《中国学生写英语论文的常见错误总结》读书笔记

第一篇：《中国学生写英语论文的常见错误总结》读书笔记

标题：

the most common habits from more than 200 english papers written by graduate chinese engineering students

原文链接如下：（不能保证是原始出处）

http://me.sjtu.edu.cn/document/most%20common%20mistakes%20of%20200%20technical%20english%20papers.pdf

时间：

XX以后

阅读时间：

XX.9.27

摘要：

本文提出了几种最常见的中式英语习惯它们是从超过两百份中国学生写的英文论文中观察得来的。文中解释了这些习惯并且在大部分情况下给出了从实际论文中出现的例子以及正确的用法。我们试图去解释如何去改正和避免这些错误。一些情况下我们还解释了为什么这些习惯会出现。本文可以成为一个单独的科技论文编写指南尤其是当很难寻找一个母语为英语的编辑时。

大意

section 1

a an the

冠词后面将跟随一个名词并且任何冠词与名词之间的修饰词都用来修饰这个名词(a big blue bicycle / the first award)。a和an是不定冠词the是定冠词。单数形式的不可数名词以及指代一个可数事务的普通名词它们每次都需要一些限定词（determiner）。

它们的使用方法如下图所示：

incorrect figure 2 shows the distribution of relative velocity on surface of main

and splitter blades.15

correct figure 2 shows the distribution of relative velocity on the surface of the

main and splitter blades.15

分析上面的例子surface是一个单数、可数、没有限定词的特定的单词因此要用the修饰。而blades是一个复数、可数、没有特殊限定词、并且特定的单词因此也要用the修饰。

very long sentence

太长的句子不利于读者理解应该尽量分为多个句子。对于一些参数的陈列尽量使用列表或者整齐的子句。

prefacing the main idea of a sentence by stating the purpose

location or reason first

在句子的前面陈述目的、位置、原因等而不是陈述句子的主要含义。这样减弱了句子的主旨混淆了读者的理解。

incorrect for the application in automobile interiors this paper studies the nesting

optimization problem in leather manufacturing.5

correct this paper studies the nesting optimization problem in leather manufacturing

for application in automobile interiors.

tendency of placing phrases which indicate time at the beginning of

a sentence

倾向于把表示时间的短语放在句首。这样是不自然的。

incorrect when u is taken as the control parameter the bds for δ =0.0 0.001 0.005

are shown in fig.8.

correct figure 8 shows the bds for δ =0.0 0.001 and 0.005 when u is taken as the

control parameter.

place the most important subject at the beginning of the sentence for

emphasis

将最重要的主题放在句首以示重视。这样的理解是错误的。

incorrect based on the triangulation structure built from unorganized points or a cad

model the extended stl format is described in this section.4

correct the extended stl format is described in this section based on the triangulation

structure built from unorganized points or a cad model.

“which/ that”

‘respectively’ and ‘respective’

1.respectively is misplaced in the sentence;it is put before the nouns to which it refers.

incorrect equations 2～6 can be respectively linearized as:……(equations given)…13

correct equations 2～6 can be linearized as:……(equations given)… respectively.

incorrect the weights of the two experts are respectively 0.600 and 0.400.19

correct the weights of the two experts are 0.600 and 0.400 respectively.

2.respectively is inserted to express that there is a certain order in which something was

done.however the order is already implied elsewhere in the sentence or does not need

to be expressed because it does not add value to meaning of the sentence.

incorrect if both the core technology score and core quality score of a bottleneck process

are respectively below certain scores then we refer to strategy 1 otherwise if

either is respectively above a certain score then we refer to strategy 2.

similarly if the core technology and core quality are respectively above a

certain score then we refer to strategy 3 otherwise if either is respectively

below a certain score then we refer to strategy 4.19

correct if both the core technology score and core quality score of a bottleneck process

are below certain scores then we refer to strategy 1 otherwise if either is

above a certain score then we refer to strategy 2.similarly if the core

technology and core quality are above a certain score then we refer to strategy

第二篇：《中国学生写英语论文的常见错误总结》读书笔记

《中国学生写英语论文的常见错误总结》读书笔记

Section 1

a, an, the

冠词后面将跟随一个名词，并且任何冠词与名词之间的修饰词都用来修饰这个名词(a big blue bicycle / the first award)。A和an是不定冠词，the是定冠词。单数形式的不可数名词以及指代一个可数事务的普通名词，它们每次都需要一些限定词（determiner）。

太长的句子不利于读者理解，应该尽量分为多个句子。对于一些参数的陈列，尽量使用列表或者整齐的子句。

Prefacing the main idea of a sentence by stating the purpose, location or reason first

在句子的前面陈述目的、位置、原因等，而不是陈述句子的主要含义。这样减弱了句子的主旨，混淆了读者的理解。

Tendency of placing phrases which indicate time at the beginning of a sentence

倾向于把表示时间的短语放在句首。这样是不自然的。

Place the most important subject at the beginning of the sentence for emphasis

将最重要的主题放在句首以示重视。这样的理解是错误的。

‘In this paper’;‘in this study’

study指作者做出的工作；paper指作者表达工作的论文。不可混淆。

这两个短语最好只用在两个地方：

1.介绍或者总结全文时；

2.在文中，当指出了其他作者的一些没有完成的工作之后，使用这两个短语来描述自己的工作。

Numbers and Equations

阿拉伯数字不应该出现在句子的开头，而应该使用英文单词。

阿拉伯数字被滥用，它们应该在给出技术指标时使用，而不用来表示普遍的信息。

不要在句子中使用符号或者表达式，而应该以语言描述。（一般的论文要求所有的表达式都单独写出来，并使用特定的格式）

Paragraphs

分段的错误有两个：第一种是换行但是没有缩进，所以让读者不知道这是否是新的一段。第二种是一段的最前面是一个单行的句子，这个句子和这一段同时都缩进了。

Figure和Table的正确缩写分别是Fig.和Tbl.。缩写不能出现在句首，并且Figure/Table和数字之间必须有一个空格。

Variables

变量必须使用斜体。

Capitals

大写字母不能出现在句中，只能出现在句首。

‘such as’ and ‘etc.’

such as的含义和for example一样；etc.的含义等于and so on。它们如果放在同一个句子里则是冗余的。

Such as意味着后面跟随一个不完整的列表，如果后面列出了所有的元素，则不应使用such as。

Section 2

1．下列单词具有同样的单数和复数形式：

literature(when referring to research);equipment, staff(referring to a group of people)faculty

2．下列单词不要同时使用，仅仅使用一个就可以了

3．一些单词要求它所修饰的名词必须为复数：

4．永远不要以阿拉伯数字或者英文缩写作为句子的开头。

5．不要使用by this way，而用by doing this或者using this method代替。

6．永远不要使用How to作为一个句子的开头。（口语中也不要说）

7．不要写“The results are shown as Figure 2”，要写“The results are shown in Figure 2”。

8．变量要使用斜体，特别使变量用英文字母表示的时候。

9．避免使用单词“Obviously”

10．国际论文不应该使用地域相关的单词，例如at home，abroad，here，our country等等。应该使用“in China”。

11．避免过度使用“that is to say”或者“namely”，而应该尽量在一个句子中表达完整你的意思。

12．不要在句子的末尾使用too，尤其是在科技论文中。

第三篇：中国学生英语作文常见的错误

中国学生作文中常见的错误： 1． 标点错误

中文与英文的最大区别，在于中文句子是意合，而英文句子则是形合。例如，中文可以说“他赢了，我们笑了。”英文则不能说“He won, we laughed.” 而是要用连词把两句话连起来，成为“He won, and we laughed.”.练习：(1)改错

1． It rained all night, the ceiling began to leak.2． He lifted a rock, it fell on his feet.3． She leaped up screaming, a snake was moving toward her.4． Many people lined up at the ticket booth, all the tickets had been sold out.5． The rise in crime is attributed to drug abuse, and organized robbery.6． John Smith, his wife, his two children, and his dog Pluto, were under a pear tree, in the garden.7． The next day, late in the evening, Charles was killed, by a gang of villains.8． A letter, that is written in pencil, is difficult to read.(2)添上逗号

1． “I see my son you are wearing one of my best ties again.”

2． Rosemary suspected of having murdered her husband was questioned by the police for over three hours.3． The lady was dressed in gray the color of a pigeon’s feathers.4． It is a sad truth but in this unfriendly world he who cries cries alone.(3)分号常用在两个或两个以上关系较为密切的分句之间。下面这些句子，只要添上分号就成立了。1． The moon went down the stars grew pale.2． One moment he was friendly the next he was indifferent.3． Far into the night he worked as day dawned he sank back into the chair.(4)引号主要用于直接引语，但也可用于书名或用于要引起人们注意的单词或短语上。请给下列句子添上引号，同时注意标上其他必要的符号。

1． How do you spell the word Renaissance 2． The coach yelled Shoot when the clock had run down to only three seconds.3． He said Alas How foolish I have been 2.搭配问题

1． Municipal planners deal chiefly for the physical layout of communities.2． Because of its low cholesterol content, margarine is widely used to substitute from butter.3． Thomas Nast was known primarily for a political cartoonist.4． Compared to other areas, the population of the deserts is sparse.1.模糊。意思上的混乱、模糊是英文写作中常见的毛病。请指出下列句子的毛病：

1． The monkeys amused the people in cages at the zoo.2． People throw away things which are invaluable.3． A shark may attack a man that is hungry.二.写作能力提高

1． Sentence combining(联句)a.He didn’t write the letter himself.He asked his friend to do it.b.Dogs are able and willing to learn a wide variety of tasks.They are intelligent and devoted to their owners.c.He had failed many times.He was confident that he would succeed in the end.d.The Chinese character hao combines the symbol for “woman” with the symbol for “boy”.The chinese character hao means “good”.e.He asked to read the instruction book once more.He felt sure that he was using the instrument improperly.f.He failed to completely the course.This spoilt his chances of promotion.g.The public received the news enthusiastically.This surprised no one.2.transition(过渡)：使用关联词

表示强调，例如：in fact, most important, above all… 表示对比，例如：unlike, however, in contrast… 表示时间，例如：while, until, as soon as… 表示顺序，例如：first, next, finally…

表示类似或举例，例如：similarly, likewise, for example… 表示补充说明，例如：furthermore, what’s more, in addition… 表示空间关系，例如：near, behind, to the left… 表示让步，例如：although, nevertheless, in spite of… 表示总结归纳，例如：to sum up, to conclude, in short…

大学英语写作套路

1.我的观点（MY VIEW）

When asked about a theme, different people will offer different

opinions....is no exception.Some people take it

for granted

that

...However，others

hold

that...As for as I am concerned, that I am in

favor for the second view.The reasons are as

follows.First, there is an element of truth that...But it doesn’t follow is that that...Therefore，A the

case first

view

in doesn’t

point

hold

water.In conclusion...2.优点

和

缺

点

（Advantages

and

disadvantages）

Nowadays,...plays an important part in...Like everything else,...has both favorable and unfavorable aspects.Generally, the advantages can be listed as follows.Firstly,...Besides...Most

important

of

all

...But

every

coin has tow sides.The negative aspects are also

apparent.To begin with,...To make matters worse

of all...Through

above

analysis，I

believe

that

the advantages outweigh the disadvantages.Therefore...3.怎么办(How contribute to

to)...Many

ways

can

solving this serious problem, but

the following ones may be most effective.First of

all...Another way to solve the problem of...is...Finally...There are not the best and only measures we can take.But it should be noted that if we take strong action to...4.选择行动(A or B)

When you...you will be faced with the

choice between A and B.Before making the right

choice, you had better make a close comparison and

contrast Second, similarities, following Besides, of

them.First

of

all, B...also A...A...Also，B...A...A

likewise, and

B

are

Despite different

in

their

the

aspects.A...on

First, the

However, B...Therefore，B...contrary, it

depends with...you should choose.If you...，you should choose A;but if you...you should

turn to B.2.为什么(Why)...There

are

many

reasons for...but in general, they come down to

three major ones.For one thing...for another

thing...Perhaps the prime reason is that...From the foregoing...3.谚语引用：

that......As a proverb goes

Nowadays, there are more and more [某种现象] in

[某种场合].It is estimated that [相关数据].Why have

there been so many [某种现象]? Maybe the reasons can

be listed as follows.The first one is [原因一].Besides, [原因二].The third one is [原因三].To sum up，the main cause of [某种现象] is due to [最主要原因].It is

high time that something were done upon it.For

one thing, [解决办法一].On the other hand, [解决办法二].

第四篇：中国学生标点符号常用错误

中文和英文毕竟是两个不同的语言，很多用法是截然不同的，如果用中文的理路去生搬硬套，往往会出现许多中国式英语（当然很多外国人也会犯同样的错误）。而我这里要谈的，不是give you some color to see see(给你点颜色瞧瞧）或者flower open flower fall（花开花落）之类令人啼笑皆非的短语，而是关于标点符号的用法。

1）中文里面，逗号是一个很常用的符号。如果两个或者更多的短句之间有关联，而每一句又没把整个意思表达完全，就可以用逗号连起来，最后放个句号。所以以下这句话是合法的中文句子：

我看完了这篇文章，我觉得这文章有语法错误，原因是作者没有正确地使用逗号。

很多英文新手会自然而然地把以上这句子翻译成：

I have finished reading this article, I think this article has grammatical errors, the reason is that the author failed to use commas properly.但这样翻译是错误的。不是说哪个词用错了，而是因为这个句子犯了一个语法上的错误。英文里，每个句子只能有一个主语、一个谓语、和一个宾语；反过来说，有了一个主语、一个谓语、和一个宾语之后，就是一句完整的句子，就必须用句号结束。以上这个“句子”被逗号分成了三截，而每一截里都有自己的主谓宾，所以每一截都是个完整句，应该用句号结尾（我们都知道，英文中的句号不是个圈，而是个点，即period)。如果用了逗号，就犯了“comma splice”的错误。一个较为单纯的修改方法就是把句子改成：

I have finished reading this article.I think this article has grammatical errors.The reason is that the author failed to use commas properly.这个句子虽然语法上对了，却不通顺。毕竟这三截话讲的是一件事情。另一个修改方法就是把短句用分号（semicolon)连接起来，形成长句：

I have finished reading this article;I think this article has grammatical errors;the reason is that the author failed to use commas properly.这样固然可以，但和上面用句号连接没太大的区别。最好的办法就是用“连词”把句子连起来，这样念起来比较通顺，也符合英文的习惯用法。连词就是and、but、for、so、yet、nor之类的词。

I have finished reading this article, and I think this article has grammatical errors, for the author failed to use commas properly.2）中文都是方块字，所以没有空格。英文是拼写的，所以词与词之间必须用空格来区分开。这样的空格很明显，不说大家都明白。但英文里面，标点符号后面也有空格。一般标点后面都有一个空格，但句号后面却应该有两个空格。这两个空格一般很难看出来，特别在印刷品

上面。

3）中文里，“说”“说道”后面是放冒号的，比如：

芙蓉姐姐说：“我是芙蓉我怕谁！”

小沈阳说道：“百分之百纯也们儿！”

但英文里，冒号只是用来解释的:

English consists of three things: letters, punctuation marks, and spaces.“说”后面只用逗号，不用冒号：

Juliet asks, “where art thou, Romeo.”

同时可以注意到，英文中也没有顿号，只有逗号。

4）中文里有书名号，凡是书名、报名都必须用书名号括起来：

谁是《鲁迅全集》的出版商？

我订《新民晚报》花了很多钱。

英文的规则比较复杂。首先英文里没有书名号。如果是书，或者诗集，应该用斜体字：

I have finally finished reading A Walk in the Woods.The Complete Poems of Emily Dickinson is a great book to own.如果是手写，无法改变字体，则用下划线：

This is my hand-written summary of the book Hitchhiker's Guide to the Galaxy.如果是短篇故事，或者杂志报纸的名字，则用引号：

I don't like the “Wall Street Journal” at all

(1)顿号、书名号、句号、省略号错误。比较中英文标点符号可见,英文标点中没有中文形式的顿号、书名号、句号和省略号。而这四种标点符号成了大学英语写作中“借鉴频率较高的符号。如:

〔错误〕1.While she is reading《Gone With the Wind》, I am cooking。

〔错误〕2.My sister bought a lot of fruits for me , such as banana、orange、apple and pear.英文中的印刷体用斜体字表示书籍、报刊、戏剧、电影、绘画作品等的名称,在书写体或打字机

打的文本中用字下线表示斜体字;英文常用逗号来代替冒号;而句号是用实心小黑点表示。故以上两句应改为:

〔修改〕1.While she is reading Gone With the Wind , I am cooking.(印刷体)或While she is reading Gone With the Wind , I am cooking.(书写体)

〔修改〕2.My sister bought a lot of fruits for me , such as banana , orange , apple and pear.还有,英文中的省略号其实是三个句号的并列,许多学生由于受中文影响常错误地把英文省略号写成六点。

(2)冒号错误。冒号是中英文兼有的标点符号。在汉语中,冒号是表示提示性话语之后的停顿,常用在”说、道、讲、问、唱、回答、喊、吼“等动词的后边,以标明下面的话是谁说的。此用法影响下列英文句子标点:

〔错误〕3.I thought to myself :”What kind of trap is she laying ？“

〔错误〕4.He asked :”where are you from ？“

以上两例中的冒号在英文中需用逗点表示。汉语中的冒号还可用在”如次“如下”例如“像等引起下文的提示语后边。在英文表达中,”for example“(例如)一类的词后常用逗点代替冒号。

〔错误〕5.Good manners can be seen in everyday life.For example : a person with good manners is kind and

helpful to others.〔修改〕5.Good manners can be seen in everyday life.For example , a person with good manners is kind and helpful to others.(3)破折号错误。汉语中的破折号标明行文中解释说明的部分,而英文同位语也具有同等说明的功能,故英文写作中用破折号连接同位语成份的错误也屡见不鲜。如:

〔错误〕6.We are studying and living at the famous university — Beijing University.〔修改〕6.We are studying and living at the famous university , Beijing University.对于同位语,英语一般使用逗点而不用破折号。英文中破折号的用法远没有中文的丰富。

在大学英语写作中,与语法知识有关的标点错误主要有:

(1)把非限制性定语从句(non-restrictive attributive clause)理解成限制性定语从句(restrictive attributive clause)而忽略用逗点。如:

〔错误〕7.We were led into a nearest fabric shop that was divided into two parts.从句意来看,上句是一个非限制性定语从句,故应在shop 后加逗点,把that 相应改成which 即:

〔修改〕7.We were led into a nearest fabric shop , which was divided into two parts.(2)不论状语从句在整个句子中处于何种位置,一概以逗点隔开。

〔错误〕8.We will go there , if it is fine tomorrow.状语从句可置于句首或句末。置于句首时,一般要用标点隔开;而置于句末时,则无需与主句隔开,故 以上句子应改为:

〔修改〕8.If it is fine tomorrow , we will go there.或We will go there if it is fine tomorrow.(3)在疑问句形式的陈述句后使用问号。

〔错误〕9.What fun we girls could expect , to stay in the same class , studying for four long years with them ？I wondered.〔修改〕9.What fun could we girls expect , to stay in the same class , studying for four long years with them , I wondered.英语疑问除可用问号来表达外,尚可用词序加以表达。故上例的疑问可用逗点表示。

(4)误把however ,therefore , because , thus 等起联系作用的副词当成并列连词,导致写作中的逗号粘连(comma splice)错误。

〔错误〕10.She thought what the teacher pointed out was right , however , she didn't care for that.两个完整的句子或两个并列句之间不能一概用逗点点开, 可用句号、分号或在逗点后加并列连词(and , but , or , for , so , nor , yet)等方法修改。故上例可改为:

〔修改〕10.She thought what the teacher pointed out was right.However , she didn't care for that.或She thought what the teacher pointed out was right;however , she didn't care for that.或She thought what the teacher pointed out was right , but she didn't care for that.(5)与comma splice 相映成趣的是,许多学生作文时,极少考虑句子间的逻辑关系,一个逗点连首尾,导致大量熔句(fused sentence)的堆砌。例如:

〔错误〕11.Young men like blue jeans they wear them all the time.〔修改〕11.Young men like blue jeans;they wear them all the time.或Young men like blue jeans.They wear them all the time.或Young men like blue jeans , and they wear them all the time.或Young men like blue jeans;they wear them all the time.或Since young men like blue jeans , they wear them all the time.(6)两个并列的形容词间以and 代替逗点。

〔错误〕12.Through the window , in front of me were large green fields which

reminded me of the small clearing where I spent my lonely and hard childhood.现代英语表达一般在两个形容词中间不使用and , 而是用逗点分隔。

〔修改〕12.Through the window , in front of me were large green fields which reminded me of the small clearing where I spent my lonely , hard childhood

因语体错位而造成的标点错误。

英文写作是一种书面语的输出。其书面语体的特征要求其与口头语相区别。口语中存在的大量缩约(contraction)在书面语体中应尽量避免。而许多学生在书面作文中大量使用省字号('),几乎1/ 3 左右的作文在文体上存在漏洞,现代英语的发展对此却难以容忍。如:

1.I'd like to share my joys with you.(I would like to)

2..you can't behave like that.(you cannot)

3..there're so many splendid toys for me to select.(there are)

其他错误：

(1)引号错误。

〔错误〕13.”No pain , no gain.“If you.〔修改〕13.As the saying goes ,”No pain , no gain.“

英文中短小的引语与作者提示”某某说之类的词语之间用逗点隔开,置于引号内。不能省略提示语“某某说之类而直接引用。

〔错误〕14.Glancing through the essay entitled”Why Not More ？ “, Dr.Jefferson frowned thoughtfully.〔修改〕14.Glancing through the essay entitled”Why Not More ？,“Dr.Jefferson frowned thoughtfully.许多学生对诸如上例引号边的标点位置含糊,不清楚以下常用法:句号和逗号必须置于引号之内;冒号和分号必须置于引号之外;如果所引内容本身是疑问句或感叹句,问号和感叹号一般放在引号之内,否则,问号和感叹号则放在引号之外。

(2)日-月-年次序的日期中的逗号错误。英语日期的表达可以用月-日-年的次序和日-月-年的次序,日和年之间加逗号而月和年之间习惯上不加逗号。例如: 误把”13 August 2002“写成”13 August , 2002“。

(3)在部分副词如perhaps , so 后加逗号。如:

〔错误〕16.Perhaps , I would not have such a good chance again.〔错误〕17.So , they keep in touch with each other merely by writing letters and

phoning now.以上两句的修改方法是把句中的逗号去掉。

(4)连接号(hyphen)错误。许多英语习作者往往随意用连接号派生单词,如把”boyfriend“写成”boy-friend“;”middle school“写成”middle-school"。在行末单词分行时,连接号使用错误更多。与之相反,若把本应有的连接号粗心删去,其单词含义可能会大相径庭。如有一年美国政府在一份贸易清单上列举了一些免税进口的物品,其中有一种是foreign fruit —plants(外国果树苗),后来由于打字员的疏忽，漏打连接号使其成了foreign fruit , plants(外国水果、树苗),结果导致第二年大量的水果如桔子、葡萄等从世界各地免税涌入美国市场从而使美国政府当年损失约200 多万美元。

应用逗号而没用,造成语义的表达不清。

Please send me a gross each of the red , green ,blue ,orange and black ties.使人看了以后不知是发5 摞(1 摞= 12 打)

—红、绿、蓝、橙、黑各一摞— 领带,还是发4 摞

—红、绿、蓝、橙黑各一摞领带。这句话可改为:

①Please send me a gross each of the red , green ,blue ,orange ,and black ties.②Please send me a gross each of the red , green ,blue ,orange-and-black ties.该用分号的地方用了逗点, 不该用标点的地方也用了逗点,都导致了句子的错误。

①People make history , unusual people make history interesting.此句逗点应改为分号, 这是两个独立分句。

②Mary was happiest when she was free of her parents' scrutiny , or while she was working in her garden.此句的并列连词是连接的成对的从句,而不是独立分句,连词前面的逗号应去掉。

标点符号的使用是约定俗成的, 初学写作的人只有牢记它的使用规则, 才能写出规范的文章来。.

第五篇：名师总结写作中国学生常犯错误

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错误一：语言绝对化

根据能量守恒定律(Law of energy conservation)，即“各种能量形式互相转换是有方向和条件限制的，能量相互转换时其量值不变，表明能量不能被创造或消灭”，人们在使用语言描述事物变化时，应尽可能避免语言过于绝对化，尤其是在使用第二语言进行正式的书面表述时，更应该注意该语言中非绝对化表达方式的学习，这样才能尽显文章内容的客观性。这是绝大多数中国考生在面对写作TASK 2时所忽视的，大家可以对比如下两组句子：This tends to occur whenever there is a downturn in commodity prices.This occurs whenever there is a downturn in commodity prices.A child learning a foreign language at primary school causes confusion between their native language and the foreign one.A child learning a foreign language at primary school is likely to cause confusion between their native language and the foreign one.为解决该问题，笔者总结了一些表达委婉语气的用语和句式，考生可以尝试使用，如：may, might, would, could, largely, possibly, probably, be likely(unlikely)to, be inclined to, tend to, to a large(some)extent, there is a higher probability/possibility that…等。

错误二：只回答部分问题

An increasing number of people are moving and living in big cities.Why is this case? Is it a positive or negative trend?(2010年1月23日 G类)该题有两个问题，很多考生在作答时忽视了第一问，只回答第二问，抑或是把第一问和该现象积极的一面混为一谈，如：

On the one hand, living in big cities brings about a considerable number of advantages, which is also why people move to big cities.Initially, it is undeniable that work conditions in big cities are usually better that those in countries and small cities.With more work opportunities and a higher level of salary, people in other places, especially the young, are inclined to move to big cities.Subsequently, not only does living in big cities offer people better work conditions, but also it affords dwellers with facilities of higher quality.These facilities, such as the premium hospitals

and education resources, are extremely attractive to countryside people and those in small cities.(考生答卷)

该现象的原因应从大城市移民的角度考虑，如可以享受更好的生活设施，教育资源和就业机会等。而其积极的一面应从城市居民或管理者的角度考虑，如大量的“移民”给城市带来了更多的劳动力和税收。

遇到此类考题，考生可以将全文分为四个段落，除去开头和结尾段，主体两个段落分别回答一个问题，即第二段回答产生该现象的“原因”，第三段选取积极或消极任何一面展开论述。

错误三：容易跑题

该现象产生的原因主要是考生没有正确地理解题目，如Some people think that foreign tourists abroad should be charged more than local people to visit a country’s cultural and historical attractions.To what extent do you agree or disagree?(2011年4月30日A类)

就该题而言，很多考生将意思是“收费”的charged一词理解为“控制”，而该词是我们在中学阶段就已经学习过的。这就很容易导致作文跑题，而跑题的作文分数为5分。

避免该问题，首先，在积累词汇阶段，考生应连同其同义词准确记忆;其次，由于每年的考题重复率相对较高，所以，如果时间允许，考生可以在练习阶段把近几年题目通读一遍，准确理解题目内容。

错误四：文章没有分段或分段不充分

作文应按照论文的写作格式分段，即有开头段，结尾段和由两到三段构成的主体段落。不论是四段式还是五段式，考生只要进行合理的分段，就能满足考试在逻辑性方面的要求。