《人类理解论》书评,英文版

第一篇：《人类理解论》书评,英文版

Comment On “ Essay Concerning Human Understanding”Author Introduction

John Rock(1632.8.29 ~ 1704.10.28), British philosopher, founder of empiricism, and is the first comprehensive exposition of constitutional democracy thought, in philosophy and political areas have important influence.Representative works are:“ The Tolerance of Pagan Communication”“ Two Treatises of Government”“ Essay Concerning Human Understanding”“ Essay Concerning Human Understanding”.Overview of Writings

“ Essay Concerning Human Understanding ” is a representative philosophical writings written by the British philosopher John Rock.This book was written up from 1671 ,not completed until 1687, published in 1690.“ Essay Concerning Human Understanding ” the writings in the history of western philosophy plays an important role in this book, Rock proposed and solves the central question is about the origins of human knowledge, reliability and range.Copyright of Writings

From the philosophical inheritance on look, Rock is Francis.Bacon and Thomas.Hobbes routes, namely knowledge originates from feeling, experience and not from what--“ talent”.Can say, Rock is the further development of the feeling of a typical British empiricist.Before Rock, the French philosopher Descartes proposed the so-called“ innate ideas”, i.e., the most basic human knowledge or concept is by feeling, experience, but the innate or natural things.While Rock in Philosophy(epistemology)is the starting point to refute the“ innate ideas” at the same time, give tit for tat proposed the name of Rock with the inseparable--tabula rasa.Whiteboard mean, humans do not have the feeling, experience before(for example, a newborn baby)state of mind is a blank sheet of paper, which does not have any writing, i.e.without any idea.Rock said that all human knowledge is based on experience, but in the final analysis is from the experience.Rock put forward the knowledge on the tabula rasa is directed to“ innate ideas” theory and the.The Rock cognitive demonstrates human knowledge derives from experience, and experience is the objective world role in sensory results.As Marx and Engels said,“ Hobbes took Bacon's theory system, but he is not more detailed argumentation

of Bacon on the concept and knowledge originated from the basic principles ofperceptual world”, then,“ Rock in his theory of the origins of human knowledge in the writings of Bacon and Hobbes, proves the principle”(Marx, Engels:“ the Holy Family”).In“ Essay Concerning Human Understanding ” in one book, Rock explores the knowledge and concept originated in the sensory experience of this basic principle of empiricism, he put the experience into two categories, namely the external experience and internal experience.Rock said the external experience refers to the objective things in the world to human sense organs as the effect of this experience, he called feeling, and his inner experience, “the Hearts of Activities”, he put this experience is called reflection.As he put the experience into two categories, Rock put the objective world, the essence of things is also divided into two categories, namely the first character and the second character.The first property refers to the objective things the wide ductility, shape, impenetrability, motion, static, volume and so on, he thinks this kind of nature is not to human perception for the transfer and the objective existence, is any changes in things are kept;and the second is the nature of things, the color sound, smell, taste and character, Rock felt that the second properties is subjective, i.e.not the thing itself inherent place, it is the subject of cognition through the senses are attached to the objective world things like, say, inevitably, if there is no eyes to see, so coal was not black, if there is no ears listen to the thunder, so there is no sound.Later the British philosopher Rock Berkeley is the use of second nature of the claim, stating that the first character is subjective rather than objective things inherent.Status of Writings

“ Essay Concerning Human Understanding ” first criticized the French philosopher Rene Descartes that knowledge on the origin of the so-called“ innate ideas” and the German philosopher Leibniz's so-called“ talent practice principle”, and put forward his famous whiteboard theory, namely the understanding is the sole source of experience.In this book Rock of philosophical views both for the French Encyclopedists enlightenment thinkers opens the way for later, Berkeley and Hume's experience on further pointed out the direction

第二篇：《人类理解论》书评,中文版

《人类理解论》简评 作者简介

约翰·洛克（1632.8.29~1704.10.28），英国哲学家、经验主义的开创人，同时也是第一个全面阐述宪政民主思想的人，在哲学以及政治领域都有重要影响。代表著作主要有：《论宽容异教的通讯》《政府论两篇》《人类理解论》《人类悟性论》等。著作概述

《人类理解论》一书是英国著名哲学家约翰.洛克的哲学代表著作。本书从1671年写起，直到1687年才完成，在1690年出版。《人类理解论》这一著作在西方哲学史上起到承前启后的作用，洛克在这部著作中所提出并要解决的中心问题是关于人类知识的起源、可靠性和范围。著作要点

从哲学的继承性上看，洛克走的是弗兰西斯.培根和托马斯.霍布斯的路线，即知识起源于感觉、经验——而不是来自什么“天赋”。可以说，洛克是进一步发展了感觉主义的一个典型的英国经验主义者。

在洛克之前，法国哲学家笛卡尔提出了所谓的“天赋观念”，即人类最基本的知识或观念并不借助于感觉、经验，而是与生俱来的或天赋的东西。而洛克在哲学上（认识论上）的出发点就是在大力驳斥“天赋观念”的同时，针锋相对地提出了与洛克的名字分不开的——白板说。白板的意思是说，人类没有感觉、经验之前（譬如，初生的婴儿）的心理状态就像一张白纸一样，上面并没有任何字迹，即没有任何观念。洛克说人类的知识都是以经验为基础的，而且归根到底都是从经验中来的。洛克提出认识论上的白板说是针对“天赋观念”论而发的。

洛克认知地论证了人类知识起源于经验，而经验就是客观世界的事物作用于感官的结果。正如马克思和恩格斯所说的，如果说“霍布斯把培根的学说系统化了，但他没有更详尽地论证培根关于知识和观念起源于感性世界的基本原则”，那么，“洛克在他论人类知识的起源的著作中，论证了培根和霍布斯的原则”（马克思、恩格斯：《神圣家族》）。

在《人类理解论》一书中，洛克探讨了知识和观念起源于感觉经验这一经验论的基本原则，他把经验分为两类，即外部经验和内部经验。洛克所说的外部经验是指客观世界的事物对人类的感觉器官发生作用的结果，他把这种经验叫做感觉，而他所谓内部经验，是“心灵的本身活动”，他把这种经验叫做反省。

正如他把经验分为两类一样，洛克把客观世界的事物的本质也分为两类，即第一性质和第二性质。第一性质是指客观事物的广延性、形状、不可入性、运动、静止、体积等等，他认为这类性质是不以人的知觉为转移而客观存在的，是在事物的任何变化下都会保存着的；而第二性质是指事物的颜色、声音、气味、口味等等而言的，洛克认为第二性质是主观的、即不是事物本身所固有的，它好像是认识的主体通过感官附加到客观世界事物上似的，这样说来，势必得出，如果没有眼睛来看，那么煤就不是黑色的，如果没有耳朵来听，那么打雷也就没有声音了。后来的英国哲学家贝克莱正是利用洛克关于第二性质的说法，指出第一性质也是主观的而不是客观事物所固有的。著作地位

《人类理解论》首先批判了法国哲学家笛卡尔主张知识起源上的所谓“天赋观念”以及德意志哲学家莱布尼茨的所谓“天赋实践原则”，并且提出了他那个著名的白板论，即认识的唯一来源是经验。洛克在本书中所阐述的哲学观点既为法国百科全书派的启蒙思想家开辟了道路，也为后来的贝克莱和休谟的经验论深化指明了方向。

第三篇：老人与海(英文书评)

老人与海（The Old Man and the Sea）英文书评(book reviews)

这本书讲了古巴(Cuba)的一个名叫圣地亚哥的老渔夫，独自一个人出海打鱼，在一无所获(to achieve nothing)的84天之后钓到了一条无比巨大的马林鱼。这是老人从来没见过也没听说过的比他的船还长两英尺的一条大鱼。鱼的劲(vigor)非常大，拖(to drag)着小船漂流了整整两天两夜，老人在这两天两夜中经历了从未经受的艰难考验，终于把大鱼刺(to stab)死，拴(to tie)在船头(the bow)。然而这时却遇上了鲨鱼(a shark)，老人与鲨鱼进行了殊死搏斗(put up a good fight)，结果大马林鱼被鲨鱼吃光了，老人最后拖回只剩下一副光秃秃bald的鱼骨架(a fish skeleton)和一身(all over the body)的伤。最后却得到了人们的赞赏。

《老人与海》完全可能成为当代一部名副其实的经典作品。厄纳斯特·海明威的这部短篇小说处理方法谨严(exact)、注意时间和地点的统一(unite)，行文(a style of writing)简洁而内涵(intension)很深(deep)。另外，和极大多数巨著(a great work)一样，海明威的这篇小说读起来可有不止一层的意思。一方面，这是一个激动人心的带有悲剧性(tragedy)的冒险故事。故事讲到一个精神沮丧(depress)的老渔人，在他对职业的自豪感的支持之下，冒险远航至墨西哥湾流并在那里钓住了一条该水域中从未见过的最大的马林鱼。故事接着说到他孤零零地、在因奋力叉住这条大鱼而耗尽了力气之后，被迫投入一场和一群海盗似的鲨鱼的绝望的搏斗之中，结果是那些鲨鱼只给他留下了猎获物的一具骨架。另一方面，这又是一个寓言，它描述

(describe)了人所具有(possess)的不可征服(conquer)的精神力量——一个人如何从灾难和实际失败的环境中攫取精神上的胜利。再一方面，这是带有宗教意义的一种隐喻(a metaphor)，作者不引人注目地给这一主题添加了基督教(Christian)的一些象征和比喻。一种注意写实(writing or painting realistically)，有着动人的情节(plot)；另一种则侧重(to lay special emphasis on)道德说教，充满象征(badge)的意义。

Translation:(book reviews)

This book tells us a story about a Cuban old man.He went fishing at sea on his own.After more than eighty four days , he fished an extremely large fish.The old man hadn’t ever seen such a big fish that was two meters longer than his boat.The vigor of fish was sostrong that it dragged the boat drifting for two days.During the two days,the old man experienced the difficulties that he had never met with.Finally,he stabbed it and tied the fish on the bow.However,he came across a shark.Then,the old man put up a good fight with a shark.As a result, the fish was eaten by the shark.So,the old man carried a bald fish skeleton and being hurt all over the body to reach home.But in the end, he attained admiration by people.The Old Man and the Sea is one of Hemingway's most immortal

works.The book may very well become one of the true classics of this generation.Certainly, Ernest Hemingway's short novel is processed exact , well united time and places and it’s style of writing is very deep.In addition, as the most great works, his novel contains not only one meaning.First of all,this is an exciting tragedy adventure story.Because I see a picture how an old man killed the large fish and fought a shark via his wisdom.Furthermore, it’s also a fable that describes a spirit strength------how a person achieved success from a bad envirnoment.Lastly, the story implied a religious metaphor as well.The author added some Christian symbols and figure of speech inconspicuously.So, in my opinion, this novel tells not only a moving plot,but also lays special emphasis on moral meanings that are full of the symbol of badge.The spirit that the old man possessed impressed me deeply.meaning

第四篇：傲慢与偏见 英文书评

When Pride Encounters Prejudice, Everything is Different

—the report of Pride and Prejudice

张文莹 Nancy 外汉一班 0091114047

Ⅰ:

Jane Austen(16 December 1775 – 18 July 1817), one of the most famous novelists in Britain, was born in Hampshire.She lived in the villages throughout her life.Although there were 2 suitors, she never married.She finished her first novel when she was only 21 years old.This work’s name was First Impressions(After amending, it had a new name: Pride and Prejudice).Ⅱ:

Pride and Prejudice is a humorous story of love and marriage.Mr.Bennet was an English gentleman living in Hertfordshire with his wife.He had five daughters: the beautiful Jane, the clever Elizabeth, the bookish Mary, the immature Kitty and the wild Lydia.Because of the law, after the death of Mr.Bennet, their house would be inherited by a distant cousin whom they have never met.This family's future happiness and security dependent on the 5 daughters’ marriages.One day, a rich gentleman Mr.Bingley came and rented a large house in this country.His sisters and his best friend Mr.Darcy came together.Love was soon in the air for one of the 5 sisters, while another had a prejudice against Mr.Darcy.Then they experienced many things, but at last, Mr.Bingley married the oldest sister Jane, and Elizabeth overcame the prejudice and married to Mr.Darcy.It’s a happy ending.Ⅲ：

Although Mr.Song said the book report should be objective，but I had to say this book touched my heart deeply.The women written by Jane Austen still live in our world.Some like Charlotte Lucas, they choose a marriage without love just for money and a stable life.Some like Lydia, they are so frivolous and foolish that they flatter themselves that they can do anything well.Some like Mary, they are not good-looking but think themselves are the best ones.They look down every man while they are eager for a man’s love in their hearts.Some like Jane, they are kind and beautiful, but they are also reserved and feminine。They don’t have courage to fight for the love of their own but wait here in vain.And there are also some girls like innocent Ms Darcy or like vainglorious and superficially clever Bingley sisters.Of course, some girls like Elizabeth, they are clever, gentle, open-minded, and they know their own hearts.They never give in even facing a difficult situation.1

They are good ladies who are worth loving and cherishing.Jane Austen’s wisdom always appeals to me, which makes me smile through the whole reading.In fact, the life of Jane Austen was unremarkable，she nearly didn’t leave the villages where she lived.Therefore, in her books, you can’t find any historical plots or any abstruse things making you feel bored.She just wrote some common people about their happiness, little trouble, sorrow and perplexity again and again by her keen observation and her outstanding ability of writing.Although those stories happened in the villages of Britain 200 years ago, they are vivid today.Maybe she was not really a great writer in the world, but she is the cleverest and cutest woman in my heart.However, reality is not the novel.It is always cruel.Jane Austen never married throughout her life, her best friend was her sister.She was such a clever and naughty girl, whose gentleness and beauty were ignored.It’s a pity that there was no one like Mr.Darcy to appreciate and love her.Jane Austen and Eileen Chang were very like.Their works had many things in common.For example, both of their works focused on the life which they were familiar with, and they both had the sharp observation.Although they liked to write some satires, Austen was gentler than Eileen Chang.In Pride and Prejudice, you can find some very interesting dialogues.Such as in the CHAPTER 1, Mrs.Bonnet said: “Mr.Bennet, how can you abuse your own children in such a way? You take delight in vexing me.You have no compassion on my poor nerves.” “You mistake me, my dear.I have a high respect for your nerves.They are my old friends.I have heard you mention them with consideration these 20 years at least.” the Mr.Bennet answered with a forced smile.What sarcastic humor it contained!She successfully depicted Mrs.Bennet as a woman of mean understanding, little information, and uncertain temper by few words.And the two of them left a deep and clear imprison on the readers.Love is the eternal theme of novels.Pride and Prejudice was no exception, but it not only talked about “love”, also mentioned “marriage”.The novels about love or marriage are countless in the world.So standing out among them is not an easy thing.Pride and Prejudice can be one of the masterpieces and be loved by thousands upon thousands people from different countries, which proves that it does have its special glamour.I mainly want to talk about Elizabeth’s 2 rejections.As readers or outsiders，we can easily reject anyone and don’t accept a marriage without love just for respecting our own hearts.But if you think it over and read the book again, you will find it needs great courage to reject a man who can support you a life without worrying about clothes and food.Rejecting her cousin Mr.Collins, an unpleasant person, seemed easy, however, her best friend Charlotte chose to marry him.This contrast shows very clearly that this rejection is difficult for a woman in those days.Maybe you can find some reasons to explain why Elizabeth did that to Mr.Collins, but I’m sure there is no reason to refuse Mr.Darcy’s marriage proposal.He was such a perfect gentleman!Elizabeth couldn’t inherit her father’s fortune, which meant she had to marry a rich man to support her and live a comfortable life.But faced with Mr.Darcy, she said “no” without any hesitation.When Darcy proposed to her by saying his sense of her inferiority-of its being a degradation-of the family obstacles which judgment had always opposed to inclination.Elizabeth said: “It is nature that obligation should be felt, and if I could feel gratitude, I would now thank you.But I cannot —I have never desired your good opinion, and you have certainly bestowed it most unwillingly.”

I like this self-respecting girl and look down upon those girls who give in just for fortune, fame, even some petty profits

In fact, I don’t like a happy ending.I think a tragedy is more attractive and can reach the deepest part of my heart while a comedy is read just for relaxation.But I am also moved by this story.Pride gave way to sincerity，prejudice was replaced by love.They lived a happy life together.We can image that they sat on the lakeside bench at twilight and talked about that green years when the pride met the prejudice。

第五篇：傲慢与偏见书评(英文)

The book review of Pride and Prejudice

管宁

Pride and Prejudice is a novel by Jane Austen, first published in 1813.The story follows the main character Elizabeth Bennet as she deals with issues of manners, upbringing, morality, education and marriage in the society of the landed gentry of early 19th-century England.After reading this book, I find that its name, Pride and Prejudice, is quite meaningful.Both the pride and prejudice are caused by money and social hierarchy.Jane reflected the reality of society by drawing the characters of specific person as well as the tongue they used when they speak.Some people think that only Mr.Darcy was proud and only Elizabeth had prejudice towards other else.But I hold the different opinion.When a wealthy young bachelor, Bingley, moving into Netherfield Park in the neighborhood of the Bennet family, he is soon well-received because of his income of 5000 a year and possibility of marrying one of the young girls in the town.It’s quite easy to see the whole society was chasing down money and fame.That is a good background that the writer successfully set, making the following things sound reasonable.The Bennets' cousin Mr Collins, a clergyman, was proud of his rich patroness, the noble Lady Catherine de Bourgh.After being refused by Elizabeth of the offer of marriage, Mr Collins soon recovered and promptly became engaged to Elizabeth's close friend who pointed out that Mr Collins is a good, respectful, well-employed man which is absolutely untrue.How eager was she to have financial security by marrying a, what to say, kind of rich and powerful husband.We wonder whether the society had real love.When Elizabeth went to visit her married girlfriend Charlotte and Mr Collins, she was to meet Mr.Darcy more frequently.Mr Darcy finds himself, again, attracted to Elizabeth and proposes to her.While talking to each other, Elizabeth charged him with pride, with destroying her sister's happiness, with his disgraceful treatment of Mr Wickham, and with having conducted himself in an ungentlemanly manner.All the reasons of her prejudice towards Darcy were shown in no other.However, after reading the letter sent to clear himself by Mr.Darcy, Elizabeth came to acknowledge the truth of Mr Darcy's assertions.Later, Elizabeth realized what a kind, amiable and considerate person Mr.Darcy was little by little.While facing the unreasonable order from Lady Catherine de Bourgh of never marrying her nephew, Elizabeth refused to low her head, believing that everyone had right to chase their own happiness.However, lady Catherine believed her to be too low born for her nephew, Mr Darcy, upon hearing this, realized that Elizabeth's opinion of him may have changed and again proposes.We are never too surprised to find that the elegant noble lady Catherine who represented the highest class of Britain was so arrogant under such a mammonish society.But the combination of Darcy and Elizabeth proved that after so many generations living in such a material society and being told forever marrying to money and fame, the true love from the heart

and soul has not perished from the earth.