英语专业美国文学期末考试重点,小字号已排

第一篇：英语专业美国文学期末考试重点,小字号已排

1.The puritanpietyAn American Tragedyproves to be his greatest 2.Anne BradstreetTenth MuseThe three dominant figuresWilliam Howells Henry 3.In American literature,RationalismAbout Dreiser's It traces the tragic and the matrial rise of4.At the reason and revolutionEnlightenment MovementAs a genre ,naturalismheredity and environment 5.Captain John Smithusually was regarded as the firstIt is not surprising to findDreiser's 6.From 1732 to 1758Poor Richard's AlmanacA big change which tookhe became bitterly sceptical 7.The AmericanPuritanismas a culturalThe most recognizable literary movementExpatriate th8.The romantic period of American literatureThe Sketch BookIn the first part of the 20the Austrian Sigmund Fre 9.In the middle of 19th century,the American RenaissanceAs to the descriptions ofLewis is a sociological writer 10.New England Transcendentalismis usually agreed to be theHemingway once saidiceberg 11.In the following works, The Sketch Booksigns the beginningYoknapatawphahas become an allegory or a parable 12.According toRalph Emerson,man's capacity is infiniteWhich from 1945 onwards?A group of new writers who13.As a philosophical and literaryEmerson and ThoreauThe followingmodern workIts perspective is shifted14.Which of the following poet isJames Russell LowellMost of O'NeillSuccess and failure in man's literary 15.The essayNature,written by Ralph Waldo EmersonWhich “Roaring 20s”Many of them portrayed the 16.In spite of strong foreign influences,American type of charaAbout the first few decadesThere was a decline in so 17.18.Which of the 19.Moby Dick, 20.Emily DickinsonRomantic period Melville's masterpiece,is regarded asMost heroes and heroinesis now recognized not only as a great21.Dickinson's poems are usually 22.The subjects of Emily Dickinson'sthe whole human beings,whicman and morality23.Which charact Emily 24.In American literature the firsther poems are usually rather long and25.Irving was best known forThe Legend of Sleepy Washington Irving26.Washington got his idea 27.Rip van winkle is foundGerman legend28.It is on his 29.In Rip Van Winkletales about AmericaThe Sketch Book, washington agrees with the protagonist onthat Washington30.F31.In the well-known story Rip.James Cooper is worth the honor of being “the American S”the War for Independence32.Washington Rip famous for 33.“strange names were over”Rip's 20-years sleepIrving:“Rip Van Winkle”34.in the following statements,Irving describes Rip;s response35.The famous 20 years in Rip 36.Which about Washington is notconcern with the passage of timeHe is preoccupied with the37.About Washingt , Father of American 38.New england Transcendentalism was 39.The publication ofNatureestablished Emerson as the mostHis writings preferred 1830s40.The main issues involved in 41.American Transcendentalists42.According to Emerson,both A and Bman is divine in namenature,man and the universe43.which by 44.About the basic principlesthe Transcendental 45.walt Whitman was Which ofthe poems in Whitman'sIntuition is less important thanNature is ennobling andThey sing of the“ en-”46.as a great innovator47.as a man of literary 48.“There is evil in every human heart”free verse poetry without a fixed beatexploring the complexity of human49.Hawthorne's unique gift 50.Pearl is the heroine About the novel The ScarletT he Scarlet Lettersymbolic storiesNathaniel HawthorneWhitman's poemsIn it the letter“A”takes the sameWhich of Whitman's poetic style?a strict poetic formHemingway once regarded theHis strong tendency to use ofWho is described by Mark TwainAdventures of Huckleberry FinnMark Twain, one of Winterbourne is used aslocal colorHuckleberry FinnWhich of the American naturalinarrator of the eventsWhich about Mark languageTheir characters were conceivedThe American realists approachedHis sentence structures are long By the turn of the centurya comprehensive picture ofThe Portrait of a Lady About the titled heroineis about a young American girl whoan optimist...an almost despairingWhich the novel Sister Carrie?She comes from the new world but As to the American realistsIts heroine is a country girlTheodore Dreiser was influencedThey aimed at the interpretationHenry James is generally regarded asRalph Waldo Emerson

Another fact that made About Naturalismstream of consciousness ChicagoThe term“The Gilded Age”is the scene of Dreiser'sAmerican Naturalism is a reaction against Twain

Henry James's emphasis on

Henry JamesGenerally speaking,all thoseis considered the founder of Psychologicalthe characters' psychology and thethe Realistic Period

Dreiser's naturalism and hispessimists

Which of writing style Mark Twainis considered“the true father of American”

all of themStephen Grane

In his novels ,Faulkner Which Imagist Movement?the decline of the Southern Which Hemingway's heroes?The treatment of the medium In his poetry,Robert Frost Which of to Arms?He can be physically destro Despite all its apparentNew England

About the major plotIt tells a story about the tragic men standing alone in the bleakAs to Hemingway's writingThe hero became a victim of the In the following Fitzgerald summarizedThe Crash marked the beginning ofThe use of short, simpleWhich The leading playwrightrefined languageThe Great Gatsby

“The Apparition of these”Which of William Faulkner?His poems are mostly conEugene O'Neill After the First World War, As a poet inImagismHe often depicts slumThe publication of The Waste Land20th ,Robertrejected the...way to be new The Lost Generation Early in the 1920s,WhichEugene O'Neill T.S.EliotFaulkner of literary modernism?A Farewell to Arms “For i have too much”wrote about the society Which about Hemingway'sis tired of the work of apple-picChinese poetry an philosophyMan can be physically In American literatureEzra Pound

One of the major subjectsWhich in O'Neill'sthe expatriate movement John Steinbeck is Which..features ofHe looked upon...symblosThey are always seeking meaning The American social upheavalst he Great Depressionthe dislocation of narrative time Ezra Pound is a leadingWorld War2In the 1960s and 1970s,Imagist In the 1920s,O'Neill establishedboth B and CIn 1954,Typical of the “iceberg”Ernest HemingwayThe Hairy Ape O'Neillwas awarded Allen Ginsburg's Howlwon the Pulitzer Prize four Ernest Hemingway's Chinesethe Beat Generation Hemingway's first truepoetry and philosophy have In William Faulkner's The SoundThe Sun Also Risesstream of conscious

第二篇：美国文学 期末考试 总结一

1.The Minister’s Black Veil--Hawthorne, 人物：Hooper

总结：A universally beloved minister appears in church one Sunday wearing a small black

veil which hides his face from the forehead to the mouth.Everyone is made uneasy by this.After he has worn it for several Sundays a delegation from the congregation go to his home

to ask him to remove it, or at least explain why he is wearing it.But intimidated胁迫 by the veil,they are afraid to raise the subject.His bride-to-be then declares she will speak to him about it.When he will not discuss the

matter with her she says she is afraid to marry him unless he lifts the veil at least once, or tells her

why he must refuses.He will not but begs her to marry him anyway, instead of condemning them

each to a lonely life.He continues to wear the veil throughout a lonely life.Everyone avoids him

but his sermons布道 become even more impressive and many people are brought to a state of

grace by them.“black veil”symbolizes the cover used to keep one’s guilt as a secret.2.The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn—Mark Twain 人物：Huck, Jim 1.Huck’s quest for freedom and Jim’s quest for anti-slavery

2.Society vs.individual

3.Huck’ birth and rebirth

4.Huck’s loneliness and isolation 人物性格分析：Huck is always practical and natural, exhibiting good common sense.Huck is

extremely adaptable.Huck is also very shrewd and possesses a good inventive ability.His

sympathy for other human beings, his shrewdness and ingenuity, his basic intelligence, his good

common sense and his basic practicality.3.An American Tragedy--Theodore Dreiser 人物：Clyde Griffths

总结：Clyde thinks money and success will bring him happiness.When a pregnant girlfriend

threatens to destroy this dream, he plans to kill her.At the last moment, he changes his mind, but

the girl dies accidentally anyway.Since Clyde has decided not to kill her, is he really responsible

for her death? This becomes the main question during the trial审判.The trial itself is not really

fair.The newspapers stir up public anger against him.In the end, Clyde is executed.Clearly,Dreiser believes that Clyde is not really guilty.Dreiser calls his novel a tragedy, and in certain

ways it is similar to classical Greek tragedy.It concentrates on a single individual, who gives it

unity;and his individual is eventually destroyed by forces which he cannot control.4.The Hairy Ape—Eugene O’Neill人物：Yank

全文总结：Yank, the ape-like seaman, attempts to rise to a higher level.Yank’s initial crisis is

seeing himself unfavorably in the mirror of the society girl when she calls him a filthy beast.After

this incident, and throughout the play, he struggles to find out exactly who and what he is.Ultimately he tries to find meaning and purpose in the animal world by freeing a caged gorilla, but

this final effort fails also.In the end, Yank dies, without ever finding his place of belonging.The

general feeling is one of despair: Man is rootless in an indifferent and impersonal universe.The next day Yank goes to the monkey house at the zoo.The gorilla’s brute

strength impresses him and he speaks to the animal as a friend.He describes the feelings he had in

the park, watching the sun rise on the sea.At last he understood Paddy’s nostalgia for the old life,but he knew he could never belong to it.This realization led him to seek out the gorilla.Yank says

the gorilla is lucky to belong to one world while he belongs to neither heaven nor earth.Identifying himself with the animal, Yank frees him to get even with the men who have put him in the cage.The gorilla picks him up, crushes him and throws him into the open cage.When the door has slammed shut on him and the gorilla has gone the dying Yank calls out mockingly to imaginary spectators to step right up and have a look at the one and only---Hairy Ape.He dies, having pronounced this final judgment on himself.In a stage note the playwright suggests that perhaps Yank at last belongs.5.A Farewell to Arms—Ernest Hemingway 人物：Henry, Catherine Barkley, Emilio

Dialogue

Interior monologue// stream of consciousness

Understatement The Grim Reality of War

The Relationship between Love and Pain

Feelings of lossThe novel tells about the war experience and the love story of an American lieutenant, Henry, during the World War I.Henry serves in the Italian ambulance crops, and fall in love with an English nurse, Catherine.Although in civilian clothes, he is suspected, and forced to flee with Cat to Switzerland.They go to Lausanne for the birth of their child, but the baby is stillborn and Cat dies in childbirth.Henry is left alone in a strange land;his dream of leading a decent life broke into smithereens.So the novel is both farewell to war, and a farewell to love.6.Autobiography--Benjamin FranklinIt is probably the first autobiography in American literature.It is an interesting record of a man rising to wealth and fame from a state of poverty and obscurity.It’s a record of self-examination and self-improvement.He wrote it at 65.

第三篇：英语专业八级人文知识练习题：美国文学

1.The Old Man and the Sea is one of the great works by ____

A Jack London

B Charles Dickens

C Samuel Coleridge

D Ernest Hemingway

2.In which novel can “Yahoo” be found?

A John Bunyan's Pilgrim's Progress

B Edmund Spencer's The Faerie Queen

C Jonathan Swift's Gulliver's Travels

D Henry Fielding's Tom Jones

3.The Catcher in the Rye is written by ____

A J.D.Salinger

B Jack London

C Flannery O'Connor

D Saul Bellow

4.The image of the famous “henpecked husband” is created by____

A Washington Irving

B Fennimore Cooper

C Edith Wharton

D William Dean Howells

5.The literary spokesman of the Jazz is often thought to be ____

A O'Neil

B Pound

C Robert Frost

D Scott Fitzgerald

6.____ is the most important person of the transcendental club.A Hawthorn

B Whitman

C Emerson

D Hemingway

7.The main theme of Emily Dickinson is the following except____

A fridendship

B love and marriage

C life and death

D war and peace

8.Robert Frost is a famous ____

A novelist

B playwright

C poet

D literary critic

9.Dover Beach is written by ____

A Robert Browning

B Alfred Tennyson

C Mathew Arnold

D Dylan Thomas

10.The period from 1865-1914 has been referred to as the ____ in the literary history of the United States.A Age of Realism

B Age of Clasicalism

C Age of Romanticism

D Age of Renaissance

答案及解析:

1.D 《老人与海》是海明威的作品。

2.C Jonathan Swift的Gulliver's Travels(《格列弗游记》)中yahoo暗指人类，集人类丑陋面于一身，服务于动物的一类生物。

3.A The Catcher in the Rye(《麦田里的守望者》)是J.D.Salinger(J.D.赛琳格)的名著。

4.A henpecked husband 是指“怕老婆的男人”，改典型形象出自Washington Irving 的Rip Van Winkle。

5.D 二十世纪出现Jazz Age，这一代的年轻人物欲膨胀，沉迷酒色。Scott Fitzgerald的 Great Gatsby《了不起的盖茨比》根据时代特征，对深深讽刺了所谓的美国梦。

6.C Emerson是超验主义的重要代表，所著Nature《论自然》代表了他的哲学观。

7.D Emily Dickinson(1709-1784)，美国女诗人，终生未嫁。主要诗歌包括：I Could Not Sto for Death还有，I'm Nobody.Who Are You?

诗歌主题为：爱情，自然，友谊，死亡与不朽。

8.C Robert Frost是十九世纪的美国诗人，后因父亲过世已经英国，在新英格兰享有很高名望。主要作品有：The Road Not Taken，Mending Wall。

9.C Dover Beach(《多弗的海滩》)是Mathew Arnold 的作品。

10.A 1865-1914，也就是美国内战结束之后，第一次世界大战爆发之前。这个时候涌现的作家，比如Mark Twain刻画出美国经济政治发展引发的社会现实问题，包括“Gold Rush”。

第四篇：大四美国文学期末考试题型及例题

大四美国文学期末考试题型及例题 大四美国文学期末考试题型及例题：

1.选择/对错 60分（40道选择，20个对错）

2.名词解释 10分（5个）

3.选段配对 10分（5个）

4.问答20分（10/2）

1．历史：Father / poetess…

2.名作家：Hemingway, Faulkner, Poe, Hawthorne, Emerson

3．作品：The Wasteland/Moby Dick/Scarlet Letter

1.At the age of reason and revolution, Americans were influenced by the European movement called the ________.A.Chartist MovementB.Romanticist Movement

C.Enlightenment MovementD.Modernist Movement

2.Which is NOT connected to Benjamin Franklin? ________

A.He was born in a poor family.B.He was a pious puritan.C.He was phrased as “Jack of all trades”.D.He was a master of diplomacy.3.Ernest Hemingway is noted for the following EXCEPT ________.A.Lost Generation

B.Iceberg theory

C.American Dream

D.Code Heroes

4.Which character is NOT from The Scarlet Letter? ________

A.Hester Prynne

B.Roger Chillingworth

C.Captain Ahab

D.Pearl

5.Jack London’s semi-biographical novel ________ well presents the disillusionment of American Dream.A.The American Tragedy

B.The Call of the Wild

C.Martin Eden

D.The Grapes of Wrath

1.Poe’s masterpiece “To Helen” is written to memorize his deceased wife.(F)

2.The tone of “Annabel Lee” is optimistic and hopeful.(F)

3.Mark Twain's novel Jumping Frog was an artistic failure, but it gave its name to the America of the postbellum period which it attempts to satirize.(F)

4.Sister Carrie ended up in tragedy because she could not control her fate.(F)

1.It refers to the religious beliefs held by the Puritans, who had intended to “purify” or simplify the religious ritual of the Church of England.They believed in the original sin and the harsh Day of Doom, although some good people---the chosen people or “the Elect”---may be saved.（2.A literary doctrine that called for “reality and truth” in the depiction of ordinary life．It had originated in France and was very popular in 19th century.（1.Fair flower, that dost so comely grow,Hid in this silent, dull retreat,Untouched thy honeyed blossoms blow,Unseen thy little branches greet:

No roving foot shall crush thee here,No busy hand provoke a tear.2.During the whole of a dull, dark and soundless day in the autumn of the year, when the cloud hung oppressively low in the heavens, I had been passing alone, on horseback, through a singularly dreary tract of country;and at length found myself, as the shades of evening drew on, within view of the melancholy House of Usher.I know not how it was—but, with the first glimpse of the building, a sense of insufferable gloom pervaded my spirit.1.Transcendentalism

(a)Transcendentalism(p56)

{1}As a moral philosophy, it exalted feeling over reason, individual expression over the restraints of law and custom.& believed in the transcendence of the“oversoul” {2}A literary movement flourishing in New England from the 1830s to the Civil war.It stresses intuitive understanding of God, without the help of the church and advocated independence of the mind.The representative writers are Emerson and Thoreau.{b}Transcendentalism exerted a dominating notion onto the major wirers of the Romantic period and its essence has been permanently absorbed into the main stream of American thought.As a moral philosophy, Transcendentalists took their ideas from the romantic literature of Europe, from neo-Platonism, from German idealistic philosophy and from the revelations of Oriental mysticism.They spoke for cultural rejuvenation and against the materialism of American society.They believed in the transcendence of the “Oversoul”, an all-pervading power for goodness from which all things come and of which all things are a part.As a philosophical and literary

movement, Transcendentalism flourished in New England from the 1830’s to the Civil War.Its doctrines found their greatest literary advocated in Emerson, who believed that man was a part of absolute good, and in Thoreau who beheld divinity in the “unspotted innocence” of nature.It was a powerful expression of the intellectual mood of the age, and the ideas it represented have remained a strong influence on great American writers from the days of Nathaniel Hawthorne and Walt Whitman to the present.2.“The Road Not Taken”

In this poem, the author uses two roads in the woods to symbolize the choices in the real life.The author suggests us not being afraid to take a chance, not following the crowd and trying new things.Individualism is highlighted in the poem because the speaker chooses to go his own way, taking the “road less traveled”.Caution is also taken before deciding to take the “road less traveled”, for the speaker takes time to consider the other road.Commitment is symbolized in the poem because the speaker does not have second thoughts after making his decision.The last symbolized theme is accepting a challenge.It may be that the road the

speaker chooses is less traveled because it represents trials or perils.Such challengesseem to appeal to the speaker.The Road Not Taken

This poem, as many of Frost’s poems, begins with the observation of nature, as if the poet is a traveler sightseeing in nature.By the end, all the simple words condense into a serious proposition: When anyone in life is confronted with making a choice, in order to possess something worthwhile, he has to give up something which seems as lovely and valuable as the chosen one.Then, whatever follows, he must accept the consequence of his choice for it is not possible for him to return to the beginning and have another chance to choose differently.Frost is asserting that nature is fair and honest to everyone.Thus all the varieties of human destiny result from each person’s spontaneous capability of making choices.Form: The poem is very regularly structured with 4 classic 5-line stanzas, with the rhyme scheme “abaab” and in conversational rhythm.3.The Great Gatsby

Thematically，the novel is a parody of the American dream as represented by Gatsby’s pursuit for wealth and love．

(1)American Dream(derived the Puritanism)is a popular belief that people can achieve success，whether it is wealth，fame or love through honest hard working in a new world of liberty，equality，chances and promises．(e.g.Franklin, Obama)

(2)It is true that Gatsby had a huge wealth，but it was built up through illegal means—bootlegging.Daisy was the embodiment of love for Gatsby，but the Daisy in Gatsby’s illusion was not the Daisy in reality——a mindless and spiritless woman only with a beautiful appearance，who retreated to her boring but secure way of life rather than accept the responsibility at the moment of crisis．

(3)Like Franklin，Gatsby also made a time table and a list of “do’s and don'ts”．But unfortunately he did not know that the time had changed．

(4)Therefore, G’s dream is tarnished by his material possessions, much like America is now with the obsession with wealth.In any case, Gatsby would have failed to his idealistic dream inevitably, namely disillusion of American dream.Together with Martin Eden, it well presents the disillusionment of American Dream.Main ideas:

Nick Caraway, the narrator decided to leave his family in the Midwest to study bond business in New York．He took a small house at West Egg of Long Island and became a neighbor of Jay Gatsby，a mysterious man of great wealth．He resumed acquaintance with Tom Buchanan and his wife Daisy at a dinner party in their home．There he also met Jordan Baker，an attractive but arrogant young lady．He soon learned that their marriage was not happy and Tom has a mistress，Myrtle，wife of George Wilson，a garage owner in the Valley of Ashes．A few days later he was invited to Gatsby’s party.From Gatsby and later from Jordan, Nick learned of the love affair between Daisy and Gatsby before she married Tom．Gatsby then made a request of Nick：to bring Daisy to tea and meet Gatsby．At the reunion Gatsby changed from nervousness to excitement and from excitement to a remote fantasy．At a party Gatsby gave to the Buchanans，Nick and Jordan，Gatsby and Tom had a fierce quarrel over Daisy and Daisy sided with both men in turns．Then Daisy and Gatsby left in Gatsby’s car while the others followed in Tom’s．On the way Gatsby’s car knocked Myrtle dead and ran away，but he later told Nick that Daisy was driving at the time of the accident．Myrtle，thinking Tom was in the car，ran toward it and was hit．Meanwhile Mr．Wilson traced Gatsby’s car and found Gatsby's house．A few hours later both of them were found dead．Apparently Wilson shot Gatsby and then himself．Although Nick tried to make Gatsby’s funeral respectable，none of his friends came．Only Gatsby’s father appeared，still thinking that his son was a great man．On another occasion Nick met Tom and Daisy and was reluctant to shake hands with them．He already knew that it was Tom who made Wilson believe that Myrtle was Gatsby’s lover and was run over by Gatsby．Soon Nick went back to his people in the Middle West．

第五篇：毛概期末考试重点已精选（共）

第五章

一：关于三个主体三个补充。陈云提出了三个主体三个补充的思想，主张在工商业经营方面，国家经营和集体经营为是工商业的主体，一定数量的个体是补充，在生产计划方面，计划生产是工农业生产的主体，按照市场变化而在国家计划的许可范围内进行自由生产是补充，在流通领域，国家市场是社会主义市场的主体，一定范围内国家领导的自由市场是补充，提出了计划指标必须必须切合实际，建设规模必须同国力相适应的观点，人民生活和国家建设必须兼顾，直盯计划必须做好物资。财政，信贷平衡的观点。

二：关于社会主义本质内容，科学内涵。社会主义的本质是解放生产力，发展生产了，消灭剥削，消除两极分化，最终达到共同富裕。科学内涵：（1）把发展社会主义生产力纳入社会主义的本质。1.从我国社会主义建设的历史经验来看，过去对什么是社会主义的问题之所以没有搞清楚，一个重要原因就是离开生产力抽象谈社会主义，误以为只要不断改变生产关系，提高共有程度就能推动生产力的发展，甚至以季节斗争为刚取代生产力发展，更没认识到社会主义还有解放生产力的问题。2.从中国具体国情看，我过还处于社会主义初级阶段，社会主义主要矛盾更加突出，解放发展生产力问题就更重要。3.从时代特征看，和平发展是当今时代的主题，新的科技革命迅速发展的条件下，世界各国都在抓住时机，加快发展，只有突出发展生产力发展在社会主义本质中作用，才能自觉的以经济建设为中心，抓住机遇不断发展，不断推进社会主义建设，并证明社会主义优越性。（2）突出情调消灭剥削消除两极分化，最终达到共同富裕。社会主义本质的意义：1社会主义理论把我们对社会主义的认识提高到了一个新的科技水平2 社会主义本质轮对探索怎样建设社会主义具有重要实践意义。

三：为什么说发展是党执政兴国的第一要务。把发展作为执政兴国的第一要务是由中国共产的执政地位所决定的，是对执政规律深化的认识，也是党实现其承担历史责任的需要。我国这样一个发展中打过，能不能解决号发展问题，直接关系到人心向背，事业兴衰。中国共产党的执政地位是人民的选着，选择的原因从根本上说是相信它能领导中国实现民富国强，振兴中华。1.只有紧紧抓住这个要务，党才能在新世纪新阶段实现自己的历史使命，承担起历史责任，因为不论是全面建设小康社会，提高人民物质生活水平，增强综合国力，实现中华民族伟大复兴，实现住过统一和促进世界和平号都要靠发展2.只有把发展作为主题，才能从根本上把握人民的愿望，不断巩固和加强党的群众基础，把中国特色社会主义推想前进，通过多待人的努力，创造出比资本主义更发达的生产力，使人民得到更多实际利益，显示社会主义优越性3.也只有靠发展才能税负那些不相信社会主义的人，坚定社会主义和住过前途的信念和信心。总之，解决社会主义初级阶段的各种社会矛盾和问题，都要靠发展发展是硬道理，硬就硬在这里。

第六章

一：社会主义初级阶段的科学含义。1.我国社会已经是社会主义社会，我们必须坚持而不能离开社会主义。2.我国的社会主义还处在初级阶段。3.我国的社会主义初级阶段具有长期性 二：社会主义初级阶段基本路线的主要内容。1.建设“富强民主文明和谐的社会主义现代化国家”。2.一个中心，两个基本点。3.领导和团结全国各族人民。4.自力更生，艰苦创业 三：社会主义初级阶段的基本纲领。1.建设中国特色社会主义经济，就是在社会主义条件下发展市场经济，不断解放和发展生产力。实现国民经济又好又快发展，保证人民共享改革和发展成果。2.建设中国特色的社会主义政治，就是在中国共产党的领导下，在人民当家作主的基础上，依法治国，发展社会主义民主政治。实现社会安定、政府廉洁高效、全国各民族团结和睦生动活泼的政治局面。3.建设中国特色的社会主义文化，就是以马克思主义为知道，以培育有理想、有道德、有文化、有纪律的公民为目标，发展面向现代化、面向世界、面向未来的，民族的、科学的、大众的社会主义文化。建设社会主义核心价值体系，推动社会主 1

义文化大发展大繁荣。4.构建社会主义和谐社会，就是要按照民主政治、公平正义、诚信友爱、充满活力、安定有序、人与自然和谐相处的总要求和共同建设、共同享有的原则，以改善民生为重点，解决好人民最关心、最直接、最现实的利益问题，努力形成全体人民各尽其能、各得其所而又和谐相处的局面。

四：三步走战略的内容。1.第一步：从1981年到1990年实现国民生产比1980年翻一番，解决人民的温饱问题；2.第二步：从1991年到20世纪末，使国民生产总值再增长一倍，人民生活达到小康水平，3.第三步：到21世纪中叶，人均国民生产总值达到中等发达国家水平，人民生活比较富裕，基本实现现代化。

五：三步走战略的特点。1.坚持了雄心壮志与实事求是的统一。2.把经济发展和提高人民生活水平结合起来，坚持了经济发展和实现社会主义本质要求的统一。3.明确提出了把我国建设成为富强民主文明的社会主义现代化国家，坚持了经济与社会的全面发展。4.提出了战略具有长期性。

六：十七大在全面建设小康社会方面提出的更高要求。1.增强发展协调性，努力实现经济友好又快发展。2.扩大社会主义民主，更好保障人民权益和社会公平正义。3.加强文化建设，明显提高全民族文明素质。4.加快发展社会事业，全面改善人民生活。5.建设生态文明，基本形成节约能源资源和保护生态环境的产业结构、增长方式、消费方式。

七：改革、发展、稳定的关系。1.发展是目的，是改革与稳定的基础。2.改革的力度、发展的速度和社会可以承受的程度统一起来。3.把不断改善人民生活作为处理改革、发展、稳定关系的重要结合点。

第七章

一：对外开放的必要性。1.当今的世界开放的世界，这是对世界经济发展历史的深刻总结，是生产社会化和商品经济、市场经济发展的必然结果。2.中国的发展离不开世界。3.实行对外开放也是充分发挥社会主义制度优越性的需要。4.实行对外开放要处理好对外开放与独立自主、自力更生的关系。

二：邓小平的社会主义初级阶段主要矛盾的理论。1.判断一种生产关系和生产力是否相适应，要从实际出发，具体问题具体分析，主要看它是否适应当时的生产力的要求，是否推动生产力的发展。2.提出在社会主义社会依然有解放生产力的问题。3.把社会主义基本矛盾、主要矛盾和根本任务统一起来。4.提出了解决社会主义初级阶段主要矛盾的途径是改革

三：三个有利于思想内容。邓小平在1992年的南方谈话中，明确提出了“三个有利于”标准，即要以是否有利于发展社会主义社会的生产力、是否有利于增强社会主义国家的综合国力，是否有利于提高人民生活水平作为判断改革得失成败的标准。

四：独立自主、自力更生和对外开放的辩证关系。坚持独立自主、自力更生同对外开放是相辅相成的。独立自主、自力更生是实行对外开放的基础，只有增强独立自主、自力更生的能力，才能在国际上获得较高的信誉，吸引更多的合作者，才能不断扩大对外开放的广度和深度；对外开放是为了增强独立自主、自力更生的能力，在对外开放的过程中积极利用外国的投资、先进技术与管理经验，取得更好的经济和社会效益，可以加快本国经济的发展，增强经济实力和综合国力

五：怎样理解对外开放是全方位、多层次、宽领域的开放。所谓全方位就是不论对资本主义国家还是社会主义国家，对发达国家还是对发展中国家都实行对外开放政策。所谓多层次，就是根据各地区的实际和特点，通过经济特区、沿海开放城市、经济技术开发区、沿海经济开放区、开放沿边和沿江地区以及内陆内陆省区的不同开放程度的各种形式，形成全国范围内的对外开放。所谓宽领域，就是立足于我国国情，对国际商品市场、国际资本市场、国际技术市场、国际劳务市场的开放，把对外开放扩展到能源、交通的基础产业以及金融、保险、房地产、科技、教育、文化、服务业等。

第八章

1.社会主义市场经济的内涵：1.突破了过去公认的计划经济和市场经济是代表社会主义和资本主义两种经济制度本质属性的观念，认为他们都是经济手段；2.计划和市场作为调节的两种手段，他们对经济的调节各有自己的优势和长处，在社会化大生产和存在复杂经济关系的条件下，市场经济对促进经济发展具有更强的适应性、更显著的优势和较高的效率；3.市场经济作为资源配置的一种方式本身不具有制度属性，但是，它与社会主义相结合而形成的经济体制则必须体现社会主义基本制度的特征。

2.社会主义市场经济的基本特征：在所有制结构上，以公有制为主体、多种所有制经济共同发展；在分配制度上，以按劳分配为主体、多种分配方式并存；在宏观调控上，以实现最广大劳动人民的利益为出发点和归宿。

3.社会主义市场经济与资本主义市场经济的区别和联系：共性：1.从资源配置方式来看，都是以市场为基础性配置手段；2.从微观层面看，企业都是独立的市场主体和法人实体；3.从经济活动看，市场经济规律起着支配作用；从宏观层面看，政府的宏观调控主要是通过经济手段来实现的；4.从经济运行看，法制起着基本的保障作用。

4.确立公有制为主体、多种所有制经济共同发展的基本经济制度的基本依据是：公有制是社会主义经济制度的基础，是社会主义生产关系区别于资本主义的本质特征，是劳动人民当家做主的经济基础，也是社会化大生产的客观要求；我国还处于社会主义初级阶段，生产力还不发达，生产社会化的程度还不高，发展还很不平衡，需要在公有制为主体的条件下发展多种所有制经济，以适应生产力的要求；一切符合“三个有利于”标注的所有制形式，都可以而且应该用来为发展社会主义服务。

5.公有制的主体地位主要体现在两个方面：1.公有资产在社会总资产中占优势。2.国有经济控制国民经济命脉，对经济发展起主导作用。公有资产占优势，要有量的优势，更要注重质的提高。

6.非公有制经济包括个体经济、私营经济混合所有制经济中的非公有制成分等，非公有制经济在加强社会主义市场经济体制建设方面的不可替代的作用：市场经济要求市场主体多元化，非公有制经济的存在和发展，提供了多种市场经济主体，为建立社会主义市场经济体制提供了不可缺少的条件；通过竞争，促进作为主体的公有制经济，特别是国有经济加速市场化改革，提高经营管理水平，增强市场竞争力；外资企业的进入不仅会带来资金、先进的技术和管理经验，而且还会带来一些与社会化生产规律和市场经济体制相适应的经营方式和资本组织形式可谓我国公有制经济特别是国有经济的体制创新提供借鉴。

7.坚持按劳分配的主体地位的必然性：1.社会主义初级阶段的公有制为主体、多种所有制经济共同发展的基本经济制度，决定了收入分配领域必然实行按劳分配为主体、多种分配方式并存的分配制度；2.社会主义之所以必须实行按劳分配是由社会主义公有制和社会生产力的发展水平决定的；3.劳动还是谋生的手段，这决定了社会还不具备实行按需分配的条件。

8.按生产要素有多种不同的分配形式，就其内容可以分为三种类型：1.以劳动作为生产要素参与分配；2.劳动以外的生产要素所有者参与分配；3.管理和知识产权类的生产要素参与分配。

9．正确认识先富和共富的关系：先富是实现共富的捷径，共同富裕并不等于同时富裕、同步富裕、同等富裕。奔向富裕是一个有先有后、有快有慢逐步实现的过程，要求所有人、所有地区同时、同步、同等富裕起来是不切实际的，必须允许一部分人、一部分地区先富起来。共同富裕的构想正是这样提出来的：一部分地区有条件先发展起来，一部分地区发展慢点，先发展起来的地区带动后发展的地区，最终达到共同富裕。先富不是目的，而是实现共同富裕的途径和手段；强调共富并不是要否定先富。

10.在社会主义初级阶段，承认和允许人们在收入方面存在差距的必然性：1.劳动者的个人禀赋和家庭负担的不同，实行按劳分配原则必然产生收入和富裕程度不同；2.实行多种所有制经济和多种分配方式，拥有不同生产要素的不同社会成员也必然会产生收入的差距和富裕程度的不同；3.发展社会主义市场经济，在价值规律和竞争的作用下优胜劣汰，使具有不同竞争能力的人在富裕程度上必然出现差距；4.城乡之间、地区之间、脑力劳动和体力劳动之间，以及不同经济领域和部门之间客观上存在的差别，也必然引起收入的差别和富裕程度的不同。

11.分配理论的的发展过程：党十四大以来，提出兼顾效率和公平与效率优先、兼顾公平的原则。党的十六大提出坚持效率优先、兼顾公平方面既要提倡奉献精神，又要落实分配政策，既要反对平均主义，又要防止收入悬殊。十六届四中全会强调注重社会公平，合理调整国民收入分配格局，逐步实现全体人民共同富裕。十六届五中全会以科学发展观为指导，提出要在经济发展的基础上，更加注重社会公平，合理调整国民收入分配格局，加大调节收入分配的力度。十七大提出初次分配和再分配都要处理好效率和公平关系，再分配更加注重公平。

12.中国特色新型工业化道路的含义：坚持走中国特色新型工业化道路，就是要坚持以信息化带动工业化，以工业化促进信息化，走出一条科技含量高、经济效益好、资源消耗低、环境污染少、人力资源优势得到充分发挥的新型工业化路子。新型工业化道路是以信息化带动工业化，以科技进步为动力、以提高经济效益和市场竞争力为中心的工业化，是与实施可持续发展相结合的工业化，是充分发挥我国人力资源优势的工业化。

第九章

13.坚持党的领导、人民当家做主和依法治国的关系：1.中国共产党的领导是人民当家做主和依法治国的根本保证；2.人民当家做主是社会主义政治的本质和核心要求，是社会主义政治文明建设的根本出发点和归宿，社会主义政治的本质是人民当家做主；3.依法治国是党领导人民治理国家的基本方略，依法治国与人民民主、党的领导是紧密联系、相辅相成、相互促进的。

14.我国现阶段人民主专政与无产阶级专政的共性：1.性质相同，都是以工人阶级为领导，以工农联盟为基础的国家政权，都是绝大多数人享有民主权利而对极少数敌人实行专政的新型民主；2.作用职能相同，都承担着巩固和发展社会主义制度，扩大人民民主，镇压敌对势力反抗，保卫和巩固革命成果，领导和组织全面的社会主义建设的职能；3.历史使命相同，都大力发展生产力，完善和发展社会主义的生产关系和上层建筑，逐步消灭一切阶级差别和社会不平等，为未来过度到共产主义创造条件。

15.人民民主专政的个性：1.从政权组成的阶级结构来看，在过渡时期，参加国家政权的不仅有工人、农民和城市小资产阶级，在一定的历史时期中还有民资资产阶级；2.从党派之间的关系来看。实行共产党领导的多党合作与政治协商；3.从概念表述上看，人民民主专政的提法更全面、更明确的表示人民民主和人民专政这两个相互联系的方面。

16.我国政党制度的特点和优越性：在我国的政党制度中，中国共产党是执政党，民主党派是参政党，不是在野党，更不是反对党；中国共产党和个民主党派有着共同的根本利益和共同的目标，都以四项基本原则为共同准则，以实现不同时期的总任务为共同纲领，以建设中国特色社会主义为共同理想；个民主党派都参加国家政权，参与国家事务的管理，参与国家大政方针和国家领导人选的协商，参与国家方针、政策、法律、法规的制定执行；中国共产党和各民主党派都以宪法为根本活动准则，都受到宪法的保护，享有宪法规定范围内的政治自由、组织独立和法律上的平等地位。

17.党的十七大首次把基层群众自治制度纳入中国特色社会主义民主政治制度的基本范畴是因为：一方面，发展基层民主是发展社会主义民主的基础性工作；另一方面，基层民主是

社会主义民主最广泛的实践，发展基层直接民主，有利于提高全民的民主素质，为发展社会主义民主进一步创造条件。

18.法治国的含义和意义：依法治国就是广大人民群众在党的领导下，依照宪法和法律规定，通过各种途径和形式管理国家事务，管理经济文化事业，管理社会事务，保证国家各项工作都依法进行，逐步实现社会主义民主的制度化、法律化，使得这种制度和法律不因领导人的改变而改变，不因领导人看法和注意力改变而改变。依法治国是中国共产党执政方式的重大转变，有利于加强和改善党的领导；依法治国是发展社会主义民主、实现人民民主当家做主的根本保证；依法治国是发展社会主义市场经济和扩大对外开放的客观需要；依法治国是国家长治久安的重要保障。

19.加强社会主义法治建设的基本要求：有法可依、有法必依、执法必严、违法必究。

20.如何深化政治体制改革：1.深化政治体制改革，必须坚持正确政治方向，一保证人民当家做主为根本，以曾强党和国家活力、调动人民民主积极性为目标，扩大社会主义民主，建设社会主义法制国家，发展社会主义政治文明；2.推进政治体制改革，必须从我国的国情出发，既要态度积极，又要步子稳妥；3.推进政治体制改革，必须坚定不移的走中国特色社会主义政治发展道路，绝对不能照搬西方政治模式。

第十章

21.建设中国特色社会主义文化的重要性：1.中国特色社会主义文化是现代化建设的重要内容；2.中国特色社会主义文化是凝聚和激励全国各族人民的重要力量，是综合国力的重要标志；3.中国特色社会主义文化为现代化建设提供智力支持、精神动力和思想保证。

22.中国特色社会主义文化建设的根本任务是：归根到底是为了满足人民群众日益增长的精神文化需要不断丰富人们的精神世界，增强人们的精神力量，促进人的全面发展；以马列、毛邓三为指导，全面贯彻科学发展观，这里培育四有公民，切实提高全民族的思想道德素质和科学文化素质。

23.社会主义核心价值体系基本内容：包括马克思主义指导思想、中国特色社会主义共同理想、以爱国主义为核心的民族精神和以改革开放创新为核心的时代精神、社会主义荣辱观。

24.树立社会主义荣辱观的意义：社会主义荣辱观是对社会主义思想道德体系全面系统、准确通俗的表达。它继承中华传统美德，有发扬了我们党优秀革命道德传统概括了社会主义思想道德建设的新鲜经验，集中体现了改革开放以来形成的时代精神和时代风尚树立社会主义荣辱观，体现了爱国主义、集体主义、社会主义思想，体现了依法治国同以德治国的结合，标志着我们党对社会主义思想道德建设规律认识的深化，对新形势下加强社会主义思想道德建设将产生积极而深远的影响。

第十一章

25.构建社会主义和谐社会的科学含义：社会主义和谐社会，是民主法治、公平正义、诚信与爱、充满活力、安定有序、人与自然和谐相处的社会。1.民主法治，是社会主义民主得到充分发扬，依法治国基本方略得到切实落实，各方面积极因素得到广泛调动。2.公平正义，就是社会各方面的利益关系得到妥善协调，人民内部矛盾和其他社会矛盾得到正确处理，社会公平和正义得到切实维护和实现。3.诚信友爱，就是全社会互帮互助、诚实守信，全体人民平等友爱、融洽相处。4.充满活力，就是能够使一切有利于社会进步的创造愿望得到尊重，创造活动得到支持，创造才能得到发挥，创造成果得到肯定。5.安定有序，就是社会组织机制健全，社会管理完善，社会秩序良好，人民群众安居乐业，社会保持安定团结。6.人与自然和谐相处，就是生产发展，生活富裕，生态良好。

26.准确把握社会主义和谐社会的科学内涵，必须把握以下几个方面：1.要正确把握社会主义和谐社会的性质。2.要正确把握构建社会主义和谐社会同建设社会主义物质文明、政治文明、精神文明的关系。3.要正确把握构建社会主义和谐社会与全面建设小康社会的关系。

27.构建社会主义和谐社会的重要意义：一，理论意义：1.提出构建社会主义和谐社会，是对人类社会发展规律认识的深化，是对马克思主义关于社会主义建设理论的丰富和发展。2.提出构建社会主义和谐社会，是对社会主义建设规律认识的深化，丰富和发展了中国特色社会主义理论。3.提出构建社会主义和谐社会，是对共产党执政规律的深化，是党执政理念的升华。二，实践意义：1.构建社会主义和谐社会是中国特色社会主义事业“四位一体”总体布局的重要组成部分，既是对构建社会主义和谐社会作出部署，有利于全面推进中国特色社会主义事业；2.使社会更加和谐全面建设小康社会的重要目标，切实做好构建社会主义和谐社会各项工作，有利于充分调动社会各方面的积极性，抓住和利用好我国发展的重要战略机遇期，切实维护和促进改革发展稳定的大局，确保实现全面建设小康社会的目标；3.促进社会和谐是中国最广大人民的根本利益所在，把构建社会主义和谐社会的各项任务落到实处，有利于进一步解决好人民群众最关心最直接最现实的利益问题，实现好维护好发展好最广大人民的根本利益；4.社会和谐是应对外部挑战的重要条件，保持国内安定和谐的社会政治局面，有利于增强民族凝聚力和抗风险能力，更好的维护国家主权、安全和发展利益。

28.构建社会主义和谐社会必须遵循的基本原则：1.必须坚持以人为本。这是构建社会主义和谐社会的根本出发点和落脚点；2.必须坚持科学发展。这是构建社会主义和谐社会的工作方针；3.必须坚持改革开放。这是构建社会主义和谐社会的主要动力；4.必须坚持民主法治。这是构建社会主义和谐社会的重要保证；5.必须正确处理改革发展稳定的关系。这是构建社会主义和谐社会的重要条件；6.必须坚持在党的领导下全社会共同建设。这是构建社会主义和谐社会的领导核心和依靠力量。

第十二章

29.“和平统一、一国两制”构想的基本内容和重要意义：基本内容：1.一国两制的基础是一个中国。2.实行两种制度3.保障台港澳高度自治繁荣稳定。4.实行一国两制长期不变。5.尽最大努力争取和平统一，但不承诺放弃武力。重要意义：1.“和平统一、一国两制”构想创造性的把和平共处原则用之于解决一个国家的统一问题 2.“和平统一、一国两制”构想创造性的发展了马克思主义的国家学说。3.“和平统一、一国两制”构想体现了既坚持祖国统一、维护国家主权的原则坚定性，也体现了照顾历史实际和现实可能的策略灵活性，可以避免武力统一会造成的不良后果。4.“和平统一、一国两制”构想有利于争取社会主义现代化建设事业所需要的和平的国际环境与国内环境。5.“和平统一、一国两制”构想为解决国际争端和历史遗留问题提供了新的思路。

30.胡四点：1.坚持一个中国原则决不动摇，2.争取和平统一的努力决不放弃，3.贯彻寄希望于台湾人民的方针决不改变，4.反对台独分裂活动决不妥协。

31.新形势下对台工作的指导思想：1.明确提出反对和遏制“台独”是新形势下两岸同胞最重要最紧迫的任务；2.提出两岸关系现状的定义，丰富了坚持一个中国原则的内涵；3.提出构建和平稳定发展的两岸关系，和平友好理应成为两岸关系发展的主题；4.强调和平统一工作也要体现以民为本、为民谋利；5.制定反分裂国家法，将中央对台方针政策法律化。