中国文化象征——陶瓷(英文)

第一篇：中国文化象征——陶瓷(英文)

As is known to us all, our country’s name ‘China’ means china, which represents that it is our Chinese people who invented china.It also show how porcelain the china is manufactured by us.Not only is it the result of our wisdom and our hard labour, but it is also the symbol of our Chinese culture.Created in the Shang Dynasty, our technology of making china was constantly developing and reached its heights in the Song Dynasty.Furthermore, china is one kind of the three early exports of our country.Along with the appearance of china are the comments like the antique, the luxury goods, and so on.It is a kind of statue symbol in the Europe.The most famous chinas are always from the Jingde Town in Jiangxi Province, where is famous of its long history and reliable quality.As a great invention of our country, china records the development of our nation, our history and our culture.It is really the symbol of our culture and history and the pride of the Chinese nation.

第二篇：中国文化 英文介绍

京剧脸谱（Beijing opera types of facial makeup in operas）

Beijing opera types of facial makeup in operas, is a special feature of a

national cosmetic.As each historical figure or a certain type of person has an approximate spectral type, like sing, play music to the music, so called “types of facial makeup in operas”.On the types of facial makeup in operas sources, the general view is from mask.Beijing opera types of facial makeup in operas are based on certain personality, temperament or some special types of figures for the use of certain colors.Red has expressed his Warriors of strong types of facial

makeup in operas such as Guan Yu, concubines Victoria, regular book;Black said the types of facial makeup in operas ming criticized people, integrity, bravery and even reckless, such as Zheng and Zhang Fei, Li;Yellow types of facial makeup in operas that vicious brutality, such as Yu Chengdu, and Dian Wei.Blue or green types of facial makeup in operas that some of the figures represented irritable, such as Dou Ambassador, Ma Wu;General treacherous court official said the types of facial makeup in operas white, bad guys, such as Cao Cao, Zhao higher.Beijing opera types of facial makeup in operas of color painting methods, basically divided into three categories : rub face, face towel, different faces.Types of facial makeup in operas initial role is exaggerated her role with striking places and face the veins, using exaggerated by the performance of dramatis personae of personality, psychological and physiological

characteristics, and using this to the entire drama circumstances, but Later types of facial makeup in operas by Kan to complex, from rough to the small, Youbiaojili, from shallow to deep, itself becoming a nation of characteristics, to the facial expression means for the pictorial arts.中文对照:)~

京剧脸谱，是具有民族特色的一种特殊的化妆方法。由于每个历史人物或某一种类型的人物都有一种大概的谱式，就像唱歌、奏乐都要按照乐谱一样，所以称为“脸谱”。关于脸谱的来源，一般的说法是来自假面具。

京剧脸谱，是根据某种性格、性情或某种特殊类型的人物为采用某些色彩的。红色有脸谱表示忠勇士义烈，如关羽、姜维、常遇春；黑色的脸谱表示刚烈、正直、勇猛甚至鲁莽，如包拯、张飞、李逵等；黄色的脸谱表示凶狠残暴，如宇文成都、典韦。蓝色或绿色的脸谱表示一些粗豪暴躁的人物，如窦尔敦、马武等；白色的脸谱一般表示奸臣、坏人，如曹操、赵高等。

京剧脸谱的色画方法，基本上分为三类：揉脸、抹脸、勾脸。脸谱最初的作用，只是夸大剧中角色的五官部位和面部的纹理，用夸张的手法表现剧中人的性格、心理和生理上的特征，以此来为整个戏剧的情节服务，可是发展到后来，脸谱由简到繁、由粗到细、由表及里、由浅到深，本身就逐渐成为一种具有民族特色的、以人的面部为表现手段的图案艺术了。

京剧，是中国的传统艺术。它起源于1840年，盛行于20世纪三、四十年代，是中国的国粹。京剧的伴奏是以二胡等为主，配合演员唱腔、念白、动作、武打，达到音乐美与舞蹈美的统一。京剧耐人寻味，回味悠长，把各种故事、道理融入一段段表演中，让人在美的享受的同时，得到升华。可是，在节奏日益加快的今天，京剧已被大家渐渐漠视、遗忘。这是让人心疼的事情。我们应该提高对京剧的认识，多多接触传统，让孩子们熟悉它，热爱它，让它重新绽放迷人的生命。

Beijing Opera, is a traditional Chinese art.It originated in 1840, prevailed in the 1930s and 1940s, is the quintessence of Chinese culture.Peking Opera on the erhu, and give priority to, accompanied with actor singing, NianBai, action, the martial arts, achieve music beauty and dance beautiful unity.Beijing Opera intriguing, the aftertaste is long, all sorts of stories, reasonable performance in bits and pieces, let a person be in beautiful enjoyment at the same time, get distillation.But, in rhythm of rapidly today, Peking Opera has been gradually ignore, forgetting all.This is to let people love of things.We should improve the understanding of Beijing Opera, great contact traditional, let the children know it, love it, let it back to blossom glamorous life.Beijing Opera is a Chinese historial artical opara, which is a combination of singing,saying,dancing and martial art.It's the quintessence of China.Peking Opera has a 200-year-long history.Its main melodies originated from Xipi and Erhuang in Anhui and Hubei.It is believed that Peking Opera gradually came into being after 1790 when the famous four Anhui opera troupes came to Beijing.Peking Opera underwent fast development during the reign of Emperor Qianlong and the notorious Empress Dowager Cixi under the imperial patron, eventually becoming more accessible to the common people.In ancient times, Peking Opera was performed mostly on stage in the open air, teahouses or temple courtyards.Since the orchestra played loudly, the

performers developed a piercing style of song that could be heard by everyone.The costumes were a garish collection of sharply contrasting colors to stand out on the dim stage illuminated only by oil lamps.Peking Opera is a

harmonious combination of the Grand Opera, ballet and acrobatics, consisting of dance, dialogue, monologues, martial arts and mime.The Peking Opera band mainly consists of an orchestra and percussion band.The former frequently accompanies peaceful scenes while the latter provides the right atmosphere for battle scenes.The commonly used percussion

instruments include castanets, drums, bells and cymbals.One person usually plays the castanets and drum simultaneously, which conduct the entire band.The orchestral instruments include the Erhu, Huqin, Yueqin, Sheng(reed pipe),Pipa(lute)and other instruments.The band usually sits on the left side of the stage.介绍旗袍

Qipao(Ch'ipau)is one of the most typical, traditional costumes for Chinese women.Also known as cheongsam, it is like a wonderful flower in the Chinese colorful fashion scene because of its particular charm.In the early 17th century in North China, Nurhachi, a great political and military strategist, unified the various Nuzhen tribes and set up the Eight Banner System.Later he led his troops into Beijing and overthrew the Ming Dynasty.Over the years, a collarless tube-shaped gown was developed, which was worn by men and women.This is the embryo of the Qipao.It became popular among the royal palace of the Qing Dynasty and the mansions of the Manchu nobility.At that time, it was loosely fitted and long enough to reach the insteps.Usually it was made of silk, and embroidered, with broad laces trimmed at the collar, sleeves and edges.The dress empresses of past dynasties wore them.Their style of dress was regarded as the highest of standards for Chinese women for several thousand years.The only medium to display the elegance of a human body is an elegant

costume.Whatever costume a woman wears, in addition to magnificence and nobility, she must have a thirst for elegance or beauty.Perhaps that's the reason why Qipao was born.In the past, the collar of the costume was made high and tight-fitting to keep warm.Qipao has incorporated this feature, not just for preventing coldness but also for beauty.The collar of Qipao generally takes the shape of a semicircle, its right and left sides being symmetrical, flattering the soft and slender neck of a woman.The collar of Qipao is meticulously made, especially the buttonhole loop on the collar, which serves as the finishing touch.We can't help but admire the designers' artistic originality.The design of the front of Qipao depicts the maturity of women properly, reminding people of the line of a

Chinese poem 'A garden full of the beauty of spring can not be prevented from being enjoyed.'

Qipao generally has two big slits at either side of the hem for convenient

movement and display of the slender legs of women.Unlike a short-length skirt, the slits of Qipao expose a woman's legs indistinctly when she walks, as if there was a blurred emotional appeal of 'enjoying flowers in mist.'

Qipaos can display Chinese women's modesty, softness and beauty.Like Chinese women's temperament, Qipaos are elegant and gentle.Like other costumes, the beauty of Qipao comes first.Simplicity is one of its features from the collar, loop, chest, waist and hips to the lower hem, and a Qipao almost varies with a woman's figure.It not only lays stress on the natural beauty of a female figure, but also makes women's legs appear more slender.Mature women in Qipaos can display their graceful refined manner.Besides its simplicity, Qipao provides designers with vast, creative space: some short, some long, with low, high, or even no collars at all.Practicality always goes with beauty.Qipaos are worn in both urban and rural areas, its long-standing elegance and serenity making wearers fascinating.When wearing Qipao, women should pay attention to the match as a whole;particularly middle-aged or elderly women should do so.Hairstyles, jewelry, socks and shoes should match Qipaos properly in color and design.Today, with the development of the market economy in China, designs or

styles of fashions are so dazzling as the stars that the eye cannot take them all in.As a result, people are often at a loss what to choose when facing the vast sea of fashions.On the other hand, it is just a golden opportunity for Chinese national costumes to regain their popularity.Fashion culture has become a point of intersection of social culture, reflecting economic developments, social progress and educational level.It represents people's spirit, living standards and aspirations towards beauty.纽约时报旗袍

The cheongsam is a female dress with distinctive Chinese features and enjoys a growing popularity in the international world of high fashion.The name “cheongsam,” meaning simply “long dress,” entered the English vocabulary from the dialect of China's Guangdong Province(Cantonese).In other parts of the country including Beijing, however, it is known as “qipao”, which has a history behind it.When the early Manchu rulers came to China proper, they organized certain people, mainly Manchus, into “banners”(qi)and called them “banner people”(qiren), which then became loosely the name of all Manchus.The Manchu women wore normally a one-piece dress which, likewise, came to be called “qipao” or “banner dress.” Although the 1911 Revolution toppled the rule of the

Qing(Manchu)Dynasty, the female dress survived the political change and, with later improvements, has become the traditional dress for Chinese women.Easy to slip on and comfortable to wear, the cheongsam fits well the female Chinese figure.Its neck is high, collar closed, and its sleeves may be either short, medium or full length, depending on season and taste.The dress is buttoned on the right side, with a loose chest, a fitting waist, and slits up from the sides, all of which combine to set off the beauty of the female shape.The cheongsam is not too complicated to make.Nor does it call for too much material, for there are no accessories like belts, scarves, sashes or frills to go with it.Another beauty of the cheongsam is that, made of different materials and to varying lengths, they can be worn either on casual or formal occasions.In either case, it creates an impression of simple and quiet charm, elegance and neatness.No wonder it is so much liked by women not only of China but of foreign countries as well.以下这篇关于中国旗袍的完整介绍内容，应值得你参考：

CHINESE CHEONGSAM(QIPAO)

The cheongsam is a female dress with distinctive Chinese features and enjoys a growing popularity in the international world of high fashion.The name “cheongsam,” meaning simply “long dress,” entered the English vocabulary from the dialect of China's Guangdong Province(Cantonese).In other parts of the country including Beijing, however, it is known as “qipao”, which has a history behind it.When the early Manchu rulers came to China proper, they organized certain people, mainly Manchus, into “banners”(qi)and called them “banner people”(qiren), which then became loosely the name of all Manchus.The Manchu women wore normally a one-piece dress which, likewise, came to be called “qipao” or “banner dress.” Although the 1911 Revolution toppled the rule of the Qing(Manchu)Dynasty, the female dress survived the political change and, with later improvements, has become the traditional dress for Chinese women.Easy to slip on and comfortable to wear, the cheongsam fits well the female Chinese figure.Its neck is high, collar closed, and its sleeves may be either short, medium or full length, depending on season and taste.The dress is buttoned on the right side, with a loose chest, a fitting waist, and slits up from the sides, all of which combine to set off the beauty of the female shape.The cheongsam is not too complicated to make.Nor does it call for too much material, for there are no accessories like belts, scarves, sashes or frills to go with it.Another beauty of the cheongsam is that, made of different materials and to varying lengths, they can be worn either on casual or formal occasions.In either case, it creates an impression of simple and quiet charm, elegance and neatness.No wonder it is so much liked by women not only of China but of foreign countries as well.

第三篇：陶瓷行业术语英文对照

粗瓷 :stoneware 白云土 :dolomite 红土 :terracotta 建白材料 :construction/building material 哑光 :matt 透明釉 :transparent 不透明釉 :opaque 色釉 :pigmented 裂纹釉 :crackled 珍珠釉 :pearlized 釉下彩 :under glazed 釉上彩:on-glazed 浮雕 :relief, emboss 素烧:bisque firing 釉烧 :glost firing 镀金 :gild 贴花: decal

首饰盒 :trinket box

丝网印 :silk screen printing 素彩瓷 :plain porcelain 高温陶瓷 :refractory china 窑:kiln

隧道窑: tunnel

印花: stamping 陶瓷原料 Ceramic Material 长石feldspar

瓷泥petunse, petuntse, petuntze

瓷漆enamel paint, enamel 封泥lute

高岭土kaolin, china clay 硅石,二氧化硅silica, SiO2 堇青石cordierite

莫来石,红柱石andalusite 泥果,坯体clay body 泥釉slip

石灰,生石灰,氧化钙lime, calcium oxide, CaO 氧化锡tin oxide 釉glaze

原材料raw material 云母mica

皂石,块滑石steatite

陶瓷类型 Types of Pottery 碧玉细炻器 jasper 薄胎瓷 thin china 彩陶器,釉陶 faience

陈设瓷,摆设瓷 display china

瓷 porcelain, china(China ‘中国’来自’Chin’’秦’,在英文中’中国’和’瓷’同一单词)赤陶 terracotta, terracotta, red earthenware 代尔夫精陶 delft

德化陶瓷 Te-hua porcelain, Dehua pottery 高温陶瓷 refractory china 工业陶瓷 industrial ceramics

工艺瓷,美术瓷,艺术瓷 art porcelain, art and craft china, art pottery, artistic china 骨瓷 bone china

官瓷 mandarin porcelain 光瓷 lusterware 黑色陶器 basalt

裂变瓷 crackled porcelain 裂纹瓷 crazed china 米色陶器 creamware 青瓷 celadon

青花瓷 bule and white porcelain 轻质瓷、轻瓷 light china

日用瓷 household china, table ware 软瓷 soft porcelain

杀菌陶瓷 antiseptic pottery 绳纹陶器 Jomon pottery 施釉陶器 slipware 炻瓷 stoneware

素彩瓷 plain porcelain 陶 earthenware 陶瓷 pottery

无釉陶、陶瓷素烧坯 biscuit, unglazed ware 锡釉陶 majolica 细瓷 fine china 硬瓷 hard porcelain

赭色粘土陶器 terra sigillata

紫砂 purple granulated, purple sand, terra-cotta 工艺技术 Technology 凹雕 intaglio 标记 marking 玻璃化 vitrify 车削 turning 成型 forming

冲压,冲压花 repousse 瓷土加工 clay processing 雕刻 carving 浮雕 relief 隔焰窑 muffle

工艺技术 technology

硅氧键 silicon-oxygen bond 技艺 technique, craft 间断窑 intermittent kiln 浇铸 casting 拉毛 sgraffito

连续窑 continuous kiln 镂雕、镂空 piercing 辘轳车 jigger

泥釉彩饰法 trailing 碾磨 grinding

抛光 burnishing, polishing 破裂 chip 嵌入 inlay 切刻 incising 筛子 sieve 烧制 firing

陶瓷科技 ceramics 陶轮 potter’s wheel

贴花、嵌花 appliqu, decal

凸雕，底切，拉底，底部掏槽 undercut 细裂纹 craze 性能 property 压印 impressing 窑 kiln

印花 stamping

釉上彩 overglazed color figure 釉下彩 underglazed color figure 预加工 pre-processing

粘性，粘滞性 viscosity, stiffness 转模片 jiggered piece 转印 transfer print 装饰 dcor, decoration 其它 Others 斑点 speck

半透明 translucence, translucency, translucent 不渗透的 nonporous 不透明的 opaque 茶叶罐 caddy

单色的 monochrome 多色的 polychrome 高白 high white, Gaobai 工艺品 artware

鬼工，鬼爷神工 demon’s work, kuei kung

景德镇 Jingdexhen, Ching-te-chen 景泰蓝 cloisonn 绝缘子 insulator 考古学 archaeology 可塑的 plastic 流变学 rheology 琉璃瓦 glazed tile 模型、模特 model 模子 mould 耐热 heat-proof 配方 formula 盆栽 bonsai

漆器 lacquer work 器皿 ware

秦始皇陵兵马俑 life-size terra-cotta soldiers and horses in Chin tomb 青铜器 bronze work 人类学 antropology 渗透的 porous

手印，指印 finger mark 丝网印刷 silk screen printing 四面体 tetrahedral 搪瓷，珐琅 enamel 陶瓷的 ceramic

陶瓷专家，陶瓷艺术家 ceramist 陶工 potter 瓦 tile 碗 bowl

卫生洁具 sanitary ware 温度 temperature 硬度 hardness 釉工 glazier

圆块，雕球，瘤 knob 砖 brick

爱比克泰德 Epicteus（活动于520-500 BC）古希腊陶工兼画家

何朝宗 He Chaozhong（1522-1620）Chinese ceramist in Ming Dynasty,中国明代陶瓷艺术家

韦奇伍德 Wedgwood（1730-1795）英国著名陶瓷工匠和制造商

希腊古瓮颂’Ode on a Crecian Urn’英国诗人济慈 Keats（1795-1821）的名诗，惊叹古希腊陶器彩绘之精美

耐火材料

赛拉棉Cerafiber 赛拉含锆棉Cerachem Fiber 赛拉含铬棉 Cerachrome Fiber 赛拉毯Cerablanket

赛拉含锆毯Cerachema Blanket 赛拉含铬毯 Cerachromea Blanket

马福特克（莫来石）毯 MAFTEC Blanket 耐火纤维组件 Refractory Fiber Modules 纤维贴面块 Veneering Modules 赛拉板 Ceraboard TM 背衬板607 Blok 607TM 赛拉纸 Cerapaper 赛拉毡 Cerafelt

轻质隔热砖 Insulating Firebircks JM 隔热吊顶砖 Root Blocks BV

耐火胶泥 JM2600 Blakite JM3300

轻质莫来石绝热砖 Light Insulating Bricks

聚轻高铝砖 Poly Light High Aluminum Firebrick 高温耐火胶泥High-temperature Refractory Mortar

磷酸铝不烧砖系列 Aluminophosphat Bonded Firebricks 高温窑具 High-temperature Kiln Furniture

堇青石--莫来石窑具 Cordierite-mullite Kiln Furniture

轻质耐火浇注料 Low-weight Refractory Castable

高温轻质耐火浇注料 High-temp Light Weight Refractory Castable 低蠕变高铝砖 Low Creep High Alumina Bricks

热风炉用高铝砖 High Alumina Bricks for Hot Blast Stove 通用粘土质耐火砖 Fireclay Bricks

高炉用粘土质耐火砖 Fireclay Bricks for Blast Furnaces 特种耐火泥浆 Special Refractory Mortar 轻质隔热耐火砖 Insulating Bricks

电炉顶砖 High Alumina Bricks for EAF

微膨胀刚玉砖 Dilatable High Alumina Bricks 不烧铝镁砖 Unburnt Al2O3-MgO Bricks 铝镁尖晶石砖 Alumina-Spinel Bricks

刚玉、铬刚玉透气砖 Corundum and Chrome-Corundum Purging Plugs for Ladle Refining 铝－碳化硅－碳砖 Al2O3-SiC-C Bricks 锆铬刚玉砖 Zr-Cr-Corundum Brick

铬刚玉尖晶石砖 Chrome-Corundum-Spinel Brick 铝镁碳砖 Al2O3-MgO-C Bricks 铝碳砖 Al2O3-C Bricks

通用高铝砖 High Alumina Bricks

高炉用高铝砖 High Alumina Bricks for Blast Furnaces

高炉出铁沟浇注料 Refractory Castables for BF Troughs and Runners 钢包浇注料 Refractory Carstables for Ladles

金花米黄、渗花砖、蓝宝石、大颗粒、纯色砖 golden yellow, glazed-lmitated, sapphire of polishing series, big grain and solid color 内墙砖 wall tile 地砖 floor tile 广场砖 paving tile

完全玻化砖 polished tile 金玉石 polished mosaic 精工钻 fine granule

陶瓷砖和卫生陶瓷分类及术语

陶瓷砖 ceramic tile

由粘土或其他无机非金属原料，经成型、烧结等工艺处理，用于装饰与保护建筑物、构筑物墙面及地面的板状或块状陶瓷制品。也可称为陶瓷饰面砖ceramic facing tile)

第四篇：各种陶瓷英文专业术语

陶瓷砖和卫生陶瓷分类及术语标准

标准名称 陶瓷砖和卫生陶瓷分类及术语 标准类型 中华人民共和国国家标准 标准号 GB/T 9195—1999 标准发布单位 国家标准局发布 标准正文

dolomite：白云土 terracotta:红土

construction/building material :建白材料 type of glaze: matt:哑光 transparent:透明釉 opaque: 不透明釉 pigmented:色釉 crackled:裂纹釉 pearlized :珍珠釉 under glazed:釉下彩 on-glazed:釉上彩 浮雕：relief, emboss bisque firing:素烧 glost firing:釉烧 gild ：镀金 decal：贴花

trinket box：首饰盒

silk screen printing :丝网印 素彩瓷 plain porcelain 高温陶瓷 refractory china 窑：kiln tunnel:隧道窑 印花：stamping 陶瓷原料 Ceramic Material 长石feldspar 瓷泥petunse, petuntse, petuntze 瓷漆enamel paint, enamel 封泥lute 高岭土kaolin, china clay 硅石,二氧化硅silica, SiO2 堇青石cordierite 莫来石,红柱石andalusite 泥果,坯体clay body 泥釉slip 石灰,生石灰,氧化钙lime, calcium oxide, CaO 氧化锡tin oxide 釉glaze 原材料raw material 云母mica 皂石,块滑石steatite 陶瓷类型 Types of Pottery 碧玉细炻器 jasper 薄胎瓷 thin china

彩陶器,釉陶 faience 陈设瓷,摆设瓷 display china 瓷 porcelain, china(China ‘中国’来自’Chin’’秦’,在英文中’中国’和’瓷’同一单词)赤陶 terracotta, terracotta, red earthenware 代尔夫精陶 delft 德化陶瓷 Te-hua porcelain, Dehua pottery 高温陶瓷 refractory china 工业陶瓷 industrial ceramics 工艺瓷,美术瓷,艺术瓷 art porcelain, art and craft china, art pottery, artistic china 骨瓷 bone china 官瓷 mandarin porcelain 光瓷 lusterware 黑色陶器 basalt 裂变瓷 crackled porcelain 裂纹瓷 crazed china 米色陶器 creamware 青瓷 celadon 青花瓷 bule and white porcelain 轻质瓷、轻瓷 light china 日用瓷 household china, table ware 软瓷 soft porcelain 杀菌陶瓷 antiseptic pottery 绳纹陶器 Jomon pottery 施釉陶器 slipware 炻瓷 stoneware 素彩瓷 plain porcelain 陶 earthenware 陶瓷 pottery 无釉陶、陶瓷素烧坯 biscuit, unglazed ware 锡釉陶 majolica 细瓷 fine china 硬瓷 hard porcelain 赭色粘土陶器 terra sigillata 紫砂 purple granulated, purple sand, terra-cotta 工艺技术 Technology 凹雕 intaglio 标记 marking 玻璃化 vitrify 车削 turning

成型 forming 冲压,冲压花 repousse 瓷土加工 clay processing 雕刻 carving 浮雕 relief 隔焰窑 muffle 工艺技术 technology 硅氧键 silicon-oxygen bond 技艺 technique, craft 间断窑 intermittent kiln 浇铸 casting 拉毛 sgraffito 连续窑 continuous kiln 镂雕、镂空 piercing 辘轳车 jigger 泥釉彩饰法 trailing 碾磨 grinding 抛光 burnishing, polishing 破裂 chip 嵌入 inlay 切刻 incising 筛子 sieve 烧制 firing 陶瓷科技 ceramics 陶轮 potter’s wheel 贴花、嵌花 appliqué, decal 凸雕，底切，拉底，底部掏槽 undercut 细裂纹 craze 性能 property 压印 impressing 窑 kiln 印花 stampin 釉上彩 overglazed color figure 釉下彩 underglazed color figure 预加工 pre-processing

粘性，粘滞性 viscosity, stiffness 转模片 jiggered piece 转印 transfer print 装饰 décor, decoration 其它 Others 斑点 speck 半透明 translucence, translucency, translucent 不渗透的 nonporous 不透明的 opaque 茶叶罐 caddy 单色的 monochrome 多色的 polychrome 高白 high white, Gaobai 耐火材料

赛拉棉Cerafiber 赛拉含锆棉 Cerachem Fiber 赛拉毯Cerablanket 赛拉含锆毯Cerachema Blanket 马福特克（莫来石）毯 MAFTEC Blanket 耐火纤维组件 Refractory Fiber Modules 纤维贴面块 Veneering Modules 赛拉板 Ceraboard TM 背衬板607 Blok 607TM 赛拉纸 Cerapaper 赛拉毡 Cerafelt 轻质隔热砖 Insulating Firebircks JM 隔热吊顶砖 Root Blocks BV 耐火胶泥 JM2600 Blakite JM3300 轻质莫来石绝热砖 Light Insulating Bricks 聚轻高铝砖 Poly Light High AluminumFirebrick 高温耐火胶泥High-temperature Refractory Mortar 磷酸铝不烧砖系列 Aluminophosphat Bonded Firebricks 高温窑具 High-temperature Kiln Furniture 堇青石--莫来石窑具 Cordierite-mullite Kiln Furniture 轻质耐火浇注料 Low-weight Refractory Castable 高温轻质耐火浇注料 High-temp Light Weight Refractory Castable 低蠕变高铝砖 Low Creep High Alumina Bricks 热风炉用高铝砖 High Alumina Bricks forHot Blast Stove 通用粘土质耐火砖 Fireclay Bricks 高炉用粘土质耐火砖 Fireclay Bricks for Blast Furnaces 特种耐火泥浆 Special Refractory Mortar 轻质隔热耐火砖 Insulating Bricks

电炉顶砖 High Alumina Bricks for EAF 微膨胀刚玉砖 Dilatable High Alumina Bricks 不烧铝镁砖 Unburnt Al2O3-MgO Bricks 铝镁尖晶石砖 Alumina-Spinel Bricks 刚玉、铬刚玉透气砖 Corundum and Chrome-Corundum Purging Plugs for Ladle Refining 铝－碳化硅－碳砖 Al2O3-SiC-C Bricks 锆铬刚玉砖 Zr-Cr-Corundum Brick 铬刚玉尖晶石砖 Chrome-Corundum-Spinel Brick 铝镁碳砖 Al2O3-MgO-C Bricks 铝碳砖 Al2O3-C Bricks 通用高铝砖 High Alumina Bricks 高炉用高铝砖 High Alumina Bricks for Blast Furnaces 高炉出铁沟浇注料 Refractory Castables for BF Troughs and Runners 钢包浇注料 Refractory Carstables for Ladles 工艺品 artware 鬼工，鬼爷神工 demon’s work, kuei kung 景德镇 Jingdexhen, Ching-te-chen 景泰蓝 cloisonné 绝缘子 insulator 考古学 archaeology 可塑的 plastic 流变学 rheology 琉璃瓦 glazed tile 模型、模特 model 模子 mould 耐热 heat-proof 配方 formula 盆栽 bonsai 漆器 lacquer work 器皿 ware 秦始皇陵兵马俑 life-size terra-cotta soldiers and horses in Chin tomb 青铜器 bronze work 人类学 antropology 渗透的 porous 手印，指印 finger mark 丝网印刷 silk screen printing 四面体 tetrahedral

搪瓷，珐琅 enamel 陶瓷的 ceramic 陶瓷专家，陶瓷艺术家 ceramist 陶工 potter 瓦 tile 碗 bowl 卫生洁具 sanitary ware 温度 temperature 硬度 hardness 釉工 glazier 圆块，雕球，瘤 knob 砖 brick 爱比克泰德 Epicteus（活动于520-500 BC）古希腊陶工兼画家

何朝宗 He Chaozhong（1522-1620）Chinese ceramist in Ming Dynasty,中国明代陶瓷艺术家 韦奇伍德 Wedgwood（1730-1795）英国著名陶瓷工匠和制造商

希腊古瓮颂’Ode on a Crecian Urn’英国诗人济慈 Keats（1795-1821）的名诗，惊叹古希腊陶器彩绘之精美

金花米黄、渗花砖、蓝宝石、大颗粒、纯色砖

golden yellow, glazed-lmitated, sapphire of polishing series, big grain and solid color 内墙砖 wall tile 地砖 floor tile 广场砖 paving tile 完全玻化砖 polished tile 金玉石 polished mosaic 精工钻 fine granule 陶瓷砖和卫生陶瓷分类及术语 范围

本标准规定了建筑卫生陶瓷中陶瓷砖和卫生陶瓷的名称、定义及有关术语的涵义。

本标准适用于陶瓷和卫生陶瓷的设计、生产、质量检验、贸易、科学研究、教学等领域，也可供建筑施工部门参考。2 定义

2.1 陶瓷砖ceramic tile 由粘土或其他无机非金属原料，经成型、烧结等工艺处理，用于装饰与保护建筑物、构筑物墙面及地面的板状或块状陶瓷制品。也可称为陶瓷饰面砖(ceramic facing tile)2.2 卫生陶瓷ceramic sanitary ware 用做卫生设施的有釉陶瓷制品。3 分类 3.1 陶瓷砖

3.1.1瓷质砖porcelain tile吸水率（E）不超过0.5%的陶瓷砖。3.1.2 炻瓷砖vitrified tile吸水率大于0.5%，不超过3%的陶瓷砖。3.1.3细炻砖 fine stoneware tile吸水率大于3%，不超过6%的陶瓷砖。3.1.4炻质砖stoneware tile 吸水率大于6%，不超过10%的陶瓷砖。

3.1.5陶质砖fine earthenware tile吸水率大于10%的陶瓷砖，正面施釉的也可称为釉面砖。3.1.6挤出砖extruded tile将可塑性坯料经过挤压机挤出，再切割成型的陶瓷砖。3.1.7干压陶瓷砖 powder-pressed tile 将坯粉置于模具中高压下压制成型的陶瓷砖。

3.1.8其他成型方式陶瓷砖tiles made by other processes通常生产的干压陶瓷砖和挤压陶瓷砖以外的陶瓷砖。

3.1.9内墙砖interior wall tile用于装饰与保护建筑物内墙的陶瓷砖。3.1.10外墙砖exterior wall tile用于装饰与保护建筑物外墙的陶瓷砖。

3.1.11室内地砖indoor floor tile用于装饰与保护建筑物内部地面的陶瓷砖。3.1.12室外地砖outdoor ground tile 用于装饰与保护室外构筑物地面的陶瓷砖。3.1.13有釉砖glazed tile正面施釉的陶瓷砖 3.1.14无釉砖unglazed tile不施釉的陶瓷砖

3.1.15平面装饰砖瓦 pattern tile正面为平面的陶瓷砖。

3.1.16立体装饰砖 stereoscopic tile正面呈凹凸纹样的陶瓷砖。

3.1.17 陶瓷锦砖ceramic mosaic tile用于装饰与保护建筑物地面及墙面的由多块小砖拼贴成联的陶瓷砖（也称马赛克）。

3.1.18 广场砖plaza stone用于铺砌广场及道路的陶瓷砖。

3.1.19 配件砖trimmers用于铺砌建筑物墙脚、拐角等特殊装修部位的陶瓷砖。3.1.20 抛光砖polished tile经过机械研磨、抛光，表面呈镜面光泽的陶瓷砖。

3.1.21 渗花砖color-penetrated tile将可溶性色料溶液渗入坯体内，烧成后呈现色彩或花纹的陶瓷砖。3.1.22 劈离砖split tile 由挤出法成型为两块背面相连的砖坯，经烧成后敲击分离成的陶瓷砖。3.2 卫生陶瓷 3.2.1 便器wc pan 用于承纳并冲走人体排泄物的有釉陶瓷质卫生器。按排泄口部位，有下排污和排污之分。

3.2.1.1蹲便器squatting wc pan使用时以人体取蹲式为特点的便器。分为无遮挡和有遮挡；其结构有返水弯和无返水弯两种。

3.2.1.2坐便器sitting wc pan 使用时以人体取坐式为特点的便器。按冲洗方式分有冲落式、虹吸式、喷射虹吸式、旋涡虹吸式。

a)冲落式坐便器wash-down wc pan借冲洗水的冲力直接将污物排出的便器。其主要特点是在冲水、排污过程中只形成正压，没有负压。

b)虹吸式坐便器siphon wc pan主要借冲洗水在排水道所形成的虹吸作用将污物排出的便器。冲洗时正压对排污起配合作用。

c)喷射虹吸式坐便器siphon jet wc pan在水封下设有喷射道，借喷射水流而加速排污并在一定程度上降低冲水噪音的坐便器（利用水封隔音）。

3.2.2连体式坐便器integral sitting wc pan与水箱为一体的坐便器。其冲洗管道有虹吸式，也有冲落式。

3.2.3旋涡虹吸式连体坐便器siphon vortex integral sitting wc pan利用冲洗水流形成的旋涡加速污物排出的虹吸式连体坐便器。

3.2.4 壁挂式坐便器 wall-hang sitting wc pan 挂装在墙面上的坐式大便器。冲洗管道有冲落式和虹吸式。

3.2.5 挂箱式坐便器 wall-hang cistern sitting wc pan水箱挂装在墙面上的坐便器。3.2.6 水箱 cistern与便器配套，用以盛装冲洗水的有釉陶瓷质容器。

3.2.6.1高水箱upper cistern与蹲便器配套的无盖水箱，利用高位差产生的水压将污物排走。3.2.6.2低水箱 lower cistern与坐便器配套的带盖水箱。根据安装方式有挂式、坐式。3.2.7 小便器urinal 专共男性小便使用的有釉陶瓷质卫生设备。有壁挂式和落地式。3.2.7.1壁挂式小便器wall-hang urinal 挂装于墙壁上的小便器。3.2.7.2落地式小便器stall urinal直立于地面的小便器。

3.2.8 洗面器wash-basin 供洗脸、洗手用的有釉陶瓷质卫生设备。有悬挂式、立柱式和台式。3.2.8.1壁挂式洗面器hung wash-basin 安装于墙面或托架上的洗面器。3.2.8.2立柱式洗面器pedestal wash-basin下方带有立柱的洗面器。3.2.8.3台式洗面器vanity wash-basin与台板组合在一起的洗面器。3.2.9 浴盆bidet传供洗浴用的有釉陶瓷质卫生设备。

3.2.10净身器 bidet带有喷洗的供水系统和排水系统，洗涤人体排泄器官的有釉陶瓷质卫生设备。按洗涤水喷出方式，分直喷式、斜喷式和前后交叉喷洗方式。

3.2.11洗手盆hand-rinse basin专供洗手用的小型有釉陶瓷质卫生设备。

.2.12洗涤槽sink承纳厨房、实验室等洗涤用水，用以洗涤物件的槽形有釉陶瓷质卫生设备。3.2.13存水湾trap具有水封功能的有釉陶瓷后排污管道。有S型和P型。3.2.14小件卫生陶瓷sanitary assembly articles 供卫生间配套的有釉陶瓷质器件。有衣帽钩、手纸盒、皂盒、口杯托、毛巾架（托）、手巾杆和置放化妆器的化妆台板等。4术语

4.1 产品部位术语

4.1.1 坯体body构成制品的陶瓷质主体

4.1.2釉面 glaze layer 熔融于坯体表面的玻璃质致密层。4.1.3正面front surface砖体铺贴后，可看到的表面。

4.1.4背面 back surface 铺贴时与墙面或地面相连接的表面。4.1.5侧面 side surface与正面和背面相连接的表面。4.1.6正面边front side edge正面与侧面所交接的棱边。4.1.7正面角front side angle相邻两正面边的夹角。

4.1.8间隔凸缘 spacer lug侧面突起的用于控制铺贴相邻砖块间的间隔距离的边条（为施工耐特意制造的）。4.1．9 可见面visual surface 设定卫生设备安装后，观察者容易看见的表面。

4.1．10洗净面washable surface卫生设备使用时，水能溅湿的可见面。4.1．11隐蔽面 concealed surface卫生设备可见面以外的表面。

4.1.12 安装面installed surface卫生设备与墙、地或其他配件接触的部位。4.1.13 遮挡fender蹲便器前部高出的部位。

4.1.14 圈hollow ring 洗面器和便器上部的空心边圈。

4.1.15 排污道sewage draining spillway 便器内污物排出的通道。

4.1.16 隐蔽溢水道 concealed spillway 卫生器内与溢水孔相连的溢水暗道。4.1.17 进水口 water inlet 卫生器冲洗水的进入口 4.1.18 排水口 drainage exit 卫生器的废水排出口。4.1.19 出水口 water exit 水箱向配套器件供水的出口。4.1.20 排污口 sewage draining exit 便器的污物排出口。

4.1.21 承口upward socket存水弯与蹲便器排水口相连的内径扩大的端部。4.1.22 插口 downward socket 存水弯插入配套件承口内的部位。

4.1.23 溢水孔spillway hole 为控制最高水位而设置的与隐蔽溢水道相连的眼孔。4.1.24 泄水孔 spilled water hole 与隐蔽溢水道和排水口相连、泄出溢流水的孔眼。4.1.25 安装孔 installing hole 卫生设备上用于固定本身或安装配件的孔眼。4.1.26 布水眼water distribution hole便器圈下部分配冲洗水的孔眼。4.1.27 挡水板 water fender 在便器进水口正面并改变水流方向的部分。4.1.28喷射孔 jet hole在坐便器水封下，喷射道的出水孔。

4.1.29边缘挡水圈round water fender卫生设备边缘用于挡水溢用的凸圈。4.2 缺陷名称术语

4.2.1 开裂cracking贯穿坯体和釉层的裂缝。4.2.2 坯裂crack on body出现在坯体上的裂纹。4.2.3 釉裂crazing出现在釉层上的微细裂纹。

4.2.4缺釉cut glaze, exposed body应施釉部位局部无釉。4.2.5缩釉crawling釉层聚集卷缩致使坯体局部无釉。4.2.6釉泡glaze bubble釉面出现的开口或闭口泡。4.2.7波纹waviness ripple釉面呈波浪纹样。4.2.8釉缕excess glaze釉面突起的釉条或釉滴。4.2.9桔釉orange peel釉面似桔皮状，光泽较差。

4.2.10 釉粘glaze sticking有釉制品在烧成时相互粘接或与窑具粘连而造成的缺陷。4.2.11 针孔pinprick釉面出现的针刺状的小孔。4.2.12 棕眼pinholes釉面出现的针样小孔眼。4.2.13 斑点speck制品表面的异色污点。

4.2.14 剥边edge peeling产品边缘出现条状或小块状剥落。4.2.15 磕碰chip , knocking产品因碰击致使边部或角部残缺。4.2.16 夹层lamination坯体内部出现层状裂纹或分离。

4.2.17色差 color difference, tint unevenness同件或同套产品正面的色泽出现差异。4.2.18 坯粉body refuse产品正面粘有粉料屑。

4.2.19落脏 ash contamination产品正面粘附的异物。

4.2.20 花斑 speck, color spot产品正面呈现的块状异色斑。

4.2.21 烟熏smoke staining, smoked glaze因烟气影响使产品正面呈现灰、褐色或使釉面部分乃至全部失光。

4.2.22 坯泡blistering of body坯体表面突起的开口或闭口泡。4.2.23 麻面 dimple产品正面呈现的凹陷小坑。

4.2.24 熔洞 pit, fusion hole易熔物熔融使产品正面形成的孔洞。4.2.25漏抛 omission from polishing产品的应抛光部位局部无光。

4.2.26抛痕 polished trace, polished mark 产品的抛光面出现磨具擦划的痕迹。4.2.27中心弯曲center curvature产品正面的中心部位上凸或下凹。4.2.28边缘弯曲edge curvature产品正面的中心部位上凸或下凹。4.2.29侧面弯曲side curvature产品的则面外凸或内凹。

4.2.30翘曲warping , warpage产品的一个角偏离由另三个角所组成的平面。4.2.31楔形wedging, taper产品正面平行边的长度不一致。

4.2.32角度偏差angle deviation产品的角度不符合设计规定的要求。4.3 功能名称术语

4.3.1 冲洗功能washing function用规定水量将便器内污物排出并将便器冲洗干净以及污水更换的能力。4.3.2 水封功能water seal resistance便器内储存一定量水，封闭上下通道的隔臭能力。4.3.3 抗菌功能antibacterial陶瓷表面所具有的阻止细菌在表面生长的能力。4.4 其他术语

4.4.1 名义尺寸（又名公称尺寸）nominal size用于统称产品规格的尺寸。

4.4.2 工作尺寸（又名加工尺寸）work size, manufacturing size按制结果确定的尺寸。4.4.3 实际尺寸（又名产品尺寸）actual size用计量器具测量得到的尺寸。

4.4.4 配合尺寸coordinating size产品与产品间相互连接的尺寸，即工作尺寸与相邻产品间隔连接宽度之和。

4.4.5 模数尺寸modular sizes模数尺寸包括了尺寸为M、2M、3M和5M以及它们的倍数或分数为基数的砖，不包括表面积小于9000mm2的砖。注：见ISO 1006中M=100mm 4.4.6 非模数尺寸non-modular sizes不是以模数M为基数的尺寸。注：1见ISO 1006中M=100mm。2这些尺寸砖通常应用在大多数国家 4.4.7 背纹back side pattern 产品背面凸起或凹陷的图纹。

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第五篇：关于中国文化的英文文章

Lucky number is part of our culture

To my way of thinking, the so-called lucky number represents the characteristics of our culture.We Chinese have a tradition: whenever we have important things to do, we always select the day we think lucky.Such as: the “10.10.10” day(October 10, 2010), we regard it as the prefect day.For in our culture, “10” as a very lucky number means everything is perfect.This tradition is gradually formed in history.As we all know, china have a very long history.The nature is very sacred then, and our ancestors try their best in order to gain its help, hoping everything run smooth.So when they were to do things, they usually choose something which indicates good fortune.As the time passes, this habit slowly becomes a tradition, and gradually expands every aspect of life.For example, Chinese people like wear the red clothes, because in our eyes the red indicates positive, smooth, prosperous.Among this, the lucky number is the especial example.Now the number seems to appear everywhere in our daily life.Such as: our telephone number, various bank card number, ID number, VIP card number, house number and so on.The number four looked as unlucky, for its pronunciation sound as the word “death” in Chinese.So is the number seven.However, six, nine, ten are lucky numbers.Affected by this culture, most of us prefer to use the so-called lucky numbers.Therefore there are lots of couples choose the” 8.8.8” “9.9.9” ”10.10.10”day when they marry.All in all, the lucky number is part of our culture.All things we can do are holding a respect and accept of attitude to it.