在职硕士：中国政法大学2014MBA第二批复试通知（写写帮推荐）

第一篇：在职硕士：中国政法大学2014MBA第二批复试通知（写写帮推荐）

中公教育·给人改变未来的力量

在职硕士：中国政法大学2014MBA第二批复试通知

北京人事考试网：

在职硕士：

根据中国政法大学本年度招生计划安排以及录取情况，预计还有部分调剂指标，本周六(3月29日)将举行复试，补充录取。

周六的考试共分两个环节：

上午8：00-9：00 签到、审核资料、缴费

上午9：30-11：30笔试

下午13：30-15：30面试

复试签到地点：北京市海淀区西土城路25号中国政法大学学院路校区综合科研楼B6大厅

面试须知

一、面试申请方式

1、登陆中国政法大学MBA教育中心首页左侧“在线报名-MBA报名”填写面试申请资料，并提交至3月29日面试批次。

2、登陆研招网填写中国政法大学调剂志愿，面试名单将以研招网已申请名单为准。

二、预面试资格要求：

1、申请我校2014年秋季MBA招生调剂的考生2、2014年调剂预面试申请者分数：外语≥41分(限英语、俄语、日语、德语、法语、西班牙语)，综合≥82分，总成绩≥160分。

3、MPA和MPACC考生可参加MBA调剂，需要注意的是考生需要满足本科毕业满三年，专科毕业满五年的报考要求，如不符合要求，一经发现，中国政法大学MBA教育中心将取消录取资格。

三、预面试时间：

2014年3月29日(星期六)13：30—15：30，13：00开始签到，面试候考区另行通知。

四、面试流程：

1、考生向工作人员提交面试资料：

(1)2014年MBA国家联考成绩单(网上查询成绩截图也可以);

(2)最后学历、学位证书原件;复印件1份;

(3)身份证或护照、军官证等有效证件原件;复印件1份;

(4)面试申请表3份(需在中国政法大学MBA教育中心网站首页考生服务界面注册填写后生成打印，网址为：http://mbaoa.cupl.edu.cn/apply/login)。

北京人事考试网

中公教育·给人改变未来的力量

2、工作人员预审资料，资格审查;

3、按考生领取的号码分组，5人一组;

4、考生按现场提示到指定地点侯试，听从现场工作人员的引领;

5、按顺序分小组参加面试，每组3位专家，1位秘书;

五、面试主要内容：

面试分自我介绍和小组发言两部分。主要内容如下：

1、自我介绍：每人时间2分钟。请考生简明介绍自己的学习工作经历、个人兴趣特长，重点考察考生的创新能力、自控能力和承压能力，初步判断考生进一步培养的潜力。

2、无领导小组讨论：每小组20分钟左右。每组派一名代表抽取一题，根据题目要求进行现场无领导小组讨论。无领导小组讨论题的内容为社会热点话题，企业管理问题等。笔试须知

一、笔试内容

复试笔试包括外语听力测试、政治笔试两部分。

1、外语听力考试：总分为100分，成绩计入复试成绩。

(1)考试时间：2014年3月29日上午9：30—10：00

(2)考试地点：中国政法大学研究生院(具体分布见现场安排)

(3)考试形式：闭卷，选择题和填空题。

2、政治笔试：考试时间90分钟，满分100分，60分及格，不及格者，不能被录取，总分计入复试成绩。

(1)笔试时间：2014年3月29日上午10：00-11：30

(2)笔试地点：中国政法大学研究生院(具体分布见现场安排)

(3)笔试形式和范围：

A.政治笔试形式：闭卷主观题(简答和论述)。

B.政治笔试参考范围：

(1)2013-2014时事热点问题。

(2)中国共产党第十八次全国代表大会报告。

(3)2014全国两会政府工作报告(点击下载：2014两会报告)

二、复试注意事项

所有参加复试的考生须在3月28日17：00之前在MBA考生入口中(网址：

http://mbaoa.cupl.edu.cn/apply/login)下载《中国政法大学2014年秋季MBA考生复试申请书》PDF版本并打印并签字，在复试报到时提交，我校将以收到《复试申请书》为考生最后参加复试的重要依据。

复试申请书中的报考类型和拟读班级一经提交不再修改，请考生慎重选择。

3月29日上午报到时需提交的材料：

中公教育·给人改变未来的力量

• 复试申请书(一份)，个人签名有效。

• 准考证复印件(一份)

• 《教育部学历证书电子注册备案表》或者《中国高等教育学历认证报告》复印件 缴纳复试费用：人民币100元整。

三、复试体检

体检将另行安排

调剂考生被我校录取后必须到中国研究生招生信息网(http://yz.chsi.com.cn/)完成调剂确认。研招网操作步骤参考附件一以及研招网具体通知。本通知将以教育部关于2014年全国硕士研究生录取工作的最新精神为准，如有变动，另行通知。

MBA教育中心咨询电话 ：010-58908587/89/36

中国政法大学MBA教育中心

2014-3-25

附件一：

中国政法大学工商管理硕士(MBA)调剂操作流程

1、登陆研招网：考生凭网报时注册的用户名和密码登录“中国研究生招生信息网

http://yz.chsi.com.cn”的网上调剂系统。

2、查询：考生在登录调剂系统后可查询中国政法大学工商管理硕士(MBA)专业的缺额信息。

3、报名：通过调剂系统选择中国政法大学工商管理硕士(MBA)专业，填报调剂志愿。

4、中国政法大学MBA中心对申请的考生在调剂系统内发放复试资格，考生点击确认参加复试。

5、待录取：考生在复试结束后，如果符合录取条件，将收到中国政法大学发送的“待录取通知”;考生必须在8小时内答复是否接受待录取，否则我校可随时取消“待录取”资格。一旦考生同意“待录取”，在未征得我校允许的情况下，不能再接受其它单位“待录取”。

更多在职硕士考试信息，欢迎访问北京人事考试网

2015年1月MBA MPA MPAcc课程简章

MBA MPA MPAc备考交流群：245631407

文章来源：中公教育北京分校

第二篇：MBA第二批复试安排流程

MBA第二批复试安排流程

复试工作是硕士研究生招生考试的重要组成部分，是保证生源质量的基础环节。为促进工商管理硕士（MBA）招生复试工作规范化和制度化，加快MBA招生制度改革，完善拔尖创新人才的培养选拔机制，根据上级文件精神和学校《北京化工大学2013年硕士研究生招生复试工作方案》的要求，按照“按需招生、德智体全面衡量、择优录取、宁缺毋滥”的原则，北京化工大学MBA教育中心特制定本办法。

一、复试资格与调剂事项

1、复试资格

一志愿考生进入国家线有复试资格；调剂考生进入国家线，且在“全国硕士生招生调剂服务系统”（以下简称调剂系统）中申请调剂MBA专业，MBA教育中心招生工作小组将根据具体情况从中国研招网调剂系统中择优挑选符合条件的考生参加复试。

2、所有考生必须按时参加复试，不参加复试者视同自动放弃。未经复试的考生一律不予录取。参加复试考生的名单以我校研究生网站上公布的结果为准。

二、复试程序与方式

（一）复试报到审查与考生会议

1、复试报到时间：2013年4月18日（周四）上午7：50；

复试报到地点：经济管理学院（化纤楼）2072、复试资格审查：考生在复试时须携带如下材料进行复试资格审查，资格审查合格方可进入复试。

（1）复试通知书（我校研究生院网站下载，调剂考生可以无复试通知书）；

（2）初试准考证；

（3）本人身份证件原件及一份复印件（身份证正、反面需复印在同一页面上）；

（4）学历证书原件及一份复印件；由档案所在单位人事部门提供的在校历年学习成绩表复印件，并需加盖档案所在单位人事部门公章；

（5）北京化工大学硕士研究生复试成绩表（研究生院网站下载）。

其中，(3)、(4)、(5)所要求提交的复印件纸型为A4纸，复印件均留存在MBA教育中心。凡提交的报考信息需与本人实际相符合。凡是不符者，一经发现，立即取消录取资格。

3、考生会议：4月18日上午笔试结束后召开考生会议，地点化纤楼508。介绍学校政策与专业、研究方向，具体包括我校学制和学习年限、学位论文答辩方式等研究生教育培养相关政策；本学院各专业的研究方向和指导教师的基本信息。

4、复试费：参加复试的考生交纳复试费100元。

（二）复试笔试安排

1、复试笔试科目考试时间为两小时。

2、考生凭初试准考证和本人有效身份证件（限“居民身份证”、“军官证”、“文职干部证”、“军校学员证”）参加考试。考生须遵守《考场规则》。

3、复试笔试科目：政治理论

考试时间：2013年4月18日10:00—12：00

考试地点：化纤楼508（复试报到时查询考场安排）

（三）复试面试安排

面试时间：2013年4月18日13:30—15:30

面试形式：①复试面试采取无领导小组讨论形式②每组考生8—10人③每组面试时间30—40分钟④所有考生依次用英文进行自我介绍，之后围绕一个实际案例自由发言，最后小组商定选择一人进行案例的分析总结，向评委老师汇报案例的处理方案。⑤评委老师根据各位考生的综合表现独立打分。⑥复试成绩不合格者，不予录取。

（四）复试结果公示

公示时间：2013年4月19日15:00前；请考生到化纤楼二层经管学院研究生橱窗查看，并到化纤楼201领取《体检表》。

（五）体检安排

复试合格考生须参加体检，特殊情况不能参加统一体检的考生，须经校研究生招生办公室认可，到指定的三级甲等以上医院体检。体检标准由校医院依据《普通高等学校招生体检工作指导意见》执行，体检结论由校医院确定，体检异议由校医院负责解释。无故不参加体检和体检不合格的考生，一律不予录取。

体检时间：待定；体检地点：北京化工大学校医院

注意：早晨体检空腹、带一寸照片和体检费60元。

（六）领取调档函

所有人事档案不在北京化工大学的非委培考生需办理调档手续，拟录取考生凭《体检收据单》，到化纤楼201室领取调档函。

（七）其他注意事项

①非委培的考生凭《人事档案调档通知书》(即调档函)到工作单位提取人事档案，按时寄送北京化工大学。②按学校研招办规定时间前寄出《人事档案》，人事档案不能按时寄交的考生按自动放弃录取资格处理。③委托培养考生在复试结束后自行在研究生院网站下载合同书，填写委托培养协议书、由委培单位签字并加盖公章后在规定时间尽快寄到(送到)研究生招生办公室，签订委培合同。

三、复试成绩计算方法和使用

1、复试成绩为笔试成绩（200分）和面试成绩（300分）之和。复试成绩不合格者，不予录取。

2、入学总成绩为初试（折合成500分）与复试成绩的加和，根据总成绩综合排队后确定拟录取名单。

3、相同分数情况下，第一志愿考生优先录取。

4、体检不作量化计入总成绩，但体检结果不合格者不予录取。

四、其他

1、本办法报北京化工大学研究生招生办公室备案。

2、本意见适用于北京化工大学MBA教育中心2013年MBA招生复试工作。

3、其他未说明的问题由MBA教育中心解释。

第三篇：2013年中国政法大学考研复试通知

关于政大考研2013学年研究生考试第二期复试培训通知

政大考研2013学年的各位学员们：

大家好！

首先在这里给大家致以热烈的祝贺，经过2013年一月份初试的激烈较量，我们的学员们都有一份满意收获满载而归。但是我们的战争还没有结束，万里长征就剩下最后一步了，相信大家都很期待这最后的升华蜕变。

我们2013学年的部分学员已经归队，开始了2013年研究生考试复试的准备工作，剩余的学员也要积极行动起来，因为我们政大考研2013学年的复试培训课程第一期已经结束开始了，现将第二期复试培训相关事项通知如下：

一、复试培训时间地点

复试培训时间：2013年4月5日-2013年中国政法大学考研复试开始

复试培训地点：中国政法大学北门政法大厦303

报名联系电话：010-82228987，***

二、复试培训报名方式

VIP高端保过班学员、金牌脱产班学员请于4月4日之前拨打报名电话，免费参加复试培训相关课程。

其余短期班学员请于4月4日之前拨打报名联系电话，办理相关复试班事宜。

三、注意事项

政大考研接收的所有复式班培训学员务必于4月4日之前，拨打报名电话，完成报名手续，截止4月4日之前没有报名参加复试的学员，复试自己负责。

所有复式班培训学员请务必于4月4日之前，拨打报名电话，完成报名手续。

政大考研·法通教育

二〇一三年三月二十七日

第四篇：中国政法大学在职硕士校考英语试题DA

英语试题 公共英语部分

Put the following passage into Chinese:

1、Critics of early schooling cite research that questions whether 4-year-old children are ready to take on formal learning.Educators find that older toddlers are more likely to succeed during their school careers, whereas their younger counterparts are more likely to fail.Kindergarten children who turn five during the latter half of the year seem to be at a disadvantage when it comes to physical, emotional, social, and intellectual development.Additionally, children who are nearly six when they enter kindergarten tend to receive better grades and score higher on achievement tests throughout their schooling experience than do those who begin kindergarten having just turned five.Being bright and verbally skillful and being ready for school do not seem to be the same thing.It is easy to confuse the superficial poise and sophistication of many of today’s children with inner maturity.Indeed, evidence suggests that early schooling boomerangs: Youngsters whose parents push them to attain academic success in preschool are less creative, have more anxiety about tests, and, by the end of kindergarten, fail to maintain their initial academic advantage over their less-pressured peers.对早期教育的批评引用了关于4岁儿童是否应准备接受正规教育的研究报告。教育工作者发现，年龄较大的幼儿更容易在他们的学业中取得成功，而年龄较小的幼儿更容易失败。幼儿园的孩子在快到五岁时面临的生理、心理、社交和智力发展，似乎并不顺利。此外，快到六岁的孩子上幼儿园时往往会获得更好的成绩，并在学业上比那些刚满五岁上幼儿园的孩子成绩更好。天资聪慧、拥有语言表达技能与准备好上学并不一样。人们很容易将如今大多数内心成熟儿童的表面上自信与精明混淆。事实上，有证据表明，过早教育会适得其反：那些由被父母要求在幼儿园进行应试教育学习的儿童缺乏创造力，对考试更加焦虑，并在幼儿园结束时，与那些未被要求进行应试教育学习的儿童相比，并不能在学习上保持其最初的优势。

Many psychologists and educators remain skeptical of approaches that place 4-year-olds in a formal educational setting.They question whether environmental enrichment can significantly alter the built-in developmental timetable of a child reared in a non disadvantaged home.They do not deny, however, the value of day-care centers and nursery schools that provide a homelike environment and allow children considerable freedom to play, develop at their own pace, and evolve their social skills.But they point out that many of the things children once did in first grade are now expected of them in kindergarten, and they worry lest more and more will now be asked of 4-year-olds.These psychologists and educators believe we are driving young children too hard and thereby depriving them of their childhood.许多心理学家和教育工作者对4岁儿童接受正规教育仍持怀疑态度。他们质疑丰富环境是否能显著地改变贫穷家庭孩子的成长时间表。但并不否认托儿所、幼儿园的舒适环境、让孩子自由玩耍、自由成长、提升社交能力的种种好处。但他们指出，过去孩子在小学一年级学习的知识现已在幼儿园进行学习，他们担心越来越多的孩子被要求在4岁开始学习。这些心理学家和教育工作者认为，家长望子成龙心切，从而剥夺了孩子们的童年。

2、In country after country, talk of nonsmokers’ right is in the air.While a majority of countries have taken little or no action yet, some 30 nations have introduced legislative steps to control smoking.Many laws have been introduced in other countries to help clear the air for nonsmokers, or to cut cigarette consumption.In some developed countries the consumption of cigarettes has become more or less stabilized.However, in many developing nations, cigarette smoking is seen as a sign of economic progress—and is even encouraged.As more tobacco companies go international, new markets are sought to gain new smokers in those countries.For example, great efforts are made by the American tobacco industry to sell cigarettes in the Middle East and North Africa—where U.S.tobacco exports increased by more than 27 percent in 1974.Smoking is harmful to the health of people.World governments should conduct serious campaigns against it.Restrictions on cigarette advertisement, plus health warnings on packages and bans on public smoking in certain places such as theaters, cinemas and restaurants, are the most popular tools used by nations in support of nonsmokers or in curbing smoking.But world attention also is focusing on another step which will make the smoker increasingly self-conscious and uncomfortable about his habit.Great efforts should be made to inform young people especially of the dreadful consequences of taking up the habit.And cigarette price should be boosted.In the long run, there is no doubt that everybody would be much better-off if smoking were banned altogether, but people are not ready for such drastic action.不吸烟者的权利问题，正在一个又一个国家里开始议论。至今多数国家很少或还没有采取措施，有三十个左右的国家已经采取法律程序控制吸烟。另一些国家则已制订旨在为不吸烟者净化空气或消减纸烟消费量的多种法律。

在某些发达国家中。纸烟的消费量已渐趋稳定。然而在许多发展中国家里，吸烟却被视为经济发展的一种标志——甚至受到鼓励。随着更多的烟草公司走上国际化的道路，它们在这些国家中寻找新的市场，争取更多的吸烟者。

吸烟对人民健康有害。世界各国政府应该开展认真的反对吸烟运动。限制香烟广告，每包香烟上加印有害健康的警告，以及禁止在诸如影剧院和餐馆等某些公共场所吸烟，这些都是许多国家用以支持不吸烟者和控制吸烟最常用的办法。同时，人们也正把注意力集中在另一项措施上。这项措施将使吸烟者越来越意识到自己的不良习惯并为此感到不安。应该做出巨大努力告诉青年人抽烟的危害性，特别是养成抽烟习惯的可怕后果。而且香烟价格应予提高。

从长远观点看，毫无疑问，如果能完全禁止吸烟，那么每个人的境况将得到很大的改善。但对于采取这种极端措施，人们尚无准备。

3、We are told the mass media are the greatest organs for enlightenment that the world has yet seen;that in Britain, for instance, several million people see each issue of the current affairs programme, Panorama.It is true that never in human history were so many people so often and so much exposed to so many intimations about societies.This kind of exposure may well be a point of departure for acquiring certain important intellectual and imaginative qualities, width of judgment, a sense of the variety of possible attitudes.Yet in itself such exposure does not bring intellectual or imaginative development.It is no more than the masses of stone which lie around in a quarry and which may, conceivably, go to the making of a cathedral.The mass media cannot build the cathedral, and their way of showing the stones does not always prompt others to build.For the stones are presented within a self-contained and self-sufficient world in which, it is implied, simply to look at them, to observe fleetingly individually interesting points of difference between them is sufficient in itself.我们被告知，大众媒体是世界上已见到的最大的启蒙机关;例如，在英国几百万人全景看到每个问题的时事节目。的确，在人类历史上从来没有这么多的人如此频繁和如此多的接触到的关于社会的许多通知。这种接触可能是获得某些重要的智力和想象力品质，宽度的判断，多种可能的态度的感觉的出发点。然而，这种接触本身并不带来智力或想象力的发展。它只不过是位于采石场的石头群，而且可以想象地去建造一座大教堂。大众传媒不能建造大教堂，他们展示石头的方式并不总是促使他人建造。因为石头是在一个自给自足的的世界中呈现的，在这个世界里，暗示着只是看着它们，稍微观察它们之间各自有趣的差异点就足够了。

Life is indeed full of problems on which we have to — or feel we should try to — make decisions, as citizens or as private individuals.But neither the real difficulty of these decisions, nor their true and disturbing challenge to each individual, can often be communicated through the mass media.The disinclination to suggest real choice, individual decision, which is to be found in the mass media is not simply the product of a commercial desire to keep the customer happy.It is within the grain of mass communications.The organs of the Establishment, however well-intentioned they may be and whatever their form(the State, the Church, voluntary societies, political parties), have a vested interest in ensuring that the public boat is not violently rocked, and will so affect those who work within the mass media that they will be led insensibly towards forms of production which, though they go through the motions of dispute and enquiry, do not break through the skin to where such inquiries might really hurt.They will tend to move, when exposing problems, well within the accepted cliché-assumptions of democratic society and will tend neither radically to question these clichés nor to make a disturbing application of them to features of contemporary life.They will stress the ―stimulation‖ the programs give, but this soon becomes an agitation of problems for the sake of the interest of that agitation itself;they will therefore, again, assist a form of acceptance of the status quo(现状).There were exceptions to this tendency, but they are uncharacteristic.无论作为公民或私人个人，生活确实充满了我们必须（或者觉得我们应该努力）作出决定的问题。但是，无论是做决定的真正困难，还是它们对每个人的真实和烦人的挑战，通常都不可以通过大众媒体交流。建议真正的选择，个人的决定，这是在大众媒体中找到的不是简单地是保持客户满意的商业愿望的产品。它在大众传播的谷物之内。机构的机构，不管其意图是什么，无论他们的形式（国家，教会，志愿社团，政党），都有既得利益确保公共船不会被猛烈摇晃，并将影响那些在大众媒体中工作的人，他们将被毫不知情地引导到生产形式，尽管他们经历了争议和调查的动议，但不会突破皮肤，这样的查询可能真正伤害。当暴露问题时，他们倾向于移动，完全在民主社会所接受的陈词滥调中，并且不会从根本上质疑这些陈词滥调，也不会使他们对当代生活的特征产生令人不安的应用。他们将强调程序给出的“刺激”，但这很快就成为一个激动的问题，为了本身的兴趣的兴趣;他们将再次帮助接受现状的现状。这种趋势有例外，但它们是不典型的。

The result can be seen in a hundred radio and television programs as plainly as in the normal treatment of public issues in the popular press.Different levels of background in the readers or viewers may be assumed, but what usually takes place is a substitute for the process of arriving at judgment.Programs such as this are noteworthy less for the ―stimulation‖ they offer than for the fact that stimulation(repeated at regular intervals)may become a substitute for and so a hindrance to judgments carefully arrived at and tested in the mind and on the pulses.Mass communications, then, do not ignore intellectual matters;they tend to castrate(使…丧失活力)them, to allow them to sit on the side of the fireplace, sleek and useless, a family plaything.结果可以在一百个广播和电视节目中看到，正如普通新闻中公众问题的正常处理一样。可以假定读者或观看者中的不同级别的背景，但是通常发生的是替代判断的过程。这样的程序对于它们提供的“刺激”显然比对于刺激（以固定间隔重复）可能成为代替并且因此妨碍在心理和脉冲中仔细地到达和测试的判断的事实而言更少。那么，大众传播，不要忽视智力问题;他们倾向于阉割（让...丧失活力）他们，让他们坐在壁炉边，时尚而无用，家庭玩弄。

4、Writing, as a career, offers a range of personal rewards.It enables people to express themselves, as well as to entertain, inform, and influence others.With only a few tools--paper, a typewriter, a pencil, and often a personal computer, a writer can have an impact on the surrounding world.But most authors spend hundreds of hours perfecting their skills before they can sell any of their works.写作，作为一个职业，能为个人提供一系列的奖励。它使人们能够表达自己，以及娱乐自己娱乐，通知和影响他人。只需要几个工具they can be chosen from a toolbox and applied as necessary.A few other techniques you might find in a speechwriter's toolbox might be the use of imagery, anecdotes and alliteration.So next time you have to prepare a speech or presentation, try applying one or more of these techniques and see if you have what it takes to be a winning speechwriter.这些技巧就像工具一般，当你需要的时候，你只需从工具箱里选择一件合适的就行。在演讲稿撰写者的工具箱中可能会发现的一些其他技术可能是使用图像，轶事和讽刺。

所以，下一次你必须准备一个演讲或演示文稿的时候，试着用上面提到的技巧，看看你是否能成为一个成功的演讲稿撰写人。

11、What makes an original contributor in science is often not only ability, but also something else, something apparently intangible, and not easily detected.This extra something lies deeply within the individual and needs to be nurtured and tested.一个人在科学上要有独创的贡献，往往并非单纯的能力问题，而是还有一些别的因素，一些表面上触摸不着的、难于觉察的东西。这些外加的东西深深寓于个人之中，需要培养并经受考验。

Motivation is a personal trait that is primarily instilled by seniors such as teachers or parents.An important aspect in developing motivation is the setting of goals.A person probably has set long-range goals, or at this point more like dreams, such as winning the Nobel Prize.This is great as long as the individual is realistically working toward short-range goals also.These are the day-to-day accomplishments that really make working hard seem fun.动力是因人而异的，主要由长者逐渐灌输，诸如教师或父母。培养动力的一个重要方面是确定目标。一个人可能已树立起长远的奋斗目标，这在当时看来还很不现实，比方说要获得诺贝尔奖。其实这是很好的，只要他同时能现实地向短期的目标去努力，这些就是日常的成就，这些成就确实能使艰苦工作显得饶有兴趣。

Proficiency in anything requires a great deal of determination and self-discipline.I addition, a person’s ability to cope with frustration is also an important factor in one’s life career.Repeated failures at making experiments may be too much for many talented would-be scientists.The determination to continue, with the realization that everything worthwhile takes a great deal of patience, is an essential requirement.These factors, together with inherent dedication, will bring about the realization of one’s aspirations.Through all this it is not the triumph but the struggle that brings about the complete personal satisfaction in knowing that you as a scientist have given your all.要精通任何事情都需要极大的决心和自律精神。此外，一个人应付挫折的能力也是他毕生事业中起作用的一个重要因素。对于许多有天赋的想要成为科学家的人来说，在实验过程中屡遭失败，可能是非常难受的。认识到凡是值得去做的一切事情都需要极大的耐心并决心继续做下去，这是必备的基本条件。这些因素，再加上固有的献身精神，将会促使个人的强烈愿望得以实现。由于这一切并不是胜利，而是奋斗，你会产生一种只有你本人才能领略到的完全的满足，因为你意识到作为一个科学工作者你已经献出了你的一切。

12、I would compare reading to visiting friends — in the spiritual rather than physical sense.Opening the book is like getting into the door uninvited;and turning a few pages, we may find ourselves in his study.Besides, we can go visit him as frequently as we want and at any time we wish.If we fail to get the pith of his argument, we can just leave without saying “good-bye” or turn to someone else for help, and come back to challenge him.在我觉得读书好比串门儿——“隐身”的串门儿。要参见钦佩的老师或拜谒有名的学者，不必事前打招呼求见，也不怕搅扰主人。翻开书面就闯进大门，翻过几页就升堂入室；而且可以经常去，时刻去，如果不得要领，还可以不辞而别，或者另找高明，和他对质。

We can get close to the host and listen to every word he has to say, no matter where he resides, at home or abroad, what a person he was or is, a contemporary or a man of the past, whatever field he specializes in, or whether he is talking about a serious subject of importance or simply chatting plus cracking jokes.-不问我们要拜见的主人住在国内国外，不问他属于现代古代，不问他什么专业，不问他讲正经大道理或聊天说笑，都可以挨近前去听个足够。

We can indulge ourselves in the anecdotes and amazing tales of the past, and appreciate the profound nouveau theories of our own age or hear sensational arguments meant to shock the world.In a nutshell, we can bang the door shut —closing the book that is —the minute we find anything disagreeable or distasteful, and leave forthwith.No one will blame us.This is the kind of freedom we can hardly expect other than from the books.我们可以倾听前朝列代的遗闻逸事，也可以领教当代最奥妙的创新理论或有意惊人的故作高论。反正话不投机或言不入耳，不妨抽身退场，甚至砰一下推上大门——就是说，拍地合上书面——谁也不会嗔怪。这是书以外的世界里难得的自由！

13、The current visit to Taiwan for exchange, brief and cursory as it is, has enabled us to see many places, to visit old friends while making new acquaintances.Whenever people gather together, an important topic of discussion has been how the Chinese nation can become prosperous and powerful in the 21st century.Although the young people on the Mainland and in Taiwan live in different social contexts, with their individually different experiences of life, in the innermost recesses of their hearts are wrought an indelible mark by the fine traditions of the Chinese culture.They all cherish the same ideal to rejuvenate the Chinese nation.In this great epoch at the turn of the century, our motherland is developing toward greater prosperity and powerfulness.People across the Taiwan Straits are bound to strengthen their exchanges and will mutually promote the earliest possible achievement of the great cause of reunification of the motherland.The precious opportunities and the tremendous challenges at the turn of the century have pushed the young people to the foreground of the historical arena.At this transitional phase between the two millennia, in what way the young generation should embrace the forthcoming new century replete with hopes is a question to which we have to seek an answer.这次到台湾访问交流，虽然行程匆匆，但是，看了不少地方，访了旧友，交了新知，大家走到一起，谈论的一个重要话题就是中华民族在21世纪的强盛。虽然祖国大陆、台湾的青年生活在不同的社会环境中，有着各自不同的生活经历，但大家的内心都深深铭刻着中华文化优秀传统的印记，都拥有着振兴中华民族的共同理想。在世纪之交的伟大时代，我们的祖国正在走向繁荣富强，海峡两岸人民也将加强交流，共同推进祖国统一大业的早日完成。世纪之交的宝贵机遇和巨大挑战将青年推到了历史的前台。跨世纪的青年一代应该用什么样的姿态迎接充满希望的新世纪，这是我们必须回答的问题。

14、The culture of any society is usually thought to be of two kinds: material and non-material.Material culture includes the man-made phenomena which have physical properties such as height, breadth, and weight.A boat, a machine, a house—all these objects are part of the material culture.The non-material culture is that portion of the environment which surrounds man and which has an impact on his behavior but which lacks these material properties: values, beliefs, traditions, and all the other habits and ideas invented and acquired by man as a member of society.Contemporary sociological theory tends to assign primary importance to the non-material culture in choosing problems for study.It assumes, for example, that boats, planes, automobiles, and so forth, are not nearly so important as the traditions we have developed which make their manufacture possible—indeed, which prescribe how we are to use them.The emphasis of contemporary sociology is to insist that the material culture would not exist had not the non-material culture first been available to suggest the ideas which are embodied in the inventions of material culture.任何社会的文化一般都被分为两类：物质文化和非物质文化。物质文化包括具有高度、宽度和重量等物理属性的人为现象。/船、机器和房屋――所有这些东西都被归为物质文化的一部分。非物质文化则是人类所处环境的一部分，它影响着人类的行为却缺乏上述的那些物质属性，非物质文化是人作为社会一员所创立和获得的价值观、信仰、传统观念及一切其他习惯和思想。

当代社会学理论在选择说要研究的问题时，往往侧重于非物质文化。比如，社会学理论认为船、飞机、汽车等物品的重要性远不如人们为制造这些东西——确切地说是为规定其使用方法而形成的传统观念的重要性。当代社会学所强调的是，不若是先有了能孕育物质文化的非物质文化，物质文化就无从产生。

15、As a scourge of the modern society, obesity has become the world’s biggest public-health issue today--the main cause of heart disease, which kills more people these days than AIDS, malaria, war.Since the World Health Organization labeled obesity an “epidemic” in 2000, reports on its fearful consequences have come thick and Fast.Will public-health warnings, combined with media pressure, persuade people to get thinner, just as they finally put them off tobacco? Possibly.In the rich world, sales of healthier foods are booming and new figures suggest that over the past year Americans got very slightly thinner for the first time in recorded history.But even if Americans are losing a few ounces, it will be many years before the country solves the health problems caused by half a century’s dining to excess.And, everywhere else in the world, people are still piling on the pounds.That’s why there is now a consensus among doctors that governments should do something to stop them.作为现代社会的一个祸害，肥胖症已成为当今世界上最大的公共卫生问题。肥胖是导致心脏病的主要原因，死于心脏病的人比死于艾滋病，疟疾，战争的人更多。自从2000年世界卫生组织将肥胖症定为一种流行病以来，肥胖症会带来可怕后果的报道铺天盖地。

公共卫生警告、媒体压力，会说服人们减肥吗，就像说服人们他们最终扔掉把烟草那样？也许。在富裕的世界，健康食品的销售蓬勃发展。新的数字表明，在过去一年中，美国人在记录的历史上第一次略微瘦了一些。但是，即使美国人减去了几盎司，仍需要很多年来解决由半个世纪的过度用餐习惯引起的健康问题。而且，在世界上其他地方，人们还在变胖。这就是为什么现在医生们已经达成共识，政府应该做些什么来阻止他们。

专业英语部分

Put the following paragraphs into Chinese:

1、Case law 判例法is built up out of precedents, and a precedent is a previous decision of a court which may, in certain circumstances, be binding on another court in deciding a similar case.This practice of following previous decisions is derived from custom, but it is a practice which is generally observed.Even in early times the itinerant judges adopted the doctrine of stare decisis, and this doctrine has been developed in modern times so that it means that a precedent binds, and must be followed in similar cases, subject to the powers to distinguish cases in certain circumstances.判例法是由一系列判例组合而成的。所谓判例，是先前的法庭所做的判决，在某些情况下，对另一法庭对类似案件所做的判决有约束力。遵循先前判决的实践是从传统中衍化出来的，但是这种实践确实是被普遍遵循的。早期的巡回法官们就已经采取了遵循先例的原则，这种原则在现代日益发展为一种判例约束，在类似的案件中必须遵循，同时在特定情况下也有区分具体案例的权利。

2、The literal rule.According to this rule, the working of the Act must be construed according to its literal and grammatical meaning whatever the result may be.The same word must normally be construed throughout the Act in the same sense, and in the case of old statutes regard must be had to its contemporary meaning if there has been a change with the passage of time.文义规则。根据这一规则，一项法规的应用必须依照字面和语法的含义进行解释，无论结果如何。对一项法规中同样的词语必须始终做同一解释；对于适用旧法的案件，如果随时间的推移已发生变化，则必须遵循当时的解释。

3、In a very wide sense, the principle of legality – the ―rule of law‖法治 – refers to and requires not only a body of legal precepts but also supporting institutions, procedures, and values.The ―rule of law‖, according to an American Bar Association.Committee Report(published by International Commission of Jurists 1956), includes: ―1, That body of legal precepts governing, 2, those institutions vested with appropriate legal power, and 3, those legal procedures by which those precepts may be applied by those institutions – which together are designed to effect the protection of essential interests of individuals guaranteed by our society through limitations on the authority of the State.‖

在广义上说，罪刑法定原则——“法治”——不仅指一系列的法规，更需要各种机构、程序和价值观的支持。而“法治”，根据美国律师协会，委员会的报告（1956，国际律师会议出版）总结道“

1、法规本身起支配作用；

2、相关机构被赋予一定的法律权力；

3、用以实施相关法规的法律程序。他们共同的目的是通过限制国家权力影响社会对个人根本利益的保护。

4、The Code of Professional Responsibility 职业责任守则points the way to the aspiring and provides standards by which to judge the transgressor.Each lawyer must find within his own conscience the touchstone against which to test the extent to which his actions should rise above minimum standards, But in the last analysis it is the desire for the respect and confidence of the members of his profession and of the society which he serves that should provide to a lawyer the incentive for the highest possible degree of ethical conduct.The possible loss of that respect and confidence is the ultimate sanction.So long as its practitioners are guided by these principles, the law will continue to be a noble profession.This is its greatness and its strength, which permit of no compromise.职业责任守则规定了激励的方法，同时也提供了处罚违规者的标准。每个律师都必须在内心的良知中找到试金石，以测试自己行为底线的边界。但是，最新一项分析表明，律师所能做到的最高程度的道德行为，其动机来自于社会和同行的尊敬和信任。有可能失去这种尊敬和信任才是对一名律师的终极处罚。只要法律从业者被这些准则所指引，法律就始终会是一种高尚的职业，这就是它的伟大和力量所在，不允许任何妥协。

5、Crimes and Punishments犯罪与刑罚

Criminal justice is a vast, complex system.Briefly, it is that part of the legal system which, first of all, marks off certain behavior as wrong or “criminal”;second, takes steps to control or prevent that behavior by threats of punishment;and third, if prevention fails, tries to catch and to punish the wrongdoer.Familiar as the system is in some of its aspects, in others it is obscure and much misunderstood.犯罪与刑罚

刑事审判是一个庞大、复杂的系统。简单地说，它是法律系统的一部分，首先，它界定出某种行为是错误的或是犯罪的；其次，它通过采取刑罚措施控制或防止不法行为；第三，如果预防措施失败，刑事审判将试图逮捕和惩罚违法犯罪者。在刑事审判的体系里，有一些方面是为人熟悉的，另一些方面则是模糊不清被误解的。

To begin with, what is a crime? Every country has its own special list.The list is part of an elaborate statute which is usually called the penal code.The code describes conduct that is illegal and therefore criminal;it also sets out punishments.首先，什么是犯罪？每个国家都有自己独特的目录。这份目录隶属精心制定的一部法规——通常被称为刑法典的一部分。刑法典描述什么样的行为是非法的因而是犯罪的；刑法典也设定刑罚。

Some crimes are in the penal codes of every state: murder, manslaughter, robbery, burglary, rape, arson, and so on.Others are less universal.The Georgia code makes it a crime “to be a peeping Tom” or to invade a person's privacy with acts “of a similar nature.” The Georgia code also deals with the sale of obscene literature, shooting guns on Sunday, illegal use of credit cards and dozens of other offenses.每个国家的刑法典都包含的犯罪名录包括：谋杀、过失杀人、抢劫、盗窃、强奸、纵火等。其他的一些犯罪名录则不那么普遍。格鲁吉亚刑法典将“偷窥”或者“侵犯他人隐私”等类似的行为设定为犯罪。格鲁吉亚刑法典也处理贩卖色情文学、礼拜日使用枪支、非法使用信用卡及其他许多违法行为。

The great, classic crimes are part of the social code, whatever their status in the legal code.The layman knows them as crimes.He has a rough working knowledge of what constitutes murder, even though he does not understand the law's technicalities and distinctions.Cold-blooded killing is murder, we know, although few of us can tell the difference between first-degree and second-degree murder, or what “malice” means, or what level of insanity excuses an act of killing.无论在法律法典中的地位如何，那些重要的、经典的犯罪都是社会法典的一部分。外行将这些行为称之为犯罪，即使他不知道那些法律的法律术语和差别，他仍然能对什么是谋杀有粗浅的认识。尽管我们中的少数人能区分一级谋杀和二级谋杀的差别，并且了解什么是“恶意”或者什么程度的愚妄导致杀人，但是我们明白，冷血的杀戮即谋杀。

Punishment, too, is variable.It depends mostly on how serious the crime.Seriousness is not inherent in the criminal conduct;it is a social judgment.Legally speaking, serious crimes are called felonies;less serious crimes are called misdemeanors.The exact line between them is a matter of legal definition.In California, a felony is a crime which can be punished by death or by a year or more in prison;all others are misdemeanors, except for some petty acts(traffic violations, breaches of ordinances)which are called offenses.Offenses carry less of a punishment than crimes and have less of a stigma.A history of parking tickets is not a criminal record.刑罚也具有多变性。刑罚的多变性取决于犯罪的严重程度。严重性不是犯罪行为的内在属性；它属于一种社会的评判。从法律上说，严重犯罪被称为重罪；不太严重的犯罪被称为轻罪。它们之间确切的界限由法律来规定。在加尼福尼亚州，重罪可被判处死刑或者一年以上有期徒刑；除了一些细小的、被称为违法的行为（如交通违法行为、其他违法行为）以外，其他的不法行为都被称之为轻罪。违法行为承担比犯罪轻的刑罚和罪名。收到停车罚单的记录不属于犯罪记录。

6、Law Law, body of official rules and regulations, is generally found in constitutions, legislation, judicial opinions, and the like, that is used to govern a society and to control the behavior of its members.The nature and functions of law have varied throughout history.In modern societies, some authorized body such as a legislature or a court makes the law.It is backed by the coercive power of the state, which enforces the law by means of appropriate penalties or remedies.法律，即正式规章和法则的主体，通常见于宪法、立法、司法意见等，法律通常被用于管理社会和制约其成员的行为。法律的属性和功能的变化贯穿历史。在现代社会，一些诸如立法机关或是法院之类的获准授权机构负责制定法律。法律由国家强制力以适当的惩罚或补救措施得以保障实施。

Formal legal rules and actions are usually distinguished from other means of social control and guides for behavior such as morality, public opinion, and custom or tradition.Of course, a lawmaker may respond to public opinion or other pressures, and a formal law may prohibit what is morally unacceptable.正式的法律法规和法律行为通常和其他诸如道德、舆论、传统习俗等一类的社会调控及行为导向准则区别开来。当然，立法者可以对公众意见或其他压力做出反应，而一部正式的法律则会明确禁止道德上不被接受的行为。

Law serves a variety of functions.Laws against crimes, for example, help to maintain a peaceful, orderly, relatively stable society.Courts contribute to social stability by resolving disputes in a civilized fashion.Property and contract laws facilitate business activities and private planning.Laws limiting the powers of government help to provide some degree of freedom that would not otherwise be possible.Law has also been used as a mechanism for social change;for instance, at various times laws have been passed to inhibit social discrimination and to improve the quality of individual life in matters of health, education, and welfare.法律具有多种功能。法律打击犯罪，例如，它帮助维持和平、有序、相对稳定的社会。法院通过解决文明风尚方面的纠纷为社会的稳定贡献力量。财产与合同法为商业活动和个人规划提供便利。法律限制政府的权力以帮助社会实现一定的自由度。法律也被用作社会变革机制，例如，不同时代决议通过的法律能够抑制社会歧视，并提高个人在健康、教育、福利方面的生活质量。

Some experts believe the popular view of law overemphasizes its formal, coercive aspects.They point out that if a custom or norm is assured of judicial backing, it is, for practical purposes, law.On the other hand, a statute that is neither obeyed nor enforced is empty law.Social attitudes toward the formal law are a significant part of the law in process.The role of law in China and Japan, for example, is somewhat different from its role in Western nations.Respect for the processes of law is low, at least outside matters of business and industry.Tradition looms much larger in everyday life.Resort to legal resolution of a dispute is truly a last resort, with conciliation being the mechanism that is preferred for social control.一些专家认为，法律的流行观点过分强调法律正式、强制性的方面。他们指出，如果一套风俗或标准以法律为司法后盾作保障，这是出于实用的目的。另一方面来看，一项既不被遵守又不被强制的法规属于一纸空文。公众对正式法律的社会态度在法律实施的过程中意义重大。法律在中国和日本扮演的角色与在西方国家扮演的角色有所不同。仅仅尊重法律的实施是低端的，至少在商业和工业领域外仅靠尊重实施是不够的。传统在日常生活中的影响力比法律大得多。与社会调控机制中被认为是首选的调解方式相比，诉诸法律的确是解决纠纷的最后之选。

Law is not completely a matter of human enactment;it also includes natural law.The best-known version of this view, that God's law is supreme, has had considerable influence in the United States and other Western societies.The civil rights movement, for example, was at least partially inspired by the belief in natural law.Such a belief seems implicit in the view that law should serve to promote human dignity, as for instance by the enforcement of equal rights for all.Muslim societies also embrace a kind of natural law, which is closely linked to the religion of Islam.法律并非完全由人制定；它也包括自然法则。这种观点最有名的版本是“上帝的法律是至高无上的”，该观点已在美国和其他西方社会产生相当大的影响。例如民权运动，至少有部分灵感出自对自然法则的信仰。民权运动的信念似乎隐含在“法律应有助于通过平等人权的强制执行来提升人的尊严”这样的观点中。连穆斯林社会也推崇的一种自然法则，亦与伊斯兰宗教密切相关。

7、The US Constitution The US Constitution consists of seven articles and 27 amendments.The original seven articles took effect in 1789.The 27 amendments were added to the Constitution from 1791 to 1992.The first ten amendments were enacted in 1791;they are often called “the bill of rights.” It is very likely that more amendments will be added.美国宪法由7条正文和27篇修正案组成。最初的7条正文于1789年生效。27篇修正案于1791-1992年间陆续添加。前10篇修正案于1791年颁布，也就是通常所说的“权利法案”。修正案的数量可能仍会继续增加。

People who don’t know anything about civil procedure or property law can recall the basic elements of the constitutional law: separation of powers;checks and balances;judicial review;due process and equal protection of law;freedom of speech, religion, and press.As the supreme law of the land, Constitutional Law texts are generally divided into two parts.The first part is about the allocation of powers.This entails two basic principles of American Constitution: separation of powers and division of powers.Both of the two principles function under one principle--checks and balances.The second part of the Constitution is on the specification of rights and liberties for the individuals.To realize the rights and liberties, the Framers were not only dependent on the allocation of powers, but also on another principle of the Constitution--limited government.即使对民事诉讼或者物权一无所知的人也可以想起宪法中的基本要素：三权分立、分权制衡、合宪性审查、程序正当和平等保护、言论自由、宗教信仰自由和出版自由。作为一国的最高法，宪法文本通常被分为两部分。第一部分是关于权利配置的。美国宪法的两个基本原则：三权分立和权利划分。这两种原则的功能是基于同一原则——分权制衡。宪法的第二部分细述了个人的权利和自由。为了实现自由和权利，立法者不能只依赖权力分配，还要依赖宪法的另一个重要原则——限制政府权力。

When you study Constitutional law, you should learn the sources that judges might rely upon to guide their constitutional interpretation(text of Constitution, intentions of framers, case precedent, policy consequences of alternative interpretations).Learn how judges are likely to weigh these various guides in various contexts.Understand historical trends and understand that judges are ultimately affected by the same economic and social forces as society as a whole.With a solid knowledge of these things, you will be able to make intelligent and potentially convincing arguments--and make reasonable predictions about the likelihood of your arguments being successful in an actual case involving the same issues.当你学习宪法时，你必须了解一些法官可能用来指引自己解释宪法的材料（宪法文本、立法者意图、判例、其他解释的政策影响）。了解法官在各种不能的环境下可能如何权衡这些不同的指导性材料。理解历史趋势，并理解法官最终会受到整个社会同样的经济和社会力量的影响。基于这些扎实的知识，你就可能提出明智和令人信服的论点——进而当在具体案例中涉及到同一问题时，才能对你的观点可能成立做出合理的预测。

8、Damages The amount of money which a plaintiff(the person suing)may be awarded in a lawsuit.There are many types of damages.Special damages are those which actually were caused by the injury and include medical and hospital bills, ambulance charges, loss of wages, property repair or replacement costs or loss of money due on a contract.损害赔偿

损害赔偿是指在一件诉讼案件中原告（起诉人）可能获得的金额。损害赔偿有很多种。特殊损害赔偿是指那些由伤害造成的，包括医疗和住院费、救护车费、误工费、财物维修和更换费用、或者由于合同造成的金钱损失。

The second basic area of damages are general damages, which are presumed to be a result of the other party's actions, but are subjective both in nature and determination of value of damages.These include pain and suffering, future problems and crippling effect of an injury, loss of ability to perform various acts, shortening of life span, mental anguish, loss of companionship, loss of reputation(in a libel suit, for example), humiliation from scars, loss of anticipated business and other harm.损害赔偿的第二个基本领域是一般损害赔偿，它假设由另一方的诉讼引起，但无论在赔偿种类还是损害赔偿金额的决定方面都是主观的。这些包括疼痛和痛苦，未来的问题和受伤的严重影响，丧失某种行为能力的损失，寿命的缩短、精神痛苦、失去伴侣、名誉损失（如诽谤案件中）、屈辱性疤痕、预期业务损失及其它损失。

The third major form of damage is exemplary(or punitive)damages, which combines punishment and the setting of public example.Exemplary damages may be awarded when the defendant acted in a malicious, violent, oppressive, fraudulent, wanton or grossly reckless way in causing the special and general damages to the plaintiff.On occasion punitive damages can be greater than the actual damages, as, for example, in a sexual harassment case or fraudulent schemes.损害赔偿的第三种主要形式是示范性（或曰惩罚性）赔偿，它结合了惩罚和公众示范效应。如果被告以恶意、暴力、强迫、欺诈、肆意或鲁莽的方式给原告造成特别或一般损害，那么就有可能获得损害性赔偿。有时惩罚性赔偿要高于所造成的实际损失，如性骚扰案或欺诈案。

Although often asked for, they are seldom awarded.Nominal damages are those given when the actual harm is minor and an award is warranted under the circumstances.The most famous case was when Winston Churchill was awarded a shilling(about 25 cents)against author Louis Adamic, who had written that the British Prime Minister had been drunk at a dinner at the White House.Liquidated damages are those pre-set by the parties in a contract to be awarded in case one party defaults as in breach of contract.虽然经常被要求，但是很少被给予，象征性赔偿被用于当实际损害很小，对方又同意给予赔偿的情况。最著名的案例是丘吉尔获得了作家路易·亚当1先令（约75美分）的补偿，这位作家曾描述了这位前英国首相在白宫进餐时醉酒的情境。违约赔偿金是指双方预先在合同中约定，以便一方违约时赔付。

9、The Code of Professional Responsibility 职业责任守则points the way to the aspiring and provides standards by which to judge the transgressor.Each lawyer must find within his own conscience the touchstone against which to test the extent to which his actions should rise above minimum standards, But in the last analysis it is the desire for the respect and confidence of the members of his profession and of the society which he serves that should provide to a lawyer the incentive for the highest possible degree of ethical conduct.The possible loss of that respect and confidence is the ultimate sanction.So long as its practitioners are guided by these principles, the law will continue to be a noble profession.This is its greatness and its strength, which permit of no compromise.职业责任守则规定了激励的方法，同时也提供了处罚违规者的标准。每个律师都必须在内心的良知中找到试金石，以测试自己行为底线的边界。但是，最新一项分析表明，律师所能做到的最高程度的道德行为，其动机来自于社会和同行的尊敬和信任。有可能失去这种尊敬和信任才是对一名律师的终极处罚。只要法律从业者被这些准则所指引，法律就始终会是一种高尚的职业，这就是它的伟大和力量所在，不允许任何妥协。

10、To begin with, the legal system has structure.The structure of a legal system consists of this kind: the number and size of courts;their jurisdiction;and modes of appeal from one court to another.Structure also means how the legislature is organized, what a president can(legally)do or not do, what procedures the police department follows, and so on.Another aspect of the legal system is its substance.By this it meant the actual rules, norms, and behavior patterns of people inside the system.首先法律制度有其自身的结构。法律制度的结构包括：法院的数量及大小；它们的管辖范围，法院间的上诉程序。制度也意味着立法机关是如何组织的,总统在法律范围内能做什么或不能做什么,警察部门遵循什么程序,等等。法律制度的另外一层含义也可表示实质的法律法规。从这个层面上主要指实际的法律条款，规范以及人们的行为标准。

11、The law of contract is concerned with the enforcement of promissory obligations.Contractual liability is usually based on consent freely given in the form of an express promise or one implied in fact from the acts of the parties.In some circumstances, however, the courts will imply a promise(often called implied in law or quasi contract)in order to avoid unjust enrichment in spite of lack of consent by the party who is bound by.合同法所关心的是实现所约定的义务。通常，契约责任是以自由同意为基础的。这种同意表现为当事人明示的允诺或事实上由当事人通过行为而默示允诺。但在某些情况下尽管受约束的一方并未同意，法院仍会推定允诺之存在（往往称为由法律推定的契约即准契约），以免有人不当得利。

12、Paragraph 1 of Article 153 of the Criminal Law is amended as: “Whoever smuggles goods or articles not specified in Article 151, Article 152 and Article 347 herein shall, depending on the severity of the circumstances, be punished in accordance with the following provisions respectively:(1)If he/she smuggles goods and articles to evade or dodge the payable duties to a larger amount or commits smuggling again after being given administrative penalties twice against smuggling within one year, he/she shall be sentenced to fixed-term imprisonment of not more than three years or criminal detention, and be concurrently subject to a fine of not less than one time but not more than five times the amount of payable duties evaded or dodged;(2)If the amount of payable duties evaded or dodged for smuggling goods and articles is huge or there are other serious circumstances, he/she shall be sentenced to fixed-term imprisonment of not less than three years but not more than ten years, and shall be concurrently subject to a fine of not less than one time but not more than five times the amount of payable duties evaded or dodged;

(3)If the amount of payable duties evaded or dodged for smuggling goods and articles is especially huge or there are other especially serious circumstances, he/she shall be sentenced to fixed-term imprisonment of not less than ten years or life imprisonment, and shall be concurrently subject to a fine of not less than one time but not more than five times the amount of payable duties evaded or dodged or confiscation of property.” 刑法第153条1款修改为：走私本法第一百五十一条、第一百五十二条、第三百四十七条规定以外的货物、物品的,根据情节轻重,分别依照下列规定处罚:

1、他走私货物、物品逃避或回避应缴税额数额较大或构成走私再次被给予行政处罚后一年内两次打击走私，处三年以下有期徒刑或者拘役，并处

偷逃应缴税额一倍以上五倍以下罚金。

2、如果需要支付的偷逃走私货物、物品巨大或者有其他严重情节的，,处三年以上十年以下有期徒刑,并处偷逃应缴税额一倍以上五倍以下罚金;

3、如果应付偷逃走私货物、物品数额特别巨大或者有其他特别严重

情节的，应当处十年以上有期徒刑或者无期徒刑,并处偷逃应缴税额一倍以上五倍以下罚金或者没收财产。

13、One article is added after Article 276 of the Criminal Law as Article 267(a): Whoever dodges labor remuneration payable to laborers by transferring property or escaping, or refuses to pay laborers although he/she has the capacity to make payment, if the amount is relatively large, and if he/she still refuses to pay after being so ordered by relevant government departments, shall be sentenced to fixed-term imprisonment of not more than three years or criminal detention, and be concurrently or separately fined.If serious consequences are caused, he/she shall be sentenced to fixed-term imprisonment of not less than three years but not more than seven years and be concurrently fined.Where an entity commits the crime prescribed in the preceding Paragraph, the entity shall be fined, and the persons directly in charge and other persons subject to direct liabilities shall be punished in accordance with the provisions of the preceding Paragraph.Whoever commits the crime mentioned in the preceding two paragraphs but has not yet caused serious consequences may be given a mitigated punishment or be exempted from punishment, provided that he/she, prior to public prosecution, pays labor remuneration to laborers and bear the corresponding compensation liabilities in accordance with the law." 文章276条后增加了一条，作为刑法第267条：

以转移财产、逃匿等方法逃避支付劳动者的劳动报酬或者有能力支付而不支付劳动者的劳动报酬，数额较大，经政府有关部门责令支付仍不支付的，处三年以下有期徒刑或者拘役，并处或者单处罚金；造成严重后果的，处三年以上七年以下有期徒刑，并处罚金。

单位犯前款罪的，对单位判处罚金，并对其直接负责的主管人员和其他直接责任人员，依照前款的规定处罚。有前两款行为，尚未造成严重后果，在提起公诉前支付劳动者的劳动报酬，并依法承担相应赔偿责任的，可以减轻或者免除处罚。

14、Private Law Private law involves the various relationships that people have with one another and the rules that determine their legal rights and duties among themselves.The area is concerned with rules and principles pertaining to private ownership and use of property, contracts between individuals, family relationships, and redress by way of compensation for harm inflicted on one person by another.Historically, government involvement was usually minimal.Private law has also operated to provide general guidelines and security in private arrangements and interactions in ways that are complementary to morality and custom but that are not necessarily enforceable in a court of law, such as non-contractual promises and agreements within an association of private individuals.The relative significance of purely private law has decreased in modern times.Public law dominates in government-controlled societies;democratic societies increasingly have a mix of public and private law.The private sphere includes individuals and a vast array of groups, associations, organizations, and special legal entities such as corporations.They compete with one another and with government for control of resources, wealth, power, and the communication of ideas and values.Special fields of law, such as labor law, facilitate and control this competition.Much of such law is in the commercial and corporate areas.The formerly purely private law of property and contracts, for example, is now overlaid with legislation, regulations, and judicial decisions reflecting the competition.The public law of taxation has significant impact on the whole private sphere.Courts have increasingly regarded resolution of seemingly private disputes as vehicles for response to changing social conditions and values especially in the U.S.Thus, manufacturers have experienced an expansion of liability for physical injuries caused by defects in their products.The mechanism of insurance allows manufacturers to spread such costs across the general consuming public.私法

私法涉及到人与人之间的各种关系，以及确定彼此之间权利和义务的规则。这个领域涉及私有财产所有及使用的原则、个人和家庭关系之间的契约、一方对另一方造成损害的强制赔偿。从历史上看，私法很少涉及到政府。作为道德和习俗的补充，私法也对私下的协议和交往起到指引和保障的作用，但这种情况下在法庭上并不必然具有强制力，比如在私人协会内部的非契约性的承诺和协议。

纯粹私法的相对重要性在近代有所降低。公法主导了由政府控制的社会。民主社会逐渐呈现出公法、私法相结合的趋势。私人领域包括个人和大量的团体、协会、组织和类似公司这种特殊法律实体。他们互相竞争，而且和政府争夺控制资源、财富、权利，以及思想和价值观沟通。法律的特殊领域，如劳动法，推动和控制着这种竞争。

许多类似的法律出现在商业和企业领域。例如，财产和合同以前是纯粹的私法，现在取而代之的立法、法规以及司法判决都体现了竞争。针对税收的公法对私人领域影响深远。法院针对看似私人争议所做的决定，尤其在美国，越来越被视为回应不断变化的社会条件和价值观的驱动力。因此，制造商都经历过由于产品缺陷造成人身伤害的扩大责任。保险机制使得制造商能够把这些费用分摊到普通大众消费者身上。

15、Self-defense means that a person is justified in the use of force against an aggressor when and to the extent it appears to her and she reasonably believes that such conduct is necessary to defend herself against such aggressor’s imminent use of unlawful force.Such justification requires both a belief on the part of defendant and the existence of facts that would persuade a reasonable person to that belief.Where self-defense is asserted, expert testimony on the battered woman syndrome may be offered to prove the reasonableness of defendant’s belief that she was in imminent danger.The interests in human dignity and privacy which the Fourth Amendment protects forbid any such intrusions on the mere chance that the fruit or evidence of crime might be obtained.In the absence of a clear indication that in fact such evidence will be found, these fundamental human interests require law officers to suffer the risk that such evidence may disappear unless there is an immediate search.Before a person can avail himself of the plea of self-defense against the charge of homicide, he must do everything in his power, consistent with his safety, to avoid the danger and avoid the necessity of taking life.正当防卫是指当侵害已经出现，或者她有足够理由认为有必要对即将发生的不法侵害进行防卫时，使用暴力对抗侵害是正当的。这种辩护既需要相信被告的陈述，同时存在的事实要能够说服一个理性的人也相信。

当声称正当防卫时，受虐妇女综合症专家的证词可以证明被告对即将发生危险的相信是否具有合理性。

第四修正案对人的尊严和隐私进行了保护，严禁任何仅凭偶然获得的犯罪结果或证据侵犯他人。如果没有明确的迹象表明这样的证据一定会被找到，这些基本人权使得检察官面临如果不立即搜查，证据有可能湮没的风险。当一个人在杀人罪的指控下能够做出有效的正当防卫辩护之前，他必须尽其所能的在保证自己安全的同时，避免危险和杀人。

第五篇：政法大学在职法硕复试心得

政法大学在职法硕复试心得

自从得知进入法大的复试，心情就没轻松过。为了复试能够顺利，我找遍了网上关于“政法大学在职法硕复试”的一切信息，只是几乎没有经验可借鉴。那时候我就想，等这次复试回来，一定要把我参加法大复试的心得整理出来以对将来有所需要的人，特别是像我一样的有所需求的人，留点参考。其实这真的很重要，只有经历的人，才能明白它的意义。

在职法硕是所有的在职人员获取法律硕士唯一的途径，在每年七月份报名，报名后需要到现场确认。十月未全国联考。联考科目有英语、法律综合两科。政治在进入报考院校复试分数线时，复试时进行考核。法大今年的复试分数线是英语不低于50分，总分不低于200分，比10年总分降低10分。但毕竟是法大，招生简章里早已声明：不接受校外调剂。我的分数并不高，214分，因此心里悬而未决，甚至知道分数线以后到公布复试分数线期间，都不能确定进入复试。

说说复试的情况吧。有些记忆是永远不可能忘掉的。我记得14号的早晨，很紧张，真的很紧张，也许是我太想能够在政法大学接受教育，太看重法大的声誉，太希望法大能够与我的生命有交集，所以才那样紧张。可事实上，我错了，当我走进教室的时候，静悄悄的，大家都在捧着政治书认真的做着准备的时候，我知道，他们跟我一样，每一个走进法大的人，都曾经努力过，而此时都希望留下来。

因为是假期，研究生学院教学楼学生不多，只有四间教室供复试来用，分成四组，同时进行复试。我们都站在走廊里紧张的等候着，出来的同学简单地跟大家汇报一句考了什么题目，然后说句祝福的话，就一个个离开了。基本上是一、二道政治题，另外一个综合素质是跟工作兴趣生活相关的话题。政治题目是法大指定的政治教材，不会出那本教材。说实在的，这样的考题是之前我们所不清楚的，因为按照相关规定，英语的口语和法律也应该在考核范围。但是法大事先没有任何范围，不会给考生任何信息，更不会划题，但是真正考核的时候，却也不像我们想像的那么难。我的一个朋友考的吉大，政治是开卷，综合考的是一道民法一道刑法题目，事先学校给划了二百道题目。我复试的时候序号排在66，分在第三组，我不知道这个序号是否是因为联考成绩排名的，老师都很平和，我记得她问我做了律师多久，将来的方向是什么，有什么爱好，喜欢什么方面的书，政治问我的是社会主义初期阶段的总路线，最后又问了句知不知道三步走的内容，我还真的知道，出来以后还在想这不是初中的时候学过的吗。

总结一下：

1、法大的复试是需要认真准备的，法大的老师很严谨，在政治理论的问题上很重视；

2、每一个参加复试的学生都一样，没有一个不紧张的，但是学生的素质真的都很不错，我从后面教室的玻璃窗口观察大家回答问题时，表情、手势，一个个都不错。

3、自信在所有的考试中都很重要，无论你的内心多么紧张，表面看起来应该是镇静的。

另外有一点，就是现在要求差额复试的，像人大等，都是采取这样的形式，法大也应该是这样的，但事实上，法大今年招生100人，学校公布参加复试人数是97人，实际复试的当天，大约有七八个学生没来。我想这可能是法大今年总分比去年低了10分的原因，即使这样，也应该不到招生的人数。不过有一点我得说明，就是关于非政法系统考生原则上录取比例不能能超过招生比例的20%，而我们律师是在非政法系统的范围的，因此，这也是我目前最担心的问题。不过总的来说还是顺利的，如果不存在这种情况的话，应该没什么问题。

说了半天，也不知有没有用处。我想，如果以后有一个人，跟我的想法相似，也走了同样的路，看到这篇文章，将是有大用处的。