内部网关协议RIP

第一篇：内部网关协议RIP

内部网关协议RIP

1.工作原理

路由信息协议RIP（Routing Information Protocol）是内部网关协议IGP中最先得到广泛使用的协议。RIP是一种分布式的基于距离向量的路由选择协议，是因特网的标准协议，最大优点就是简单。

RIP协议要求网络中的每一个路由器都要维护从他自己到其他每一个目的网络的距离记录。RIP协议的内容即跳数，跳数越少就说明距离越短，RIP协议允许一条路径最多只能包含15个路由器。因此距离等于16就相当于不到达。因此可见，RIP协议只适合小型的互联网。需要注意的是，到直接连接的网络的距离也可以定义为0，但是两种不同的定义对实现RIP协议并无影响。因为所有距离都加1或者都减1，对最佳的路由选择是一样的。

RIP协议不能再两个网络之间同时使用多条路由。RIP会选择一条有最少路由器的路由，就是最短路由。而不会选择路由器较多的路由，哪怕他的速度更高。

RIP协议的特点是：

只是和相邻的路由器交换信息

路由器交换的信息是当前路由器所知道的全部信息，即自己的路由表。

按固定的时间间隔交换路由信息。

（这里需要说的是路由器的工作过程是从了解与他直接相连的网络的距离，经过若干次的交换信息，更新信息之后，所有的路由器最终会知道到达本自治心痛的任何一个网络的最短距离和下一跳路由的地址。路由器的交换更细信息是非常快的。）

路由表中最重要的信息就是到达某个网络的最短距离，以及应该经过的下一跳地址。路由表的更新原则就是找到每一个目的网络的最短距离。这种算法就是距离向量算法

2.距离算法

3．RIP协议的报文格式

第二篇：Rip读后感

Writing Midterm Answer Key

Change is an inevitable part of life.Whether or not people want things to change, change happens.But are there certain aspects of life that change, while some remain preserved throughout time? Washington Irving explores this question in his story, “Rip Van Winkle.” Set in the time periods shortly before and after the American Revolutionary War, it tells the story of Rip, a simple and whimsical man hampered by his nagging wife.One day, Rip wanders into the forest, only to find some strange men who offer him a strange beverage.Rip accepts the drink, takes a nap, and awakens 20 years later.At first it seems that everything has changed.How does Rip cope with the changes? Does he change himself? In this story, Irving clearly demonstrates that outward change can be drastic and quick;however, through the symbols of Rip’s and the town’s behaviors, it’s visible that not everything changes.Moreover, through Rip’s family, it is revealed that some things continue and endure the test of time.At first, Irving seems to tell the reader that large-scale change can happen at a moment’s notice.Before his nap, Rip leads a simple life.He is well-liked by every living being in his village;not even dogs “would bark at him throughout the neighborhood.” However, he is often troubled by his wife, mainly due to his “insuperable aversion to all kinds of profitable labor,” which always leads to quarrels in the Van Winkle household.Rip survives by always helping others in need, though he never helps his own family.In the times before the American Revolution, the English colony was still developing, so

occupations and steady income were not the focus for all-for many colonizers, freedom was their main goal.Similarly, Rip hopes to be free of his wife’s expectations, so he takes a nap in the forest one day.When he awakens, the War has already been fought, unbeknownst to him.Irving purposefully makes the gap period-20 years-brief, and utilizes a change agent like war to demonstrate how quickly change can occur.As Rip walks back to the village he meets “a number of people, but none whom he knew”-this foreshadowing is a far cry from before, when Rip knew everyone.The village is almost

unrecognizable to Rip, as all the buildings have been modernized, or torn down.It is more populous, and with new people;most of Rip’s neighbors have moved, went to war, or died, including his deceased wife.At the time Rip is told about the fate of his friends, he notices the biggest change.The town inn, Rip’s favorite place for socializing, has transformed into a nice hotel.The sign of King George III that once adorned the inn has been replaced by the unfamiliar face of George Washington.When he overhears some conversations, he is confused beyond imagination-people mention “the rights of citizens,”

“elections,” “Congress” and many other political concepts that developed during Rip’s slumber.When Rip declares that he’s “a loyal subject of the king,” the new residents accuse him of being a Tory and try to throw him out.The colonies became the independent country of America while Rip slept, yet he doesn’t know nor understand these new laws.This shows that, more than any other obvious change, politics change most dramatically in a short period of time.Despite the large-scale change that occurred on the surface level in Rip’s home village, he learns quickly that not everything has changed, nor does it have to.After Rip comes to terms with his

circumstances, he begins to accept the changes, while change in his own character is miniscule.Even though a significant political shift has happened, Rip cares little about politics;“the changes of states and empires” have no real effect on his daily life.In fact, Rip simply returns to the life he led 20 years ago, with some slight, yet advantageous differences-now that he’s old and widowed, he resides with his

daughter and “can do nothing with impunity;” his old age and lack of a nagging wife allow him to do what he wants at will.Rip partook in fulfilling himself before, but now it’s socially acceptable for him.He also “resumed his old walks and habits,” such as playing with the neighborhood children and lounging at the inn.Clearly, the story shows that personalities and habits don’t change over time.Another example of unaltered habits is the utility of the hotel as the social hub of the neighborhood, both 20 years ago and now.Despite the dramatic alterations the small, peaceful inn has undergone to become a large, worn-down, rowdy hotel, the building’s location retains its function as the social gathering place of the village, where residents collect to discuss gossip.While appearances may change, some deep-rooted habits-on both the personal and communal level-remain unaffected by time’s passing.Finally, the story shows that, even with grand change, some traditions and characters will not only stay the same, but they will continue to be passed down through other generations.Rip and his wife owned opposing personalities-he was lazy and did nothing he didn’t want to, while Dame Van Winkle, a hardworking housewife and mother, constantly chided and yelled at him for his laziness.The couple also had two children, a son and a daughter.While the daughter is not mentioned before his slumber, Rip’s son, Rip II, is described as taking after his father, even promising “to inherit the

habits…old clothes of his father.” Sure enough, twenty years later, when Rip asks “Does nobody here know Rip Van Winkle?”, the villagers point to his son, “the ditto of himself,” and Rip briefly suffers an identity crisis.Rip II is a near exact copy of his father, representing characteristics that are inherited from previous generations and, therefore, survive changing times.Rip’s daughter, too, is implied to be like his wife in personality.When he first sees her, the “air” and “tone of her voice…awakened a train of recollections” for Rip, and he recognizes his child through these mannerisms which resemble Dame Van Winkle’s.Not only that, but the daughter also has a son-named Rip, of course.The three males, spanning three different generations, all with the same name fully embody traditions passing on to future generations and surviving change.In conclusion, Irving’s message in “Rip Van Winkle” is that change is as inevitable as time passing, but only visible aspects change drastically.Deep-rooted qualities, such as character, personality and tradition, are able to stand the test of time.Many people look beyond the question of “what changes,” and only consider whether or not change is good.However, Irving begs us to evaluate what has to change, and what doesn’t.According to the author, at the end of the day, though time causes massive change, human characteristics will remain the same.

第三篇：VOIP语音网关产品代理分销协议

甲方：_________乙方：_________

甲、乙双方本着平等互利、共同发展的原则，经友好协商，就乙方作为甲方voip语音网关系列产品的代理销售事宜，达成以下协议。双方均确认已阅读过该协议，并理解和同意其中的条款和条件；该协议的签订，将取代双方口头和书面对乙方代理销售voip语音网关产品进行的所有交流。

一、协议有效期间、履行地点及代理准入区域：

1．本协议自双方签署后正式生效，有效期间自_________年_________月_________日至_________年_________月_________日。

2．甲、乙任一方如无意续约，于协议到期_________日前，以书面方式通知另一方。

3．甲、乙双方如无终止协议表示，则本协议自动续约一年。

4．指定代理准入区域：_________。

二、代理销售的原则：

1．乙方必须是独立的法人实体或销售实体。

2．乙方注册经营范围项目中，必须包含与代理销售产品相关之项目。

3．甲方向乙方提供voip各系列产品和voip通讯落地平台服务，如有新产品本合同仍然有效。

三、双方的权利和义务：

（一）甲方的权利及义务

1．对乙方的经营有咨询、调查权。

2．甲方应保证其产品的合格及市场的可销售性：即产品合格的质量标准。

3．乙方在行业选型、大客户攻关时，甲方给予技术和规划方案的支持。

4．甲方向乙方提供的售后服务保证：免费保修期为一年；一年后的修理需客户（或乙方）支付运费及更换零件费；一年内需送甲方维修的，甲方提供替代设备，甲方对此造成的损失免责。

5．甲方根据乙方的需要，向乙方提供技术支持，包括免费代培技术，技术咨询，voip语音网关系列产品资料、销售方案以及大客户攻关等支持，大客户攻关支持乙方负责费用。

6．甲方有义务为乙方的终端用户提供话费清单（在乙方有要求时）。提供话费清单的方式有：web网页查询；电子文档邮件发送。

（二）乙方权利和义务

1．国内的自主经营权。

2．对甲方违反本合同的行为，可以追究甲方经济、法律责任。

3．信誉不佳的终端用户，乙方有终止、暂停、开通其服务的权力，甲方应予以积极配合，即：在接到乙方书面通知的3个小时内执行完毕。

4．为使乙方便于发展下级代理商，甲方将尽可能提供中性化的包装，但这并不表示乙方可以忽视甲方的知识产权，做出任何有损甲方知识产权权益的行为。

5．乙方须遵守甲方的市场价格体系，不得做出低价扰乱市场的行为，否则甲方有权取消其代理资格。

6．甲方有责任为乙方合同代表人保守所有的商业秘密，即除合同签名人以外不向乙方第二人透出有关双方的合同内容。

7．在全国范围内乙方已有的或新联系的客户，须提前通知甲方并进行备案，经甲方确认后，该客户归乙方所有，甲方不得直接进入经营。

四、价格政策：

1．甲方依据乙方每次进货数量及通话量，给予乙方一定的价格折扣优惠。根据市场行情，双方及时协商代理价格。结算价格在开具销售凭证时直接体现。具体资费价格参照合同附件。

2．甲方制定乙方代理销售的voip语音网关系列产品代理价格，双方对本价格负有保密责任。具体价格见附件。

五、付款方式：

1．甲方只接受乙方银行转帐、电汇、现金、支票的付款方式。

2．乙方款到后，甲方产品代办托运或邮寄等到乙方指定地址，甲方承担运费（5台以上）。

六、市场管理：

1．甲方不实行独家代理制度，但对乙方现有用户或即将开发的用户给予保护。

2．乙方进入_________以外的地区销售前须告知甲方，以便备案。

七、内容免责：

1．任一方及其所发展的次级经销商、用户，不得使用voip语音网关系列产品传送危害国家安全、违反政府法令、防碍公共秩序及善良风俗的内容；如有违反，应自负法律责任。

2．任一方及其所发展的次级经销商、用户，使用voip语音网关系列产品，如有诽谤、侵权等事件，其责任与产生的结果需自行负责，与另一方无涉。

八、不可抗力：

1．因不可抗力因素，包括天灾、战争、**、司法、政府命令、其它法律要求以及所有无法控制的事件，致使任一方无法履行本协议条款时，该方不负任何责任。

2．信产部、电信管理局、六大运营商的法规和政策及网络因素为不可抗力。

九、本协议的终止：

1．按照双方要求终止协议。

2．任一方如违反本协议条款，或严重违背商业道德和法律，或严重损害对方的利益时，受损方有权单方终止本协议，并要求对方赔偿经济损失。

十、本合同一式2份，甲乙双方各执1份，具同等法律效力。

十一、如有未尽事宜，经双方协商以书面补充合同附上，同具有法律效力。

甲方（盖章）：___________ 乙方（盖章）：___________

负责人（签字）：_________ 负责人（签字）：_________

地址：___________________ 地址：___________________

联系人：_________________ 联系人：_________________

电话：___________________ 电话：___________________

_________年____月____日 _________年____月____日

第四篇：计算机网络实验二(路由器rip协议配置)

路由器rip协议配置

专 业： 班 级： 姓 名： 学 号： 指导教师： 日 期： 2012年12月3日

一、实验概述 实验目的

1.了解路由器设备

2.查看路由器的信息

3.熟悉路由器的接口IP地址配置

4.熟悉路由器的RIP路由协议配置 实验内容

1.了解路由器设备

2.实验拓扑图及要求

3.配置路由器接口IP地址

4.配置路由器RIP协议

5.了解其它show命令

6.课堂练习要求

1)路由器的基本配置：分别给路由器命名为r1、r2和r3；关闭域名查找； 设置路由器接口IP地址。

2)配置RIP路由协议，使每个网段之间都能够相互通信。

3)在以上网络的基础上，增加R4路由器，并为R4配置一个环回接口及RIP协议。注意，R4和R2的连接链路也需要配置。配置完成后，请查看R2路由器的路由表，并且，使用ping命令测试各网络的连通性。

二、实验环境

使用GNS3模拟CISCO的交换机和路由器、Windows系统。

三、实验步骤

路由器r1的配置。

查看路由器r1的接口编号。

路由器r2的配置

r1和r2在同一个局域网内，现在不需要路由，就可互相ping通。但是r2ping不通loopback()接口，需要配置路由。路由器r3 的配置

路由器r4的配置：

为r1、r2、r3、r4配置rip协议：

指定与r2相连的网络有：192.1.1.0、172.16.0.0和182.1.1.0。

指定与r3相连的网络有：192.1.1.0和20.0.0.0。

指定与r2相连的网络有：182.1.1.0和30.0.0.0。

从r3可以ping通r1右边的loopback()。

从r1的环回接口ping r3、r4的环回接口，都可以ping通。

当然，从r3 ping r1 的环回接口可以ping通，r3的环回接口ping r4的环回接口也能ping通。

r2路由表：

r4路由表：

四、实验心得体会

因为有了第一次实验的基础加之要完成的实验二的课堂练习不是很难，本次实验没有花太多时间。非常感谢老师给的视频，对我的学习有很大的帮助。

本次实验有几大收获：

由于之前每次用GNS3 软件时，电脑CPU利用率都达100%，虽然利用了很多方法，也没有将CPU利用率降下来。本次实验我试着将路由器的 idle 值多试了几次，看到还是有合适的idle 值使电脑CPU利用率降低的。用GNS3，CPU终于不再是100%了，有点小开心。

网上也有人说，多算几次IDLE，然后运行设备的时候别点上面那个绿箭头，那个是所有设备同时开始运行，一个一个设备的开始运行，运行一个设备大概CPU利用率在50%左右，等5-10秒会降下来，等利用率降下来之后再运行下一个设备，若要一气所有设备都开开的话CPU就会一直100%不降。不过我没试过。

我还体会了路由器环回接口的测试作用，知道了对于路由器的每个接口，IP值可以不一样（以前不知道，有点小弱智）。知道了路由器 ping 其他路由器的一般接口或环回接口时，source xx.xx.xx.xx命令的作用。

第五篇：内部协议范本

内部股份合作协议书

甲方： 身份证号： 乙方： 身份证号： 丙方： 身份证号： 第一条：合作期限

从 年 月 日起，三方合作经营，直至三方共同协商结束项目为到止。第二条：合作方式

固定投资约为 万元，股权份额及股利分配：

甲方占有项目 %的股权;乙方占有项目 %的股权;丙方占有项目 %的股权;

在合作期内，三方的原始股本金不得作为其他用途，只能用在项目的经营和业务往来上，项目上的所有资金专款专用，独立核算。第三条：盈利分配及形式

1、三方在合作经营期间，所产生的盈利为共同财产，不得随意分割。

2、在三方认同所开支的经费扣除，按纯利润甲方为 %，乙为 %丙方为 %分配。

3、股份盈利分配在每年 月份核算分配。第四条：甲、乙、丙三方的责任和权利

1、甲方为合作的负责人，其权限是：（1）对三方合作事业进行日常管理统筹安排。（2）对于三方合作事业项目有决定权。（3）负责统筹财务审批。

2、乙方为合作人，其权限是：

（1）参与合作事业的正常事务管理及监督。（2）参与合作业务项目决策。

3、丙方为合作人，其权限是：

（1）参与合作事业的正常事务管理及监督。（2）参与合作业务事项决策。

（3）负责管理财务收支，生产收支财务报表，通报三方。

第五条：三方合作经营本项目，是独立核算体制，自负盈亏。

第六条：三方合作期间，各负其责的职任原则，如造成重大误失，不管任何一方都要承担相应的经济损失责任。

第七条：如造成经济问题一律由个人承担负责，本项目一概不承担经济责任，全部由个人承担经济责任，情节严重的清除退股，在清除退股时，一律按照在帐利润核算股份退股。

第八条：合作终止后的事项：合作期满结束后，按正常清算合作期间的帐目及清算利润。

第九条：若项目上的股东发生任何盈利纠结，可根据此协议，向当地法院提起诉讼。

其他： 本协议甲、乙、丙三方各执一份。

本合作协议甲、乙、丙三方签字后即为生效。甲方（签字）：

乙方（签字）：

丙方（签字）： 年 月 日