place where you studied or worked before.Describe a shopping mall.Describe a shopping street.Describe a famous building in your city.Describe an old building in your city.Describe a tourist attraction you visited.Describe an interesting foreign country you wish to visit.Describe a city or town you wish to visit / you enjoyed visiting.个人与组织

Describe a person you became friends with the first time when you met him/her.Describe a friend you haven’t seen for a long time.Describe a close friend of yours.Describe a person you spend a lot of time with.Describe a friend you made recently.Describe a good parent.Describe a family member who helps you a lot.Describe something you learned from a family member.Describe something you like to do with the elderly people in your family.Describe an interesting old man / an interesting old person.Describe a very old person.Describe a conversation you had with a stranger.Describe an interesting conversation.Describe someone who helped you study.Describe an intelligent person.Describe a teacher who taught you an important skill such as cooking, biking or swimming.Describe a skill you learned when you were a child.Describe a training session.Describe a positive experience in your childhood.Describe a person you helped before.Describe a teenager.Describe a person who has a healthy lifestyle.Describe a good way to stay healthy.Describe a club(or a team)you belong to.Describe a club programme you like.Describe a singer or a band.Describe a comic star you like.Describe a famous singer in your country.Describe a famous person in your country./ Describe a celebrity in your country.Describe a person you admire.Describe a person who has an important job.Describe an ideal job.Describe a job/an interesting thing you wish to do in the future.自然界

Describe a picnic(or an outdoor meal)you had.Describe an important plant in your country.Describe a river / lake / sea.Describe a place near water.Describe a seaside place.Describe your favorite weather.Describe your favorite season.休闲娱乐

Describe your favorite sport.Describe a sport you like to watch on TV.Describe a sports event.Describe an outdoor activity(such as a sport or an outdoor game).Describe a childhood game.Describe something that helps you relax.Describe your favorite leisure activity.Describe a leisure activity near the sea.Describe a healthy lifestyle.Describe a song that is special to you / a song that means a lot to you.Describe a book you enjoyed as a child(such as a storybook).Describe a book that you read several times./ Describe a book you would like to read again./ Describe a book you would recommend to others.Describe your favorite childhood story.Describe your favorite TV show.Describe a film that you dislike.Describe a TV show(or a film)that made you laugh.Describe your favorite radio programme.Describe a show / performance you watched.Describe an interesting / impressive speech you listened to.Describe a useful website.事件

Describe a group activity（a group game, a group presentation or a sports match …）.Describe a group(or team)project.Describe a time when you were very busy.Describe a sports game / match / competition you watched.Describe a competition you’d like to take part in.Describe an event that changed your life.Describe a school rule(that you agree or disagree with).Describe a historical event./ Describe a historical event you’re interested in.Describe a disease many people suffer from.Describe a wrong decision you made./ Describe a decision you have regrets about.Describe a decision that took you a long time to make.Describe an important letter.Describe a memorable birthday party.Describe a time when someone took a photo of you.Describe a party you want to throw for your friends / family.Describe a special family event.Describe a wedding.Describe an occasion when you were dressed formally.Describe a happy thing / a happy event in your childhood.Describe something that can make you happy.Describe your favorite subject.Describe a subject you didn’t like in high school.Describe a foreign language you wish to learn(not English).Describe a recent change / a challenge in your life.Describe an important message you received(by phone, email or text).Describe a difficult thing that you did well.Describe an interesting thing / an unusual thing you did recently.Describe something you forgot to do.物品

Describe a popular product made in your country.Describe a product made in your region.Describe a piece of electronic equipment/ an electronic device that is NOT a computer.Describe a piece of technical equipment you often use at home.Describe something you can’t live without(that’s NOT a computer or a mobile phone).Describe something that helps you learn another language.Describe someone who helped you learn a foreign language.Describe a time when you saved money for something special.Describe an ad that helped you buy something.Describe a means of telecommunication(mobile phone, e-mail...).Describe an important kind of technology.Describe a photo you like.Describe a childhood toy.(a kite, a puzzle, try to solve a puzzle or try to solve a Rubik's Cube … Also for boys: a toy car, a toy airplane or a toy robot.Also for girls: a Barbie doll or a stuffed animal …)

Describe a gift you gave a friend.Describe a gift you received.Describe a gift you received when you were a child.Describe your favorite clothes or accessories./ Describe a special item(or piece)of clothing.Describe a uniform.Describe a vehicle you wish to buy.Describe a means of public transport.Day 10 Describe a place where people can enjoy music.Describe a work of art such as a sculpture, a painting or a drawing.Describe a museum.Describe a family business.Describe a science lesson.Describe a science subject you studied in secondary school.Describe a subject about which others get information from you.Describe a special meal./ Describe a special meal you were invited to.Describe a restaurant you like.Describe an occasion when someone visited you.Describe an old object your family has kept for a long time.0、International tourism has become the biggest industry in the world.Some people think it cause tension between people from different culture.Others thing it leads to understanding between countries.To what extend do you agree or disagree?（3.3新增）

1.In many countries prices of airplane tickets have dropped.Is it positive or negative situation? Write about your personal experience or knowledge.Air travel is cheap these days, allowing ordinary people to travel further.Some people say that airfare should be increased because this leads to environmental problems.Discuss both views and give your own opinion.（1.25考了化石燃料环保问题，和本题有本质联系，可降低重视）

2、Some people think that men and women have different qualities.Therefore, some certain jobs are suitable for men and some jobs are suitable for women.To what extent do you agree or disagree?Many people believe that women should be given an equal role to men in the military forces or police.Others, however, claim that such occupations are not suitable for women.Discuss both views and give your own opinion.The workplace nowadays is trying to employ the equal number of females and males.Do you think it is a positive or negative trend?

3、Sometimes people are rejecting a job opportunity due to their age or other circumstances.Is it a negative or a positive approach? Give your opinion and relevant examples.4、Some people think zoos are cruel and all the zoos should be closed.However, some people think zoos are useful to protect the rare animals.Discuss both these views and give your opinion.5、Unlike other countries, police in UK do not carry guns.Some think it leaves citizen unprotected, other think it reduce the overall violence in the society.Discuss.//Some people think that a police force carrying guns can educate higher level of violence.To what extent do you agree or disagree?

6、Mobile phones and the Internet are very useful.However, it is rare for old people to use them.What ways could mobile phone and the Internet be useful to old people? How does the old people to be encouraged using this new technology?

7、We can get knowledge from news, but some people think we can't trust the journalist.What do you think? What qualities should a journalist have?

8、Some people argue that teaching children of different abilities together benefits all of them.Others believe that intelligent children should be taught separately and given special treatment.Discuss both views and how do you think about it?

9、The world of work is changing rapidly.Working conditions today are not the same as before and people no longer rely on taking one job for life.Discuss the possible causes for these changes and give your suggestions on how people should prepare for work in the future.（命中1.11A类大作文原题变形，删除）

10、Advertising encourages consumers to buy in quantity rather than in quality.To what extent do you agree or disagree?（2.24新增）

11、Some people believe that a country benefits greatly with a high percentage of young people who go to university, while others argue that it only leads to graduate unemployment.Discuss both views and give your opinion.12、Detailed description of crimes on newspaper and TV can have bad consequences on society, so this kind of information should be restricted on media.To what extent do you agree or disagree with this statement?

13、In many countries traditional foods are being replaced by international fast foods.This is having a negative effect on both families and societies.To what extent do you agree or disagree?Scientists believe that junk food has bad impact on our health.Some people think that people should be educated to consume less of it, while others think that it is pointless.What is your opinion?

14、The government should control the amount of violence in films and on television in order to decrease the violent crimes in society.To what extent do you agree or disagree with this issue?A tendency of news reports in the media focus on problems and emergencies rather than positive developments is harmful to the individual and to society.agree or disagree?

15、In today’s world, it is private companies rather than government who pay for and carry out most on scientific research.Do you think the advantages outweigh the disadvantages?Since money for postgraduate research is limited, some people think financial support from the government should be only provided for scientific research rather than the research for less useful subjects.To what extent do you agree or disagree?