第一篇:复旦大学毕业论文格式
复旦大学网络教育学院英语(商务)专业本科生毕业论文格式
字数:4000字左右
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论文声明
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既可以有脚注(footnotes), 也可以有尾注(endnotes)
A4纸张(21*29.7cm)
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正文英文字体: Times New Roman
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连续出版物(期刊):序号,作者,出版年,题名,刊名,期号,起止页;
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注:凡不符合以上规范撰写的论文一律不得通过
第二篇:复旦大学英语专业毕业论文
继续教育学院 本科毕业论文
Analysis of Gatsby’s Character in the Great Gatsby 《了不起的盖茨比》——浅析盖茨比的人物性格
学 号: 14705020XXXX 专业名称: 英 语 年 级: 14级专升本 姓 名: 张三三 指导老师: 李四四
2016年X月X日
Analysis of Gatsby’s Character in the Great Gatsby
Zhang Sansan 14705020XXXX The Department of English
Supervisor: Li Sisi
A Thesis Submitted to English Department of
Fudan University
in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements For the Degree of Bachelor of Arts
Fudan University
2016
Acknowledgements
I would like to extend my heartfelt thanks to all those who helped me in the course of composing the thesis.First of all, I gratefully acknowledge the help of my supervisor, XXX.Without his/her patient instruction and professional guidance, this thesis could not have reached its present form.Secondly, I am also greatly indebted to all the instructors who have instructed me.The knowledge they imparted me laid a solid foundation for the completion of my thesis.Finally, I would like to express my sincere gratitude to my family and friends.When I am in trouble, they always encourage me greatly and help me out.I am deeply inspired by their constant support and encouragement.Their help and trust in me stimulate me to be a better me.i
Abstract
Fitzgerald is one of the most outstanding American novelists in the 20th century.The Great Gatsby, which was elaborately created by him, is widely considered his finest work.The thesis aims to analyze the character of Jay Gatsby, protagonist of this novel, and thus to further discuss how Gatsby’s character influences his destiny.The author first briefly summarizes main content of this novel, introduces Fitzgerald’s personal experience and analyzes the writing background of this novel as well as the symbolic significance of its tragic outcome.In the discussion parts, the author divides Gatsby's character into two aspects: the positive side and the negative side.In each part, the author picks up two of the most typical features respectively and supports these arguments with examples and cited words.Finally the author sums up what is demonstrated above and further expounds how Gatsby’s character influences his destiny.Key Words: Fitzgerald, Gatsby, Character Analysis
ii
中文摘要
菲茨杰拉德是20世纪美国最优秀的小说家之一,《了不起的盖茨比》则被广泛认为是他最优秀的作品。本文旨在分析小说的主人公盖茨比的人物性格,从而进一步论述人物性格对人物命运的影响。作者首先简要地概括了小说的主要内容,介绍了小说作者菲茨杰拉德的个人经历,分析了小说的创作背景以及小说悲剧结局的象征意义。在论述部分,作者将盖茨比的人物性格分为积极性和消极性两方面。各部分中,作者又分别挑选了最为强烈的两种性格加以举例论证和引用论证。最后作者对本文的论述加以概括并进一步深入分析人物性格对人物命运的影响。
关键词:菲茨杰拉德,盖茨比,性格分析
iii
Table of Contents
Acknowledgements.......................................................................................................i Abstract in English......................................................................................................ii Abstract in Chinese.....................................................................................................iii
Introduction..................................................................................................................1 Chapter One Duteous and Determined Gatsby.....................................................3 Chapter Two Illusory and Injudicious Gatsby.......................................................5 Conclusion....................................................................................................................7
Works Cited..................................................................................................................9
Introduction
Francis Scott Fitzgerald was born in the year of 1896.He is widely considered one of the most outstanding American writers of the 20th century, whose works are the paradigmatic writings of the Jazz Age.Throughout his literary career, he has composed four well-known novels, which was entitled This Side of Paradise, The Beautiful and Damned, The Great Gatsby as well as Tender Is the Night.The Love of the Last Tycoon, Fitzgerald’s fifth and unfinished novel, was published after his death.Undoubtedly, The Great Gatsby is the most influential among all his works.It still has a profound influence worldwide.After World War Ⅰ, American society enjoyed unprecedented level of prosperity.In the 1920s, Americans abandoned themselves to hold sumptuous parties and have a good time.They moved their body with the rhythms of the jazz music and danced to the beats.Crumbled traditional Puritan morality and flourished new hedonism in this age.This is the jazz age——a time of wonder, a time of art, a time of big spenders, but also a mockery of the time.(Fitzgerald, flyleaf)Under such historical background, The Great Gatsby came into existence.To summarize, The Great Gatsby is a story depicting the disillusion of American Dream.It is told through the eyes of Nick Carraway.Jay Gatsby, a young man coming from rural North Dakota, is born in an impoverished peasant family.Throughout his persistent efforts, he becomes an implausibly wealthy millionaire rather than a penniless nobody.In his well-decorated mansion, he holds extravagant parties to show off his wealth and attract the golden beauty——Daisy, who once was Gatsby’s lover five years ago.They reunion and re-love each other with the help of Nick.In Gatsby’s mind, Daisy is a perfect lady with a pure and innocent heart.Nevertheless, she is no longer the Daisy what she used to be.Under her charming appearance, it is just a body with stupid and selfish soul.In a traffic accident, Daisy has struck and killed Myrtle, Tom's mistress.But Gatsby intends to take the blame anyway.George, Myrtle's husband, has mistaken Gatsby for
the hit-and-run driver and even Myrtle’s secret lover.With several gunshots, George, a so-called lunatic ends both Gatsby’s and his own lives.The great Gatsby is a mirror, which vividly reflects Americans’ life of the jazz age.The scenes of roaring crowd, extravagant parties and corrupt society are perfectly reproduced.To some extent, it also can be inferred that the Great Gatsby is the epitome of Fitzgerald’s life.They both rise from impoverished families, they both fall in love with beauties coming from the upper class and they both end their lives in strategy.It is well acknowledged that a man’s own character shapes his fortune.So does Gatsby.After reading through this novel, it’s hard to tell whether the protagonist Gatsby is a good guy or a bad guy.So many highlights do exist in his character.But we have to admit that there are still a lot of dark sides in his character.In order to analyze Gatsby’s character from an objective angle, the author divides his character into two aspects: the positive side and the negative side.They are respectively studied in chapter one and chapter two.In chapter one, a determined and duteous Gatsby will be presented in front of you.In chapter two, an illusory and injudicious Gatsby also emerges.In these two chapters, a large number of facts and theoretical arguments will be added to support the author’s view.At the end of the thesis, it naturally comes to a conclusion that it is Gatsby’s character that determined his destiny.Persistence and determination leads him to success.However, his tragedy is caused by injudiciousness and unrealistic ideal.Chapter One Duteous and Determined Gatsby
In the Great Gatsby, Fitzgerald narrates the remount of Gatsby from an objective perspective.In his description, a vivid and lively Gatsby comes into our eyes.He’s a man with so many conspicuous merits, like innocent, resourceful and generous as well.Chapter one focuses on the two most remarkable merits in Gatsby’s character, namely duteous and determined.For most people, the first impression which Gatsby leaves on us is a perfect lover with a duteous heart.Besides his resolution made in the teens, the major cause stimulates Gatsby to court fame and wealth is to win Daisy back.Throughout the story, Gatsby’s loyalty permeates in every corner of the passage.To name just a few, he settles in West Egg just because Daisy’s villa is located across the bay.On balconies of the mansion, at the bank of the bay stands still Gatsby.He always stretches out his arms in lonely, noiseless and endless night as if Daisy is within his touch.After Myrtle’s accident, Gatsby waits outside Daisy’s house till the morning only to make sure whether Tom will hurt her or not.The only thing that he really cares about is Daisy’s safety.What’s more, a conversation between Carraway and Wolfsheim also reveals his loyalty.It is learnt from Wolfsheim’s words that Gatsby is very careful about woman.He never pays much attention to other women since Daisy roots in his mind and heart.As far as Gatsby is concerned, Daisy has become a dispensable part of Jay Gatsby.What a duteous man Gatsby is!Speaking of Gatsby, determination is another prominent sparkling spot in his character.To a great extent, Gatsby is the spokesman of determination.He has retained this precious and praiseworthy virtue throughout his whole life.Born in a rural peasant family with no prospects, Gatsby is never satisfied with the current situation of his family.He is also never content with his current social status.In his early years, he has already made up his mind to get rid of the status quo.It is clearly proved by the book old Gats brought to West Egg, in the flyleaf of which written his
everyday schedule and resolves when James Gats was a young boy.The fact that Daisy married Tom, a boring but wealthy man, inspires Gatsby to move constantly in pursuit of money and fame.He is firmly convinced that he is able to win Daisy back as long as he is rich enough.With persistent efforts, Gatsby turns himself from a mere pauper to a millionaire almost everyone admires.He possesses a mansion with an enormous marble swimming pool and a magnificent hall, decorated gorgeously.He has achieved all these in only a few short years, having returned from the wars shabby and penniless.As what I have presented above, it is obvious that Gatsby is a determined man that once he has set a goal for himself, he will strive to make it come true and never yields to any setback.The concept Gatsby is a duteous lover is rooted in the heart of every reader.Why is Gatsby great? He is great because of his loyalty for love.We are deeply moved by his unselfish and dedicated love for Daisy, a woman who is unworthy his infatuation.What makes Gatsby great? It is his determination and firm belief makes him great.Suppose that Gatsby was an undetermined man, maybe he still lives in somewhere in North Dakota, going out to crop at sunrise and going back home at sunset.All in all, Gatsby is a great man with plenty of virtues that deserves all of us to learn from.He is innocent, resourceful and generous.Moreover, he is a man with duteous heart and determined resolution.4
Chapter Two
Illusory and Injudicious Gatsby
Compared to people around him, like Daisy Fay and Tom Buchanan, Gatsby is a person of noble morality.Under such a bustling and extraordinary social circle, Gatsby retains his pure heart and strives for his dream.However, there is no doubt that Gatsby is never ever a perfect man.There are still a few defects in his character, namely illusory and injudicious.In the first place, Gatsby is illusory.It seems to him that the only reason Daisy left him and married Tom lies in his poverty.As long as he is rich enough, Daisy will return to his arms by all means.In Gatsby’s dream, Daisy is the embodiment of all wonderful things.She is charming, attracting as well as pure.Actually, daisy is a flower with white petals and yellow bud.Daisy Fay is a beauty who aspires for wealth and is keen on having a good time.To his disappointment, Daisy is a typical woman who comes from the upper class.She is shallow, selfish and indifferent as well.After their unification, Gatsby shows Daisy and Nick around his grand mansion.Suddenly Daisy burst into tears.“It makes me sad because I’ve never seen such-such beautiful shirts before.” said Daisy.(Fitzgerald, 59)At the moment that we agree that Daisy cries for the joy and excitement of reunification with a man once she loved.What Daisy answered totally astounded all of us.She cries just because she has never seen such delicate and slap-up shirts.She admires Gatsby.She admires his mansion, his shirts and his wealth.The pure and gorgeous Daisy is just a sweet dream Gatsby weaved for himself.The dream is so wonderful but the fact is so cruel.He would rather stubbornly make mistakes again and again than wake up even once.For this illusory dream, he paid a high price for it, even lost his life.In the meanwhile, Gatsby is also injudicious.Under the description of Fitzgerald, West Egg and East Egg, the two fictional places where Daisy’s villa and Gatsby’s mansion respectively located in, are divided by a vast bay.So does Daisy and Gatsby.It is insurmountable for Daisy, Gatsby, even Nick since it is a bay representing a gap,namely ideological gap, which all of them can never thoroughly across it.Coming from two different social classes——the upper class and the lower class, their ideology, way of life and sense of values have tremendous distinction.Gatsby is blind to chase Daisy and court wealth, but he doesn’t realize the root cause which separates Daisy and he lies in the differences between the two classes.In the past five years, Gatsby is longing for reuniting with Daisy all the time.When he meets Daisy again, he is not joyful as he expected since Daisy is not as perfect as he envisioned.Actually, Gatsby doesn’t really like Daisy.It seems to him that Daisy is the symbol of wealth and status.The progress of wining Daisy back equals the progress of pursuing his dream.He is not delighted because dream and reality are totally different, he never recognizes it.It is pathetic that Gatsby is not able to realize all these until his death.If Gatsby’s merits lead him to success, it is undeniable that Gatsby’s tragedy is caused by his defects, including his illusory dream and injudicious thought.He is resourceful enough but thinks of questions without profundity and perspicacity.He absorbedly strives for his dream but never stops for a while to scan the abnormal society.He is desperately buried in regaining Daisy but is unaware of the fundamental differences between them.It is specially affecting that Gatsby devotes himself to entertain Daisy and gets her betrayal in return.To dive deep, Gatsby’s dream is not so much ruined by selfish and shallow Daisy as destroyed by himself, a duteous and determined but illusory and injudicious Gatsby.Conclusion
As soon as the publication of the Great Gatsby, it has aroused extensive attention among the general public.“The Great Gatsby was the first step that American fiction has taken since Henry James, because Fitzgerald depicted the extolled grandest and most boisterous, reckless and merry-making scene”, criticized T.S.Elliot.It is widely considered one of the paradigmatic writings of the Jazz Age and up to now it still has great research value.As what I have expounded above, it naturally comes to the conclusion that Jay Gatsby, the protagonist of the Great Gatsby, is a complicated man.It is quite difficult to tell whether he is a kind man or an evil man since he has multiple identities.On the one hand, he is a successful businessman, a duteous lover as well as a determined dream chaser.On the other hand, he is an evil criminal, an illusory and injudicious dreamer.Gatsby is a man with so many conspicuous merits, like innocent, resourceful and generous as well.In chapter one, attention is paid to merits in Gatsby’s character.Among these excellent merits, duteousness and determination are the most typical ones.Sometimes we have to admit that Gatsby is really a perfect lover.In the past five years, he was very careful about women and Daisy was considered the only lover and the best lover by himself.He is so addicted to Daisy that he paid one of the most valuable things, his life, for this illusory even worthless love.What makes Gatsby great? To a large extent, his steadfast determination made him a great Gatsby.We are deeply impressed by his ambition to get rid of poverty and his willingness to win Daisy back.With his persistent efforts and constant training, he steps into the upper class and becomes a mysterious but celebrated millionaire.Although his dream disillusions with his death, but he did achieved his goal at one time.Character determines the fortune of a person.Gatsby is doomed to be an unusual man for his courage and determination in pursuit of dream.7
Moreover, Gatsby does have quite a few demerits in his character.First of all, Gatsby is illusory for his dream.Obstinately he insists that as soon as he accumulates enough money Daisy will come back to his arms.Extravagant parties are held in Gatsby’s magnificent mansion day and night only to attract Daisy.However, Daisy has been accustomed to live a carefree life.Gatsby’s appearance happens to add a touch of color to her blank life.Although she is astounded by Gatsby’s fine skirts, well-decorated mansion and extravagant parties, she treats their affair just as a stimulation for her to seek in the boring and insipid life.Perhaps she has hesitated and regretted, but she will never abandon a life of ease and a relatively beatific family with a wealthy husband and a cute child.In the second place, Gatsby is also injudicious for the upper class and the extraordinary society.He is not able to or he is unwilling to recognize the essence of Daisy, a typical representative of the upper class.Because of her selfishness, Daisy sacrifices Gatsby’s life to escape from punishment.This golden beauty aspires all the things closely related to money such as the golden pencil.Even her voice is full of money.(Fitzgerald, 46)Despite Daisy is quite distinct from the Daisy which Gatsby envisioned, he still has illusions for her.Gatsby is an evil criminal, who tries to break Daisy’s joyful family.At the same time, he is a wretched victim of American dream.The contradictions between the wonderful dream and cruel reality lead to Gatsby’s tragedy, thus indicates the disillusion of American dream.It is undoubted that Gatsby’s tragedy is caused by demerits in his character rather than selfish and hollow Daisy.He is killed by his illusory dream and he is totally destroyed by his injudiciousness.His wisdom is used to beguile Daisy and he never stops for a while to scan the roaring and inexorable society, sometimes abnormal.All in all, one’s character determines his destiny.Sometimes what we strive for a long time may be ruined by a mere mistake.Industry keeps bright the key that opens the treasury of success.We are greatly inspired by Gatsby’s persistence and will get over all the difficulties with fearless braveness and courage.Gatsby’s tragedy also serves as a wake-up call that everyone is supposed to scan the reality with a sober head and profound thought.Correct outlooks on life and values are the only way that we carve out for success.Works Cited
Bruccoli, Matthew J.The American Novel—New Essays on the Great Gatsby.Cambridge: Cambridge Press, 1985.Byan, Bryan.Major 20th Century Writers.Detroit: Gale Search, 1991.Curnutt, Kirk.The Cambridge Introduction to F.Scott Fitzgerald.Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2012.Fahey, William A.F.F.Scott Fitzgerald and the American Dream.New York: Thomas Y.Crowell, 1973.Fitzgerald, Francis Scott.The Great Gatsby.Ware: Wordsworth Editions Press, 2001.Tang, Soo Ping.York Notes on the Great Gatsby.York: Longman York Press, 1992.刘峰,《了不起的盖茨比》, 译林出版社,2012年
吴建国,《菲茨杰拉德研究》, 上海外语教育出版社,2002年 陶洁,《美国文选选读》, 北京:高等教育出版社,2011年
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/F._Scott_Fitzgerald
第三篇:复旦大学国际经济与贸易毕业论文总版
复旦大学
题 目
毕业设计(论文)
文化差异对国际贸易的影响分析
系 别 经济与管理系 专 业 国际经济与贸易 班 级 XXXXXXX 学 号 XXXXXXXXX 姓 名 XXXXXXX 指导教师 XXXXXXX 完成时间 XXXXXXXXXXX 评定成绩
教务处制 年 月 日
摘 要
随着经济全球化进程的深化,国际贸易活动与交往的频繁进行,国际贸易中文化差异的存在已经影响到国际间的贸易活动,这体现在文化构成要素的各个成面,尤其是意识形态层面即政治、法律、艺术、道德、哲学、宗教等方面。充分了解和认识文化差异,并采取恰当的方法和措施应对国际贸易交往中的文化差异在当今世界尤为重要。面对文化差异对贸易的影响,为进一步推进世界贸易的自由发展,必须采取有效措施促使贸易环境法制化、规范化,建立国际性文化交流组织与文化交流中心,进行多层次、多形式的文化展示与交流,在国际贸易策略的制定上注意与当地文化的融合,进行多种方式的文化融合与培训,培养推进文化融合的跨文化管理人才。
关键词:国际贸易;文化差异;发展
目 录
引
言.................................................................1
1、国际贸易中的文化差异因素.............................................2
1.1政治因素..........................................................2 1.2道德观念因素.....................................................2 1.3语言、文化、艺术因素.............................................2 1.4价值观念、风俗习惯宗教信仰级生活方式............................ 2 1.5国民教育和国民性情因素...........................................2 1.6会组织结构和制度因素.............................................2
2、文化与国际贸易的关系............................................... 3
2.1文化差异性与国际贸易的比较优势...................................3
2.2文化普遍存在于传统的货物贸易领域和新兴的服务贸易领域.............3
2.2.1 ..............................................................3 2.2.2 ..............................................................4 3.应对文化差异,推动贸易自由的措施.....................................4
3.1借助世界性经济组织扶持发展中国家特别是最贫穷国家的经济发展.......4 3.2进国际贸易环境法制化、规范化....................................5 3.3强国际性的文化交流..............................................5 3.4企业应注意与当地文化的融合.......................................5 3.5养推进文化融合的跨文化管理人才.................................5
结束语.................................................................6 参考文献...............................................................7 致
谢.................................................................8
引 言
随着经济全球化进程的加快,文化作为一种被人们日趋重视的因素,活力逐渐被激发,成为活跃在国际贸易领域中的重要因素。文化差异对国际贸易的影响越来越大分析研究文化差异对国际贸易的影响对国际经济发展有着重大意义。因此,采取有效措施促使贸易环境法制化、规范化,建立国际性文化交流组织与文化交流中心,进行多层次、多形式的文化展示与交流,在国际贸易策略的制定上注意与当地文化的融合,进行多种方式的文化融合与培训,培养推进文化融合的跨文化管理人才。
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1、国际贸易中的文化差异因素
世界贸易中的文化差异体现在文化构成要素的各个层面,不同国家在意识形态上有很大的差别,这些都形成了国际贸易特有的文化氛围。文化差异因素主要有如下几个方面:
1.1 政治法律因素
政治法律泛指治理国家的政策、法令和强制实施的行为规范。不同的国家具有不同的政策与法律的形成和运行机制;对世界贸易组织的同一条款,各国制定的配套的政策法规会有所不同;各国的行政诉讼和法系不同,也会出现执行的差别;各国政体的差别和上述种种所形成的透明度及执行协议方面调查的困难,仍然存在着产生于综合文化的、政治法律方面的阻碍。
1.2 道德观念因素
道德是通过教育和社会舆论等力量,使人们具有善与恶、荣誉与耻辱、正义与非正义等观念,并逐渐形成一定的习惯和传统,以指导和控制人们的行为。在不同的民族文化中,人们的道德观念及其对人的约束力都不同。在现实中一旦发生贸易争端,诉求于法律的经济保护是要付出比较高的成本和代价的,利用道德约束展开贸易活动对于外来者也很难渗透到其社会经贸体系中去。
1.3 语言、文化、艺术因素
贸易是以语言沟通为前提的,是以对商品本身所包含的艺术的理解为基础的。不同的民族,因为语言文字的差异,常常使沟通出现误差,或贸易谈判中出现误解,从而影响正常交易的完成。
1.4 价值观念、风俗习惯、宗教信仰及生活方式因素。
价值观念是人们对一事物的总体看法和评价,是人们基本的信念和判断,这种评价或判断势必影响人们的生活方式选择,从而影响人们对产品和服务的需求。
1.5 国民教育和国民性情因素。
不同的教育体制和方式不仅在知识的传授方式方法上不同,造成了人们思维方式上的差异,更重要的是形成了人们不同的价值观念,从而对贸易会产生重大的影响。
1.6 社会组织结构和制度因素。
一个社会组织结构和制度的状况,既取决于这个社会的文化背景,有历史的沿革和特定的习惯,同时它也是一个社会文化的凝结和体现。承诺了开放与贸易自由的国家
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和地区,必须相应地进行制度与机构的改革,使之与国际要求接轨,符合大多数经营者的习惯,方便他们的贸易。
2、文化与国际贸易的关系
2.1 文化差异性与国际贸易的比较优势
从国际贸易理论上看,由文化的民族性和时代性推导出的文化差异性恰好在国际贸易的比较优势中找到了生存的空间。“比较优势”一词本身包含两个内容。一是“比较”。比较就是差异性,是独特性。是对两个或两个以上的客体在某一方面进行的对比。有差异性或独特性才有可比之处。“优势”的核心在于“优”字。它说明比较客体在该对比层面上的强势地位。如果从二维层面更为深入地对其加以解释,“比较”包含了横向差异性和纵向相对性。横向差异性从静态的角度寻找国与国之间(比较主体)在可比内容(比较客体)上存在的我有你无,你有我优的差异。它是某一时点上的对比。资源禀赋论中所说的自然资源,劳动力以及资本存量上的差异等都属于横向差异。而纵向相对性则是从动态的角度出发,以一国资源禀赋存量可变为前提,比较本国在不同时期所具备的比较优势。
因为差异的存在,才有了交换的需要。按照比较优势在二维层面上进行分析:从第一个层面看,文化的民族性产生了横向上的差异。在强烈的文化差异下,人们产生了对异域文化的需求,即希望从外来文化中获取本民族文化中稀缺的元素以满足自己物质生活或精神生活的需要。比如说中医用药,讲求辨证,它把人体当作一个整体来看待,对某处病痛的医治往往从其他部位人手,这样疗效可能较慢,但可以去根治本。而西医用药多采用局部分析的办法,头痛医头,脚痛医脚。所以急性病的发作,用西药治疗见效快。两种文化背景下所产生的不同的医治方法,各有利弊。但人类共同面对的疾病使得遵循不同医药文化的医药产品被相互需求。从另一个层面看,文化的时代性产生了纵向相对性。提出这样的说法,是因为文化随着时间的推移,在交流中不断融合新的内容,形成新的文化,创造出新的比较优势。
2.2 文化普遍存在于传统的货物贸易领域和新兴的服务贸易领域
在国际贸易实践中,文化较为普遍地存在于传统的货物贸易领域和新兴的服务贸易领域。
2.2.1 在传统的国际货物贸易领域,文化商品一直是贸易的主要内容之一。早
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在西汉时期,中国就有了同中东、欧洲贸易往来的“丝绸之路”。大量的丝绸,瓷器和茶叶被运往地中海沿岸的国家以及欧洲诸国。二十世纪八十年代以来,随着文化产业的兴起和蓬勃发展,文化产品更是铺天盖地。在追逐降低产品成本的竞赛已经穷途末路的情况下,人们开始普遍地在商品中加入文化的因素,获取新的价值增殖。统计数据表明,美国在2001年中,文化产品(包括广播电视节目、电影动画片和故事片、印刷品、出版物、表演艺术、音像制品、娱乐、会展等)的出口达700亿美元,超过了汽车和航天产品的出口。在未来国际贸易的发展中,以物质文化表现的货物贸易竞争将更为激烈。
2.2.2 在新兴的服务贸易领域,文化包含的附加值更高。例如基于传统文化之上的文学,音乐,戏剧,电影以及收藏和展览等,其贸易的主要内容就是我们在前面所说的精神文化和行为文化。还有旅游服务,作为一项集观光,住宿,餐饮以及游乐为一体的综合性服务项目,独具异域特色的文化内容和形式就是吸引国际消费者的重要条件。此外,服务贸易中的文化还有一个显著的特点:因其大多表现为精神文化和行为文化,所以不像货物贸易中的物质文化易于移植。我们可以在外国生产的文化衫上找到中国的京剧脸谱,但是说到纯粹的京剧艺术,那就只有原生于中国文化氛围下的京剧艺术表演家才能诠释京剧的韵味。因此,从某种意义上说,文化的这种归属稳定性为各国拓展服务贸易提供了稳定而又巨大的资源。
从以上分析可以看出,文化同国际贸易有着密切的联系。随着社会经济的发展,在基本物质需要得以满足的基础上,人们更多地关注文化,关注精神上和心理上的需要。人们从商品和服务中购买的主要是故事、情感、生活方式和心灵体验。因而,无论是货物贸易还是服务贸易,都将融入更多的文化因素。这样,在当前的国际贸易中,如何发挥独具特色的本土文化就显得尤为重要。中国经济发展处于开放的环境中,我们应充分利用丰富的文化资源,为中国提高国际贸易竞争力寻找新的途径。
3、应对文化差异,推动贸易自由的措施
消除文化差异因素对贸易不利影响的最有效办法是推动世界文化的融合,形成一种协调配合、相互尊重的多元文化综合体,使文化差异对贸易的不利影响消失并推动贸易自由化的发展。
3.1.借助世界性经济组织扶持发展中国家特别是最贫穷国家的经济发展。
只有一个国家的经济发展了,物质丰富了,人们才会产生高层次的精神追求,人们
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3.2 促进国际贸易环境法制化、规范化。
世界各国首先应当按照市场经济的制度要求建立起自己的法律体系,使各国经营者都处在统一的制度平台上,受到相同的外部约束,避免因道德等非规范化约束产生难以把握的影响。同时,各国进行的机构改革也应向成熟的市场经济制度的机构设置靠拢,使经营者易于理解和适应相应的管理。
3.3 加强国际性的文化交流
加强国际性的文化交流,以消除观念、习惯、语言和艺术鉴赏等方面的贸易阻碍。文化是有传统的,但它也是可以交流的,高层次的文化也是易于被世界各国人民理解和接受的。
3.4企业应注意与当地文化的融合。
创造当地人接受又有吸引力的情境,然后是在整个经营设计过程中注意配合文化环境要求进行创新,既要创造出适合销售国文化的产品,又要使定价的方式和程度为之接受,还要找到适合当地习惯的渠道,采取购买对象乐意接受的宣传方式。
3.5培养推进文化融合的跨文化管理人才。
通过文化融合促进国际贸易的自由化发展,关键是具有文化融合意识和知识的管理人才的培养,主要进行文化理解的培训、文化应用的培训、实地文化考察的培训、相互交流的培训等。
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结束语
综上所述,由于东西方国家的历史发展不同,在其漫长的历史长河中所沉淀形成的历史文化也不相同,历史文化的不同往往会使人们形成对待同一事物上的不同观念。在国际贸易活动中,不同文化背景的人在时间观念、决策方式和处理冲突的态度上也就存在较为明显的差异。因此,在跨文化交际的国际贸易中,由于文化差异表现在诸多方面。跨文化交际成败的关键就在于正确对待文化差异,坚持不懈地排除文化优越感、文化模式化和文化偏见的干扰,正确对人,正确待己,相互尊重,平等交往,面对无形的文化差异,靠一种文化完全地压制或征服另一种文化是不可能的。减小文化差异的影响最有效的方法就是文化的融合,而这种融合又需要相当长的时间。现阶段,对于我们来说首先就是要转变观念,积极采取措施,应对文化的差异障碍,只有这样,才能在国际贸易活动中成功地进行跨文化交际。
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参考文献
[1]刘海战.对国际贸易中文化差异的思考[J].西安财经学院学报,2007,(5)[2]罗能生,洪联英.国际贸易的文化解读[J].求是学刊,2006,(11)[3]高涤陈.东西方商业文化差异与贸易[J].财贸经济,1999,(8)[4]张毅,储伟.论文化差异时我国国际贸易的影响[J].现代商贸工业,2008,(2)[5]任静.文化差异时国际贸易的影响[J].中国流通经济,2004(2)[6]金蕊.国际贸易中的文化差异因素分析[J].商场现代化,2007,(16)[7]任净.文化差异对国际贸易的影响[J].中国流通经济,2004,,02
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致 谢
本毕业论文能够得以顺利完成,是所有曾经指导过我的老师,帮助过我的同学,一直支持着我的家人对我的教诲、帮助和鼓励的结果。我要在这里对他们表示深深的谢意!
首先要特别感谢我的指导老师——XXXX老师。XX老师在我毕业论文的撰写过程中,给我提供了极大的帮助和指导。从开始选题到中期修正,再到最终定稿,姚老师给我提供了许多宝贵建议。
其次要感谢XXXXXXX所有曾经为XXXXX级国际经济与贸易专业任课的老师,老师们教会我的不仅仅是专业知识,更多的是对待学习、对待生活的态度。
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第四篇:复旦大学
复旦大学
一、经济学院
020101政治经济学:
①《政治经济学教材》(第十三版)蒋学模主编 上海人民出版社 2005年 ②《通俗资本论》洪远朋著 上海科学技术文献出版社 2009年
③《西方经济学》 袁志刚 高等教育出版社 2010年
④《微观经济学》 陈钊、陆铭 高等教育出版社 2008年
⑤《宏观经济学》 袁志刚、樊潇彦 高等教育出版社 2008年
⑥《现代西方经济学习题指南》(第六版)尹伯成 复旦大学出版社 2009年 ⑦《国际经济学》(第二版)华民 复旦大学出版社 2010年
020102经济思想史:同020101政治经济学专业
020103经济史:同020101政治经济学专业
020104西方经济学:同020101政治经济学专业
020105世界经济:同020101政治经济学专业
020201国民经济学:同020101政治经济学专业
020202区域经济学:同020101政治经济学专业
020203财政学:同020101政治经济学专业
融学:
①至⑥同020101政治经济学专业①至⑥
⑦《国际金融新编》(第五版)姜波克 复旦大学出版社 2012年
⑧《现代货币银行学教程》(第四版)胡庆康 复旦大学出版社 2010年 ⑨《投资学》(第二版)刘红忠 高等教育出版社 2010年
020206国际贸易学:同020101政治经济学专业
020207劳动经济学:同020101政治经济学专业
020209数量经济学:同020101政治经济学专业
第五篇:复旦大学
复旦大学
复旦大学(简称:复旦),位于中国上海市,是教育部直属全国重点大学之一,名列国家“985工程”和“211工程”高校建设行列。目前的复旦大学由原复旦大学和上海医科大学在2000年合并而成,辖邯郸、枫林、张江、江湾四大校区。中文名: 复旦大学 外文名: Fudan University 简称: 复旦 校训: 博学而笃志,切问而近思 创办时间: 公元1905年 学校类型: 综合 主管部门: 教育部 学校属性: 211工程,985工程
现任校长: 杨玉良 所属地区: 上海 硕士点: 225个 博士点: 177个 院士: 35人 实验室: 4个国家重点实验室 重点学科: 40个国家重点学科 发展定位 : 创“世界一流大学”
校况简介
复旦大学创建于1905年,原名复旦公学,是中国人自主创办的第一所高等院校。“复旦”二字由创始人、中国近代知名教育家马相伯先生选定,选自《尚书大传·虞夏传》中“日月光华,旦复旦兮”的名句,意在自强不息,寄托当时中国知识分子自主办学、教育强国的希望。
2009年,学校有普通本专科生、研究生26 362人;留学生3 633人(其中攻读学位的留学生2 531人);另有成人教育、网络教育本专科生18 664人。有专任教师2 426人、专职科研人员252人,其中高级职称1 649人。有中国科学院、中国工程院院士36人,教育部“长江学者奖励计划”特聘教授53人、讲座教授30人,“国家重点基础研究发展计划(含重大科学研 究计划)”项目首席科学家17人。有直属院(系)28个,设有本科专业70个,一级学科博士学位授权点24个,博士学位授权学科、专业点154个(其中自 设30个,专业学位1个),硕士学位授权学科、专业点229个(其中自设51个,专业学位10个),并设有29个博士后科研流动站。有11个一级学科国家 重点学科、19个二级学科国家重点学科。有国家重点实验室4个,教育部工程研究中心4个,教育部重点实验室13个,卫生部重点实验室9个,上海市重点实验 室6个,“985工程”科技创新平台5个,“985工程”哲学社会科学创新基地7个。
学校已经形成“一体两翼”的校园格局:即以邯郸校区、江湾新校区为一体,以枫林校区、张江校区为两翼。占地面积244.32万平方米,校舍建筑面积141.05万平方米。此外,学校还拥有中山医院、华山医院等10个附属医院。
一百多年来,学校在培养人才、创新科技、传承文明、服务社会方面为国家作出突出贡献。复旦师生 谨记“博学而笃志,切问而近思”的校训;严守“文明、健康、团结、奋发”的校风;力行“刻苦、严谨、求实、创新”的学风,发场“爱国奉献、学术独立、海纳 百川、追求卓越”的复旦精神,为民族的解放和振兴,国家的建设和发展,社会的文明和进步作出重要贡献。2005年复旦大学百年华诞。中共中央总书记、国家 主席、中央军委主席胡锦涛发来贺信,中共中央政治局常委、全国人大常委会委员长吴邦国出席百年校庆庆祝大会并发表重要讲话,中共中央政治局常委温家宝、贾 庆林、曾庆红、黄菊、吴官正、李长春、罗干以各种方式对复旦百年校庆表示祝贺。2006年学校制定了《复旦大学“十一五”发展规划纲要》,以坚持内涵发展 为主导,以增强综合实力为主线,以争取重大突破为方向,向建设世界一流大学的目标大步迈进。
复旦大学[1]是中华人民共和国教育部直属高等学校,名列211工程、985工程。学校学科门类齐全,涵盖了哲学、经济学、法学、教育学、文学、历史学、理学、工学、管理学和医学等 十大学科门类。复旦大学设有69个本科专业,其中文科类专业30个,理科类专业23个,医科类专业4个,工科类专业4个,管理类专业8个。硕士学位授权点 219个(其中自设51个),一级学科博士学位授权点24个,153个博士学位授权学科、专业点(其中自设30个),并设有25个博士后科 研流动站。在2006 年底至2007年8 月教育部组织的国家重点学科考核评估、增补和一级学科国家重点学科认定中,学校有11 个学科被认定为一级学科国家重点学科(覆盖了67 个二级学科),另有19 个学科被确定为二级学科国家重点学科,被重点学科覆盖的二级学科总数达86 个,名列全国前茅(一级重点学科总数为全国第四,二级重点学科总数为全国第三)。有5个国家重点实验室、20个省部级重点实验室、2个世界银行贷 款重点学科专业实验室,8个教育部人文社会科学重点研究基地。现有81个研究机构,145个跨学科研究中心。学校拥有哲学、历史学、中国语言文学、经济 学、数学、物理学、化学、生物学、基础医学等9个国家文理科基础科学研究和教学人才培养基地,生物技术、集成电路等2个国家应用技术人才培养基地,以及国 家大学生文化素质教育基地和国家对外汉语教学基地。
学校现有中国科学院、中国工程院院士35 人,国务院学位委员会委员2人,学科评议组成员20人,教育部社会科学委员会委员9人,教育部长江计划特聘教授79人(2009年数据),“国家级有突出 贡献中青年专家”33人,国家杰出青年科学基金获得者58人(2008年数据),国家自然科学基金委优秀创新研究团队4个,“长江学者和创新团队发展计 划”创新团队4个;国家教学名师奖获得者5人(2007年数据),中共马克思理论研究和建设工程项目首席专家5人,国家“973”项目首席科学家18人 次,国家社科基金重大项目首席专家4人。
复旦大学现任校长为杨玉良教授,党委书记为秦绍德教授。学校地址及环境
邯郸校区位于中国上海市杨浦区邯郸路220号。枫林校区位于中国上海市徐汇区医学院路138号,护理学院位于中国上海市徐汇区枫林路305号。
张江校区位于中国上海浦东新区张江高科技园区张衡路825号。
江湾校区位于中国上海市杨浦区淞沪路2005号
经过多年的建设和发展,复旦大学已经形成“一体两翼”的校园格局:即以邯郸校区、江湾新校区为一体,以 枫林校区、张江校区为两翼。截至2006年底,学校共有土地2317267平方米,合约3476亩。其中,邯郸校区土地922297平方米,合1383 亩;枫林校区土地192123平方米,合288亩;张江校区228176平方米,合342亩;江湾校区974671平方米,合1462亩。生均占地面积76.5平方米。校舍建筑面积逾119万平方米,全校固定资产22亿元。
截止2006年底,复旦大学图书馆有文科馆、理科馆、医科馆、张江校区图书馆、江湾校区图书馆 组成,馆舍面积56066平方米。另有35个院系和研究中心的资料室,总面积7850平方米。全校图书馆总面积合计63916平方米。馆藏纸质图书470 余万册,含各院系资料室藏书112万册。馆藏文献中包括线装古籍40万册(含善本8万册),民国时期图书10万册,外国教材2.8万册。年订购中西文纸本 期刊6753种,订购报纸476份。
复旦校训
复旦的校训:博学而笃志,切问而近思(出自《论语·子张篇》)
复旦的校风:文明、健康、团结、奋发
复旦的学风:刻苦、严谨、求实、创新
复旦的教学原则:通才教育,按类教学
复旦的教学理念:宽口径,厚基础,重能力,求创新。校花 白玉兰 教育排名
在2007年11月刊出的《The Times Higher Education Supplement,泰晤士高等教育增刊》全球大学排行榜,复旦大学排名为85名,跻身世界百强。在该报告中,有三所中国大陆高校跻身前100名:北京大学排第36位,清华大学位居第40位。这项由国际知名教育咨询机构QS公司进行的全球高等学府排名调查,规模涵盖全球主要的大学。
根据英国著名高等教育研究机构QS(QuacquarelliSymonds)联合进行的 2009年世界大学评估的排名,复旦大学在排名世界第103位,在中国大陆所有的大学中仅次于清华大学(第49位)和北京大学(第52位)。在该排行榜的 学科单项排名中复旦大学各个学科的世界排名如下:
社会科学--第40名。
人文科学--第61名。
自然科学--第84名。
工程技术学科--第86名。
在该机构的2010年亚洲大学排名当中,复旦大学排第24位。[3]
复旦大学办学定位上正努力实现从研究型大学向名列亚洲前列的世界知名高水平大学的转变,最终经过数十年建设,跻身世界一流大学行列。
院系设置 复旦大学现有复旦学院、中国语言文学系、哲学学院、历史学系、文物与博物馆学系、外国语言文学学院、法学院、国际关系与公共事务学院、新闻学院、经济学院、管理学院、社会发展与公共政策学院、数学科学学院、物理学系、技术物理系、化学系、高分子科学系、环境科学与工程系、信息科学与工程学院、软件学院、光源与照明工程系、材料科学系、力学与工程 科学系、生命科学学院、上海医学院、公共卫生学院、药学院、护理学院、国际文化交流学院、计算机科学技术学院、艺术设计系等29个直属院系,设有本科专业 70个,一级学科博士学位授权点24个,博士学位授权学科、专业点153个(其中自设29个,专业学位1个),硕士学位授权学科、专业点225个(其中自 设50个,专业学位8个),并设有25个博士后科研流动站。
学校学科门类齐全,现有哲学、理论经济学、中国语言文学、新闻传播学、数学、物理学、化学、生 物学、电子科学与技术、基础医学、中西医结合等一级学科国家重点学科;金融学、产业经济学、政治学理论、国际关系、中国近现代史、历史地理学、计算机软件 与理论、内科学(心血管、传染病、肾病)、儿科学、神经病学、影像医学与核医学、外科学、妇产科学、眼科学、耳鼻咽喉科学、肿瘤学、流行病与卫生统计学、药剂学、社会医学与卫生事业管理等二级学科国家重点学科。学校现有中国语言文学研究所、中国社会主义市场经济研究中心、美国研究中心、历史地理研究所、人口研究所、世界经济研究所、金融研究院、数学研究所、现代 物理研究所、遗传学研究所、上海市心血管病研究所、上海市放射医学研究所、肝癌研究所等306个各类研究机构,有先进光子学材料与器件、专用集成电路与系 统、应用表面物理、遗传工程、医学神经生物学等5个国家重点实验室,省、部级研究机构39个。
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金融学、管理战略与史学智慧、人文旅游管理、公共管理、人力资源开发管理、行政管理。