第一篇：房产中介组织概况(自己总结的)
房产中介组织概况
班级：8408010
2学号：2008040801037
姓名：王欢
社会中介组织是指处在政府与企事业单位及公民等经济主体和社会主体之间，起沟通、联结作用，承担特定服务、协调、监督、管理职能的具有相对独立的法律地位的社会组织。近年来，我国高度重视社会中介组织的发展，在有关政策的引导下，社会中介组织无论从数量上、质量上、规模上、辐射范围上，都比起初有了很大的进步，随着社会的发展与进步许多社会中介组织也应运而生,随着经济的不断发展，房地产已经成为一个新兴的产业，而房地产中介组织也随机发展起来并且不断壮大，那么这篇文章就谈一谈我国的房产中介组织的概况。
马克思指出：“物质生活的生产方式制约着整个社会生活、政治生活和精
[神生活的过程。”物质资料的生产方式是人类社会发展的最终决定力量。没有经
济的发展，物质生活的充裕，就不可能有社会各方面的健康发展。我国目前还处于社会主义初级阶段，生产力水平还不够发达，各地区发展还不平衡，直接造成了不同地区、不同区域在经济、社会事业发展上的诸多差异。
我国的房地产中介组织是伴随着房地产业的发展从无到有，从小到大逐步建立和发展起来的，并且是随着房地产事业的发展而逐渐发展起来的，规范化的房地产中介组织和成熟先进的运营管理模式对于促进房地产业的健康发展和规范房地产经济运行有着极其重要的作用。我国改革开放20多年来房地产中介行业的从业人员队伍迅速扩大，但是由于我国房地产中介业起步较晚，在执业标准，执业规则，专业人员素质，技术手段，特别是在运营管理模式方面还处于探索阶段，总体上来说比较幼稚，缺乏核心竞争力，与发达国家相比还存在一定的差距。随着房地产事业的迅猛发展，房产中介组织免得这新的挑战和机遇。
一．我国房地产中介服务行业的重要性
作为房地产市场的重要组成部分，房地产中介服务业的发展对促进房地产市场发展起到了重要的作用。
1、房地产中介服务行业是房地产市场的润滑剂
房地产中介服务企业依靠自己的信息优势和专业知识优势，提供精确的交易信息与专业的咨询建议，促进市场信息的双向流动。对于消费者可以提供全面的房产信息，缩短交易时间与成本;对于开发商可以提供准确的市场信息、专业化的咨询意见，从而避免市场风险，快速促进开发与销售。此外，房地产中介服务企业还提供一些周边服务，如房产按揭、IT交易平台、信息咨询系统等，诸如此类服务均大大提高了房地产行业的运行效率，降低了市场的运行风险。
2、房地产中介服务行业具有较大的社会效益
房地产中介服务行业具有就业吸纳能力强，资源耗费少等特点，属于新型朝阳服务业。其属于人力密集型行业，以从业者为创造价值的主体，在人员扩张方面受其它生产要素的制约较少，在吸纳就业方面具有先天的优势以及巨大的潜
力。此外，该行业以知识与服务创造价值，资源能源耗用极低，符合新型经济发展的趋势。
房地产中介整体发展主要有以下几方面的特点：
1． 特别是沿海开放城市发展较快，内陆城市发展较慢。如：上海已有4000
多家中介商在从事从涉外房屋租赁买卖、新楼盘代理到二手房买卖租赁等多个领域的中介服务，北京也有近2000家中介商。
2． 形成了包含房地产楼盘代理、评估、策划、二手房出租买卖、抵押担
保等领域的相对完整的产业。
3． 房地产中介的外部制度环境正在积极地建立，人才流动在加速，户籍
制度在逐步放松，房地产产权管理在规范，住房抵押业务在不断地增长，等等，这一切都预示着房地产市场和中介业务发展的外部环境正在逐步走向成熟。
二．目前房地产中介业发展面临的主要问题 ：
1．缺乏专业的人才，影响产业的提升。
房地产中介服务工作涉及面广，具有综合性、广泛性的特点，是多学科知识的综合能力体现。因此，从事房地产中介服务工作的人员不仅需要精通房地产业务、房地产法律等方面知识，而且还要掌握现代化信息设备的操作技巧，同时，还要具备沟通沟通能力和敬业精神。因而，世界上房地产业比较成熟的国家对中介行业人员从业都有专门规定，如美国规定至少要有2年以上从事房地产工作的经历，并修完与房地产有关的8门学科方具有获得房地产经纪人执照的资格。但目前，由于房地产中介服务业在我国是近几年才兴起的一个行业，不少房地产中介服务机构缺乏一支经过专门训练、严格资质审查的专家队伍。市场呼唤素质综合化的房地产中介人才，这种人才具有较高学历、较深的专业知识、较强的业务能力和较高的道德水准。他们是中介行业的骨干力量，是当前亟需的人才。随着房地产市场不断向纵深发展，综合素质差的人便难以对市场信息作出正确的处理和预见性的分析，这势必影响他们的中介活动。专业人员的缺乏是影响房地产中介业发展和提升的瓶颈之一。
2．房地产中介缺乏消费者的普遍认同。
目前中介服务人员资格认证制度尚不规范，从而造成房地产中介机构从业人员来源复杂的现状：既有与房地产专业相关的如工民建、经济管理、法律、贸易、会计等专业的人员，也有与房地产完全无关的如文史类，理工农医类等专业的人员；既有部分高等学历的从业人员，更有大量“半路出家”，根本不懂房地产知识，缺乏专门训练，中等学历的从业人员，而且许多从业人员缺乏应有的敬业精神和职业道德，唯利是图，利用各种手段竭尽欺诈之能事，严重影响了中介机构的形象，损害了客户利益，扰乱了房地产市场的正常秩序。近几年遭到严厉的口诛笔伐，客户对房地产中介的有关投诉连续几年列于中国消协十大投诉热点之一，有些人向房地产中介举起了“免谈”的牌子。如何重新塑造中介的信任是整个行业发展所面临的另外一个问题。
3．房地产中介市场竞争激烈，中介商生存率低。
虽然社会对房地产中介的需求在逐步放大，但是房地产中介市场发展的内外环境并非十分理想，不确定因素佷多，充满风险。房地产中介尤其是普通中介市场，由于投资成本低，管理不太规范，市场准入制度不完善，进入门槛较低，操作不规范，信誉较低，竞争手段和方式落后，市场竞争十分激烈，许多中小房地产中介商面临着竞争和生存的压力。导致当年房地产中介商的生存率很低，如：郑州市仅仅只有30%，上海和北京市场相对成熟，生存率也只有40%。一方面由于政府推行的住房制度和土地使用制度在不断地向纵深发展，房地产市场的潜力在不断地释放，中介业务成倍上升，有许多投资人看好这一潜在巨大的市场，不断地涌入这一市场，另一面，大量的中介公司竞争无力，而退出这一市场。
三、我国房地产中介服务行业的前景展望
作为一个新生的行业，我国房地产中介服务行业的未来发展潜力巨大，其主要的趋动因素来自于两个方面：一是其所依立的房地产行业持续发展;二是行业本身的进一步生长成熟。
1、房地产行业的持续向好将创造巨大的市场空间
自从1998年国家实行住房商品化改革之后，我国的房地产行业迎来了黄金十年，从1997年至2008年全国商品房销售面积增长了近六倍，年均增长率达到21%，商品房价格也有较快的增长。同时房地产开发建设在全国各地也火热进行，2008年全国房地产开发投资完成额达到3.06万亿，占全社会固定资产投资额的18%，为08年GDP的十分之一，房地产行业在国民经济中的支柱地位日益得到加强。虽然08年房地产行业遭遇了巨大调整，市场呈量缩价跌之态势，但09年上半年房地产市场快速回暖，各类行业指标强劲复苏，仍不改长期向好的态势，推动我国房地产持续向好的基本因素也没有改变。
2、房地产中介服务行业的自身发展将进一步拓展已有的市场空间
房地产中介服务业的成熟将为自身带来更大的市场空间，其成熟表现为行业专业化程度逐步深化，发展模式日益成熟，行业价值的逐步显现，行业地位日渐提高。
房地产开发商在发展初期往往采取全职能、整个产业链渗透的经营模式，自行包揽房地产开发销售的整个环节，但随着市场竞争程度加剧以及房地产中介服务企业的专业化提升，房地产中介服务行业参与的房地产开发价值链环节越来越多，由销售环节向上拓展到调研、设计、企划等环节，形成了目前所谓的全程代理概念，向下端则拓展到物业管理、存量房交易等环节。同时，房地产中介服务企业的发展模式也在逐步完善与成熟。易居中国服务内容涵盖住宅消费产业链的诸多领域，世联地产则形成了“咨询+实施“的独特业务模式。
随着市场专业化程度的不断提高，主流开发商纷纷将非核心业务外包，万科、保利、恒大等开发商的楼盘几乎全部均由房地产中介服务企业代理销售。08年策划代理百强企业销售额超过7000亿元，占全国商品房销售额的比重达到了历史的最高水平32.1%，而05年此比例不到20%。另外，全国商品房代理销售比例由07年的41%快速上升到08年的47%。除了代理销售业务，08年的房地产市场重大调整使得行业的顾问策划业务得到快速发展，百强企业的策划收入增长率同比达到了56%。
虽然我国房地产中介服务行业在近几年取得了长足的发展，但与国外成熟市场相比仍有巨大的差距。如美国，大约85%的物业交易是通过中介机构完成的，而即使在我国房地产开发行业发展时间早、市场化程度高，经济发达的珠三角和长三角地区，由中介代理的新增商品房的市场份额也才刚刚达到50%;在房地产开发行业发展相对不成熟的其他区域，由中介代理的新增商品房的市场份额约10%-30%，由此可见，房地产中介服务行业未来业务具有广阔的空间。
第二篇：英美概况总结
英美概况总结
1.Britain was the first country to industrialize because of the following factors except __D___.英国之所以能成为世界上最早开始工业化的国家,原因有很多。但英国是从 17 世纪以后逐步 开始对海外贸易和开拓海外殖民地产生浓厚兴趣的。A Britain was well placed geographically to participate in European and world trade.B Britain had many rivers, which were useful for transport.C British engineers had sound training and the inventors were respected.D British government was increasingly interested in overseas and colonies after the 17th century.2.The United Kingdom is a constitutional monarchy.The monarch has very little power.英国是君主立宪制国家，国王或女王（君主）几乎没什么实质性的权力。
3.the Conservative Party has always had strong links with the trade unions and received financial support from them? 保守党和自由党是英国最早成立的两个党派。大致来说，保守党是中上 层阶级的党，它得到大公司财政上的支持；而工党主要得到工会的支持，它的支持者主要是 中产阶级和知识分子。
4.On accepting Bill of Rights, the age of constitutional monarchy, of a monarchy with powers limited by Parliament, began.《权利法案》的签署，标志着英国进入了君主立宪制时代，一个君主几乎没有什么实质性权 力并受制于议会的时代。
5.Females were allowed to vote in national elections until 1918.直到 1918 年妇女才在全国大选中享有选举权。
6.The British North America Act of 1867 established Canada as a domain.《1867 年英国北美法案》将加拿大纳为它的自治领。
7.During World War II, as a war leader,Winston Churchill received massive popular support and led his country to final victory in 1945.在第二次世界大战中，当时的英国首相丘吉尔作为战 争统帅受到了英国人民的广泛拥戴，并带领英国人民赢得了战争的最后胜利。8.The Falkland Islands war was between Britain and Argentina.福克兰群岛战役是发生在英国和阿根廷着这两个国家之间。位于大西洋南部的福克兰群岛从 1892 年起就是英国的海外殖民地，1982 年阿根廷开始控制这些岛屿，但是英国最终打败了 阿根廷，并重新占领了这些岛屿。
9.In Britain, a by-election is held when a Member of Parliament dies, retires or resigns.英国的下院议会成员中有人去世、退休或辞职时，就要进行补缺选举。
10.In the United Kingdom, ministers are appointed by the Queen on the recommendation of the Prime Minister.在英国，部长们是由首相推荐，女王加以任命的。
11.There are 651 members in the House of Commons.下议院共有 651 名议员。
12.Which of the following people didn’t use to be the British Prime Minister? A.Margaret Thatcher B.Winston Churchill C.Horatio Nelson(c)D.John Major 撒切尔夫人，丘吉尔和梅杰都曾经做过英国首相；而纳尔逊（1758-1805），英国海军统帅，因作战负伤，右眼失明，失去右臂。后任地中海舰队司令，在特法尔加角海战中大败西班牙 联合舰队，本人受重伤阵亡，号称 Viscount Nelson。13.By tradition, the leader of the majority party is appointed Prime Minister by the Sovereign in the United Kingdom.在英国，按照传统，多数党的领导人由君主任命为首相，首相从本党内 部挑选一些领导人担任各部部长职位。
14.The Tories were the forerunners of the Conservative Party, which still bears this nickname today.托利党是英国保守党的前身。
15.In the United Kingdom, the party which wins the second largest number of seats in the House of Commons becomes the official Opposition.在英国，在下议院中赢得第二席位的政党为反对党，它也有它自己的领导和影子内阁（shadow cabinet）。
16.The term “British disease” is now often used to characterize Britain’s economic decline.现在“英国病”这一术语经常用来指英国经济上的衰退。
17.The 1980s was remembered as the decade of privatization.正如 20 世纪 40 年代被看作是国有化的时代一样，20 世纪 80 年代被看作是私有化的时代。包括英国石油、航空、钢铁、电讯在内的几乎 40% 的国有公司实现了私有化。
18.Today, in Britain，coal mining is called a “sick” industry.英国煤矿业被称为生病工业。英国的煤产量在一战前达到顶点，如今的英国的煤矿业衰退，从而导致矿工的数量、煤矿的总产量大大下降。
19.The first steam engine was devised by Thomas Newcomer at the end of the 17th century, and the Scottish inventor James Watt modified and improved the design in 1765.第一台蒸汽机是 Thomas Newcomer 在 17 世纪末设计的，后来苏格兰发明家瓦特在 1765 年 对原有的设计进行了改进提高，生产出了第一台高效的蒸汽机并应用到纺织和其他机械业 中。
20.The Industrial Revolution created the industrial working class, the proletariat, and it later led to trade unionism.工业革命产生了工人阶级，即无产阶级。后来形成了工会制度。21.Cotton Textile is the key to Industrial Revolution.纺织业的改革是英国工业革命的主要成 就之一。
22.Romanticism became a literary current during the period of the successful Industrial Revolution.工业革命时期的主要文学流派是浪漫主义。
23.Modern football game began in England.现代的足球运动起源于英国。其正宗的老家在英格兰，19 世纪兴起。
24.Prime Minister is the leader of the British government.英国的政体是君主立宪制。国王（女王）是国家元首，但政府的首领为首相。
25.The second largest city in England,Birmingham, is a metropolitan district and an industrial and manufacturing city.英国的第二大城市伯明翰位于英格兰中部平原，是国际化大都市，也是 英国的工业和制造业中心。
26.The Romans introduced Christianity into Britain.公元 43 年，罗马人占领英国，其后统治了 400 多年。基督徒就是在这一时期由罗马人传入英国的。
27.The real power of the British government lies in the cabinet headed by the Prime Minister.君主立宪制下，国王的作用更侧重于其象征意义，而实权为内阁所有，内阁由首相率领。
28.In Britain, education is compulsory for children between the ages of 5 to 16.英国的教育体系中的义务教育阶段是 5-16 岁，这是每一位学生在学校学习的最低年限。
29.The longest river in Britain is the Severn River, and the largest river in the USA is the Mississippi.英国最长的河是塞文河，全长 355 公里，美国最长的河是密西西比河，长 4000 公里左右。
30.The general election in Britain is held every five years.英国大选每 5 年举行一次。31.Which of the following tribes first came to Britain? A Roman B Anglo-Saxons C Jutes D Celts(D)凯尔特在公元前 700 年到英国，罗马人在公元 1 到 5 世纪统治英国，5 世纪中期盎格鲁撒克 逊人侵占英国，因此凯尔特人是最早踏入英国的。32.The Hundred Years’ War between Britain and France was fought from 1337 to 1453.英法百年战争爆发于 1337 年到 1453 年间，中间还发生了黑死病。
33.The Republic of Ireland became independent in the year 1949.爱尔兰共和国在 1949 年独立。
34.The English Civil War is also called the Puritan Revolution.英国内战于 1642 年到 1646 年间 发生，国王查尔斯与议会发生争执，实际上是国王与清教徒之间的矛盾引起的，结果议会胜 利。
35.Britain is separated from the rest of Europe by the English Channel in the south and the North Sea in the east, 英国南面与法国隔着英吉利海峡。
36.The largest lake in Britain is the Lough Neagh.英国最大的湖是内伊湖，最长的河流是塞文 河。
37.The majority of people in Scotland live in the central Lowlands? 苏格兰中低部适合人类生存，是苏格兰工业和人高度集中的地区。
38.In Britain only about 2% of the population are farmers but they manage 70% of the land area.由于英国农作业时的高度机械化，只需利用全国 2%的人口来耕作大面积农地。39.The two important crops in Britain are wheat and barley.小麦和大麦是英国最重要的庄稼。
40.In Britain, children from the age of 5 to 16 can legally receive completely free education.英国的义务教育是从 5 岁到 16 岁，所以期间的教育全部免费。41.Which of the following is the British oldest daily newspaper?(D)A The Telegraph B The Guardian C The News of the World 英国历史上最悠久的日报是《泰晤士报》。D The Times 42.The river Thames is in England.泰晤士河位于英格兰。
43.The Industrial Revolution started in the Great Britain.工业革命最早从英国开始。44.Which of the following is true under Thatcher’s administration?(C)A The proportion of owner-occupation decreased.B Public housing became more important.C Many public houses were sold to people.D The UK became more European-like in its housing arrangement.1979 年撒切尔夫人成为英国第一任女首相。她提出的政策称被为“撒切尔主义”。其内容包 括国有企业私有化，采用货币主义政策以控制通货膨胀，削弱工会的影响，加强市场因素在 经济中的作用，将公有住房卖给公众，强调法律和秩序。在一定程度上讲，她的计划是成功 的。她领导英国经济度过了一段最繁华的时期。
45.Britain has its nuclear naval force since it’s a traditional sea power.英国拥有其海军核力量与其一贯的霸主地位是密切相关的。
46.Which of the following is the oldest national Sunday newspaper in Britain?(C)A The Times B The Guardian C The Observer D The Financial Times 《观察家报》创刊于 1791 年，是英国创刊最早的星期日报纸。
47.Big Ben was named after Benjamin Hall.据说 Big Ben 得名于它在 1859 年修建时候的建造者 Benjamin Hall。
48.The Capital of Wales is Cardiff.威尔士位于大不列颠的西部。首府：加的夫。49.Portsmouth is England’s biggest naval base.英国最大的海军基地是普茨茅斯。
50.There are two major national parties in Britain: the Conservative party and the Labour Party.英国奉行的是两党制。其两大主要政党是保守党和工党。1.Which name is NOT related to Britain?(D)A Northern Ireland B Scotland C Wales D Toronto 2.The news agency Reuters was founded in London.路透社创建于伦敦。
3.The tower of London, a historical sight, located in the center of London, was built by William the Conqueror.伦敦塔是 1078 年为防止罗马入侵由威廉大帝修建的。
4.The Anglo-Saxon were the ancestors of the English and the founders of England.英国民族的前身是安格鲁萨克森人。
5.Glasgow is the largest city in Scotland.格拉斯格是苏格兰最大的城市和经济中心。6.In Britain, children from the age of 5 to 16 can legally receive completely free education.英国小孩 5—16 岁的教育是免费的。
7.The Industrial Revolution started in the Great Britain.工业革命起源于英国。
8.Ben Nevis is the name ofBritain’s highest mountain? 本尼维斯山为英国最高峰。9.The United Kingdom is the correct name to use to refer to Britain in a political way.提起英国，很多人会使用名字“Britain”“England”或“British”，但这往往会惹恼苏格兰人，威尔士 人以及北爱尔兰人。从政治角度来讲，“the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland”或 “the United Kingdom/UK”是英国正确的叫法。“the British Isles”则是地理意义 上的名字，包括 Great Britain，the whole of Ireland（Northern and Southern），the Channel Islands and the Isle of Man 这些岛屿。Britain has, for centuries , been slowly tilting with the North-West slowly rising and the South-East slowly sinking.英国几个世纪以来地势一直在缓慢地倾斜，表现为西北部在慢慢上 升，而东南部在慢慢下沉，所以英国的西北部为高地。
11.The two areas in Britain where a lot of immigrants live are London and heart of England.现 在，英国移民主要集中在伦敦及英格兰心脏地带的一些城市和城镇，诸如 Slough, Leicester, Wolverhampton, Birmingham, Luton, Bradford, Coventry, Bedford 和 Reading 等等。
12.The flag of the United Kingdom, known as the Union Jack, is made up of three crosses.英国国旗为红白蓝三色的米字旗（也叫“Union Jack”，是由三个十字组成。）13.Which flower is symbol of England?(D)A Thistle B Shamrock C Daffodil D Rose A，蓟是苏格兰的象征，用作苏格兰的国徽；B，三叶苜蓿花为爱尔兰的国花；C，黄水仙 花是威尔士的国花；D，玫瑰则是英格兰的国花。
14.Lake District was the home of the Lake Poets William Wordsworth, Samuel Taylor, Coleridge and Robert Southey of 19th century Britain.位于英格兰西北部和威尔士北部的湖区是英国著 名的风景区之一，也是英国十九世纪湖畔诗人聚居的地方。
15.The first known settlers of Britain were the Iberians.最早来英国定居的是伊比利亚人。大约
在公元前 3000 年左右，也就是新石器时代，他们从伊比利亚半岛（即今天的西班牙）来到 英国。
16.Julius Caesar invaded and conquered Britain for the first time in 55 BC.英国的历史是从罗 马人的入侵开始的。恺撒，这位伟大的罗马将军，在公元前 55 年第一次带兵入侵并征服了 英国。
17.Which one is not the reason for the very limited influence of Roman to Britain? A The Romans always treated the Britons as a subject people of slave class.B The Romans and Britons never intermarry during the 4 centuries C The Romans didn’t like the Britons.D The Romans had no impact on the language or culture of ordinary Britons.(c)尽管罗马人征服了英国，但是罗马文化对英国的影响十分有限。这主要是因为：罗马人一直 把英国人看作是社会地位相当于奴隶的被降伏的民族； 在长达四个世纪的时间里从来没有罗 马人跟英国人通婚；罗马人对英国平民阶层的语言和文化没有任何影响。18.The Hundred Years’ war with France ended by the English being driven out of France.By 1453 Calais was the only part of France that was still in the hands of the English.英法之间的百年战争以英国人被赶出法国而告终。到 1453 年战争结束时，只有法国北部的 加莱港还在英国人手里。
19.Which war had little effect on ordinary people but gave a death blow to feudalism?(A)A The Wars of the Roses C The English Civil War B The Hundred Years’ War D World War I 尽管玫瑰战争持续了 30 年，但对老百姓的生活几乎没什么影响，反倒使英国的封建主义受 到致命打击，贵族阶层受到了削弱。20.The English Civil War, also called the Puritan Revolution , is generally regarded as the beginning of modern world history.英国内战也叫“清教徒革命”，这是因为反对国王的人大 部分是那些清教徒。英国内战不仅推翻了英国的封建制度，也动摇了欧洲封建统治的基础。所以，从这个角度讲，英国内战通常被看作现代世界史的开端。
21.Scotland is the home of golf.高尔夫是一项古老的贵族的运动，源于十五世纪或更早以前 的苏格兰，苏格兰地区山多，气候湿润，多雾，非常适合牧草生长，这里的工业文明以前是 连绵不断的牧场。相传当时牧羊人放牧闲暇时，用木板玩游戏，将石子击入兔子窝或洞中。
久而久之形成了使用不同的球杆并按一定的规则击球。
22.Which of the follwing languages is NOT spoken in Scotland? A English B Scottish C Gaelic D Denish(D)Gaelic 苏格兰盖尔语是高地苏格兰人的传统语言；更多人使用的语言是英语。一直到 15 世 纪末，盎格鲁人仍然以他们的语言称苏格兰盖尔语为「苏格兰语」（盎格鲁语：Scottish）。23.The election of 1979 made Margaret Thatcher to power and she became the first woman prime minister.Margaret Thatcher 在 1979 年成为英国首相，为英国史上第一个女首相。
24.To its full sense, the British Parliament consist of the Sovereign, the House of Lords and the House of Commons.具体的说，英国的议会是由元首，上议院和下议院组成。其中，元首没 有实权，上议员由大法官（Lord Chancellor）掌权，是由神职议员（the Lord Spiritual）和世 俗议员（the Lord Temporal），下议院的成员是通过选举产生的 651 名议员,以首相为首。
25.The Tower of London, a historical sight, located in the center of London, was built by William the Conqueror.伦敦塔名为 “塔” 实际上是公元 11 世纪处于罗马统治时期的一座城堡式建筑。，26.There are two state churches in Britain.英国有两大国教： 在英格兰是英格兰教（Church of England）或者英国圣公会，在苏格莎白的头衔全称为“托上帝宏恩，大不列颠及北爱尔兰 联合国和她的其他领土和领地的女王、英联邦元首、基督教的保护者伊丽莎白二世”。可见，英女王是基督教的保护者。
27.When Oliver Cromwell died in 1658, and was succeeded by his son Richard, the regime began immediately to collapse.Oliver Cromwell 的儿子在父亲过世后继承王权，但是不久后掌控的政体瓦解。1660 年，议 会扶植流浪法国的前国王儿子 Charles 二世当国王。28.The twenty-first birthday is a great event in Britain since it marks the beginning of full manhood or womanhood.在英国,21 岁生日是个大生日,因为他们认为 21 岁是大人开始的年 龄。
29.Reuters was founded in 1851.路透社是世界四大通讯社之一，也是英国创办最早的通讯 社。1850 年由保罗·朱利叶斯·路透（paul julius reuter）在德国亚琛创办，1851 年迁址到 伦敦。创办人路透原为德国人，后加入英国籍。1865 年，路透把他的私人通讯社扩展成为 一家大公司。
英国文学 1.Irony refers to some contrast or discrepancy between appearance and reality.irony 是指“反讽”，揭示事物表面与真相的差别。
2.Tennyson was recognized as the greatest poet of Victorian England.Aflred Tennyson 被称为维多利亚时代最杰出的英国诗人。他的主要作品为：The Princess，Maud 和短诗 Break，Break，Break。
3.James Joyce is the author of all the following novels EXCEPT__C__.A Dubliners B A Potrait of the Artist as a Young Man C Jude the Obscure D Ulysses Jude the Obscure 是 Thomas Hardy 的作品。4.Which of the follwing poets is different from the others? A John Donne B John Keats C Lord Byron A D Percy Bysshe Shelley 除了 John Donn 是玄学派诗人外，另外三位为浪漫主义派诗人。5.William Wordsworth is an English _A___.A poet B novelist C playwright D critic William Wordsworth 是英国前浪漫主义诗人。
6.The compiler of A Dictionary of the English Language is Samuel Johnson.Samuel Johnson（1709-1784）编写的《英语字典》是之后所有英语字典的基石。
7.My Last Duchess is a monologue poem written by Robert Browning.Robert Browning（1812-1889）擅于写独角剧，他的代表作是 My Last Duchess 和 Meeting at Night。8.“Beauty is truth, truth beauty” is an epigrammatic line by John Keats.Beauty is truth, truth beauty 是 John Keats 的写作宗旨，他用尽毕生精力追求能够表达一切美 丽事物的诗篇。
9.Paradise Lost is a masterpiece by John Miltom.《失乐园》和《复乐园》均为 John Milton 作。
10.James Joyce mostly wrote about his hometown Dublin.James Joyce 出生于爱尔兰的首都都柏林，主要作品有： Portrait of the Artist as a Young Man，A Ulysses。故事合集 Dubliners。
Land and People
1.The official name of Great Britain is___.(The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland)2.On the British Isles there were two countries before___.(1918)3.The Republic of Ireland became independent in the year___.(1949)4.Of all the four parts of Island in Great Britain ___ is the largest in area.(England)5.In ___ the British Commonwealth was founded.(1913)6.The Strait of Dover is only ___ km.wide.(33)7.On the island of Britain from north to south it runs ___ km and the widest part extends ___ km.(1,000;500)8.Scotland has an area of ___ sq.km., which makes it rank the second in size.(78,760)9.The highest mountain in Britain, Ben Nevis, lies in ___.(the Highlands)10.The longest river in Britain is ___.(the Severn River)11.The largest lake in Britain is ___.(Lough Neagh)12.Britain is an island country which lies between latitude ___ to ___ degrees north.(50;60)13.The prevailing ___ winds or Westerlies blow over the country all the year.(south-west)14.In Britain the average rainfall throughout the whole year is over ___ mm.(1,000)15.The average population density in Britain is ___ people per square kilometer.(237)16.In Britain ___ of the population is urban and ___ is rural.(90%;10%)17.The Celts arrived in Britain after ___.(700BC)18.The ancestors of the Welsh were the ancient ___.(Britons)19.Names beginning with “M” are ___.(Scottish)20.Irish,often called Erse, is a form of ___.(Gaelic)The Oringins of a Nation 1.The first known settles of Britain were ___.(the Iberians)2.The true Roman occupation began in ___.(43AD)3.The Hadrians Wall was built during the occupation of ___.(the Romans)4.The names Tuesday, Wednesday, Thursday and Friday came from ___.(Druidism)5.The Witan, the basis of the Privy Council was created by ___.(the Anglo-Saxons)6.Alfred the Great was the King of ___.(Wessex)7.Canute was a ___ leader.(Danish)8.When Edward the Confessor died, the Witan chose ___ as English King.(Harold)9.In 1066 Harold and his troops fought against William's army on Senlac Field near ___.(Hastings)10.For nearly ___ years Britain was under the Roman occupation.(400)The Shaping of the Nation 1.“Domesday Book” was compiled during the rule of ___.(William I)2.When William died in 1087, he left Normandy to ___, and England to ___.(Robert;William Rufus)3.In Henry's day a jury consisted of ___ men.(12)4.The Constitutions of Clarendon in 1164 increased the jurisdiction of ___.(the civil courts)5.The Canterbury Tales was written by ___.(Geoffrey Chaucer)6.The Murder in the Cathedral is about the martyrdom of ___.(Henry II)7.Magna Carta was signed in ___ at a conference at ___.(1215;Oxford)8.According to Magna Carta no tax should be made without the approval of ___.(the King)9.Led by ___, the barons forced Henry III to accept ___.(Simon de Montfort;the Great Charter)10.In 1265 Simon summoned the Great and two ___ from each town.(yeomen)11.Even today the British royal assent to law is still written in ___ “le roil le veut”.(English)12.Under ___ Wales was conquered.(Henry III)13.The Hundred Year's War lasted from ___ to ___.(1337;1453)14.The Black Death swept through England in the summer of ___ without warning.(1348)15.By the end of 14th century the Black Death reduced England's population from 4 million to ___ million.(3)16.The Peasant Uprising led by John Ball happened in ___.(1381)Transition to the Modern Age
1.The Wars of Roses refereed to the battles between ___ and ___.(the House of York;the HOuse of Lancaster)2.The Wars of Roses broke out shortly after ___.(the Hundred Year's War)3.The Wars of Roses broke out in ___ and ended in ___.(1455;1485)4.The Wars of Roses ended with the failure of ___.(the House of Lancaster)5.After the Wars of Roses the rule of ___ began.(the Tudors)6.The last battle of the Wars of Roses was at ___ in 1485.(Bosworth Field)7.The first king of the Tudors was ___.(Henry VII)8.In foreign affairs, Henry VIII was aided by ___, Archbishop and Lord Chancellor.(Thomas Wolsey)9.Henry VIII dissolved all of England's monasteries and nunneries because ___.(they were much more loyal to the Pope than to their English kings)10.The real change of “the Reformation” came in the day of ___.(Edward VI)11.___ is remembered as the monarch who lost the French port of Calais.(Mary Tudor)12.England has been Protestant since the reign of ___, a Protestant Queen.(Elizabeth I)13.Elizabeth I was the daughter of ___ and ___.(Henry VIII;Anne Boleyn)14.The Armada was defeated by England in ___.(1588)15.Stuarts began with the rule of ___.(James I)16.The Renaissance began in northern ___ in the early ___ century.(Italy;14th)17.The Renaissance was typified by the universal genius of ___.(Leonardo da Vinci)18.The finest exponents in English Renaissance were Christopher Marlowe, Ben Johnson and ___.(William Shakespeare)19.___ established blank verse in plays.(Christopher Marlowe)20.___ influenced greatly the early works of William Shakespeare.(Christopher Marlowe)21.Which in the following is the tragedy of Shakespeare?(Hamlet)22.___ created a dream world of mystery and magic which has influenced many later poets, especially the Romantics.(Edmund Spenser)23.The Gunpowder Plot of 1605 was engineered by ___.(Guy Fawkes)24.___ was regarded as the second Magna Carta.(The Petition of Right)25.___ contained a series of seven laws against the Puritans.(The Clarendon Act)26.In the Glorious Revolution the Catholic English king, ___ was driven out of England.(James II)27.After the Glorious Revolution came the Age of ___, a monarchy with powers limited by Parliament.(the Constitutional Monarchy)28.It was during the reign of ___, the name Great Britain came into being in 1707.(Anne)The Rise and Fall of the British Empire 1.___ was the forerunner of the Conservative Party.(The Tories)2.The open field system could be dated back to ___ century.(5th)3.According to the open field system each year ___ field was left “fallow”.(1/3)4.The open field system lasted till ___ century.(18th)5.The seed frill was invented by ___.(Jethro Tull)6.The English king ___ was given the nickname “Farmer George”.(George III)7.The Industrial Revolution began in the late ___ century and ended in early ___ century and it first sprang in ___.(18th;19th;Britain)8.The Industrial Revolution first started in ___.(textiles)9.In Britain the real revolution in textiles was in ___.(1770)10.The spinning jenny was invented by ___.(James Hargreaves)11.The first steam engine was devised by ___.(Thomas Newcomer)12.As a result of the Industrial Revolution, Britain was by ___ the “workshop of the world”.(1830)13.The Chartist Movement lasted from ___ to ___.(1836;1848)14.In ___, the London Working Men's Association was founded.(1836)15.The Physical Force Chartists was led by ___.(Feargus O'Conour)16.The Moral Force Chartists was led by___.(William Lovett)17.During the Chartist Movement ___ petitions were presented to the Parliament.(3)18.The People's Charter made in 1836 had ___ points.(6)19.During the Chartist Movement the first petition was presented in ___ and the last was in ___.(1840;1848)20.Influenced by the French Revolution the British Parliament passed ___ of 1799-1800 to forbid the formation of unions.(the Combination)21.During the rule of the ___ government, the Trade Union Act of ___ legalized the trade unions and gave financial security.(Liberal;1871)22.The Independent Labor Party was formed in ___, led by ___.(1893;Keir Hardic)23.The Labor Party became the opposition for the first time in ___.(1922)24.English colonial expansion began with the colonization of ___ in ___.(Newfoundland;1583)25.After the Seven Years, War Canada was ceded to Britain by ___.(The 1763 Treaty of Paris)26.___ divided Canada into Upper Canada and Lower Canada.(The Canada Act of 1791)27.Canada was established as a dominion by ___.(The British North America Act of 1867)28.Australia was first discovered by ___ in the early ___.(Dutch;1600s)29.In ___ the six self-governing colonies were united in one dominion---the Independent Commonwealth of Australia.(1901)30.New Zealand was first sighted by the ___ seaman ___ in ___.(Dutch;Abel Tasman;1642)31.In the 1770s ___ visited New Zealand and claimed it for England.(Captain James Cook)32.Britain drew up the Treaty of Waitangi in ___ with ___ chiefs.(1840;Maori)33.New Zealand was completely independent in ___.(1931)34.The British East India Company was established in ___.(1600)35.In ___ Queen Victoria became Empress of India.(1877)36.The Suez Canal was first built by ___ engineers.(French)37.In the ___ British merchants began to smuggle opium into China from India.(1830s)38.In ___, the Chinese, led by the Imperial Commissioner Lin Zexu, confiscated the British merchants' opium and burned them.(1839)39.After the Opium War in 1840 the British troops occupied Hong Kong in ___.(1841)40.After the Opium War in 1840, ___ was signed in 1842.(the Treaty of Nanjing)41.After the Second Opium War China was forced to open ___ ports.(11)42.In Britain, after the First World War women over ___ years old were granted the right to vote.(30)43.The spark of World War I was struck at ___ in ___.(Sarajevo;1914)44.The Sudetenland was given to Germany by ___.(the Munich Agreement)45.The Great Exhibition 100 years ago was held by ___.(the Conservative Government)46.The Beatles, the popular band in 1960s, came from ___.(Liverpool)47.In 1979 the Conservative Party returned to power again and ___ became the Prime Minister.(Margaret Thatcher)48.In ___ the Falkland Island war broke out between Britain and ___.(1982;Argentina)The Economy 1.After ___, Britain gave up its economic hegemony and suffered a deep low of its position of industrial leadership.(the Second World War)2.With help from ___, the British economy quickly recovered from the Second World War.(the USA)3.By the end of ___, the British economy had returned to its pre-war levels.(1947)4.In 1950 Britain's GDP and its foreign trade ranked ___ and its per capita income ranked ___ in the world.(second;third)5.The end of ___ Britain witnesses the first oil shock.(1973)6.In ___ Britain became a net exporter of oil.(1980s)7.The 1940s in Britain was regarded as the decade of ___ in economy.(nationalization)8.The 1980s in Britain was remembered as the era of ___.(privatization)9.Almost all the industrial areas in Britain except ___ and ___ are based on coalfields.(London;Belfast)10.The coal from the coalfield of ___ is ,ost suitable for producing blast furnace coke used in British steelworks.(the North-East)11.___ coalfields produce coal suitable for the power stations.(The Midlands)12.It is estimated that Britain has the oil reserves of ___ million barrels.(13)13.In Britain the imported cotton arrives at the city of ___ and then carried by canal to the great textile manufacturing city of ___.(Liverpool;Manchester)14.Britain was a world leader in shipbuilding during the middle of the ___ century.(19th)15.Now the British motor industry is dominated by ___ firms.(4)16.The motor vehicle industry in Britain began to developed in the early ___ century.(20th)17.The area between ___ and ___ in Scotland is referred to as the “Silicon Glen”.(London;South Wales)18.In Britain ___ of the population who are farmers manage ___ of the land area.(3%;70%)19.In Britain any farm employing more than ___ farm workers is a big farm.(4)20.There are mainly ___ farm types in Britain.(6)21.The chief arable farming areas are in ___ and ___.(the East;the South East)22.The two very important crops in Britain are ___ and ___.(wheat;barley)23.Both ___ and ___ are the staple food of Britain.(wheat;potatoes)24.In Britain ___ is not grown.(rice)25.___ is the chief kind of farming in the North and West of Britain.(Stock farming)26.Britain is the ___ largest trading nation in the world.(fifth)27.Britain has been a major trading power since the ___ century.(17th)28.About half of British trade is with ___.(EEC)Government and Administration 1.The United Kingdom is government in the name of ___, by ___.(the Sovereign;His or Her Majesty’s Government)
2.The British monarchy can be traced back to at least ___ century.(the 9th)3.The present British monarch, Queen Elizabeth II was crowned in ___.(1953)4.___ is the “supreme governor” of the Church of England.(The monarch)5.In law British Prime Minister is appointed by ___.(the monarch)6.All royal expenditure is approved by ___.(the British Parliament)7.The life of the British Parliament is ___ years and divided into ___.(5;sessions)8.The leader of the House of Lords is ___.(the Lord Chancellor)9.___ has the ultimate authority for law-making.(The Lower House)10.In Britain the members of the Lower House are elected either at a general election or at ___.(a by-election)11.In Britain the general election is normally held every ___ years.(5)12.In Britain the citizens aged ___ or over have the right to vote.(18)13.In Britain a candidate must be at least ___ or over with the deposit of ￡___.(21;500)14.The Social and Liberal Democratic Party is the combination of the Social Democratic Party and ___.(the Liberal Party)15.The House of Lords cannot delay a bill passed by the Lower House for more than ___ months.(12)16.The House of Common is headed by ___.(the Speaker)17.The British Cabinet is presided by ___.(the Prime Minister)18.The local government on the mainland of Scotland is on ___ basis.(tow-tier)19.Northern Ireland is divided into ___ districts.(26)20.Which of the following is NOT true about the British Parliament.(The Lord Chancellor is responsible for the records of proceedings of the House of Lords and for the text of Acts of Parliament.)Justice and Law 1.___ is confined mainly to economic and social matters in Britain.(European Community Law)2.In ___ the Lord Advocate, is responsible for prosecutions in the courts.(Scotland)3.Whether the accused is guilty or innocent is decided by ___.(the jury)4.The jury in Scotland contains ___ members.(15)5.England and Wales are divided into ___ circuits for the purpose of hearing criminal cases.(6)6.___ is the ultimate court of appeal in civil cases throughout the United Kingdom.(The House of Lords)7.In England and Wales the highest judicial appointments are made by the Queen on the advice of ___.(the Prime Minister)8.Which of the following statements is NOT true about the common law in the U.K.?(It mainly includes the Acts of Parliament.)Social Affairs 1.The NHS was established in the UK in ___.(1948)2.___ do not contribute to the cost of the NHS.(Students)3.In Britain ___ cannot received a voucher towards the cost of their spectacles.(officials at office)4.___ is directly responsible for the NHS.(Central government)5.The contributory social security benefits include ___.(retirement pension)6.Women at the age of ___ and men at the age of ___ are entitled to a state retirement pension.(60,65)7.___ is uniquely related to the Crown.(Church of England)8.About 1,312 churches are governed locally in Scotland by ___.(Kirk Session)9.The General Assembly meets annually under the presidency of an elected moderator, who serves for ___.(one year)10.___ is NOT among the Anglican Churches.(The Baptists)11.The Free Church does NOT include ___.(the Church of England)12.___ is the largest of the Free Churches.(The Methodist Church)13.___ allows only men to become priests.(The Roman Catholic Church)14.There are now ___ Roman Catholic provinces in Britain.(7)15.December 25th is ___.(Christmas Day)16.___ is liable to be charged by the NHS for treatment in an accident, emergency or for an infectious disease.(No one)17.Services provided for expectant mothers and mothers with young children do NOT include ___.(free sight test)18.Unemployment benefit of ___ a week for a single person is payable for up to a year in any one period of unemployment.(￡45.45)19.Employers are responsible for paying statutory sick pay to employees for up to a maximum of ___ weeks if employees are sick or disable.(28)20.Most pregnant working women receive their statutory maternity pay directly from their employer for a maximum of ___ weeks.(18)
美国概况
1.The traditional dividing line in America between “east” and “west” is the Mississippi River.（密西西比河也是美国最长最为重要的河流，被美国人“众河之父”Father of Waters）
2.Non-Hispanic white is the largest racial group in the whole population of U.S.A.3.Before 2000, the largest minority group in the United States is African Americans.2000年前美国黑人是美国人数最多的少数民族，2000年后Hispanics/Latinos也就是拉丁裔的美国人成为美国人数最多的少数民族。
4.America has the world's oldest written constitution and political party.5.As to roles of American president, which is NOT precisely defined in the U.S.Constitution?
A.He is the head of the state
B.He is the chief executive of the U.S.C.He is the commander in chief of the armed forces
D.He is the head of his political party
6.The economic problems caused by the depression in 1929 were eventually solved by the New Deal.（proposed by F.D.Roosevelt）
7.The New England region's cultural character was shaped largely by Puritan spirit.8.California is the largest state in terms of size and population in America.9.Which of the following is NOT America's newspaper?
A.Wall Street Journal
B.USA today
C.Guardian（英国《卫报》）
D.The Milwaukee Journal
10.ABC, CBS, NBC, PBS, CNN, MTV, HBO等都是美国主要的新闻与有线电视网络（News and Cable Networks）
11.To the west of mainland America lies the Pacific Ocean.美国大陆东部则是大西洋。
12.Detroit, a U.S.city bordering Lake Erie, is famous for its automobile industry.13.New York City is the largest city and the chief port of the United States.14.Washington D.C.is named after both George Washington and Christopher Columbus.15.The U.S.Congress has the power to make these laws except of _______.A.defense B.citizenship and naturalization C.marriage D.the regulation of foreign trade
16.The first American president to be elected from the Republican Party was Abraham Lincoln.17.Of the fifty states, the smallest state in area is Rhode Island.18.The national flag of the United States is known as the Star-Spangled Banner.19.The number of the Representatives from each American state depends on the population.20.The statue of liberty was given to American people by France as a gift in 1884.21.Franklin D.Roosevelt's presidential term is the longest.（12 years）
22.American Civil War broke out in 1861 and finished in 1865.23.Thomas Jefferson prepared the draft of the Declaration of Independence.24.In 31 October Halloween is celebrated.25.The US was rated fourth in the world in terms of land area.26.The seats in the Senate are allocated to different states equally.（two for each state）
27.Hollywood, the center of American movie industry, is closest to Los Angeles.28.The first Puritans came to America on the ship May Flower.英国概况
1.Which of the following does not belong to the Island of Great Britain?
A.England B.Scotland C.Ireland D.Wales
2.Modern football game began in England.3.In Britain education is compulsory for children between the ages of 5 to 16.4.The longest river in Britain is the Severn River.5.The general election in Britain is held every five years.6.“God Save the Queen” is the national anthem of Britain.7.In 1588 the English fleet defeated the Spanish Armada and established the supremacy over the sea.8.Big Ben is a famous clock in London.9.In 1066 William the Conqueror led the Norman army in invading and defeating England.10.The Times is the British oldest daily newspaper.11.The Industrial Revolution started in the Great Britain.12.Margaret Thatcher is the first female Prime Minister in the history of Great Britain.13.The capital of Wales is Cardiff.14.There are two major national parties in Britain: the Conservative party and the Labor party.15.The new agency Reuters（路透社）was founded in London.16.The Anglo-Saxons were the ancestors of the English and the founders of England.17.Glasgow is the largest city in Scotland.Edinburgh is the capital of Scotland.18.The British Parliament consists of three elements: the Crown, the House of Lords and the House of Commons.英国文学
1.Beowulf: national epic in old English 2.Geoffrey Chaucer: father of modern English poetry;The Canterbury Tales 3.Sir Gawain and the Green Knight: story about King Arthur and his knights of the Round Table 4.Renaissance: it was an intellectual movement.It sprang first in Italy in the 14th century and gradually spread all over Europe.Two features are striking of this movement.The one is a thirsting curiosity for the classical literature.Another feature is the keen interest in the activities of humanity.5.Thomas More: Utopia 6.William Shakespeare: Four Great Tragedies: Hamlet, Macbeth, King Lear, Othello He was also famous for his sonnets and love tragedy: Romeo and Juliet.7.John Milton: Paradise Lost(great epic)8.Daniel Defoe: Robinson Crusoe 9.Jonathan Swift: Gulliver’s Travels
10.John Bunyan: Pilgrim’s Progress(It is regarded as the most successful religious allegory in the English language.)11.Samuel Johnson: A Dictionary of the English Language 12.In the mid-18th century, a new literary trend called Romanticism came to Europe and then to England.13.National poet of Scotland: Robert Burns 14.William Wordsworth: Lyrical Ballads(It marked the beginning of Romanticism in English poetry.)15.George Gordon Byron: Don Juan 16.Percy Bysshe Shelley: Ode to the West Wind 17.John Keats: Ode to a Nightingale 18.In the Victorian Age(1836 – 1901), romanticism gradually gave way to realism.19.Charles Dickens: A Tale of Two Cities;David Copperfield;Oliver Twist 20.Emily Bronte: Wuthering Heights 21.Thomas Hardy: Tess of D’Urbervilles 22.William Makepeace Thackeray: Vanity Fair 23.George Bernard Shaw: Pygmalion;Mrs Warren’s Profession(He is considered to be the best-known English dramatist since Shakespeare.)24.John Galsworthy: The Forsyte Saga 25.James Joyce: “stream-of-consciousness”
语言学
1.The core of linguistics: Phonetics, Phonology, Morphology, Syntax, Semantics, Pragmatics
2.The beginning of Modern linguistics: marked by the publication of F.de Saussure's book Course in General Linguistics in the early 20th century.3.Prescriptive vs.Descriptive规定性研究与描写性研究
Linguistics is descriptive while traditional grammar is prescriptive.4.Competence vs.performance 语言能力与语言运用: the distinction was proposed by the American linguist N.Chomsky in 1965.The two terms are similar with Saussure's langue and parole.However, Saussure took a sociological view of language and Chomsky looks at language from a psychological point of view.5.Phonetics: the study of the phonic medium of language;it is concerned with all the sounds that occur in the world's languages.（语音学）
6.Phonology: aims to discover how speech sounds in a language form patterns and how these sounds are used to convey meaning in linguistic communication.（音位学）
7.音位学与语音学的不同：语音学着重于语音的自然属性；音位学强调语音的社会功能。
8.Morphology: refers to the study of the internal structure of words, and the rules by which words are formed.（形态学）
9.Morpheme: the smallest unit in terms of relationship between expression and content, the minimal unit of meaning.10.Word-formation: the process of word variation signaling lexical relationships.They are compound and derivation.11.Transformational-Generative grammar: proposed by Chomsky in 1957（转换生成语法）
12.hyponymy上下义关系，指一种意义包含关系，一个上义词一般会有许多下义词，比如flower与violet的关系即上下义关系。
13.antonymy反义关系：（1）Gradable antonyms两者并非绝对对立，而是相对hot-cold；（2）complementary antonyms互补，两者绝对对立，非此即彼，如dead-alive（3）relational antonyms相反的，两个实体之间关系的相互颠倒buy-sell
14.Sociolinguistics: It is the sub-filed of linguistics that studies the relation between language and society, between the uses of language and the social structures in which the users of language live.社会语言学
15.Sapir-whorf hypothesis萨皮尔伍尔夫假说: according to Edward Sapir and Benjamin Whorf, language filters people's perception and the way they categorize experiences.此假说认为语言决定或影响人的思维方式和行为。
16.acquisition（习得）:it is a process similar to the way children acquire their first language, and it is a subconscious process without minute learning of grammatical rules.Learning（学习）: it is a conscious learning of the second language knowledge by learning the rules and talking about the rules.专八人文知识必背
1.A Tale of Two Cities was written by Charles Dickens.2.Phonology: The study of speech sounds in language or a language with reference to their distribution and patterning and to tacit rules governing pronunciation.音位学;在语言或一门语言中，对有关其分类和模式以及为大家所默认的发音规则的研究音韵学, 音系学
3.Syntax: The study of the rules whereby words or other elements of sentence structure are combined to form grammatical sentences.句法，研究词或其它句子成分如何联合起来形成合乎语法的句子规则的学科
4.Semantics: The study or science of meaning in language forms.语义学，以语言形式表示意思的研究或科学
5.acronym : 首字母组合词，首字母缩略词，比如，NATO, UNESCO, BASIC,它们可以连拼，但VOA是 Initialism。
6.Metonymy: A figure of speech in which one word or phrase is substituted for another with which it is closely associated, as in the use of Washington for the United States government or of the sword for military power.换喻或转喻，一种,一个词或词组被另一个与之有紧密联系的词或词组替换的修辞方法，如用华盛顿代替美==或用剑代替军事力量，对面来了三个“红领巾”也是，以红领巾指代少先队员。
7.Simile: A figure of speech in which two essentially unlike things are compared, often in a phrase introduced by like or as, as in How like the winter hath my absence been or So are you to my thoughts as food to life(Shakespeare).明喻, 一种修辞手法，把两种基本不相像的东西进行比较，通常在由 like或 as引导的短语中，如 “我的离开好象是冬天来临”或“你对我的思想就象食物对于生命一样重要”（莎士比亚）
8.Metaphor: A figure of speech in which a word or phrase that ordinarily designates one thing is used to designate another, thus making an implicit comparison, as in a sea of troubles or All the world's a stage(Shakespeare)隐喻一种语言表达手法，通常用指某物的词或词组来指代他物，从而暗示它们之间的相似之处，如 “忧愁之海”或“整个世界一台戏”(莎士比亚)the ship of desert 沙漠之舟
9.Oxymoron: A rhetorical figure in which incongruous or contradictory terms are combined, as in a deafening silence and a mournful optimist.矛盾修饰法, 一种把互相矛盾或不调和的词合在一起的修辞手法，如在 震耳欲聋的沉默和悲伤的乐观 cruel kindness
10.The affection name given to the clock tower of the Houses of Parliament, Westminster is Big Ben.11.John Milton the poet wrote of Adam and Eve’s expulsion from the Garden of Eden in Paradise Lost.Paradise Regained was also written by him.12.Sonnet: A 14-line verse form usually having one of several conventional rhyme schemes.十四行诗体, 一种由十四行组成的诗歌形式，通常有一种传统的押韵形式, 莎士比亚用过此诗体。
13.Slang: A kind of language occurring chiefly in casual and playful speech, made up typically of short-lived coinages and figures of speech that are deliberately used in place of standard terms for added raciness, humor, irreverence, or other effect.俚语主要出现在非正式的、游戏性的话语中的一种语言，基本由存在时间很短的派生词和修辞构成，它们被故意地用来取代标准的词语以达到生动、幽默、无礼或其它效果
14.Catch Phrase: A phrase in wide or popular use, especially one serving as a slogan for a group or movement.警句，妙句，吸引人的词句广泛使用的或流行的用语，尤指用作集团或运动的口号的用语。
15.Jargon: The specialized or technical language of a trade, profession, or similar group.行话, 一个行业、职业或类似的团体中使用的专业的或技术的语言.16.Platitude: A trite or banal remark or statement, especially one expressed as if it were original or significant.陈腔滥调, 陈腐的或平庸的评论或陈述，尤指某人表述它时好象它是新颖的或有意义的
17.Hyperbole: A figure of speech in which exaggeration is used for emphasis or effect, as in I could sleep for a year or This book weighs a ton.夸张法,一种比喻，使用夸张来强调或产生某种效果，比如在我能睡一年或这书有一吨重
18.onomatopoeia: The formation or use of words such as buzz or murmur that imitate the sounds associated with the objects or actions they refer to.象声词, 词的构成或用法，例如 buzz或 nurmur模仿事物或行动的声音.19.hypotaxis: 从属关系
20.parataxis: 并列结构，指 短语或分句间不用连词，如：I came, I saw, I conquered.21.Transcendentalism: A literary and philosophical movement, associated with Ralph Waldo Emerson and Margaret Fuller, asserting the existence of an ideal spiritual reality that transcends the empirical and scientific and is knowable through intuition.超验主义, 一种文学和哲学运动，与拉尔夫?沃尔多?爱默生和玛格丽特?富勒有关，宣称存在一种理想的精神实体，超越于经验和科学之处，通过直觉得以把握
22.Nathaniel Hawthorne wrote the Scarlet Letter.美国
23.Morphology: The study of the structure and form of words in language or a language, including inflection, derivation, and the formation of compounds.词法，词态学，形态音位学, 语言或某一语言中对于单词的结构和形式的研究，包括词尾变化、派生和合成词的构成
24.affricate: A complex speech sound consisting of a stop consonant辅音 followed by a fricative摩擦;for example, the initial sounds of child and joy.塞擦音由闭塞音伴随着摩擦音而形成的复杂的语音；例如 child和 joy的第一个音Also called: affricative.25.Vanity Fair 名利场 was written William Makepeace Thackray 26.Neil Armstrong was the first person to walk on the moon.Edwin Aldrin, Michael Collins
尼尔．阿姆斯特朗、埃德温．奥尔德林、迈克尔．柯林斯
27.The title of the national anthem 国歌 of Canada is O Canada.此种类型题同学们可自己多找几个国家。
28.Henry David Thoreau’s work, Walden, has always been regarded as a masterpiece of New England Transcendentalism.29.etymology: the history of a word.词源学
30.The dominant accent in the United States is General American.除纽约市、南方、新英格兰
31.John Lennon is a member of the band of Beatles 披头士或甲壳虫乐队in the 1960s.32.In Gulliver’s Travels格列佛游记, Jonathan Swift describes the island of the Houyhnhnms as the world’s most perfect society.有理智和人性的马 Houyhnhnms are horses in fact.33.Ceoffrey Chaucer wrote Canterbury Tales in fourteenth century.34.morpheme: A meaningful linguistic unit consisting of a word, such as man, or a word element, such as-ed in walked, that cannot be divided into smaller meaningful parts.词素, 一种含有一个单词的有意义的语言单位，如-ed在单词 walked中，不能被划分为更小的有意义单位
35.The name of the famous stadium露天体育场 in the north of London is Wembley.36.Wimbledon温布尔登[英国英格兰东南部城市](位于伦敦附近, 是著名的国际网球比赛地)
37.Toad in the hole is a Traditional English recipe食谱, originating from Yorkshire, a county in the north of England.烤面拖牛肉，面拖烤香肠
38.Boycott: To act together in abstaining from using, buying, or dealing with as an expression of protest or disfavor or as a means of coercion（强制）.联合抵制, 联合起来拒绝使用、购买或经销以示抗议、不满或作为强制的手段
39.Segregation: The policy and practice of imposing the social separation of races, as in schools, housing, and industry, especially so as to practice discrimination against people of color in a predominantly white society.种族隔离, 强制实行种族的社会分离政策及实践，如在学校、居住和工业中，尤指在白人居多的社会中实行有色人种歧视的政策
40.Apartheid: An official policy of racial segregation practiced in the Republic of South Africa, involving political, legal, and economic discrimination against nonwhites.种族隔离制, 南非共和国实行的一种官方的种族隔离政策，包括在政治、法律和经济诸方面对非白色人种的歧视.41.Integration: The bringing of people of different racial or ethnic groups into unrestricted and equal association, as in society or an organization;desegregation.种族或宗教融合, 在社会或组织中，使不同的种族或宗教派别的人处于无限制的平等的关系中；取消种族隔离
42.The majority of French-speaking Canadians live in Quebec.43.Sir Thomas More coined the word “Utopia”, it means nowhere land in Greek.44.The Hemingway Code heroes are best remembered for their indestructible spirit.45.Phoneme: any one of the set of smallest distinctive speech sounds in a language that distinguish one word from another 音位，音素, 语言中最小的语音单位，如英语里 mat中的 m和 bat中的 b
46.polysemy: 一词多义
47.patron saint：保护圣徒, 守护神
48.Parentese: 父母语
49.back formation: 逆构词 脱落一词的词缀以构成新词 typewriter → typewrite
50.allomorph: Any of the variant forms of a morpheme.For example, the phonetic s of cats, z of dogs, and z of horses and the en of oxen are allomorphs of the English plural morpheme.语素变体, 语素的一种变体形式，如语音学的中之 s在 cats中，z在 dogs中，和 iz在 horses中，还有 en在 oxen中都是英语复数语素的语素变体.美国地理概况
The Fall Line瀑布线：A point where water-falls or rapids suddenly drop from a higher level to the lower one.瀑布线指的是瀑布急速地从高处向低处流泻的点。
The Appalachian Range阿巴拉契亚山脉：1200 miles long，consists of the Piedmont Plateau, Appalachian Plateaus and Appalachian Range.阿巴拉契亚山脉全场1200英里，由皮德蒙特高原、阿巴拉契亚高原及阿巴拉契亚山脉组成。
The Cordillera Range科迪勒拉山脉：Composed of the Coast Range, the Cascades and the Rocky Mountains.科迪勒拉山脉由海岸山脉、卡斯卡德山以及洛基山组成。
The Great Basin大盆地：The Part between the Colorado and Columbia Plateaus.指的是科罗拉多和哥伦比亚高地之间的部分。
The Great Central Plain中部大平原：The land mass between the Rocky Mountains and the Appalachians.指的是洛基山和阿巴拉伊亚山之间的平原。
The Great Plain大平原：The western part of the central plain.大平原：指的是中部平原以西的部分。
The Mississippi River密西西比河：The longest, the most important river in the U.S.A..It has a drainage area of 3225000 square kilometers.密西西比河是美国最长、最重要的河流。它的流域面积达3225000平方公里。
The Five Great Lakes北美五大湖：Lake Michigan, Superior, Erie, Huron and Ontario.北美五太湖指的是密歇根湖、苏必利尔湖、伊利湖、休伦湖以及安大略湖。
The Niagara Falls尼亚加拉瀑布：Famous falls in North America, 1240 meters wide, the drop averages 49 meters.尼亚加拉瀑布是北美最著名的瀑布，有1240米宽，平均落差为49米。
Yellow stone National Park黄石国家公园：Located in the northern part of Wyoming.It is the oldest national park in the world and the largest wildlife preserve in the U.S.A.黄石国家公园位于怀俄明州的北部地区。是世界上最古老的国家公园，是美国最大的野生保护区。
Grand Canyon大峡谷：In northern Arizona, one of the great natural wonders of the world.It measures about 277 miles long, up to 18 miles wide, and more than a mile deep.Its walls show layers that tell the story of the formation of the earth.大峡谷在亚利桑那州的北部，是世界上最伟大的自然奇迹之一。它约有277英里长，18英里宽，约1英里深。它的墙壁断层记录了地球形成的过程。
Old Faithful老忠实喷泉：The most famous gayer in Yellowstone National Park, erupting more than l00 feet in the air about every 73 minutes.老忠实喷泉是黄石国家公园最著名的喷泉，每73分钟向空中喷水100英尺多高。
Chinatown唐人街：An area in a city where many Chinese people live and where are Chinese shops, restaurants, clubs;two, important Chinatowns: New York City and San Francisco.唐人街是许多中国人生活、居住的地区，那里有许多中国店铺、饭店、夜总会。两条最重要的唐人街分别在纽约和旧金山。
Indian Reservation印第安保留地：It refers to the barren desert regions where only Indians live exclusively.印第安保留地指的是专门给印第安人居住的贫瘠的沙漠地区。New England新英格兰：It consists of six states: Maine, New Hampshire, Vermont, Massachusetts, Rhode Island and Connecticut.This region is featured with mountains, valleys, rivers.新英格兰由六个州组成：缅因州、新罕布什尔州、佛蒙特州、马萨诸塞州、罗德岛州以及康涅狄格。这个地区主要以多山、多山谷、河流为特征。
The Mountain States山地诸州：Montana, Wyoming, Colorado, and New Mexico.山地诸州指的是蒙大拿州、怀俄明州、科罗拉多州以及新墨西哥州。
The Pacific Coast States太平洋沿岸诸州：Washington, Oregon and California.太平洋沿岸诸州包括华盛顿州、俄勒冈州以及加利弗尼亚州。
Mount McKinley 麦金利山：6187 meters high, on the middle of the Alaska, the highest peak on this continent.麦金利山高达6187米。在阿拉斯加的中部。是这片大陆上最高的山峰。
Pearl Harbor 珍珠港：The base of the Pacific Fleet of the U.S.A.near the city of Honolulu in Hawaii.珍珠港是美国太平洋舰队的基地，在夏威夷的火奴鲁鲁市附近。
加拿大地理概况
Canada is the world's second largest country after Russia.60% of the population in Canada inhabit in the area between Quebec city and the western end of Lake Ontario.加拿大是世界上幅员第二大的国家,大约60%的人口集中在魁北克市与安大略省西端。Toronto多伦多:Toronto is Canada's largest city and the provincial Capital of Ontario.多伦多是安大略省的省会,加拿大经济中心,第一大城市。
Ottawa渥太华:Ottawa is the capital of Canada and the country's fourth largest city.It is located in the Ottawa Valley in the eastern part of the province of Ontario.加拿大首都,第四大城市,地处安大略省东部的安大略谷。
Vancouver温哥华:Vancouver is British Columbia’s largest city and the third largest city in Canada.It is an important ice-free harbor and the major Canadian outlet to the Pacific Ocean and the largest cargo port on the Pacific.不列颠哥伦比亚省的最大城市,也是加拿大第三大城市。它是加拿大一个非常重要的不冻港,而且是加拿大通往太平洋的主要通道,太平洋最大的货运港口。
Quebec魁北克省:Quebec is the largest province in Canada geographically, and the second most populous, after Ontario.It differs from the other provinces of Canada because of its strong French culture.Montreal, the second largest city of Canada, is located in this province.The Quebec city is the center of the province.魁北克省是加拿大最大的省,人口仅次于安大略省。法国文化的强烈影响使它与其他省区不一样。加拿大第二大城市蒙特利尔位于该省。其中心是位于圣劳伦斯河上的魁北克城。The Canadian Shield加拿大地盾:The Canadian Shield is a semicircle band of rocky highlands and plateaus around the Hudson Bay from the northern shores of Quebec to the Arctic shores of the Northwest Territories.The Shield covers almost half of the Canadian territory.这是围绕哈得孙海湾的一块半圆形多石高低和高原,从魁北克省的北部海岸一直延伸到西北自治领的北极沿岸。几乎加拿大的一半面积在加拿大地盾一带。
Mount Logan 洛跟峰:Mount Logan is the highest peak in Canada and is located in the Yukon Territory of northwest Canada.加拿大最高峰,位于加拿大西北部的育空地区。
The Mackenzie River 马更些河:The Mackenzie River is the longest river in Canada, flowing between the Canadian Shield and the Rocky Mountains.马更些河是加拿大最长的河流,流经加拿大地盾与西部落基山脉之间,全长1600公里。英国地理概况
The English Channel: The Channel is a narrow sea passage which separates England and France and connects the Atlantic Ocean and North Sea.英吉利海峡:英吉利海峡是一道狭长的海峡,分割英法两国,连接大西洋和北海。The Dee estuary: A small sea(in Irish Sea)where the Dee River enters.迪河河口:是迪河流入的一个小海。
“The Act of Union of 1801”: In 1801 the English Parliament passed an act by which Scotland, Wales and the Kingdom of England were constitutionally joined as the Kingdom of Great Britain.1801合并法:1801年英国议会通过法令,规定英格兰、苏格兰和威尔士根据宪法合并成为大不列颠王国。
Gaelic: It is one of the Celtic Language, and is spoken in parts of the Highlands.盖尔语:是盖尔特语言的一种,在高地地区仍有人说这种语言。
The “backbone of England”: It refers to the Pennies, the board ridge of hills.英格兰脊梁:指的是山脉的背脊。
Lead ore: British lead ores have been worked since pre-Roman times.It contains silver.铅矿:自前罗马时代开始,英国的铅矿就被开发了。内含银。
China clay: The deposits of china clay in Cornwall are of great economic value.瓷土:康沃尔的瓷土沉淀带来了巨大的经济价值。
专八人文英国美国文学作者及作品
英国文学
1、Geoffrey Chaucer杰佛利?乔叟1340-1400 长诗：The House of Fame声誉之堂;Troilus and Criseyde特罗勒斯与克丽西德
小说：Canterbury Tales坎特伯雷故事集----英国文学史上现实主义第一部杰作（他是最早有人文主义思想的作家，现实主义文学的奠基人）
2、William Shakespeare莎士比亚1564-1616 The Tempest暴风风雨;The Two Gentlemen of Veronaz维罗纳二绅士;The Mercy Wives of Windsor温莎的风流妇人;Measure for Measure恶有恶报;The Comedy of Errors错中错;Much Ado about Nothing无事自扰;Love’s Labour’s Lost空爱一场;A Midsummer Night’s Dream仲夏夜之梦;The Merchant of Venice威尼斯商人;As You Like It如愿;The Taming of the Shrew驯悍记;All’s Well That Ends Well皆大欢喜;Twelfth Night第十二夜;The Winter’s Tale冬天的故事;The Life and Death of King John/Richard the Second/Henry the Fifth/Richard the Third约翰王/理查二世/亨利五世/理查三世;The First/Second Part of King Henry the Fourth亨利四世（上、下）;The First/Second/Third Part of King Henry the Sixth亨利六世（上、中、下）;The Life of King Henry the Eighth亨利八世；Troilus and Cressida脱爱勒斯与克莱西达;The Tragedy of Coriolanus考利欧雷诺斯;Titus Andronicus泰特斯?安庄尼克斯;Romeo and Julet罗密欧与朱丽叶；Timon of Athens雅典的泰门;The Life and Death of Julius Caesar;朱利阿斯?凯撒；The Tragedy of Macbeth麦克白;The Tragedy of Hamlet哈姆雷特/王子复仇记;King Lear李尔王;Othello奥塞罗;Antony and Cleopatra安东尼与克利欧佩特拉;Cymbeline辛白林;Pericles波里克利斯;Venus and Adonis维诺斯?阿都尼斯;Lucrece露克利斯;The Sonnets十四行诗
3、Francis Bacon培根1561-1626 Advancement of Learning学术的进展;Novum Organum新工具;New Atlantic新大西岛;Essays论文集（Of Studies论学习;Of Wisdom for a Man’s Self）
4、John Milton约翰?弥尔顿1608-1674 L‘Allegro欢乐的人;Il Penseroso沉思的人;Comus科马斯;Lycidas列西达斯;Areopagitica论出版自由;Pro Populo Anglicano Defense为英国人民声辩;Pro Populo Anglicano Defense Secunda再为英国人民声辩;Paradise Lost失乐园;Paradise Regained复乐园;Samson Agonistes力士参孙
5、John Bunyan班扬1628-1688 The Pilgrim’s Progress天路历程;The Life and Death of Mr Badman培德曼先生的一生
6、Joseph Addison艾迪生 诗：The Campaign 远征； 剧本：Cato加图 名文；Adventure of A shilling一先令的历险
7、Richard Steele理查德?斯梯尔1672-1729 The Christian Hero基督教徒的英雄 名文：The Spectator Club旁观者俱乐部
8、Danniel Defoe丹尼尔?迪福1660-1731（标志着近代英国小说的形成）
Hymn to the Pillory枷刑颂;Robinson Crusoe鲁宾孙飘流记;Captain Singleton辛格顿船长;Moll Flanders莫尔弗兰德斯;A Journal of the Plague Year大疫年日记
9、Jonathan Swift斯威夫特1667-1745 The Battle of Books书的战争;A Tale of A Tub一个木桶的故事;The Drapier’s Letters布商的书信;A Modest Proposal一个温和的建议;Guilliver’s Travels格列佛游记(A Voyage to Lilliput/Brobdingnag/Laputa, Balnibarbi, Luggnagg, Glubbdubdriba and Japan/The Country of the Houyhnhnms小人国/大人国/拉普他等地/智马国游记)
10、Alexander Pope蒲柏1688-1744 Pastorals田园诗集;An Essay on Criticism批评论;Windsor Forest温莎林;The Rape of the Lock卷发遇劫记;The Duncial愚人志;Moral Essays道德论;An Essay on Man人论;Epistle to Dr Arbuthnot与阿布斯诺博士书
11、Henry Fielding亨利?菲尔丁1707-1754（英国现实主义小说的奠基者）剧本：The Coffeehouse Politician咖啡屋政客;Don Quixote in England堂?吉诃德在英国;The Historical Register for the Year历史记事
长篇小说：The History of the Adventures of Joseph Andrews,and of His Friend Mr Abraham Adams约瑟?安德鲁传;The Life of Mr Jonathan Wild the Great大伟人江奈生?魏尔德传;The History of Tom Jones,a Foundling汤姆?琼斯;Amelia阿美利亚
12、Samuel Johnson塞缪尔?约翰生1709-1784 A Dictionary of the Engligh Language英语语言辞典;Lives of Poets诗人传;Vanity of Human Wishes人类欲望的虚幻;Rasselas拉塞勒斯
名文：Letter to Lord Chesterfield给吉士菲尔伯爵的信
13、Oliver Goldsmith哥尔斯密1728-1774 The Vicar of Wakefield威克菲尔德牧师传;The Citizen of the World世界公民;The Deserted荒村;She Stoops to Conquer屈身求爱;The Rivals情敌 ；The School for Scsanda造谣学校
14、William Blake布莱克1757-1827 Poetical Sketches素描诗集;Songs of Innocence天真之歌;Songs of Experience经验之歌The French Revolution法国革命;The Marriage of Heaven and Hell天堂与地狱的婚姻;America;Milton;Jerusalem 名诗：London;The Tiger
15、Robert Burns彭斯1759-1796 Poems Chiefly in the Scottish Dialect苏格兰方言诗集
名诗：The Tree of Liberty自由村;Scots Wha-Hae苏格兰人;The Two Dogs两只狗;Holy Willie’s Prayer威利长老的祈祷;My Heart’s in the Highlands我的心呀在高原;A Red,Red Rose一朵红红的玫瑰;John Anderson约翰?安德生,My Jo;A Man’s A Man for A’That不管身在何处都须保持尊严;Robert Bruce’s March to Bannockburn
16、William Wordsworth威廉?华兹华斯1770-1850 An Evening Walk黄昏漫步;Lyrical Ballads抒情歌谣集（与柯勒律治合编）;Lucy Poems露西组诗(She Dwett Among the Untrodden Ways;To the Cuckoo杜鹃颂;I Wandered Lonely as a Cloud;The Solitary Reaper孤寂的刈麦人);Ode on Intimations of Immorality不朽颂;Ode to Duty义务颂;The Excursion远足;The Prelude序曲
17、Samuel Taylor Coleridge柯勒律治1772-1834 Lyrical Ballads;The Fall of the Bastille巴士底狱的毁灭;The Rime of the Ancient Mariner老船夫;Kubla Khan忽必烈汗;Biographia Literaria文学传记
18、Walter Scott瓦尔特?司各特1771-1832 诗：The Minstrlsy of the Scottish Border苏格兰边区歌谣集;Marimion玛里恩;The Lady of the Lake湖上夫人
小说：Waverley威弗利;Guy Mannering盖?曼纳令;Rob Roy罗布罗伊;The Heart of Midlothian米德洛西恩监狱;Ivanhoe艾凡赫;Kenilworth坎尼尔华斯;Woodstock皇家猎馆;Queentin Durward昆廷?达沃
19、Jane Austin简?奥斯丁1775-1817 Pride and Prejudice傲慢与偏见;Sense and Sensibility理智与情感;Emma爱玛;Mansfield Park曼斯菲尔德公园;Persuasion好事多磨;Northanger Abbey诺桑觉寺
20、Charles Lamb查尔斯?兰姆1775-1834 Tales from Shakespeare莎士比亚故事集;Alburn Verses诗集;Essay of Elia伊利亚散文集(Dream Children梦中儿女;A Dissertation unpon Roast Pig烤猪论;Old China古瓷;New Year’s Eve除夕;The Praise of Chimney Sweepers扫烟囱童工赞;The Superannuated Man领取养老金的人;A Bachelor’s Complaint of the Behavior of Married People单身汉对结过婚的人的行为的抱怨)
21、William Hazlitt威廉?赫兹里特1778-1830 Characters of Shakespeare’s Plays莎剧中的人物;A View of the English Stage英国舞台一瞥;Lecture on the English Poets论英国诗人;The Spirit of the Age时代精神;Sketches and Essays素描与随笔;Table Talk桌边文谈
名文：On Familiar Style
22、George Gordon Byron乔治?拜伦1788-1824 Hours of Idliness懒散的时刻;English Bords and Scottish Reviewers英国诗人与苏格兰评论家;Childe Harold’s Pilgrimage,Cantos I and II,Canto III 1818恰罗德?哈罗德游记;Ode to the Framers of the Frame-bill编织机法案编制者颂;Oriental Tales东方叙事诗(The Bride of Abydos阿比道斯的新娘;The Corsa海盗;The Siege of Corinth柯林斯之围);Manfred曼弗雷德;The Age of Bronze青铜世纪;Don Juan唐?璜
名诗：She Walks in Beauty;The Isles of Greece
23、Percy Bysshe Shelley波西?比希?雪莱1792-1822 Queen Mab麦布女王;Prometheus Unbound解放了的普罗米修斯;Adonais阿东尼斯;The Cenci钦契;Song to the Men of England致英国人民;England in 1819;The Masque of Anarchy专制魔王的化装游行;Ode to the West Wind/a Skylark西风/云雀颂;A Defence of Poetry诗辩
24、John Keats约翰?济兹1795-1821 Endymion恩底弥翁;Isabella伊莎贝拉;The Eve of Sanit Agnes圣爱尼节前夜;Ode on a Grecian Urn希腊古瓮颂;Ode to a Nightingale夜莺颂;To Autumn秋颂;Hyperion赫披里昂（未完成）
25、Thomas Hood胡德1799-1845 The Song of the Shirt衬衫之歌;The Bridge of Sighs悲叹之桥;Miss Kilmansegg and Her Precious Leg基尔曼塞格小姐和她贵重的腿
26、Ernest Jones琼斯1819-1869 小说：The Women’s Wrongs妇女们的委屈 名诗：The Song of the Lower Class;The Song of the Future
27、Afred Tennyson丁尼生1809-1892 Poems of Two Brothers壎篪;Timbuctoo提姆巴克图;The Pricess公主;In Memoriam H H悼念哈拉姆;Maud毛黛;Enoch Arden伊诺克?阿登;Idylls of the King国王之歌
名诗：Ulysses;The Eagle;Break,Break,Break
28、Robert Browning 勃朗宁1812-1889 Paracelsus巴拉塞尔士;Strafford斯特拉福;Pippa Passes比芭走过;Dramatic Lyrics戏剧抒情诗;Dramatic Romances and Lyrics戏剧传奇与抒情诗(Home Thoughts;From Abroad;Prospice向前看);Dramatic Personae登场人物;Men and Women男男女女
29、Elizabeth Barrel Browning 1806-1861 Sonnets from the Portuguese葡萄牙十四行诗;The Cry of the Children 30、Charles Dickens狄更斯1812-1870 The Posthumous Papers of the Pickwick Club匹克威克外传;Oliver Twist奥利弗?退斯特;American Notes美国札记;Martin Chuzzlewit马丁?朱述尔维特;The Old Curiosity Shop老古玩店;Dombey and Son董贝父子;David Copperfield大卫?科波菲尔;Hard Times艰难时世;A Tale of Two Cities双城记;Great Expectation远大前程
31、William MakepeaceThackery萨克雷1811-1863 The Book of Snobs势利者集;Vanity Fair名利场;History of Pendennis潘丹尼斯的历史;The History of Henry Esmond亨利?艾斯芒的历史;The Newcomes纽可谟一家;The Virginians弗吉尼亚人
32、Elizabeth Cleghorn Gaskell盖斯凯尔1810-1865 Mary Barton玛丽?巴顿;Ruth露斯;Cranford克兰弗德;North and South北与南;Life of Charlote Bronte夏洛蒂勃郎特传
33、Charlote/Emily/Anne Bronte夏洛蒂/爱米丽/安妮?勃郎特1816-1855 Jane Eyre简爱;Shirley雪丽/ Wuthering Height呼啸山庄/ Agones Grey艾格尼斯?格雷
34、George Eliot爱略特1819-1880 Adam Bede亚当?贝德;The Mill on the Floss弗洛斯河上的磨坊；Silas Marner织工马南;Middlemarch米德尔马契;Felix Holt,the Radical
35、Thomas Carlyle卡莱尔1795-1881 Sartor Resartus衣裳哲学/旧衣新裁;The Life of Schiller席勒传;The French Revolution;Heroes and Hero-worship论英雄与英雄崇拜
36、George Meredith梅瑞狄斯1828-1909 诗：Modern Love;Poems and Lyrics of the Joy of Earth大地欢歌
小说：The Ordeal of Richard Feverel理查德?法弗尔的考验；The Egoist利己主义者;Diana of the Crossways彷徨中的戴安娜;The Idea of Comedy and the Uses of the Comic Spirit喜剧的概念与喜剧精神的作用
37、William Morris莫里斯1834-1896 诗：The Earthly Paradise地上乐园;Chants of Socialism社会主义歌集;Pilgrims of Hope希望的探求者
小说：A Dream of John Ball梦见给翰?保尔;News from Nowher乌有乡消息
38、Samuel Butler勃特勒1835-1902 The Way of All Flesh如此人生;Erewhon埃瑞璜;Erewhon Revisited重游埃瑞璜
39、Thomas Hardy哈代1840-1928 Under the Greenwood Tree绿茵下;Far from the Madding Crowd远离尘嚣;The Return of the Native还乡;The Mayor of Casterbridge卡斯特桥市长;Tess of the D’urbervilles德伯家的苔丝;Jude the Obscure无名的裘德 诗集：Wessex Poems 威塞克斯诗集 史诗剧：The Dynasts统治者三部曲
40、Robert Couis Stevenson史蒂文生1850-1894 小说：New Arabian Nights新天方夜谭;Treasure Island宝岛;The Strange Case of Dr Jeykell and Mr Hyde化身博士;Kidnapped诱拐 游记：An Inland Voyage内陆游记;Travels with a Donkey in the Cevennes骑驴旅行;A Child’s Garden of Verses儿童诗园
41、Isabella Augusta Gregory/Perse格葛瑞/珀斯1852-1932 The Travelling Man旅行者;Spreading the News道听途说;Hyachinth Halvey海钦斯?哈尔威;The Gaol Gate监牢之门;The Rising of the Moon月亮上升的时候
42、Oscar Wilde王尔德1856-1900 长篇小说：The Picture of Dorian Gray道林?格雷的画像
童话：The Happy Prince and Other Tales快乐王子
诗集：De Prafundis惨痛的呼声;The Ballad of Reading Gaol累丁狱之歌
剧作：Lady Windermere’s Fan温德米尔夫人的扇子;A Woman of No Importance一个无足轻重的妇女;An Ideal Husband理想丈夫;The Importance of Being Earnest埃耐斯特的重要性
43、George Bernard Shaw萧伯纳1856-1950 长篇小说：An Unsocial Socialist业余社会主义者 评论：Quintessence of Ibsenism 剧本：Widoer’s Houses鳏夫的房产;Mrs Warren’s Profession华伦夫人的职业The Devil’s Disciple魔鬼的门徒;Man and Superman人与超人;John Bull’s Other Island英国佬的另一个岛;Major Barbara巴巴拉少校;Pygmalion劈克美梁;Heartbreak House伤心之家;The Apple Cart苹果车;Too True to be Good真相毕露
44、George Gissing吉辛1857-1903 小说：Demos民众;New Crub Srreet新穷士街;Born in Eile在流放中诞生;The Private Papers of Henry Ryecroft拉伊克罗夫特的日记（散文）;Charles Dickens:A Critical Study狄更斯研究
45、Joseph Conrad康拉德1859-1924 长篇小说：Almayer’s Folly奥尔迈耶的愚蠢;The Nigger of the Narcissus水仙号上的黑鬼;Lord Jim吉姆老爷;Nostromo诺斯特罗莫;The Secret Agent间谍;Chance机缘;Victory胜利
短篇小说：An Outpost of Progress文明的前哨;Heart of Darkness黑暗的中心;Youth青春
46、Joseph Rudyard Kipling罗德雅德?吉卜林1865-1936 诗集：Barrak Room Ballad营房诗集;The Seven Seas七海;Recession and Other Poems赞美诗及其他;The Five Nations五国
长篇小说：Kim基姆;Captain Courageous勇敢的船长
短篇小说：Plain Tales from the Hills;Soldiers There;The Story of the Gadsby;Life Handcap生命的阻力;The Jungle Book;The Second Jungle Book林莽之书;The Lost Legion
47、William Butler Yeats叶芝1865-1939 诗：Respondibilities责任;The Tower塔;The Winding Stair盘旋的楼梯
名诗：A Deap Sworn Vow;Easter 1916 剧本：The Land of Heart’s Desire理想的国土;The Hour Glass时漏;Dedidre黛德尔 Autobiographies自传三部曲;Essays and Introduction
48、Herbert George Wells威尔斯1866-1946 科幻小说：The Time Machine时间机器;The Island of Dr Morau莫洛博士岛;The Invisible Man隐身人;When the Sleeper Waked;The Shape of Things to Come未来事物的面貌 An Outline of World Histrory 世界史纲 社会生活小说：Tono Bungay托诺?班格;Ann Veronica安?维罗尼卡;Kipps基普斯
49、Enoch Arnord Bennett阿诺德?本涅特1867-1931 A Man from the North北方人;Anna of the Five Towns五镇上的安娜;The Old Wives’ Tale老妇谭;Clayhanger克莱亨厄 剧本：Milestones;How to Live Twentyfour Hours a Day 50、John Galworthy高尔斯华绥1867-1933 From the Four Winds天涯海角(The Man of Property有产业的人;In Chancery骑虎难下;To Let出租→The Forsyte Saga福尔塞世家);(The White Monkey白猿;The Silver Spoon银匙;Swan Song天鹅曲→A Modern Comedy现代喜剧)剧作：The Silver Box银匣;Strife斗争
51、Saki萨奇（Hector Hugh Munro孟柔）1870-1916 短篇小说集：Reginald雷金纳德;Reginald in Russia;The Chronicles of Clovis克洛维斯记事;Beats and Super-beats;The Toys of Peace;The Square Egg方蛋 名文：Dusk
52、Edward Morgan Forster福斯特1879-1970 长篇小说：Where Angels Fear to Tread天使们忘而却步的地方;The Longest Journey最漫长的旅程;A Room with a View可以远眺的地方;A Passage to India印度之行 短篇小说集：The Eternal Moment永恒的时刻
散文集：Abinger Harvest在阿宾格村的收获;Two Cheers for Democracy
53、John Millington Synge沁孤1871-1909 The Playboy of the Western World西方世界的花花公子;Riders to the Sea骑马下海的人们;Deridre of Sorrows悲伤的黛达尔;In the Shade of the Glen在幽谷的阴影下;The Tinker’s Wedding补锅匠的婚礼
54、Bertrand Russell罗素1872-1970 Road to Freedom到自由之路;Marriage and Morals婚姻与自由;Mysticism and Logic神秘主义与逻辑;Sceptical Essays怀疑论集;The Analysis of Mind心理分析;History of Western Philosophy西方哲学史;Priccipia Mathematica数学原理;A Free Man’s Worship
短篇小说：Satan in the Suburbs撒旦在郊区;Portraits from Memory回忆中的画像
55、William Somerset Maugham毛姆1874-1965 小说：Liza of Lambeth兰贝思的莉莎;Of Human Bondage人类枷锁;Cakes and Ale寻欢作乐;The Moon and Six Pence月亮与六便士 短篇小说：Complete Short Stories短篇小说集
剧本：Smith;The Circle;Our Betters位居我们之上的人们
56、John Masefield梅斯菲尔德1878-1967 诗：Salt-Water Ballads海上歌谣;The Everlasting Mercy永久的仁慈;The Widow in the Bye Street小街的寡妇;The Daffodil Fields水仙田;Reynard the Fox狐狸雷纳德
小说：Captain Margaret;Multitude and Solitude群与独;Sard Harker萨德?哈克尔 剧本：The Locked Chest
57、Giles Lytton Strachey斯特雷奇1880-1932 传记：Emiment Victorians维多利亚时代的杰出人物;Queen Victoria 评论集：Land-marks in French Literature;Books and Characters
58、Sean O’casey肖恩?奥凯西1880-1964 剧本：The Shadow of a Gunman枪手的影子;Juno and the Peacock裘诺与孔雀;The Plough and the Stars犁与星;The Star Turns Red;Red Roses for Me给我红玫瑰
自传体小说：I Knock at the Door我敲门;Pictures in the Hallway门厅里的图画;Drums under Windows窗下鼓声;Inishfallen,Fare Thee Well英尼希法伦，再见;Rose and Crown;Sunset and Evening Star日落与金星
59、James Joyce乔伊斯1882-1941 短篇小说：Dubiners都柏林人
长篇小说：A Portrait of the Artist as a Young Man青年艺术家的画像;Ulysess尤利西斯;Finnegans Wake芬尼根的觉醒
60、Virginia Woolf沃尔芙1882-1941 长篇小说：Mrs Dalloway达洛威夫人;To the Lighthouse到灯塔去;Orlando奥兰多传;The Waves浪;Flush弗乐希;Between the Acts幕间
散文集：The Common Readers;The Death of the Moth and Other Essays;A Room of One’s Own;Three Guineas三个基尼亚
名文：Modern Fiction现代小说 日记：A Writer’s Diary
61、David Herbert Lawrence劳伦斯1885-1930 The White Peacock白孔雀;Sons and Lovers儿子与情人;The Reinbow虹;Women in Love恋爱中的妇女;Lady Chatterley’s Lover查泰莱夫人的情人
62、Katherine Mansfield曼斯菲尔德1888-1923 In a German Pension在一个德国公寓里;Blis幸福;The Garden Party园会;The Dove’s Nest鸽巢;Something Childish幼稚集 63、Thomas Stearns Eliot艾略特1888-1965 诗集：Prufrock and Other Observation普鲁夫洛克及其他;The Waste Land荒原;The Hollow Men空虚的人们;Ash-Wednesday圣灰星期三;Four Quarters 诗剧：Murder in the Cathedral大教堂里的谋杀案;The Family Reunion团圆
评论集：The Sacred Wood圣林;Homage to John Dryden向约翰?德莱顿致敬;For Lancelot Andrews纪念兰斯洛特?安德鲁斯
64、Aldous Leonard Huxley赫胥黎1894-1963 Antic Hay滑稽的环舞;Point Counter Point旋律和对立;Brave New World新奇的世界;Letters书信集;Ape and Essence猿与本质;Eyeless in Gaza加沙的盲人;After Many a Summer多少个夏天之后;The Doors of Perception感觉之门;Fairy Godmother天使教母(←Two or Three Graces雅事二三)65、John Boynton Priesley普里斯特利1899-小说：The English Comic Characters英国喜剧从物;The English Novel英国小说;The Good Companions好伙伴;Angel Pavement天使街;They Walk in the City;他们走在城市中；Let the People Sing让人们歌唱 剧本：Dangerous Corner危险的转角;Time and the Conways时代与康威一家;In Inspector Calls罪恶之家;When We Are Married;The Linden Tree普提树;Summer Day’s Dream夏日梦 66、Hugh MacDiarmid麦克迪尔米德1892-1978 Sangshaw诗歌集;A Drunk Man Looks at the Thistle醉汉看蓟;First/Second/Third Hymn to Lenin;In Memoriam James Joyce悼念乔伊斯;Collected Poems 名诗：Why I Choose Red;Moonlight Among;The Pines;Third Hymn to Lenin 67、Ivor Armstrong Richards理查兹1893-1979 Principles of Literary Criticism文学批评原理;Science and Poetry;Practical Criticism实用批评;Coleidge on Imagination柯尔律治论想象;The Philosophy of Rhetoric修辞哲学;Basic in Teaching :East and West教学基础（The Four Kinds of Meaning）;Basic English and It’s Uses基础英语及其应用
68、Leshe Poles Hartley哈特利1895-1972 短篇小说集：Night Fears and Other Stories黑夜的恐惧及其他故事(The Killing Bottle致命瓶;The White Wand白色魔杖)论文集：The Novelist’s Responsibility
长篇小说：Eustace and Hilda优斯塔斯与希尔达三部曲(The Shrimp and the Anemone虾与海葵);The Go-Between信使;The Hireling佣工；Facial Justice表面正义;The Boat;A Perfect Woman一个完美的女人;The Betrayal背叛;My Sister’s Keeper妹妹的监护人 69、Elizabeth Bowen鲍恩1899-1973 The Hotel旅舍;The House in Paris巴黎寓所;The Death of the Heart心死;The Heat of the Day炎日 短篇小说集：Look at All Those Roses(Tears ,Idle Tears)70、Victor Sawdon Pritchett普里彻特1900-短篇小说：The Sailor水手;The Sense of Humour幽默感;Mr Beluncle贝伦克尔先生
游记：The Spanish Temper西班牙性格 评论集：Books in General书籍泛谈
自传：A Cab at the Door:A Memoir马车在家门口：回忆录； Midnight Oil挑灯夜谈 71、George Orwell奥威尔1903-1950 小说：Down and Out in Paris and London巴黎伦敦落魄记;Homage to Catalonia向坎塔罗尼亚致敬;Animal Farm兽园;Nineteen Eighty-Four 散文集：Dickens,Dali and Others狄更斯，达里及其他;Shooting on Elephant and Other Essays猎象记及其他;The Collected Essays,Journalism and Letters of George Orwell in Four Volumes奥威尔散文，新闻写作及书信集 名文：Lear Tolstoy and The Fool 72、Frank O’connor奥康纳1903-1966 论文集：The Lonely Voice:A Study of the Short Story寂寞之声：短篇小说研究
自传：An Only Son独生子;My Father’s Son;The Backward Look:A Survey of Irish Literature爱尔兰文学回顾
短篇小说集：Collection Two:Stories by Frank O’connor(Private Property私有财产)73、Evelyn Waugh伊夫林?沃1903-1966 长篇小说：Decline and Fall没落与堕落;Vile Bodies行尸走肉;A Handful of Dust 一撮灰尘;Black Mischief黑色的祸害;Scoop挖新闻;Put out More Flags多升几面旗;Bridgeshead Revisited重游布赖兹海德(Men at Arms行伍生涯;Officers and Gentlemen军官与绅士;Unconditional Surrender无条件投降→The Sword of Honour荣誉之剑三部曲)自传：A Little Learning一点学问（三部只成一部）
短篇小说集：Mr Loveday’s Little Outing and Other Sad Stories洛弗戴先生一次短暂的外出与其他悲惨故事
74、Christopher Isherwood 衣修午德1904-All the Conspirators所有的阴谋者;Mr Norris Changeds Traits诺里斯先生换火车;Sally Bowles萨利?鲍尔斯（选自《再见吧，柏林》）;Journey to a War战地行;Prater Violet紫罗兰姑娘;The World in the Evening夜晚的世界;Down there on A Visit在那儿进行访问;A Single Man单身汉;A Meeting by the River河畔相会
75、Graham Greene格雷厄姆?格林1904-消遣：Stamboul Train斯坦布尔列车;A Gun for Sale一支出卖的枪;Our Man in Havana我们在哈瓦纳的人
严肃：The Power and the Glory权力与荣誉;The Heart of the Matter问题的核心;The End of the Affair爱情的结局;The Quiet American;The Comedians喜剧演员;The Human Favor人的因素
76、Charles Percy Snow斯诺1905-1980 Strangers and Brothers陌生人与兄弟们;The Light and the Dark光明与黑暗;Time of Hope希望的时刻;The Masters院长们;The New Men新人;Homecoings归家;The Conscience of the Rich富人的良心;The Affairs事件;Corridors of Power权力走廊;The Sleep of Reason理智沉眠;Last Things结局
77、Peter Courtney Quennell昆纳尔1905-Byron:The Year of Fame拜伦：盛名时期;Byron in Italy;Byron:A Self-Portrait拜伦：一幅自我画像;A History of English Literature;Four Portraits:Studies of the 18th Century四幅画像：关于十八世纪的研究
78、William Empson燕卜荪1906-诗集：Poems;The Gathering Storm酝酿中的风暴;Collected Poems 名诗：Legal Fiction;Homage to the British Museum 论著：Seven Types of Ambiguity晦涩的七种类型;Some Versions of Pastoral田园诗的几种变化；The Structure of Complex Words复合词的结构
79、Wystan Hugh Auden奥登1907-1973 诗集：Poems;The Orators雄辩家;Look,Stranger!瞧，陌生人;Spain 诗剧：The Dog Beneath the Skin皮下之狗;The Ascent,F6攀登F6;On the Frontier边界上
The Sea and the Mirror海与镜;The Age of Anxiety忧虑时代;The Shield of Achilles阿基琉斯的盾牌;Homage to Clio向克奥女神致敬;About the House屋子内外 散文评论集：The Dyer’s Hand染工之手;Secondary World次要的世界 名诗：Who’s Who;The Unknown Citizen;Their Lonely Betters
80、William Golding戈尔丁1911-长篇小说：Lord of the Flies蝇王;The Inheritors继承人;Pincher Martin平却?马丁;The Spire塔尖;The Pyramid金字塔
81、Angus Wilson威尔逊1913-小说：The Wrong Set and Other Storie乱了套和其他短篇故事s;Anglo-Saxon Attitudes盎格鲁撒克逊态度;The Middle Age of Mrs Eliot艾略特夫人的中年;The Old Men at the Zoo;Late Call夜访;As if by Magic象是用了魔术 评论：Emile Zole爱弥尔?佐拉;The World of Charles Dickens;The Strange Ride of Rudyard Kipling吉卜林的奇异旅程
82、Dylon Thomas迪伦?托马斯1914-1953 诗：Eighteen Poems;The Map of Love爱的地图;Deaths and Entrances死亡与出场;Collected Poems 自传：Portrait of the Artist as a Young Dog作为一条小狗的艺术家画像 广播剧：Under the Milk Wood 名诗：Do Not Go Gentle Into That Good Night 83、Muriel Sarah Spark斯帕克1918-The Comforter安慰者;The Prime of Miss Jean Brodie琼?布罗迪小姐的黄金时代;The Diver’s Seat司机的座位;The Abbess of Crewe克鲁女修道院院长;Loitering with Intent存心游戏;Collected Stories I短篇小说集
（一）84、Richard Lessing多丽丝?莱辛1919-The Grass is Singing草儿在歌唱;Children of Violence暴力和孩子们(Martha Quest玛莎?金奎特;A Proper Marriage正当的婚姻;A Ripple from the Storm暴风雨掀起的涟漪;Landlocked被陆地围住的;The Four-gated City四门城);The Golden Notebook金色笔记;Briefing for a Descent into Hell堕入地狱简况;The Summer before the Dark 85、Iris Murdoch默多克1919-Under the Net在网下;The Bel钟l;A Severed Head砍掉的头;The Black Prince黑衣王子;The Sea,The Sea大海啊，大海
86、Philip Larkin拉金1922-诗：The North Ship北方船;Jill;A Girl in Winter 诗集：The Less Deceived受骗较少的人;The Whitsun Weddings降灵节婚礼;High Windows高窗
名诗：Church Going;Reason for Attendance 87、Kingsley Amis 金斯莱?艾米斯1922-小说：Lucky Jim幸运的吉姆;My Enemy’s Enemy我的敌人的敌人;One Fat Englishman一个英国胖子;That Uncertain Feeling那种不安感;Take a Girl Like You爱你这样的姑娘;Ending up死
88、John Wain韦恩1925-长篇小说：Hurry on Down大学后的漂泊;Living in the Present生活在当代;The Contenders竞争者;Strike the Father Dead打死父亲;A Winter in the Hills山中寒冬
短篇小说集：The Life Guard救生员
89、Brian Wilson Aldiss奥尔迪斯1925-The Brightfountain Diaries明泉日记;The Billion Year Spree:The History of Science Fiction科幻小说史;Best SF Stories of Brian W Aldiss奥尔迪斯最佳科幻故事集(Outside外界)90、Alan Sillitoe西利托1928-Saturday Night and Sunday Morning;The General;Key to the Door;A Tree on Fire;A Start in Life一位长跑运动员的孤独;The Loneliness of the Long-Distance Runner捡破烂人的女儿;The Ragman’s Daughter;The Windower’s Son 91、John Osborne奥斯本1929-Look back in Anger愤怒的回顾;Lurther;Inadmissible Evidence不能接受的证据;Time Present and Hotel in Amsterdam目前和阿姆斯特丹的旅馆
92、Ted Hughs特德?休斯1930-The Hawk in the Rain雨中鹰;Lupercal卢泼卡尔神(Hawk of Roosting);Scapegoats and Rabies替罪羊与狂犬病;Wodwo沃德沃怪物;Crow乌鸦 Songs of Woe哀歌
93、Arnold Wesker韦斯克1932-剧本：The Wesker Triology韦斯克三部曲(Chicken Soup with Barley大麦鸡汤;Roots;I’m Talking about Jerusalem0;The Four Seasons;The Friends;The Journalists新闻记者;Caritas Christi卡里塔斯?克里斯蒂
94、Margaret Drabble德雷伯尔1939-小说：A Summer Bird-cage夏日的鸟笼;The Garrick Year茄立克年;The Millstone磨石;The Needle’s Eye针眼;The Realms of Gold黄金世界;The Ice Age冰期
美国文学
1、Benjamin Franklin本杰明?富兰克林1706-1790 A Modest Inquiry into the Nature and Necessity of a Paper Money;Poor Richard’s Almanack穷查理历书；The Way to Wealth致富之道；The Autobiography自传
2、Thomas Paine托马斯?潘恩1737-1809 The Case of the Officers of Excise税务员问题；Common Sense常识；American Crisis美国危机；Rights of Man人的权利：Downfall of Despotism专制体制的崩溃；The Age of Reason理性时代
3、Philip Freneau菲利普?弗伦诺1752-1832 The Rising Glory of America蒸蒸日上的美洲；The British Prison Ship英国囚船；To the Memory of the Brave Americans纪念美国勇士-----同类诗中最佳；The Wild Honeysuckle野生的金银花；The Indian Burying Ground印第安人殡葬地
4、Washington Irving华盛顿?欧文1783-1859 A History of New York纽约的历史-----美国人写的第一部诙谐文学杰作；The Sketch Book见闻札记The Legend of Sleepy Hollow睡谷的传说-----使之成为美国第一个获得国际声誉的作家；Bracebridge Hall布雷斯布里奇田庄；Talks of Travellers旅客谈；The Alhambra阿尔罕伯拉
5、James Fenimore Cooper詹姆斯?费尼莫尔?库珀1789-1851 The Spy间谍;The Pilot领航者;The Littlepage Manuscripts利特佩奇的手稿;Leatherstocking Tales皮裹腿故事集:The Pioneer拓荒者；The Last of Mohicans最后的莫希干人;The Prairie大草原;The Pathfinder探路者;The Deerslayer杀鹿者
6、William Cullen Bryant威廉?柯伦?布莱恩特1794-1878 The Poems1821/1932诗选:To a Waterfowl致水鸟-----英语中最完美的短诗;Thanatopsis死亡随想---受墓园派影响;The Whitefooted Deer白蹄鹿;A Forest Hymn森林赋;The Flood of Years似水流年
7、Edgar Allan Poe埃德加?爱伦?坡1809-1849（以诗为诗；永为世人共赏的伟大抒情诗人-----叶芝）Tales of the Grotesque and Arabesque怪诞奇异故事集;Tales故事集;The Fall of the House of Usher厄舍古屋的倒塌;Ligeia莱琪儿;Annabel Lee安娜贝尔?李-----歌特风格；首开近代侦探小说先河，又是法国象征主义运动的源头
Tamerlane and Other Poems帖木儿和其他诗;Al Araaf,Tamerlane and Minor Poems艾尔?阿拉夫，帖木儿和其他诗;The Raven and Other Poems乌鸦及其他诗:The Raven乌鸦;The City in the Sea海城;Israfel 伊斯拉菲尔;To Hellen致海伦
8、Ralf Waldo Emerson拉尔夫?沃尔多?爱默生1803-1882 Essays散文集:Nature论自然-----新英格兰超验主义者的宣言书;The American Scholar论美国学者;Divinity;The Oversoul论超灵;Self-reliance论自立;The Transcendentalist超验主义者;Representative Men代表人物;English Traits英国人的特征;School Address神学院演说
Concord Hymn康考德颂;The Rhodo杜鹃花;The Humble Bee野蜂;Days日子-首开自由诗之先河
9．Nathaniel Hawthorne纳撒尼尔?霍桑1804-1864 Twice-told Tales尽人皆知的故事;Mosses from an Old Manse古屋青苔:Young Goodman Brown年轻的古德曼?布朗;The Scarlet Letter红字;The House of the Seven Gables有七个尖角阁的房子--------心理若们罗曼史;The Blithedale Romance福谷传奇;The Marble Faun玉石雕像
10、Henry David Threau亨利?大卫?梭罗1817-1862 Wadden,or Life in the Woods华腾湖或林中生活;Resistance to Civil Government/Civil Disobedience抵制公民政府;A Week on the Concord and Merrimack Rivers
11、Walt Whitman沃尔特?惠特曼1819-1892 Leaves of Grass草叶集:Song of the Broad-Axe阔斧之歌;I hear America Singing我听见美洲在歌唱;When Lilacs Lost in the Dooryard Bloom’d小院丁香花开时;Democratic Vistas民主的前景;The Tramp and Strike Question流浪汉和罢工问题;Song of Myself自我之歌
12、Herman Melville赫尔曼?梅尔维尔1819-1891 Moby Dick/The White Whale莫比?迪克/白鲸；Typee泰比;Omoo奥穆;Mardi玛地;Redburn雷得本;White Jacket白外衣;Pierre皮尔埃;Piazza广场故事;Billy Budd比利?巴德
13、Henry Wadsworth Longfellow亨利?沃兹沃思?朗费罗1807-1882 The Song of Hiawatha海华沙之歌----美国人写的第一部印第安人史诗;Voices of the Night夜吟;Ballads and Other Poens民谣及其他诗;Belfry of Bruges and Other Poems布鲁茨的钟楼及其他诗;Tales of a Wayside Inn路边客栈的故事---诗集：An April Day四月的一天/A Psalm of Life人生礼物/Paul Revere’s Ride保罗?里维尔的夜奔;Evangeline伊凡吉琳;The Courtship of Miles Standish迈尔斯?斯坦迪什的求婚----叙事长诗；Poems on Slavery奴役篇---反蓄奴组诗
14、John Greenleaf Whittier约翰?格林里夫?惠蒂埃1807-1892 Poems Written During the Progress of the Abolition Question废奴问题;Voice of Freedom自由之声;In War Time and Other Poems内战时期所作;Snow-Bound大雪封门;The Tent on the Beach and Other Poems海滩的帐篷
Ichabod艾卡博德;A Winter Idyl冬日田园诗
15、Harriet Beecher Stowe哈丽特?比彻?斯托1811-1896 Uncle Tom’s Cabin汤姆叔叔的小屋;A Tale of the Great Dismal Swamp德雷德阴暗大沼地的故事片;The Minister’s Wooing牧师的求婚;The Pearl of Orr’s Island奥尔岛的珍珠;Oldtown Folks老城的人们
16、Frederick Douglass弗莱德里克?道格拉斯1817-1895 Narrative of the Life of Frederick Douglass an American Slave弗莱德里克?道格拉斯，一个美国黑人的自述/My Bondage and My Freedom我的枷锁与我的自由/The life and Time of Frederick Douglass弗莱德里克?道格拉斯的生平与时代
17、Emily Dickinson埃米莉?迪金森1830-1886 The Poems of Emily Dichenson埃米莉?迪金森诗集-----“Tell all the truth and tell it slant”迂回曲折的，玄学的
18、Mark Twain马克?吐温（Samuel Longhorne Clemens）---美国文学的一大里程碑 The Celebrated Jumping Frog of Calaveras County加拉维拉县有名的跳蛙;The Innocent’s Abroad傻瓜出国记;The Gilded Age镀金时代;The Adventures of Tom Sawyer汤姆?索耶历险记;The Prince and the Pauper王子与贫儿;The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn哈克贝利?费恩历险记;A Connecticut Yankee in King Arthur’s Court亚瑟王宫中的美国佬;The Tragedy of Pudd’nhead Wilson傻瓜威尔逊;Personal Recollections of Joan of Arc冉?达克;The Man That Corrupted Hadleyburg败坏哈德莱堡的人 How to Tell a Story怎样讲故事---对美国早期幽默文学的总结
19、Francis Bret Harte哈特1836-1902 The Luck of Roaring Camp咆哮营的幸运儿------乡土文学作家
20、William Dean Howells 威廉?狄恩?豪威尔斯1837-1920 The Rise of Silas Lapham赛拉斯?拉帕姆的发迹;A Modern Instance现代婚姻;A Hazard of Now Fortunes时来运转;A Traveller from Altruia从利他国来的旅客;Through the Eye of the Needle透过针眼----乌托邦小说;Criticism and Fiction;Novel-Writing and Novel-Reading小说创作与小说阅读
21、Henry Adams享利?亚当斯1838-1918 History of the United States During the Administration of Jefferson and Madison(历史著作)；The Education of Henry Adams:An Autobiography享利?亚当斯的教育
22、William James威廉?詹姆斯1842-1910(首提“意识流”理论)Principles of Psychology心理学原理；The Will to Believe信仰的意志；Pragmatism:A New Name for Some Old Ways of Thinking实用主义：某些旧思想方法的新名称；The Meaning of Truth真理的意义
23、Henry James享利?詹姆斯1843-1916 小说：Daisy Miller苔瑟?米乐；The Portrait of a Lady贵妇人画像；The Bostonians波士顿人；The Real Thing and Other Tales真货色及其他故事；The Wings of the Dove鸽翼；The Ambassadors大使；The Golden Bowl金碗
评论集：French Poets and Novelists法国诗人和小说家;Hawthorne霍桑;Partial Portraits不完全的画像;Notes and Reviews札记与评论;Art of Fiction and Other Essays小说艺术
24、Ambrose Bierce安布罗斯?毕尔斯1842-1914? 小品集：The Fiend’s Deligh魔鬼的乐趣;Nuggests and Dust Panned out in California在加利福尼亚淘出的金块和金粉;Cobwebs from an Empty Skull来自空脑壳的蜘蛛网
短篇小说集：Tales of Soldiers and Civilians军民故事;In the Midst of Life在人生中间;Can Such Things Be?这种事情可能吗？The Devil’s Dictionary魔鬼词典(The Applicant申请者)
25、Edward Bellamy爱德华?贝拉米1850-1898 Looking Backward:2000-1887回顾：从2000看1887年；Equality平等；The Duke of Sockbridge:A Romance of Shay’s Rebellion斯托克布里奇的公爵：雪司起义的故事;The Blindman’s World and Other Stories育人的世界及其他
26、Edwin Charles Markham马卡姆1852-1940 The Man With the Hoe荷锄人
27、Charles Waddell Chesnutt查尔斯?契斯纳特1858-1932 The Conjure Woman巫女;The Wife of His Youth and Other Stories of the Color Line他青年时代的妻子(The Sheriff’s Children警长的儿女)(the pioneer of the color line);The Marrow of Tradition一脉相承
28、Hamlin Garland汉姆林?加兰1860-1940 Crumbling Idol崩溃的偶像（真实主义veritism）;Man Travelled Roads大路(The Return of a Private三等兵归来);Rose of Ducher’s Cooly荷兰人山谷中的露斯;A Son of the Middle Border中部边地农家子
29、O?Henry欧?享利（William Sidney Porter）1862-1910 The Man Higher Up黄雀在后;Sixes and Sevens七上八下
30、Edith Wharton伊迪斯?华顿1862-1937 The House of Mirth欢乐之家;Ethan Frome;Bunner Sister班纳姐妹;The Age of Innocent天真时代;The Customs of the Country乡村习俗;A Backward Glance回首往事
32、George Santayana桑塔亚那1863-1952 Scepticism and Animal Faith怀疑主义与动物性信仰;The Realms Being存在诸领域（本质/物质/真理/精神领域：4卷）(Relativity of Knowledge);Three Philosphical Poets三大哲学诗人；Poems(A Minuet:On Reaching the Age of Fifty小步舞曲：五十书怀);The Last Puritan最后的清教徒
33、William E?B Dubois威廉?艾伯?杜波依斯1868-1963 Souls of Black Folk黑人的灵魂(Of Booker T Washington and Others);The Suppression of the African Slave Trade into the USA制止非洲奴隶贸易进入美国;The Philadephia Negro;John Brown;The Black Flame黑色的火焰（三部曲）
34、Edgar Lee Masters埃德加?李?马斯特斯1868-1950 A Book of Verse诗集;Maximilian马克西米连（诗集）;Spoon River Anthology斯普恩河诗集(Lucinda Matlock鲁欣达?马物罗克)
35、Edwin Arlington Robinson鲁宾逊1869-1935 Captain Craig克雷格上尉---诗体小说；The Town Down the River河上的城镇;The Man Against the Sky衬托着天空的人;Avon’s Harvest沃冯的收成;Collected Poems诗集
36、Frank Norris弗兰克?诺里斯1870-1902 Moran of the Lady Letty茱蒂夫人号上的莫兰（romantic）;Mc-Teague麦克提格（naturalistic）;The Epic of the Wheat(realistic)小麦诗史(The Octopus章鱼,The Pit小麦交易所);A Deal in Wheat and Other Stories of the Old and New West小麦交易所及其他新老西部故事
37、Stephen Crane斯蒂芬?克莱恩1871-1900 Magic:A Girl of the Streets街头女郎梅姬（美国文学史上首次站在同情立场上描写受辱妇女的悲惨命运）；The Red Badge of Courage红色英勇勋章；The Open Boat小划子;The Bride Comes to Yellow Sky新娘来到黄天镇
38、Theodore Dreiser西奥多?德莱塞1871-1945 Sister Carrie嘉莉姐妹;Jennie Gerhardt珍妮姑娘;Trilogy of Desire欲望三部曲(Financer金融家,The Titan巨人,The Stoic);An American Tragedy美国的悲剧（被称为美国最伟大的小说）;Nigger Jeff黑人杰弗
39、Paul Laurence Dumbar保尔?劳伦斯?邓巴1872-1906 We Wear the Mask我们带着面具 他是美国第一个有成就的黑人诗人，被称为“黑种人的桂冠诗人”(Poet Laureate of the Negro Race)40、Jack London杰克?伦敦1876-1916 The Son of the Wolf狼之子,The Call of the Wild野性的呼唤;The Sea-wolf海狼;White Fang白獠牙;The People of the Abyss深渊中的人们;The Iron Heel铁蹄;Marti Eden马丁?伊登;How I become a Socialist我怎样成为社会党人;The War of the Classes阶级之间的战争;What Life Means to Me生命对我意味着什么;Revolution革命;Love of Life热爱生命;The Mexican墨西哥人;Under the Deck Awings在甲板的天蓬下
41、Upton Sinclair厄普顿?辛克莱尔1878-1968 Spring and Harvest春天与收获;The Jungle屠场（揭发黑幕运动的代表作家）;King Coal煤炭大王;Oil石油;Boston波士顿;Dragon’s Teeth龙齿
42、Irving Babbitt欧文?白壁德1865-1933（新人文主义主要代表）Literature and the American College文学与美国学院（）要求恢复古典文学教学;The New Laokoon新拉奥孔;Rousseau and Romanticism卢梭与浪漫主义;Democracy and Leadership民主与领导;On being Creative论创造性
43、Villa Sibert Cather维拉?凯塞1873-1947 O,Pioneers啊，先驱们;My Antonia我的安东尼亚;The Professor’s House教授之家;Death Comes for the Archibishop大主教之死
44、Gertrude Stein格特鲁德?斯坦因1874-1946 The Autobiography of Alice B Toklas爱丽丝?托克拉斯的自传；Tender Button温柔的钮扣
45、Robert Frest罗伯特?弗罗斯特1874-1963 A Boy’s Wish少年心愿；North of Boston波士顿之北(Mending Wall修墙,After Apple-picking摘苹果之后);Mountain Interval山间（成熟阶段）(The Road Not taken没有选择的道路);West-running Brook西流的溪涧;A Further Range又一片牧场;A Witness Tree一株作证的树
46、Sherwood Anderson舍伍德?安德森1876-1941 Windy McPherson’s Son饶舌的麦克斐逊的儿子;Marching Men前进中的人们;Mid-American Chants美国中部之歌;Winesburg,Ohio/The Book of the Grotesque俄亥俄州的温斯堡/畸人志;Poor White穷苦的白人;Many Marriages多种婚姻;Dark Laughter阴沉的笑声 The Triumph of the Egg and Other Stories鸡蛋的胜利和其他故事;Death in the Woods and Other Stories林中之死及其他故事;I Want to Know Why我想知道为什么
47、Carl Sandburg卡尔?桑德堡1878-1967 Always the Young Stranger永远是陌生的年轻人s;In Reckless Ecstasy肆无忌惮的狂热;The Prairie Years草原的年代一、二;The War Years战争的年代（林肯传记）;The American Songbag美国歌袋;The People,Yes人民，好;Honey and Salt蜜与盐;Corn-huskers辗米机（Fog雾）;Smoke and Steel烟与钢
48、Wallace Stevens华莱士?史蒂文斯1879-1955 Harmonium风琴;The Man With the Blue Guitar弹蓝吉他的人;Notes Toward a Supreme Fiction关于最高虚构的札记(Peter Quince at the Clavier彼得?昆斯弹风琴;Sunday Morning礼拜天早晨);The Auroras of Autumn秋天的晨曦;Collected Poems诗集
49、Henry Louis Mencken孟肯1880-1956 Bernard Shaw:His Plays肖伯纳的戏剧;The Philosophy of Nietzche尼采的哲学;The American Language美车语言;Happy Days幸福的日子（自传三部曲）;Newspaper Days新闻记者的岁月;Heathe Days倡导异端邪说的年代 50、William Carlos Williams威廉?卡罗斯?威廉斯1883-1963 收入Des Imagistes意像派（意像派的第一部诗选）
诗集：Sour Grapes;Spring and All春;The Desert Music;The Journey of Love爱的历程;Collected Poems;Complete Poems;Collected Later Poems;Pictures from Brueghel布留盖尔的肖像;Paterson佩特森（5卷长诗）;Asphodal,That Green Flower常青花日光兰（长诗）
名诗：Red Wheelbarrow红色手推车;The Widow’s Lament in Spring寡妇的春怨;The Dead Baby;The Sparrow ,to My Father麻雀—致父亲;Proletarian Portrait无产阶级画像（from An Early Martyr先驱）;The Great American Novels伟大的美国小说;In the American Grain美国性格;Autobiography自传
51、Sinclair Lewis辛克莱?刘易斯1885-1951(美国第一个获诺贝尔奖)Dur Mr Wrenn我们的雷恩先生;The Job求职;The Main Street大先进;Babbitt巴比特;Arrowsmith艾罗史密斯;Elmer Gantry艾尔默?甘特里;Dodsworth多兹沃斯;It can’t Happen Here事情不会发生在这里;Kingsblood Royal王孙梦
52、Ezra Pound艾兹拉?庞德1885-1972 The Spirit of Romance罗曼司精神;The Anthology Des Imagistes意像派诗选;Cathay华夏（英译中国诗）;Literary Essays文学论;Hugh Swlwyn Mauberley;A Few Don’ts by Imagiste意像派戒条;Personage面具;Polite Essays文雅集;The Cantos of Ezra Pound庞德诗章（109首及8首未完成稿）
53、Hilda Doolittle希尔达?杜丽特尔1886-1961 Sea Garden海的花园;Collected Poems(Dread山精;Pear Tree;Orchard);The Walls Do Not Fall墙没在倒塌（战争诗三部曲）;Tribute to the Angels天使颂;The Flowering of the Rod柳条葳蕤;Tribute to Freud献给弗洛伊德;Hellen in Egypt海伦在伦敦（抒情长诗）
54、Thomas Stearns Eliot托马斯?艾略特1888-1965 Prufrock and Other Observations普罗夫洛克（荒原意识）;The Waste Land荒原(The Burial of the Dead死者的葬礼;A Game of Chess弈棋;The Fire Sermon火诫;Death by Water水边之死;What the Thunder Said雷电之言);名诗：Ash Wednesday圣灰星期三;Four Quarters四个四重奏
诗剧：Murder in the Cathedral大教堂谋杀案;Family Reunion大团圆;Cocktail Party鸡尾酒会
55、Eugene Oneil尤金?奥尼尔1888-1953 独幕剧：Bound East to Cardiff东航卡迪夫;The Long Voyage Home归途迢迢;The Moon of the Carribbeans加勒比人之月
多幕剧：Beyond the Horizon天边外（其成名作）;Anna Christie安娜?克里斯蒂;The Emperor Jones琼斯皇;The Hairy Ape毛猿;All the God’s Children Got Wings上帝的儿女都有翅膀The Great God Brown大神布朗;The Strange Interlude奇异的插曲;Mourning Becomes Electr素娥怨/悲悼a;The Iceman Cometh送冰的人来了;The Long Days Journey Into Night进入黑夜的漫长旅程/日长路远夜常深沉
56、Katherine Anne Porter凯瑟琳?安?波特1890-1980 Flowering Judas开花的紫荆花（Maria Conception;The Jitting of Granny Weatherall）;Pale Horse,Pale Rider;Leaning Tower and Other Stories------TheCollected Stories of K A Porter Ship of Fools愚人船（唯一的一部长篇小说）;The Never Ending Wrong千古奇冤（回忆录）
57、Archibald Mac Leish阿基博尔德?麦克利什1892-1982 Towers of Ivory象牙塔;The Happy Marriage幸福的婚姻;Streets in the Moon月色中的街;New Found Land新发现的大陆;Conquistador新西班牙的征服者;Poems1912-1952 广播剧：The Fall of the City城市的陷落;Airraid空袭
58、Michael Gold迈克尔?戈尔德1894-1967 120 Million一亿二千万;Change The World改变世界;The Hollow Man空心人;Jews Without Money没在钱的犹太人（自传体小说）戏剧：Hoboken Blues;Fiesta节日;Battle Hymn歌;Prletarian Literature in the United States美国无产阶级文学选集（与人合编）
59、E Cumings肯明斯1894-1962 Tulips anddd Chimneys郁金香与烟囱;The Enormous Room大房间;XLI Poems诗41首;Viva万岁;No，Thanks不，谢谢;Collected Poems诗集;Eimi爱米（访苏游记）
60、Edmund Wilson埃德蒙?威尔逊1895-1972 Travel in Two Democracies在两个民主国家里旅行;To the Finland Station到芬兰站去;A Piece of My Mind:Reflection at Sixty心里话:行年六十的沉思;Axel’s Castle阿克塞尔的城堡(象征主义批判的圭阜);The Ttriple Thinkers三重思想家;The Wound and The Bow创伤与箭;The Shores of Light光明之岸;The Fruits of the MLA现代语言协会的成果
61、John Dos Passos帕索斯1896-1970 The Three Soldiers;Manhattan Transfer;U.S.A(The Forty-second Parallel;1919;The Big Money);District of Columbia哥伦比亚大区(The Adventures of a Young Man一个年轻人的冒险;Number One第一号;The Grand Design伟大的计划);Orient Express东方特别快车（游记）
62、F Scott Fitzgerald弗朗西斯?菲茨杰拉德1896-1940(迷惘的一代)The Side of Paradise人间天堂;The Beautiful and the Damned美丽的和倒霉;The Great Gatsby了不起的盖茨比;Tender in the Night夜色温柔;The Last Tycoon最后的巨头
短篇小说：Flappers and Philosophers姑娘们和哲学家们;Tales of the Jazz爵士时代的故事;Taps at Reveille早晨的起床号→The Ice Palace冰宫;May Days五一节;The Diamond as Big as the Ritz像里茨饭店那样大的钻石;Winter Dreams冬天的梦;The Rich Boy富家子弟;Babylon Revisted重访巴比伦敦 The Crack-up崩溃（自传体文集）
63、William Faulkner威廉?福克纳1897-1962 The Marble Faun云石林神（诗集）;Soldiers’ Pay兵饷（小说）
短篇小说：Dry September干燥的九月;The Sound and the Fury愤怒与喧嚣;As I lay dying当我垂死的时候;Light in August八月之光;Absalom,Absolam押沙龙，押沙龙（家世小说）64、Malcolm Cowley马尔科姆?考利1898-译作：法国安德烈?纪德Andre Gide的Imaginary Interview虚构的会议
诗集：Blue Juniata;The Dry Season;The Exile’s Return流亡者的回归（研究“迷惘的一代”的专著）;A Second Flowering第二次繁荣(The Other War另一种战争)65、Ernest Hemingway欧内斯特?海明威1899-1961（“迷惘的一代”的代表人物）In Our Time在我们的年代里;The Torrents of Spring春潮;The Sun Also Rises太阳照样升起;Farewell to Arms永别了，武器;For Whom the Bell Tolls丧钟为谁而鸣
短篇小说：Men Without Women没有女人的男人;The Winners Take Notheing胜者无所获;The Fifth Column and First Forty-nine Stories第五纵队与首次发表的四十九个短篇 政论：To Have and Have Not贫与富 回忆录：A Moveable Feast到处逍遥
66、Hart Crane哈特?克兰1899-1932 My Grandfather’s Love Letters祖父的情书;Praise for an Urn瓮颂;For the Marriage of Faustus and Hellen为浮士德和海伦的婚姻而作;Voyage航海;The Bridge桥（长诗）;White Buildings白色的楼房（首部诗集）67、Thomas Wolfe托马斯?沃尔夫1900-1938 Look Homeward,Angel天使，望乡→（续）Of Time and the River时间与河流;The Web and the Rock蛛网与岩石;You Can’t Go Home Again有家归不得;The Hills Beyond远山（未完成）短篇小说：From Death to Morning从死亡到早晨
68、James Langston Hughes詹姆斯?兰斯顿?休斯1902-1969 Mulatto混血儿（剧本）;The Weary Blues疲倦的歌声;Dear Lovely Death亲爱的死神;Shakespear in Harlem哈莱姆的莎士比亚;I Wonder as I Wander我漂泊我思考;The Best of Simple辛普尔精选
69、John Steinbeck约翰?斯坦贝克1902-1966 Cup of Gold金杯;Tortilla Flat煎饼房;In Dubious Battle胜负未定;Of Mice and Men鼠和人;The Grapes of Wrath愤怒的葡萄;The Moon is Down月亮下去了;Cannery Row罐头厂街;The Pearl珍珠
短篇小说：The Red Pony小红马(The Gift,The Great Mountains大山;The Promise许诺,The Leader of the People人们的领袖)70、Nathanael West韦斯特1903-1940 The Dream Life of Balso Snell巴尔索?斯纳尔的梦幻生涯;The Day of Locust蝗灾之日;Miss Lonelyhearts寂寞小说
71、James Farrel 法雷尔1904-1979 Studs Lonigan斯塔兹?朗尼根(Young Lonigan少年朗尼根;The Young Manhood of Studs Lonigan朗尼根的青年时代,Judgement Day末日窝审判);Danny O’Neil丹尼?奥尼尔（五部曲）;Bernard Carr伯纳德?卡尔（三部曲）短篇小说：Calico Shoes花布鞋;Guillotine Party行刑队
文艺评论：A Note on Literary Criticism文艺评论札记;Literature and Morality文学与道德
72、Lillian Hellman丽莲?海尔曼1905-1983 The Children’s Hour孩子们的时光;The Little Foxes小狐狸;Watch on the Rhine守望莱茵河;The Searching Wind彻骨的风;The Autumn Garden秋园;Tos in the Attic阁楼里的玩具;The Days to Come未来的日子;Another Part of the Forest森林的另一处
回忆录：An Unfinished Wonman一个事业尚未终了的女人;Pentimento旧画新貌;Scoundrel Time邪恶的时代
73、Clifford Odets克利福德?奥德茨1906-1963 Waiting for Lefty等待老左/勒夫特;Awake and Sing!醒来歌唱;Till the Day I Die直到我死的那天;Paradise Lost失乐园;Golden Boy金孩子;Clash by Night夜间冲突;The Big Knife大刀;The Country Girl乡村姑娘;The Flowering Peach开花的桃树
74、Richard Wright理查德?赖特1908-1960 Uncle Tom’s Children汤姆叔叔的孩子们;Native Son土生子;Black Boy;黑孩子The Outsiders局外人;The Long Dream漫长的梦;Eight Men八人行
75、Eudora Welty尤多拉?韦尔蒂1906-短篇小说：Death of a Travelling,Salesman巡回推销员之死;A Curtain of Green and Other Stories绿窗帘和其他;The Wide Net and Other Stories大网和其他故事;The Golden Apples金苹果;The Bridge of Innifallen英尼斯法伦的新娘
长篇小说：The Robber Bridgeroom强盗新朗;Detta Wedding德尔塔的婚姻;The Ponder Heart庞德的心;The Losing Battles失败的战斗;The Optismist’s Daughter乐观者的女儿 76、Valdimir Nabokov弗?纳博科夫1899-1977 Lolita洛莉塔;Pale Fire微暗的火;The Admiralty Sprie海军部大厦塔尖
77、Anais Nin安娜伊思?宁1903-1977 The Novel of Future未来的小说;Heida海达;House of Incest乱伦之家;Collages拼贴
78、Issac Bashevis Singer艾萨克?辛格1904-1991 Gimpel the Fool傻瓜吉姆佩尔;The Family Moskat莫斯卡特家族;Satan in Goray撒旦在戈雷;The Magician of Lublin卢布林的魔术师;The Slave奴隶;The Manor庄园;The Estate产业;Enenemies,A Love Story仇敌们，一个爱情故事;Shosha舒莎
短篇小说：The Spinoza of Market Street市场街的斯宾诺莎;A Friend of Kafka卡夫卡的朋友
名篇：Neighbours邻居
79、Robert Penn Warren罗伯特?沃伦1905-1989 Night Rider夜间骑士;At Heaven’s Gate在天堂门口;All King’s Men国王的全部人马;World Enough and Time足够的世界和时间;The Cave洞穴;Band of Angels天使的队伍;A Place to Come to归宿 诗集：Thirtysix Poems;Selected Poems1923-1943;Brother to Dragons;Promised:Poems1954-1956;You,Emperors and Others;Selected Poems New and Old 1923-1966;Elven Poems on the Same Themet;Incarnation Poem1966-1968显灵：1966-1968诗选;Now and Then:Poems 1976-1978此时与彼时1976-1978诗选
剧作：Proud Flesh骄傲的血肉之躯;Modern Rhetoric当代修辞学；Birth of Love爱之诞生(选自与Cleanth Brooks合编的 Understanding Poetry/Understanding Fiction)逃亡者集团The Fugitive的宣言书I’ll Take My Stand我表明我的立场
80、Tennessee William田纳西?威廉斯1911-1983 American Blues美国的布鲁斯;Battle of Angels天使的战斗;The Glass Menagerie玻璃动物园;The Streetcar Named Desire欲望号街车;Cat on a Hot Tin Roof热铁皮屋顶上的猫;The Night of The Iguana鬣蜥之夜;Summer and Smoke夏与烟;The Rose Tattoo玫瑰纹;Sweet Bird of Yout可爱的青春鸟 81、John Cheever约翰?契弗1912-1982 短篇小说：The Expelled开除
短篇小说集：The Way Some People Live一些人的生活方式;The Enormous Radio and Other Stories巨型收音机和其他;The Housebreaker of Shaddy Hill and Other Stories绿茵山窃贼和其他;Some People,Places and Things That Will Not Appear in My Next Novel一些不会在我下一部小说中出现的人物、地点、事件;The Brigadier and the Golf Widow陆军准将和高尔夫迷寡妇;The World of Apples苹果世界→The Stories of John Cheever契弗短篇小说选
长篇小说：The Wapshot Chronicle/Scandal瓦普肖特纪事/丑闻;Bullet Park布利特公园;Falconer鹰猎者
82、Irwin Shaw欧文?肖1913-1984 Bury the Dead埋葬死者;Sailor off the Bremen不来梅港外的水手
长篇小说：The Young Lions幼狮;The Troubled Air混浊的空气;Lucy Crown露茜?克朗;Two Weeks in Another Town； Voices of a Summer Day夏日的喁喁声;Rich Man,Poor Man;Evening in Byzantium;Nightwork认夜工;Beggarman,Thief;Bread upon the Waters 83、Ralph Ellison拉尔夫?埃利林1914-长篇小说：Invisible Man看不见的人 散文集：Shadow and Act影子与行动;Going to the Territory步入文学界
84、Bernard Malamud伯纳德?马拉默德1914-1986 长篇小说：The Natural天生运动员;The Assistant伙计;The Fixer装配工;A New Life新生活;God’s Grace上帝的恩赐 短篇小说：The Magic Barrel魔桶
85、Landall Jarrel兰达尔?贾维尔1914-1965 诗集：Blood for a Stranger献给一个陌生人的血;Little Friend ,Little Friend小朋友，小朋友;Losses损失;Seven-league Crutches七里格长的拐杖;The Lost World失去的世界
小说：Pictures of an Institution学院小景;The Woman at the Washington Zoo华盛顿动物园的女人
评论：Poetry and the Age诗歌与时代;The Death of the Ball Turret Gunner旋转炮塔炮手之死
86、John Berryman约翰?贝里曼1914-1972 诗：Homage to Mrs Bradstreet献给布拉兹特里夫人；The Dream Songs梦之歌;Poems1942;The Dispossessed被剥夺者(The Ball Poem小球诗);77 Dream Songs;Berryman’s Sonnets;Short Poems;His Toy;His Dream;His Rest;Love and Fame;Delusion,etc错觉及其他
小说：Recovery复原 传记：Stephen Crane斯蒂芬?克莱恩
87、Saul Bellow索尔?贝娄1915-长篇小说：Dangling Man晃来晃去/挂起来的人;The Victim受害者;The Adventure of Augie March奥基?马奇历险记;Henderson the Rain King雨王汉德逊;Herzog赫索格;Mr Summlar’s Planet塞姆勒先生的行星;Humboldt’s Gift洪堡的礼物
中篇小说：Seize the Day且乐今朝
88、Arthur Miller阿瑟?米勒1915-Situation Normal情况正常;The Man Who Had All the Luck吉星高照的人;All My Sons都是我的儿子;The Death of a Salesman推销员;The Crucible严峻的考验/萨姆勒的女巫;A View from the Bridge桥头眺望;A Memory of Two Mondays两个星期一的回忆;After the Fall堕落之后;Incident at Vichy维希事件;The Price代价;The Creation of the World and Other Business创世及其他;The Archbishop’s Ceiling大主教的天花板;The American Clock美国时钟
89、Robert Lowell罗伯特?洛厄尔1917-1977 诗：Lord Weary’s Castle威尔利老爷的城堡;Life Studies人生探索
名篇：For Sale;Walking in the Blue;For the Union Dead献给联邦死难士→自白诗运动 90、J D Salinger杰罗姆?大卫?塞林格1919-短篇小说：The Young Folks年轻人 短篇小说集：Nine Stories故事九篇
中篇小说：Franny弗兰尼;Zooey卓埃;Raise High the Roof Beam,Carpenters木匠们，把屋梁升高;Seymour:An Introduction西摩其人 长篇小说：The Cather in the Rye麦田守望者
91、Betty Frieden贝蒂?弗里丹1921-The Feminine Mystique女性的奥秘;It Changed My Life它改变了我的生活;The Second Stage第二阶段(How to get the Women’s Movement Moving Again)92、Alex Haley亚历克斯?哈利1921-1992 The Autobiography of Malcolm X马尔科姆?艾克斯自传
Roots根;Hanning汉宁镇（自传体小说）
93、Jack Kerouac杰克?凯鲁亚克1922-1966(“垮掉的一代”奠基者)The Town and the City镇和城;On the Road在路上;The Subterraneans地下居民;The Dharma Bums达摩的流浪者;Visions of Cody科迪的梦想；Doctor Sax萨克斯医生;Maggie Cassidy麦琪?卡西迪;Mexico City Blues墨西哥城的布鲁斯;Lonesome Traveller孤独的旅行者;Desolation Angels凄凉天使;Satori in Paris巴黎参禅记;Vanity of Duluoz杜卢奥斯的偏见 94、Kurt Vonnegut库特?冯尼格特 长篇小说：Player Piano自动钢琴;The Sirens of Titan泰坦族的海妖;Cat’s Craddle猫的摇篮;Slaughterhouse Five第五号屠场;Mother Night黑夜母亲;God Bless You,Mr Rosewater上帝保佑你，罗斯瓦特先生;Breakfast of Champions顶呱呱的早餐;Slapstick,or Lonesome No More滑稽剧,又名不再孤独;Jailbird囚犯;Deadeye Dick神枪手迪克
短篇小说集：Welcome to the Monkey House欢迎到猴房来(Report on the Barnhouse Effect关于巴恩豪斯效应的报告)95、Norman Mailer诺曼?米勒1923-(垮掉的一代；文学恐怖主义者/亡命之徒)裸者与死者；Barbary Shore巴巴里海滨;The Deer Park廘苑;An American Dream一场美国梦;The White Negro白色黑人;Advertisement for Myself为自己做广告;Why Are We in Vietnam?我们为什么要去越南;The Executioner’s Song刽子手之歌;The Armies of the Night夜色幕下的大军(History as a Novel/The Novel as History)—非虚构小说;New Journalism新新闻报道
96、James Dichey詹姆斯?迪基1923-诗集：Into the Stone钻入石头;Drowning With Others跟别人一起淹死(The Lifeguard救生员);Helmets头盔;Buckdancer’s Choice班克舞者的选择;Poems1957-1967;The Iodiac黄道 长诗：Deliverance解脱
诗论集：The Suspect in Poetry诗歌中的嫌疑犯;Babel to Byzatium从巴别尔到拜占庭 97、Joseph Heller约瑟夫?海勒1923-长篇小说：Catch-22第二十二条军规;Something Happened出了毛病;As Good as Gold像高尔德一样好 剧本：We Bombed in New Haven我们轰炸纽黑文;Catch-22;Clevinger’s Trial克莱文杰受审（据Catch-22第八章）98、James Baldwin詹姆斯?鲍德温1924-1987 散文集：Note of a Native Son土生子的笔记;Nobody Knows My Name;Fire Next Time下一次烈火;No Name in the Street他的名字被遗忘;The Devil Finds Work魔鬼找到工作
小说：Go Tell it on the Mountain向苍天呼吁;Giovanni’s Room乔万尼的房间;Another Country另一个国度;Tell Me How Long the Train’s Been Gone告诉我火车已开多久;If Beale Street Could Talk假如比尔能说话;Just Above My Head就在我头上 短篇小说集：Going to Meet the Man去见这个人
剧本：The Amen Corner阿门角;Blues for Mister Charley为查理先生唱布鲁斯/黑人怨;One Day When I was Lost有一天当我迷失的时候/迷路前后
100、Flannery O’Connor弗兰纳里?奥康纳1925-1964 长篇小说：Wise Blood慧血;The Violent Bear It Away它为强暴者所夺走
短篇小说集：A Good Man Is Hard to Find好人难寻;Everything That Rises Must Converg上升的一切必然汇合e 名文：Good Country People善良的乡下人;The Lame Shall Enter First跛腿者先进去;Greenleaf格林利夫;Revelation;Parker’s Back派克的背
101、William Styron威廉?斯泰伦1925-Lie Down in Darkness躺在黑暗中;The Long March长途行军;Set This House on Fire放火烧屋;The Confessions of Nat Turner纳特?特纳的自白;Sophie’s Choice索菲的选择
102、Allen Ginsburg艾伦?金斯堡1926-诗集：Howl and Other Poems嚎叫及其他(America)(The Beat Generation垮掉的一代的宣言书和代表作);Kaddish and Other Poems卡第绪及其他;Plannet News行星消息;The Fall of America美国的衰弱 103、James Wright詹姆斯?赖特1927-1980 诗集：The Green Wall绿墙;Saint Judas圣徒犹大;The Tail and Eyes of a Lion狮子的尾巴和眼睛;The Branch Will Not Break树枝不会断;Shall We Gather at the River我们在河边聚会;Collected Poems;Two Citizens两位公民;Moments of the Italian Summer意大利之夏;To a Blossoming Pear Tree致盛开鲜花的梨树;This Journey;A Blessing祝福
104、Edward Albee爱德华?阿尔比1928-The Zoo Story动物园的故事;The Death of Bessie Smith贝西?史密斯之死;The Sandbox沙箱;The American Dream美国梦;Who’s Afraid of Virginia Woolf?谁害怕弗吉尼亚?伍尔夫;Tiny Alice小爱丽丝;A Delicate Balance脆弱的羊群;Seascape海景;The Lady from Dubuque来自杜布克的女人;The Man With Three Arms在臂人
105、Martin Luther King Jr马丁?路德?金1929-1968 I Have a Dream;Stride Toward Freedom迈向自由;Strength to Love爱的力量;Why We Can’t Wait?;Where Do We Go from Here,Chaos or Community?今后我们何去何从，纷争还是团结？
106、Gary Snyder加里?斯奈德1930-(ecology poet)Riprap大卵石(Piute Creek皮尤特河);Myths & Texts神话与现实;The Back Country偏僻的山村;Regarding Wave观浪(Meeting the Mountain进山);Turtle Island龟岛;Left Out in the Rain：New Poems 1974-1985留在雨中:1974-1985新诗集
文集：Six Sections from Mountains and Rivers Without End Plus One山水穷尽六章外一章;The Real Work:Interviews and Talks脚踏实地工作：访问记与演讲稿
107、John Barth约翰?巴思1930-长篇小说：The Floating Opera漂浮的歌剧;The End of the Road穷途末路;The Sot-weed Factor烟草代理商;Letters书信集;Giles Goat-boy山羊孩子贾尔斯;Lost in the Funhouse迷失在开心馆里（Title题目）;Chimera客迈拉； Sabbatical学院的轮休假;The Friday Book:Essays and Other Nonfictions星期五的书：论文及其他非小说
108、Tony Morrison托尼?莫里森1931-The Bluest Eye最蓝的眼睛;Sula苏拉;Song of Solomon所罗门之歌;Tar Baby柏油娃娃;Beloved;Jazz爵士乐
109、John Updike厄普代克1932-长篇小说：The Poorhouse Fair养老院义卖会;Rabbit, Run兔子，跑吧;Rabbit Relax兔子回家;Rabbit Is Rich兔字发财;Centaur马人;Of the Farm农场;Couples夫妇;The Witches of Eastwick伊斯特威克的巫婆们;Tust Me信赖我 短篇小说集：Pigeon Feather and Other Stories鸽羽及其他故事;The Music School 音乐学校;Problems and Other Stories问题及其他故事
评论集：Hugging the Shore:Essays and Criticism拥抱海洋：论文与批评 诗集：Midpoint and Other Poems中点及其他诗篇
小说：V；The Crying of Lot 49 49号遗物的拍卖;Gravity’s Rainbow万有引力之虹
110、Joyce Carol Oates 乔伊斯?卡洛尔?欧茨1938-A Garden of Earthly Delights人间乐园;Expensive People奢侈的人们;Them;The Assassins刺客;Childwold查尔德伍德;Son of the Morning黎明之子;Unholy Loves不神圣的爱情;Bellefleur贝尔弗勒;Angel of Light光明天使;A Bloodsmoor Romance布勒兹摩传奇 短篇小说集：By the North Gate北门边;Upon the Swearing Flood洪水浪潮;The Wheel of Love爱之轮;Marriage and Infidelities婚姻与婚外恋
诗集：Anonymous Sins无名的罪孽;Love and Its Derangement爱与爱的错乱;Dreaming America梦想的美国
剧本：The Sweet Enemy甜蜜的敌人;Sunday Dinner星期天会餐;Ontological Proof of My Existence我存在的本体论证明;Miracle Play奇迹剧
论文集：The Edge of Impossibility:Tragic Forms in Literature不可能的边缘：文学的悲剧形式;New Heaven,New Earth:Visionary Experience in Literature新天堂，新人间：文学中的幻想经验
111、Sam Shepard萨姆?谢泼德1943-剧本：Cowboys牛仔;The Rock Garden岩石花园;Cowboys #2牛仔第二号;Chicago芝加哥;Operation Sidewinder响尾蛇行动;Meloddrama情节剧
112、Sylvia Plath西尔维亚?普拉斯1932-1963(confessional school自白派)诗集：The Colossus巨人集;Ariel阿里尔集(Daddy;Lady Lazarus拉扎勒斯夫人);The Uncollected Poems杂诗集;Crossing the Water涉水;Winter Trees 小说：The Bell Jar钟形玻璃罩（自传体小说）名诗：Death & Co死亡公司
113、Philip Roth菲力普?罗斯1933-短篇小说集：Goodbey,Columbus再见，哥伦布 Letting Go放手;When She Was Good当她是好女人的时候;Portnoy’s Complaint波特诺伊的怨诉The Breast乳房;The Professor of Desire欲望教授;Our Gang我们这一帮;The Great American Novel伟大的美国小说;My Life as a Man我作为男人的一生;The Ghost Writer代人捉刀的作家;Zukerman Unbound解放了的朱克曼 评论集：Reading Myself and Others评论自我与他人
114、Le Roi Jones勒罗依?琼斯1934-诗集：The Dead Lecturer已故的讲师;Black Magic黑色魔术(Incident事件)剧本：Dutchman;The Slave;The Motion of History历史的运动
115、Marrie Winn玛丽?温1936-The Fireside Book of Children’s Songs炉边儿歌集;The Paygroup Book儿童游戏大全The Fisherman Who Needed a Knife;The Thief Cather;The Baby Reader幼儿读物;The Plug-in Drug插入电源的毒品;Children Without Children没有童年的儿童
116、Thomas Pynchon托马斯?品钦1937-(后现代主义)Geography of a Horse Dreamer马塞梦测者的地理;Angel City天使城;The Tooth of Crime罪恶的牙齿;Family家庭(Curse of the Starving Class饥饿阶级的诅咒;Buried Child被埋葬的孩子;True West真正的西部);Fool for Love情痴;A Lie of the Mind心灵的谎言;Paris/Texas德州的巴黎 117、Alice Walker沃克1944-长篇小说：TheThird Life of Grange Copeland格兰治科普兰的第三次生活;Meridian梅丽迪安;The Color Purple紫色 名文：The Civil Rights Movement:What Good Was It? 短篇小说集：In Love and Trouble相爱与苦恼;You Can’t Keep a Good Woman Down好女人永不屈服 散文集：In Search of Our Mothers’ Gardens
诗集：Once有一次;Revolutionary Petunias革命的牵牛花 传记：Langston Hughes 上页
第三篇：英美概况总结
英国概况 英格兰面积最大 苏格兰，爱丁堡为首府
威尔士，加的夫，Cardiff为首府 北爱尔兰，贝尔法斯特Belfast为首府
伦敦，UK首都，皇家法庭royal courts of justice 及圣保罗大教堂st paul’s cathedral在这里。威斯敏斯特westminster，伦敦市的一个行政区，也叫西敏寺，这里有议会houses of parliament，包含大钟楼big ben，白厅whitehall即英国政府，白金汉宫buckingham palace即英国皇宫，还有st james’ hall 圣詹姆斯宫。
The great charter in 1215,1215年大宪章，亦称the great charter or Magna Charta,确保一些平民的政治权利与自由，保障教会不受国王的控制，改革了法律和司法，限制国王及王室官员的行为。
议会雏形，1265年，Simon de Montford 召集the Great Council在西敏寺开会，就是最早的议会，后来发展了House of Lords上议院，House of Commons下议院。
玫瑰战争和英国宗教改革：
Richard 三世和Henry Tudor都铎（duduo）打了玫瑰战争，都铎胜利，终成五代都铎王朝。
亨利八世进行宗教改革，想切断英国教会与罗马教皇的关系，使英国教会独立起来。宗教改革的真正进行是在亨利八世的儿子爱德华时期，新教是Protestant，即基督教，改革叫做“The Reformation”。伊丽莎白一世时期，伊丽莎白为女王统治英国，她是基督教徒，大力推行新教，从此英国都是信奉新教。
文艺复兴运动 The English Renaissance 文艺复兴是中世纪到现代的过渡时期，从1350-1650，有300年，从意大利发起，达芬奇等人为代表。在这段时期，罗马教会经历新教改革，人文主义兴起，海外探索（大航海时代？）。英国内战 The Civil Wars 是国王和议会间的战争，Norttingham King Charles和议会开战，国王军是Cavaliers(骑士)，议会军是Roundheads(圆颅党)，因为他们短发。查尔斯战败，克伦威尔Cromwell称王。英国内战又称清教徒革命，因为国王的反对者多是清教徒Puritan。清教徒是基督教新教中的一派。这场战争颠覆了英国的封建制度，甚至动摇了欧洲的封建制度，被认为是世界现代史的开端。王朝复辟 The Restoration 克伦威尔死后，儿子Richard 继位，但是统治失败，议会选择让上代国王流放法国的儿子King Charles 二世回归。光荣革命 The Glorious Revolution 奥兰治王室（William of Orange橘子？英国的名字真搞笑），用一场不流血的政变夺了王室的权，William and Mary 共同接受了Bill of Right(1689)权利法案，英国“光荣革命”后巩固资产阶级与封建贵族联合专政、确立君主立宪政体的宪法性文件之一。君主立宪由此开始。辉格党和托利党（Whigs and Tories）
两党名称来自光荣革命，辉格党就是后来的Liberal party，托利党是Conservative party
宪章运动Chartist Movement 由于对改革法案《Reform Act》和新贫困法《New Poor Law》的不满，工人组织了伦敦工人联盟London Working Men’s Association，起草了人民宪章《People’s Charter》，想让议会通过但是失败，宪章运动是第一次全国性的工人运动。工会和工党 Trade Unions and Labor Party 工人意识到联合的重要性，于是工会出现，Grand National Consolidated Trade Union成立，是全国的大公会，后来Trade Union Congress 开始。殖民扩张Colonial Expansion 自1583年开始，英国在新大陆Newfoundland开始殖民统治，1900日不落帝国形成，“on which the sun never set” 君主政体
英国是君主立宪制 constitutional monarchy, 元首head of state is king or queen。Head of the commonwealth 是女王，现在是伊丽莎白二世。议会组成
House of lords 上议院 house of commons 下议院 下议院最有权力 政党：工党Labor Party 和Conservative Party保守党，政党的领导人是总理
Tony Blair是有史以来最年轻的工党领导人，总理。
枢密院 the Privy Council，是国家执行力机构，chief source of executive power in the state,可追溯到King’s Council 司法特点：no single legal system, no complete code,法律的来源包括：statutes法令，大量的common law，equity law衡平法，european community law。二战后英国经济的发展
50s-60s稳定发展阶段，70s经济萧条，80s经济恢复：撒切尔夫人Mrs.Thatcher当选总理，推行中期财政计划Medium-term Financial Strategy
国教established chruches：在英国church of england，在苏格兰church of scotland 非国教 unestablished churches：英国圣公会anglican chruches，自由教free churches，天主教roman catholic church
*************************************************************************** 美国概况
国旗：13条状红白相间，代表original的13个州，50颗星，代表50个州
1492年，哥伦布发现新大陆，Christopher Columbus.独立战争the war of independence 1774年，第一届大陆国会continental congress在费城philadelphia召开，呼吁抵制英国货
1775年，lexington（列克星敦）和concord（康科德）打仗独立战争开始。同年，第二届大陆会议在费城召开，乔治•华盛顿为领导人 1776年，汤玛斯•杰佛逊起草独立宣言
1783年，巴黎条约签署treaty of paris，英国承认美国独立。1812年战争，the war of 1812 美国和英国间的最后一场战争，对美国影响很深，人们意识到强大的政府的重要性，加强了统一感和爱国感 美国内战the civil war 1861-1865，打了四年，北方胜利，北方为联邦军union army，南方为邦联军confederate army。
林肯有名的葛底斯堡演说gettysburg address“that government of the people, by the people, for the people, shall not perish from the earth”
1865年，第13修正案终结了奴隶制。经济发展
镀金时代gilded age，借自马克吐温的书名，指内战到20世纪初，工业发展
亨利福特henry ford大规模生产汽车，莱特兄弟wright brothers设计第一架飞机升天，都在这个时候
1920s的大萧条与新政the great depression and the new deal 1929年，大萧条开始，持续4年
罗斯福新政，Franklin D Roosevelt, the new deal 美国与二战
1941年，珍珠港被袭击，美国正式参战，核心国axis powers 北大西洋公约组织the founding of NATO 1949年，北大西洋条约签署，North Atlantic Treaty,任何对缔约国的攻击视为对所有缔约国的攻击。条约的生效标志着美国在苏联周围建立军事联盟的开端。苏联采取了类似的行动，建立了德国民主共和国set up the German Democratic Republic.至此，冷战全面开始。1950s民权运动the civil rights movement 罗莎•帕克Rosa Parks,一位黑人女性，阿拉巴马，她拒绝给白人让座，被捕。马丁路德金开始领导黑人抵制。1956年，最高法院宣布阿拉巴马州的segregation laws unconstitutional。
越南战争the vietnam war1950-1975(打了25年，有够长的)为了实施对共产主义的牵制政策，the policy of containment of communism,美国与越南战争，结果这是美国有史以来最长的战争。1973年美国和北越南north vietnam签署停火协议，cease-fire agreement。简单来说，越南当时像朝鲜般南北分裂，南方是社会主义的，北方是当时的统治阶级，南方想要解放全国，统一南北。美国横插一脚，支持北方，搞了25年，最终还是南方的社会主义胜利，统一了全国。西贡Saigon是原来的首都，后来改名为胡志明市Ho Chi Minh City。
因为越南战争，美国国力下降，社会分歧，形象下降。
水门事件（Watergate scandal，或译水门丑闻）是美国历史上最不光彩的政治丑闻之一，其对美国本国历史以及整个国际新闻界都有着长远的影响，在1972年的总统大选中，为了取得民主党内部竞选策略的情报，1972年6月17日，以美国共和党尼克松Nixon竞选班子的首席安全问题顾问詹姆斯•麦科德（James W.McCord, Jr.）为首的5人闯入位于华盛顿水门大厦的民主党全国委员会办公室，在安装窃听器并偷拍有关文件时，当场被捕。由于此事，尼克松于1974年8月8日宣布将于次日辞职，从而成为美国历史上首位辞职的总统。中美关系
1972年，Nixon总统访华，签署上海公报Shanghai Communique。1979年，中美建交。美国宪法起草于1789年，世界上最早的成文宪法。共有7个articles。Articla I，the Legislative Article立法
只有国会有权立法，two-chamber system，包括senate参议院，house of representatives众议院。参议院100人，每个州来两人，众议院基于每个州的人口比例设立席位。Article II，Executive Article执法 总统任期4年
Article III，Judicial Article 司法
Supreme Court是国家的最高法院，以下是联邦法院federal court，最高法院和联邦法院的法官是总统任命，法官是终身职位。唯有最高法院有权解释宪法。
三权分立checks and balances 立法，执法，司法三权分立，legislative，executive，judicial，国会可立法，总统可否决，国会可通过三分之二选票再次通过，总统不可否决，但最高法院可以判定它违反宪法而否决它。宪法修正案provisions for amendment 前十条宪法修正案称为bill of rights权利和自由法案
*************************************************************************** 加拿大概况
首都：渥太华Ottawa, 最大省：魁北克Quebec 第一大城市：多伦多，2：蒙特利尔，3：温哥华，4：渥太华 世界最大渔业出口国 国家元首：伊丽莎白二世
总督：履行女王职务governor general，实际政府领导人：总理prime minister 立法：议会立法parliament，议会由两部分组成senate（总督任命）和house of commons（根据人口），和美国类似，法律要两院通过，最后总督签字。
政党：自由党liberal party和保守党progressive conservative party
澳大利亚概况： 首都：堪培拉Canberra 第一大城：悉尼，2：墨尔本 世界最大羊毛出口国 国家元首：英女王，和加拿大一样有总督和总理，联邦制国家 政党：工党（最大党）australian labour party和自由党liberal party，和英国不同，澳大利亚有成文宪法
议会参照英国，上议院senate（the upper house）和下议院house of representatives（the lower house）
新西兰概况
首都：惠灵顿Wellington 第一大城：奥克兰Auckland 世界最大羔羊肉，羊肉和奶制品出口国，称为the world’s biggest farm 国家元首：英女王 政体：议会制君主立宪制
爱尔兰概况（注意不是北爱尔兰哦，不是英国的一部分呢）首都：都柏林dublin 国家元首：注意了是总统
第四篇：2013工作概况总结
2013工作概况总结
安全第一、预防为主是安全生产的方针，也是电力企业生产过程中永恒的主题，回顾2013个人工作情况，在公司领导统一部署和领导下，在本人的努力下，分别在安全生产、技术、管理、职工安全培训、执行上级各种安全生产法规的理解贯彻上做了一些有益的工作，现将相关情况总结如下：
一、政治思想方面
按上级党政领导的部署，认真学习十八大和三中全会的相关精神，并依照市政府岗位职责“回头看”安全生产工作和大检查“回头看”的文件精神，组织本科室认真学习与贯彻，以身作则，开展各种活动，总结思想状况，找出工作中存在不足和差距，团结一致向前看，坚定工作方法和信心，力争开展好安全生产工作新局面，认真贯彻执行党和国家安全生产方针、政策和法规，配合领导，经常深入生产一线，把安全生产各项工作落实到每一个工作岗位和个人，确保广大员工在电力生产过程中的安全与健康。
二、本职工作方面
按照岗位职能，认真组织和贯彻安全生产方面的各种工作，主要从安全工程技术、法规、职工安全教育、安全管理的事故预防“3E”对策入手，全面发挥三大支柱的作用，推行供电公司的对事故隐患、事故苗头进行有效整治，实现预防事故的目的，组织全科人员不断完善安全管理规程规范，编制供电公司安全管理资料、五种汇编、现场救援预案的各项工作的展开，实施、指导预案的准备、启动、救援、恢复等各阶段工作，同时结合供电公司实际状况，逐步开展“安全生产标准化达标”工作。
认真组织好“安全生产月”活动各项工作，主要内容涵盖于：巨幅宣传标语、规程制度竞赛、消防演练、线路作业事故处理现场救援、安全录像宣教，收到了良好的效果，并将情况按要求总结专题上报桂东电力。
坚持安全生产“四查”工作，即查安全思想状况、查规程制度的执行、查管理过程中薄弱环节、查设备缺陷与隐患，代公司领导组织一月一次现场安全检查，现场文明生产，完成月工作计划情况考核，对查处的各种隐患依照南网标准，下发整改通报。
对发生各种电力生产事故、事件，按照“调规”要求，坚持“四不放过”之原则，协助、协调政府部门做好相关调查工作事宜，汇集各种数据、资料、撰写事故报告，指导各专责填写填报各种报表，受到各级领导好评。
协助公司和上级部门做好安全生产监管工作，利用安全生产例会的机会，根据供电公司安全生产倾向性问题，共提出70多条有关典型安全生产问题，得到各级领导高度重视，并监督其整改和落实。
协助领导对主要设备、线路在发生事故时，深入现场指导各安全措施的落实与实施，参加现场抢修、抢险工作，并经常提出建议性意见，得到广大员工的好评。根据公司工会关于在单位与班组开展“安康杯”活动的精神，亲自制定班组现场管理的各种标准化记录本与档案资料，推动“安康杯”活动开展得既扎扎实实，又轰轰烈烈，由于工作到位，各种记录本均在桂东电力所属各单位班组使用并推广。
三、安全教育培训方面
为全面提高全员安全技术和安全素养，坚持各种培训制度，本人多次担任各种培训班主课老师，其中有桂东电力举办的班组长安全培训班两期，共有学员170多人次，本人利用深入浅出，结合本公司各种案例，解读《电力安全工作规程》、《两票工程技术》、《班组长工作技能》、《安全生产管理工作入门》等课程，得到学员一致好评。
桂东电力举办“高压电工作业取证”培训班，受上级领导和政府的委托，本人担任安全教育、作业规范、安全防范、个人安全工器具正确使用等方面的培训，共有130多名学员参加学习，并取得高压电工合格上岗证，为达到桂东电力生产入网作业100%持证上岗做了一些有益的工作。
受公司领导委派前往广西水利电业集团授课，近千名学员聆听本人授课，并将上课内容制成DVD碟，作为典型教材在全广西发行并予以播放，得到有关领导的首肯。
四、其他方面
在做好本职工作的同时，经常到市、县级政府协调输电沿线存在的防护区内清障的各种工作，大凡棘手问题，本人都能主动到现场，或利用手机对话等形式，多次解决一些有 争议的工作协调问题，公司领导和两供电所也多次邀请本人前往处理一些较复杂的工作事宜。
经常利用印发宣传资料、红头文件等形式处理输电沿线存在的诸多问题，受到各级领导和员工好评。
为了搞好输电沿线安全与保卫工作，本人代公司提议和起草“要求市人民政府下发建设输电沿线设施保护区绿色通道”文件，为营造桂东电网安全和谐的供电氛围，做了一些有益促成和相关工作，目前，市政府经过充分讨论和论证，已颁发“贺州市人民政府办公室关于印发贺州市电力建设绿色通道实施颁发的通知”文件，是继贺州市电力设施保护通告下发后的又一个新法规，使电力企业在今后的电力建设申请工作、保护区域的违章清障等有一部完整的地方性电力法规。
本人在有限的工作时段上做了一些自己应做的工作，但随着年纪的增大，工作似乎力不从心，在一些工作上缺乏朝气，深入生产一线指导工作的机会有所减少，为了桂东电网做大做强，我一定倍加努力工作，在有限的时间做出更多、更好、更大的贡献，要发扬成绩，纠正不足，以利再战。
第五篇：房产测量总结
房产测量总结
1、房产测量是指采集和表述房屋和房屋用地的有关信息，为房产产权、产籍管理、房地产开发利用、交易、征收税费，以及为城镇规划建设提供数据和资料。其运用测绘技术和手段，按照国家有关的法律法规，执行国家房产测量规范和有关技术标准、规定。
2、房产测绘是一种政策性很强的专业测绘，通常也称为法定测绘。
3、房产测量技术流程： ①测量工程项目受理
②签定合同（一般由测绘大队等政府部门组织委托测绘，事前需要申请）③外业实地测量
④内业电脑绘图，面积分摊计算 ⑤质量检查、验收、收费
⑥向客户提交成果及技术报告、入档 图示如下：
4、房产测绘与普通测绘的区别： ①房产测绘工作分为两大项：
⑴建立房产测量平面控制网和测绘房产分幅平面图。（基础测绘）(2)测绘房产分丘、分户平面图及相关图、表、册、簿、数据等。（项目测绘）②主要区别：
⑴比例尺的确定不同:房产分幅图规定为1：500或1：1000；分丘、分户图不规定比例尺，而是根据实际情况确定。
(2)测绘内容上的区别:房产测绘不仅确定地物相关的位置，而且包括与其权属有关的要素。
(3)测绘成果效力不同:房产测绘成果经房产管理部门登记、入档后，即具有法律效力，不得随意修改。
(4)测绘成果产品不同:房产测绘成果形式有图、表、册、簿、数据等。(5)精度要求不同:界址点精度及房屋面积测量的精度要求高。(6)修测、补测、变更测量及时:保证房产测绘成果的现势性(7)房产测绘人员既懂测绘、更懂房地产
5、房产测量的目的和任务：
房产测量的目的和任务就是采集和表述房屋以及房屋用地的有关信息，为房地产管理，尤其是为房屋的产权、产籍管理提供准确可靠的成果资料。同时也为房地产开发、征收税费、城镇规划建设以及市政工程等提供数据和资料。
6、房产测量的基本内容：
房产测量的基本内容包括以下七个方面：房产平面控制测量，房产调查，房产要素测量，房产图绘制、房产面积测算、变更测量、成果资料的检查与验收。
7、房产测量的成果：
①房产簿册，包括：房产调查表；房屋用地调查表；有关产权状况的调查资料；证明及协议文件。
②房产数据集，包括：房产平面控制点成果；界址点成果；房角点成果；高程点成果；面积测算成果。③房产图集，包括：房产分幅平面图；房产分丘平面图；房屋分层分户图；房产证附图；房屋测量草图；房屋用地测量草图。
8、房产测量的基本精度要求: ①房产测量的精度指标与限差；
②房产平面控制测量的基本精度要求；
③房产分幅平面图与房产要素测量的精度； ④房产界址点、房角点的精度。
9、房产测绘应遵循的法律、法规、管理办法有哪些？
《中华人民共和国测绘法》、《房产测绘管理办法》、《山东省实施〈房产测量管理办法〉细则》（省建设厅、省国土资源厅联合印发）、《房产测量规范》（2000版国家标准）。
10、房产测绘的特点：测图比例尺大；测绘内容较多；房产测绘成果具有法律效力；精度要求高；修测、补测及时。
11、房产平面控制测量的目的和作用: ①目的：是建立一个高精度的、有一定密度的、能长期保存使用的、稳定的房产平面控制网。为整个房产测量工作 提供一个准确的控制框架和定位基准，并控制误差的累积。②作用：⑴为房产图的测绘提供测图控制和起算数据。
⑵为房产测绘的变更与修测提供起算数据。
12、房产平面控制网的布设原则与基本要求：
①布设原则：“从整体到局部、从高级到低级、分级布设的原则，也可越级布网”。②基本要求：
⑴要求控制点间有较高的相对精度
⑵要求房产平面控制点有相当的分布密度
⑶要求能长期保存使用，房产平面控制网点都应该埋设永久性固定标志。⑷要求房产平面控制网点的坐标能保持较长时间的稳定，不要经常变化。
13、房地产平面控制网布设的一般过程：
①了解控制测量的目的和收集资料 ；②确定布网方案；③编写技术设计说明书；④造标埋石；⑤外业观测；⑥内业计算；⑦编写技术总结。
14、房产平面控制测量的主要方法：导线测量、GPS定位测量、三边测量和三角测量。
15、房地产调查的意义与内容： ①意义：⑴房地产调查是房地产测绘的重要工作之一，通过实地的详细调查，获得房屋及
其用地情况的真实可靠的第一手资料。
(2)房地产测量中一项工作量很大的基础工作。调查内容很多，一般分为房屋调查
与房屋用地调查，其中包括每个权属单元的位置、权界、权属、数量和利用状
况等基本情况，以及地理名称和行政境界等。
②内容：⑴房地产坐落调查；(2)房屋用地权属界即丘界的调查；(3)房地产权属状况调查；
(4)房产权界状况调查；(5)房屋状况调查；(6)地理名称和行政境界调查。
16、房地产调查的方法：
①初始测量调查：初始测量的调查资料来源有二。②变更测量调查：变更测量的调查采用“先阅后查”的办法进行。
17、房屋用地单元的划分与编号：
①丘与丘号：丘是指地表上一块有界空间的地块。一个地块只属一个产权单元的称“独立丘”，一个地块属于几个产权单元的称“组合丘”。
②丘的划分：有固定界标的按固定界标划分，没有固定界标的按自然界线划分。
③丘的编号：丘的编号按市、市辖区（县）、房产区、房产分区、丘五级编号。
18、房产区与房产分区: ①房产区：房产区应在市辖区或县（旗）或县级市的范围内统一编号，避免重号，保证代码的唯一性。
②房产分区：房产分区以房产区为单元划分，可按自然界线，依街坊或依居民点，或依大的机关、企事业单位划分，房产分区也应构成连续成片的几何图形。
19、房屋调查的内容：
①房屋坐落的调查； ⑴房屋坐落是指房屋所在街道的名称和门牌号。②房屋产权人、产权性质、产别和权源的调查；
⑴房屋产权人是指房屋所有权人的姓名，若是单位或部门所有，产权人是单位或部门的全称。
(2)房屋产权性质是指按照我国社会主义经济三种基本所有制的形式，对房屋产权人占有的房屋进行所有制分类。即：全民所有制房屋所有权、集体所有制房屋所有权、私人房屋所有权。
③⑴房屋层数是指房屋自然层次的总层数。
[计算房屋层数，一般从房屋室外地坪以上的楼层 起算，对于按自然地形起伏变化竖向设计建造的 房屋，从首层室外地坪以上起算。](2)层次是本权属单元的房屋在该幢楼房中的第几 层。
⑶房屋的建筑结构是指根据房屋的梁、柱、墙等 主要承重构件的建筑材料划分的类别。
⑷建成年份是指实际竣工年份。拆除翻建的，应
以翻建竣工年份为准。④房屋用途、占地面积、建筑面积的调查;⑴房屋用途是指房屋的目前实际用途。房屋用途分类标准按《房产测量规范》附录A中的A6执行。
(2)是指该栋房屋在规划设计中相关主管部门批准的定位红线内的面积，它是城市规划及产权产籍管理中确定房屋是否合法的一项重要指标。应从房屋批件资料中收集获得。
⑶房屋的建筑面积是指该房屋在规划设计中相关主管部门批准修建的房屋建筑面积，其值根据规划设计资料估算得出，调查时从房屋批建资料中收集。
⑤墙体归属，产权纠纷和他项权利记录；
⑴墙体归属主要是指墙体投影面积的产权归属。墙体归属以权属单元为单位调查。墙体的归属根据具体情况可划分为自有墙、共有墙和借墙三种。
(2)他项权利指房屋所有权上设置有其他的权利。种类有典权、抵押权等。⑥填写房屋调查示意表并绘制房屋权界示意图； 20、房产要素测量： ①界址测量：⑴界址点坐标的测量 ；(2)丘界线测量；
界址测量是指对界址点和界址线所进行的测量，最主要就是测定出界址点的坐标。②境界测量
③房屋及其附属设施测量：⑴房屋的测量（房屋按外墙勒脚以上墙角为准，依水平投影进行测量。）；(2)房屋附属设施的测量；⑶房角点测量（房角点的测量，指对建筑物角点测量，与界址点的测量相同，房角点的类别代码为4）⑷独立地物测量（对于独立地物的测量，应根据地物的几何图形测定出定位点的位置）。
④陆地交通、水域测量：⑴铁路、道路、桥梁的测绘；(2)水域的测绘。
21、房产界址点：简称界址点或拐点，即是房屋用地界线的转折点处设置的界桩点。
22、界址点精度：《房产测量规范》中规定，房产界址点的精度分三级，各级界址点相对于邻近控制点的点位误差和间距超过50cm的相邻界址点间的间距误差不超过表1的规定。
23、界址点的埋设及标志种类：
界址点的位置，应在权属调查确定界址线的同时通过规定的法定程序标定。所有界址点均应埋设标志，并记载标石类型和方位。
24、界址点的编号：
界址点的编号是以高斯-克吕格的整公里格网为编号区，每个编号区的代码以该公里格网西南角的横纵坐标公里值表示。点的编号在一个编号区内从1至99999连续顺编。
点的完整编号由编号区代码、点的类别代码、点的编号三部分组成，编号形式如下： ××××××××× × ×××××
编号区代码（9位）点的类别代码（1位）点的编号（5位）例：375384662 3 00028 点的完整编号为***
25、界址点、建筑物角点的测量方法：界址点测量应从邻近基本控制点或高级界址点起算，以极坐标法、支导线法或正交法等野外解析法测定，也可在全野外数据采集时和其他房地产要素同时测定。
26、房产要素测量方法：
房产要素测量的方法主要包括野外解析法测量、航空摄影测量、全野外数据采集法测量。① 野外解析法测量：
野外解析法测量指利用极坐标法、正交法或线交会法等方法，在野外对房产要素进行采集，画好草图，内业通过计算机处理编辑成图。
但不论使用何种方法，必须要保证所测各点相对于房产平面控制点的点位中误差不超过±0.05m，最大限差为±0.10m。
② 航空摄影测量
航空摄影测量指借助精密立体测图仪、解析测图仪、精密立体坐标量测仪等仪器，在室内对房产要素进行测绘，然后拿原图到野外进行地物要素的补调或补测，最后得到符合规范的房产图而进行的测量。
③全野外数据采集
全野外数据采集指利用全站仪、半站仪、电子平板、电子记簿等设备在野外进行数据采集，5通过计算机屏幕编辑，得到数字图形。观测时，水平角和竖直角读至1′，测距读至1mm；最大距离一般不超过200m，施测困难地区可以适当放宽，但对超过100m时，水平角读至0.1′。
野外作业过程中应绘制测量草图，草图上的点号和输入记录的点号应一一对应。
27、房产测量是采集和表述房屋和房屋用地有关信息的一门技术。
①采集：是指采用测绘科学技术，按照房产管理的要求和需要，对房屋和房屋用地的有关信息进行调查和测量。
②表述：是指对房屋和房屋用地的几何、地理、物理特性，用数字、文字符号、影像进行描述，供产权人和有关人士使用。
③ 房屋和房屋用地：房屋必须占用土地，房屋和房屋用地习惯称房地产。房屋和土地是不可移动、价值巨大的、经久耐用的个人财产和社会财产。
28、房屋：
①房屋：是指具有承重柱（墙），有上盖及维护墙（柱）体，以钢、钢筋混凝土或钢筋混凝土、砖、石、木等材料建造的供人们生产（经营）、生活或储存货物的建筑物。
②包括：主体房屋、房屋附属设施和房屋围护物。
④ 构成房屋的条件：应具有上盖；应有围护物； 结构牢固，属永久性的建筑物； 层高在
2.20m或2.20m以上；可作为人民生产或生活的场所。
⑤ 屋的分类：房屋的分类有很多种，概括起来有以下几种。⑴按房屋单位的使用性质分类；
⑵按房屋的结构分类；⑶按房屋层数分类；⑷其他分类。⑥ 房屋的用途：一般分为设计用途和实际用途。
29、主体房屋：包括一般房屋、架空房屋、窑洞、地下室等建筑物；房屋附属设施包括廊（有柱走廊、檐廊、挑廊、门廊、架空通廊）、阳台（封闭阳台、不封闭阳台）、门（门、门斗门墩、门顶）、室外楼梯、台阶等；房屋围护物包括围墙、栅栏、篱笆、铁丝网等。
30、房屋用地：是指房屋占地和生产生活所用土地的总称。包括房屋占地面积、院落面积，还包括房屋附属设施和房屋围护物所占的面积。
31、房产面积测绘名词：
①房屋面积测绘：房屋各层水平投影面积的测量与计算。
②房屋的建筑面积：房屋外墙（柱）勒脚以上各层的外围水平投影面积，包括阳台、挑廊、地下室、室外楼梯等，且具备有有上盖，结构牢固，层高在2.20米以上（含2.20米，以下同）的永久性建筑。
③房屋的套内建筑面积（由以下三部分组成）：
⑴套内使用面积：为套内房屋使用空间的净面积，按水平投影面积计算。一般根据内墙面之间的水平距离计算，内墙面的装饰厚度应计入使用面积。
(2)套内墙体面积：套内使用空间周围的维护或承重墙体，有共用墙及非共用墙两种。套之间的分隔墙：套与公共建筑之间的分隔墙以及外墙（包括山墙）均为共用墙，共用墙墙体水平投影面积一半计入套内墙体面积。
⑶阳台建筑面积：按阳台底板水平投影面积计算，封闭的全部计算建筑面积，不封闭的计算一半建筑面积，没有顶盖的阳台不计算建筑面积。
④房屋的共有建筑面积（由两部分组成）61）本幢楼内共有的电梯井、管道井、楼梯间、垃圾道、变电室、设备间、公共门厅、过道、地下室、值班警卫室等；以及为整幢服务的公共用房和管理用房的建筑面积；
（2）套（单元）与公共建筑之间的分隔墙，以及外墙（包括山墙）墙体水平投影面积一半的建筑面积。
⑤房屋的产权面积：产权人依法拥有房屋所有权的房屋建筑面积。
⑥建筑预测面积：据经市政府行政主管部门核准的建筑施工图所进行的房屋建筑面积测绘计算，出具的建筑面积为预售面积。
⑦ 建筑竣工面积 ：竣工房屋的现状和经市政府行政主管部门核准的建筑施工图所进行的房屋建筑面积测绘计算，出具的建筑面积为竣工面积。
32、《实施细则》有关术语：
①幢：幢是指一座独立的，包括不同结构和不同层次的房屋。②房产：房屋产权的简称。
33、房屋建筑面积测算规则：
①计算建筑面积的房屋原则上应具备的条件：应具有上盖；应有围护物； 结构牢固，属永久性的建筑物； 层高在2.20m或2.20m以上；可作为人民生产或生活的场所；具有明确的归属；建筑物的构成具有合法性。
②计算全部建筑面积的范围：
a.永久性结构的单层房屋，按一层计算建筑面积；多层房屋按各层建筑面积的总和计算。b．房屋内的夹层、插层、技术层、及其梯间、电梯间等其高度在2．20m以上部位计算建筑面积。
c．穿过房屋的通道，房屋内的门厅、大厅，均按一层计算面积。门厅、大厅内的回廊部分，层高在2．20m以上的，按其水平投影计算面积。
d．楼梯间、电梯(观光梯)井、提物井、垃圾道、管道井等均按房屋自然层计算。
e．房屋天面上，属永久性建筑，层高在2．20m以上的楼梯间、水箱间、电梯机房及斜面结构屋顶高度在2．20m以上的部位，按其外围水平投影面积计算。
f.挑楼，全封闭的阳台按其外围水平投影面积计算。
g．属永久性结构有上盖的室外楼梯，按各层水平投影面积计算。
h.与房屋相连的有柱走廊，两房屋间有上盖和柱的走廊，均按其柱外围水平投影面积计算。i．房屋间永久性的封闭的架空通廊，按外围水平投影面积计算。
j．地下室、半地下室及其相应出入口，层高在2．20m以上，按其外墙(不包括采光井、防潮层及保护墙)外围水平面积计算。
k．有柱或有围护结构的门廊、门斗，按其柱或围护结构的外围水平投影面积计算。
1．玻璃幕墙等作为房屋外墙的，按其外围水平投影面积计算。
m.属永久性建筑有柱的车棚、货棚等按其柱外围水平投影面积计算。n．依坡地建筑的房屋，利用吊脚做架空层，有围护结构的,按其高度在2.20m以上部位的外围水平面积计算。
o．有伸缩缝的房屋，若其与室内相通的，伸缩缝面积计算建筑面积。③计算一半建筑面积的范围： a．与房屋相连有上盖无柱的走廊、檐廊，按其围护结构外围水平投影面积的一半计算。b．独立柱、单排柱的门廊、车棚、货棚等属永久性建筑的，按其上盖水平投影面积的一半计算。
c．未封闭的阳台、挑廊，按其围护结构外围水平投影面积的一半计算。7d．无顶盖的室外楼梯按各层水平投影面积的一半计算。
e．有顶盖不封闭的永久性的架空通廊，按外围水平投影面积的一半计算。④不计算房屋面积的范围：
a．层高小于2.20m以下的夹层、插层、技术层和层高小于2．20m的地下室和半地下室等。b．突出房屋墙面的构件、配件、装饰柱、装饰性的玻璃幕墙、垛、勒脚、台阶、无柱雨篷等。
c．房屋之间无上盖的架空通廊。
d．房屋的天面、挑台、天面上的花园、泳池。
e．建筑物内的操作平台、上料平台及利用建筑物的空间安置箱、罐的平台。f.骑楼、骑街楼的底层用作道路街巷通行的部分。
s．利用引桥、高架路、高架桥、路面作为顶盖建造的房屋。h．活动房屋、临时房屋、简易房屋。
i．独立烟囱、亭、塔、罐、池、地下人防干、支线。j．与房屋室内不相通的房屋间伸缩缝。
34、面积测算的方法与精度：
①坐标解析法：坐标解析法是根据房屋用地界址点或丘边界点的坐标计算房屋用地面积或丘的面积，也包括利用房角点的坐标计算房屋面积的方法。
②实地量距法：实地量距法是在实地使用仪器如全站仪、测距仪或卷尺丈量图形的边长计算出图形的面积。实地量距法是目前房地产测量中最普遍的面积测算方法。
③图解法。
35、房屋共有建筑面积的分摊：
①房屋的共有建筑面积（由两部分组成）：具体见
31、④。②共有面积的分摊原则：
（1）产权各方有合法权属分割文件或协议的，按文件或协议规定执行分摊。(2)无产权分割文件或协议的，或产权分割文件、协议不合法的，可按相关房屋的建筑面积按比例进行分摊。
共有建筑面积分摊以幢为单位进行，分摊的共有建筑面积为本幢内的共有建筑面积。共有建筑面积按比例分摊的计算公式：δSi = K×Si
• 上式中 K＝∑δSi/∑Si • 式中：
• K—共有建筑面积分摊系数；
• Si—各产权单元自有建筑面积，m2 • δSi—各产权单元应分摊的分摊面积，m2 • ∑δSi—需要分摊的分摊面积总和，即共有建筑面积，m2 • ∑Si—参加分摊的各产权单元自有建筑面积总和，m236、37、房产图的分类： 按房产管理需要，分为房产分幅平面图、房产分丘平面图和房产分户平面图。
38、房产图的作用： ①房产分幅图的作用
房产分幅图是全面反映房屋及其用地的位置和权属等状况的基本图。是测绘分丘图和分户图的基础资料。房产分幅图以幅绘制。
② 房产分丘图的作用
房产分丘图是分幅图的局部图，是反映本丘内所有范围及其用地情况、权界位置、界址点、房角点；房屋建筑面积、用地面积、四至关系、权利状态等各项房地产要素，是绘制房屋产权证附图的基本图。房产分丘图以丘为单位绘制。
③ 房产分户图的作用
房产分户图是在分丘图基础上绘制的细部图，以一户产权人为单位，表示房屋权属范围的细部图，以明确异产毗连房屋的权利界线供核发房屋所有权证的附图使用。
④ 房产测量草图的作用
39、房产图测绘内容
①房产分幅图测绘内容与要求
测量对象：控制点；线；房屋；房屋附属设施；围护物；房产要素和房产编号；地形要素；地理名称注记。
②房产分丘图测绘内容与要求
分丘图上除表示分幅图的内容外，还应表示房屋权界线、界址点点号、窑洞使用范围、挑廊、阳台、建成年份、用地面积、建筑面积、墙体归属和四至关系等各项房地产要素。③房产分户图测绘内容和要求
分户图表示的内容包括房屋权界线、四面墙体和归属和楼梯、走道等部位以及门牌号、所在层次、户号、室号、房屋建筑面积和房屋边长等。
④房产分幅图测量草图的内容和要求
40、房产图的成图方法：平板仪测量成图；编绘法成图；数字成图。
41、房屋变更测量是指房屋发生买卖、交换、继承、分析（割）、新建、改建、扩建、重建、拆除、改制等涉及权界调整和面积增减变化而进行的更新测量。
42、房产变更测量的内容: ①现状变更测量内容
⑴房屋的新建、拆迁、改建、扩建、房屋建筑结构、层次的变化；(2)房屋的损坏与灭失，包括全部拆除或部分拆除、倒塌和烧毁；
（3）围墙、栅栏、篱笆、铁丝网等围护物以及房屋附属设施的变化；
（4）道路、广场、河流的拓宽，改造，河、湖、沟渠、水塘等边界的变化；（5）地名、门牌号的更改；
（6）房屋及其用地分类面积增减变化。②权属变更测量内容
（1）服务买卖、交换、继承、分割、赠与、兼并等引起的权属的转移；（2）土地使用权的调整，包括合并、分割、塌没和截弯取直；（3）征拨、出让、转让土地而引起的土地权属界线的变化；（4）他项权利范围的变化和注销。
43、房产变更测量的方法: ①现状变更的方法
根据房地产变更范围的大小和房地产平面图上现有平面控制点的分布情况，采用不同的测量方法。
②权属变更测量的方法
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