第一篇：初中英语语法总结
1.agree with sb 赞成某人2.all kinds of 各种各样3.all over the world = the whole world 整个 世界4.along with同……一道，伴随…… 5.As soon as 一....就....6.Askfor ……求助 向…要… 7.ask sb for sth 向某人什么8.ask sb to do sth 询问某人某事 ask sb not to do 叫某人不要做某事9.at the age of 在……岁时10.at the beginning of …… ……的起初；……的开始11.at the end of +地点/+时间 最后；尽头；末尾12.be able to(+ v 原)= can(+ v 原）能够…be able to do sth 13.be afraid to do(of sth 恐惧，害怕… 14.be allowed to do 被允许做什么15.be angry with sb 生某人的气be angry with(at)sb for doing sth 为什么而生某人的气16.be as…原级…as 和什么一样 eg : She is as tall as me 她和我一样高17.be born 出生于18.be busy doing sth 忙于做什么事 be busy with sth 忙于……19.be different from…… 和什么不一样20.be famous for 以……著名21.be from = come from 来自He is from Bejing.He comes from BejingIs he from Bejing ?Does he come from Bejing ?22.be full of 装满……的 be filled with 充满The glass is full of water.The glass is filled with water23.be good at(+doing)= do well in 在某方面善长, 善于……24.be interested in 对某方面感兴趣25.be made from 由……制成(制成以后看不见原材料)be made of 由……制成(制成以后还看得见原材料)26.the same as … 和什么一样27.be used to doing sth习惯做某事28.because+句子because of +短语
29.begin to do = start to do 开始做某事30.borrow sth from sb 向……借……lend sth to sb /lend sb sth 借给……什么东西31.catch up with sb 赶上某人32.come in 进come over to 过来come up with 提出 33.communicate with sb 和某人交流34.consider + doing 考虑做什么eg : Why not consider going to lu zhou 为什么不考虑去泸州？ 35.decide to do sth 决定做某事36.expect to do sth 期待做某事37.fall down 摔下来 fall off 从哪摔下来38.find sb/sth +adj 发现什么怎么样eg : I find the book interesting39.finish 完成+doing（名词）40.get /have sth down 做完，被（别人）做…eg: I have my hair cut 我理了发(头发被剪了）Tom got his bad tooth pulled out 汤母把他的坏牙拔掉了（被牙医拔掉了）41.get on well with sb 与某人相处得好get along with sb = get on with sb 与某人相处42.get ready for = be ready for为什么而准备 43.have been to …(地方）……去过某过地方have gone to …（地方）去了某地还没回来44.have trouble(problem)(in)doing sth 做什么事情有麻烦45.help sb with sth 帮助某人某事（某方面）help sb(to)do sth 帮助某人做某事46.if : 是否＝wethereg: I don't know if(wether)I should go to the party 我不知道我是否应该去参加晚会He don't know if(wether)we will arrive on time tomorrow morning 他不知道我们明天早上是否能准时到达if :如果，假如（全部接一般时态）＋条件语态从句eg: I'll go to LuZhou if it does't rain 假如明天不下雨，我就去泸州If they change the plan they will let me know 假如他们要改变计划，他们会让我知道的I'll go to England ,if I have
enough money next year 如果我明年由足够的钱，我就要去英国47.in one's opinion某人认为48.in some ways 在某些方面49.in the end = finally(adv)最后50.in the north of 在...的北方（north 北 sowth 南 west 西 east 东）51.instead of +（名）代替eg: I'd like an apple instead of a pear 我想要苹果，而不要梨子I like English instead of math 我喜欢英语而不喜欢数学 52.introduce sb to sb 介绍某人给某人 introduce oneself 自我介绍 53.invite sb to do sth 邀请某人做某事54.It takes sb sometime to do sth 做某人花掉某人多少时间55.It's +adj +(for sb)to do sth 对某人来说做某事怎么样56.It's time to do sth It's time for sth 到了该去做某事的时间eg : It's time to have class It's time for class 该去上课了57.join = take part in 参加58.key to +名词 表示：某物的钥匙或某题的答案59.laugh at… 取笑……60.learn to do sth 学做某事61.look after = take care of 照顾 照看62.make a decision to do sth 决定做某事63.make sb /sth +adj 使某人（某物）怎么样eg : You must made your bed clean64.Be make up be made up of(被动语态）由……组成65.not…at all 一点都不66.not…until 直到……才……eg: I didn't sleep until my mother came back The child didn't stop crying until I give her sugar67.offer / provide sb with sth 给某人提供offer sb sth(offer sth to sb 提供什么东西给某人eg : I offer you waterI offer water to you 我给你提供水68.on one's way to… 在谁去那的路上 69.on the one hand 一方面 on the other hand 另一方面70.on time 准时 in time 及时
71.one of +可数名词的复数形式72.one to another 一个到另一个73.practice +doing 练习做某事74.prefer sth to sth 相对……更喜欢……eg : I prefer physics to chemisty 在物理和化学中，我更喜欢物理 75.prefer doing to sth 更喜欢去做…不愿意去做…eg: He prefers riding a bike to diving 他更喜欢骑自行车，不开小车76.prefer to do sth rather than do sth 宁愿做…也不愿eg: My unde prefers to buy a now car rather than repaiv the used one 我叔叔更喜欢买新的车，也不去修旧车77.rather…than 宁可……也不……eg : I would rather be a doctor than a teacher 我愿肯当医生，也不当老师78.return sth to sb 还什么东西给某人79.sb spend somemoney(sometime)on sth 花了多少钱(时间)在某事上80.sb spend sometime(in)doing sth 花了多少时间做某事81.show sb sth= show sth to sb 向某人展示某物eg : I show her the book.eg: Show me your pen Show your pen to me82.start…with…=begin…with… 从……开始83.stop doing 停下正在做的事84.stop to do 停下正在做的事去做下一件事85.stop sb from doing sth 阻止某人做某事86.① talk to 对谁说eg : I talk to you② talk with 和谁说eg : I talk with him③ talk of 谈到eg : we talked of you④ talk about 谈论关于……⑤talk with sb 和某人说话87.teach sb sth 教某人做某事88.tell sb do/not to do sth 告诉某人做/不做某事89.too…to… 太怎样而不能……adj +enough to 足够…能…So…that +丛句eg: He is too young to go to school = He is so young that he can't go to schoolHe is old enough to go to school
＝ He is so old that he can go to school90.transalte …into… 把什么翻译成什么eg : Trasalte English into chinese91.try one's best to do sth尽某人最大的努力去做某事 eg: I will try my best to learn English well92.try to do sth 想干什么，但没成功 try doing sth 想干什么，已经做过了eg ：He tried to climb 他想爬上去，但没成功He tried climbing 他想爬上去，已经做过了93.turn down 开小turn up 开大turn off 关上turn on 打开
第二篇：初中英语语法总结
第一讲
1(see、hear、notice、find、feel、listen to、look at(感官动词)+do eg:I like watching monkeys jump（比较级 and 比较级）表示越来越怎么样 a piece of cake =easy 小菜一碟（容易）agree with sb 赞成某人
all kinds of 各种各样 a kind of 一样
all over the world = the whole world 整个 世界 along with同……一道，伴随…… eg : the students planted trees along with their teachers 学生同老师们一起种树 As soon as 一怎么样就怎么样 as you can see 你是知道的
ask for ……求助 向…要…（直接接想要的东西）eg : ask you for my book
ask sb for sth 向某人什么
ask sb to do sth 询问某人某事 ask sb not to do 叫某人不要做某事
at the age of 在……岁时 eg：I am sixteen I am at the age of sixteen
at the beginning of …… ……的起初；……的开始 at the end of +地点/+时间 最后；尽头；末尾 eg : At the end of the day
at this time of year 在每年的这个时候
初中英语语法复习（2）be /feel confident of sth /that clause +从句 感觉/对什么有信心，自信 eg : I am / feel confident of my spoken English I feel that I can pass the test be + doing 表：1 现在进行时 2 将来时 be able to(+ v 原)= can(+ v 原）能够…… eg : She is able to sing She can sing be able to do sth 能够干什么 eg :she is able to sing 21 be afraid to do(of sth 恐惧，害怕…… eg : I'm afraed to go out at night I'm afraid of dog be allowed to do 被允许做什么 eg: I'm allowed to watch TV 我被允许看电视 I should be allowed to watch TV 我应该被允许看电视 be angry with sb 生某人的气 eg : Don't be angry with me 24 be angry with(at)sb for doing sth 为什么而生某人的气 25 be as…原级…as 和什么一样 eg : She is as tall as me 她和我一样高 be ashamed to 不好意思… 27 be away from 远离 28 be away from 从……离开 be bad for 对什么有害 eg : Reading books in the sun is bad for your eyes 在太阳下看书对你的眼睛不好 30 be born 出生于
初中英语语法复习（3）B．情感型使动词：
情感型使动词表示客观事物使人产生情感上的变化，可以分为下列概念：（1）惊讶（surprise）；（2）高兴（delight）；（3）恼怒（irritation）；（4）烦扰（trouble）；（5）兴趣（interest）；（6）激动（excitement）；（7）迷惑（bewilderment）；（8）坚信（conviction）；（9）恐吓（fright）；（10）厌倦（tiredness）和（ll）愤怒（anger）。这类动词用于被动语态时，要注意前置词的用法。分述如下：（1）惊讶：
表示“惊讶”概念的情感型使动词，主要有surprise，astonish，astound，amaze，startle，stun，dumbfound，shock等，例如： 78）a．The taste surprised him，it was not as he'd imagined． b．The taste made him surprised，it was not as he'd imagined． c．He was surprised by the taste，it was not as he'd imagined．（这味道使他大出意外，那完全不是他原先想的那样。）79）a．The news astonished everybody． b．The news made everybody astonished． c．Everybody was astonished at the news．（这个消息使大家感到惊奇。）
80）a．Sherlock Holmes astounded Dr Watson with his accurate analysis．
b．Sherlock Holmes made Dr Watson astounded with his accurate analysis．
c．Dr Watson was astounded by Sherlock Holmes with his accurate analysis．
（夏洛克·福尔摩斯精确的分析使华生医生感到惊奇。）81）a．Their performance amazed me． b．I was amazed at／by their performance．（他们的演出使我惊奇。）
82）a．The explosion startled me out of my sleep． b．I was startled out of my sleep by the explosion．（爆炸声使我从睡梦中惊醒。）
83）a．The unfairness of their judgment stunned me． b．I was stunned by the unfairness of their judgment．（他们判决的不公正使我为之震惊。）
84）a．The strange news completely dumb-founded me． b．I was completely dumbfounded at／by the strange news．（这个奇怪的消息完全把我惊呆了。）
85）a．The news of her death greatly shocked me． b．I was greatly shocked at the news of her death．（她的死讯使我大为震惊。）初中英语语法复习（4）B．情感型使动词：(2)
（2）高兴：
表示“高兴”概念的情感型使动词，主要有delight，please，statisfy，amuse等，例如： 86）a．Her singing delighted us． b．Her singing made us delighted． c．We were delighted at her singing．（她的歌声使我们欢乐。）87）a．His work pleased me． b．His work made me pleased． c．I was pleased with his work．（他的工作使我高兴。）
88）a．The result completely satisfied most of the people． b．Most of the people were completely satisfied with the result．（这个结果使大多数人完全满意。）
89）a．The old man's jokes amused the children． b．The children were amused at／by the old man's jokes．（老人讲的笑话逗得孩子们都笑起来。）（3）恼怒：
表示“恼怒”概念的情感型使动词，主要有annoy，irritate，vex，displease等，例如：
90）a． What he said annoyed me． b．What be said made me annoyed． c．I was annoyed by what he said．（他的话使我恼怒。）91）a． His delay irritated us． b．His delay made us irritated． c．We were irritated by his delay．（他的拖延激怒了我们。）
92）a．The boy's bad behaviour vexed his mother． b．The boy's mother was vexed by his bad behaviour．（这男孩子的恶劣行为使他母亲生气。）93）a．Her levity displeased him． b． He was displeased at／with her levity．（她的轻浮使他感到不快。）
初中英语语法复习（5）
be interested in 对某方面感兴趣
be late for = come late to 迟到 eg: Be late for class 上课迟到
be like 像…… eg : I'm like my mother 49 be mad at 生某人的气
be made from 由……制成(制成以后看不见原材料)51 be made of 由……制成(制成以后还看得见原材料)52 be not sure 表不确定 53 be on a visit to 参观
be popular with sb 受某人欢迎 55 be quiet 安静
be short for 是…的缩写 eg: 陶 is short for 陶俊杰 57 be sick in bed 生病在床
be sorry to do sth / be sorry for sb eg : I am sorry for you 很遗憾做…/ 对某人感到抱歉
be sorry to hear that 很遗憾听到…
be sorry to trouble sb eg : I am sorry to trouble you 很抱歉打扰某人
初中英语语法复习（6）
be strict in doing sth 严于做某事 eg : He's strict in obeying noles
be strict with sb 对某人要求严格 eg: Some students are not strict with them selves 这些学生对自己不严格 63 be strict with sb in sth 某方面对某人严格 64 be supposed to do 被要求干什么 65 be sure 表确定 66 be sure of doing sth 对做某事有信心 eg: He is sure of winning I am sure of learning English well
be sure of sth 对做某事有信心 eg: I'm sure of my head(my teacher 我相信我的大脑（老师）
be sure that sth 对做某事有信心 eg: I'm suer that he can pass the test 我相信他能通过考试
be sure to do sth一定会做某事eg: We are sure to pass the test 我们一定会通过这次考试 We are sure to learn English well 我们一定能学好英语
be terrified of + 名/动doing 害怕…… 71 be terrified to do sth 害怕做某事 72 be the same as … 和什么一样
be used to doing sth习惯做某事 eg: My father is used to getting up early 我爸爸习惯早He is used to sleeping in class 他习惯上课睡觉
be worth doing 值得做什么
be(feel)afraid to do sth 害怕做某事be afraid of sth 害怕某物 be afraid that 丛句
第二讲
（一）形容词，副词比较级和最高级的构成。
（二）比较级用法：
1.同级比较时（a=b），用“as +形容词，副词原级+as”，表
示„„和„„一样
This newspaper is as expensive as that one.Today is as cold as yesterday.They have as many things to do as we do.2.如果a=b,用not as/so „as , 表示。。不及。。
Your bag is not as/so big as his.There is not as/so much rain this year as last year.It is not as/so cold in Nanjing as in Beijing.3.两个人或事物进行比较，a>b 或a （1）比较级+and+比较级，表示越来越。。The weather is getting warmer and warmer.I believe our country will become stronger and stronger.（2）the+比较级„„，the +比较级„„表示越„„就越„„ The more you read and listen to English, the fewer you make mistakes.The harder you work , the better you get.6.表示倍数，百分数和分数的比较级与程度副词一样，要把倍数，百分数和分数放到比较 级前。The road is one third longer than that one.He is 6 years older than you.（三）形容词，副词的最高级： 1.三个或三个以上的人或事物进行比较用最高级。其结构是： the+最高级+范围 Peter is the cleverest boy in our class.Which is the most interesting movie you have seen? Who is the youngest of all the teachers in your school? 2.形容词的最高级前表示‘第几’，用the+序数词+形容词的最高级+名词 Mike was the second tallest basketball player in our school.3.形容词的最高级前有物主代词时，不再加the He showed me his best stamp collection.（四）重点词汇： 1.You can move from one news site to other sites with similar information.similar to sb./sth.We have very similar interests.Gold is similar in color to brass.2.On average, I look at news websites twice as often as TV programs.On average, there are about 10 classes in Grade 1 every year.3.However, some news channels are on TV all day and so, in this way, they are the same as Internet websites.the same as 表示和„„一样，相当于as„as This book is the same as that one.These pens are not the same as the others.4.Websites sometimes have short videos but often these are too large to open.She is too exc ited to speak.You are too young to go to school.5.at any time This is a 24-hour fast food restaurant.You can go there at any time.You can call me at any time.6.at certain times The news is on TV only at certain times, so it is not as recent as the Internet news.7.instead of Could I have chicken instead of pork? （五）课文写作框架： Paragraph1 General introduction Let’s compare two types of news.Paragraph2 Advantages of TV news 1.See and hear real people.2.The pictures and sound are better.3.Someone has already chosen the most important news.Paragraph3 Disadvantages of TV news 1.TV news is not as recent as the Internet news.2.TV news programs have ads.Paragraph 4 Advantages of the Internet news 1.You can see them at any time.2.The news is updated all the time.3.It’s easy to find similar information.4.You can comment or join in a discussion.Paragraph 5 Disadvantages of the Internet news 1.The Internet news is not as personal as TV news.2.The sound and video are not good.3.There are ads on websites.Paragraph 6 Conclusion It’s hard to say which one is better.［课堂练习］ I、选择填空 1.My schoolbag is larger than________.A.she B.her C.hers D.hers’ 2.He's much ________ today, but she is even ________.A.well, worse B.well, better C.better, ill D.better, worse 3.My aunt is very _______, but my uncle is much ________.A.strong, strongest B.strong, stronger C.stronger, stronger D.strong, strong 4.We have ________ rain this year than last year.A.plenty B.much C.plenty of D.more 5.He always makes his radio as _______ as possible.A.louder B.loudly C.loud D.aloud 6.We are glad to see that Shanghai is developing _____ these years than before.A.quickly B.less quickly C.more quickly D.quicker 7.Hello, Mr.Green!I want to see you right now.Can you come as _____ as possible? A.quick B.soon C.late D.can 8.A: Jane, it’s time to go to school.Get up and have breakfast.B: But I am not feeling _____.I don’t feel like eating anything.A.bad B.good C.well 9.It’s ____ to teach a man fishing than to give him fish.A.more B.better C.good D.best 10.Bill jumped _____ than any other player in the sports meeting.A.tall B.taller C.high D.higher II.用所给词的适当形式填空。 1.Where do you get the news about what _________(happen)now in the world? 2.You mustn’t read it.It is a ______________(person)letter.3.Can you find the ____________ between news on TV and news on the Internet?(different)4.You can join in a ____________ on many new sites.(discuss)5.The newspaper is _____________ as expensive as that one.(two)6.He draws even ______________ than his father.(well)7.This text is far _____________________.(interesting)8.News Today does not cover as _______________ as News Time.(much) III.用所给形容词或副词的适当形式填空 1.Which runs________(fast), a cheetah or a kangaroo? 2.Mr.Zhang speaks ________(clear)of all the teachers.3.They did _________(bad)on the test th an the other students.4.Who is ________(good)at playing chess, you or your brother? 5.Who did ________(well)in the competition? 6.After the accident he drove __________(careful)than before.7.She talks ________________(quickly)than her sister.8.Liu Mei sings_________________(beautiful)in our class.9.________(hard)you study, __________(high)mark you will get.10.The day is getting_____ and ____(short).11.He got a cold yesterday and he feels even _____________ today.(bad) 1(see、hear、notice、find、feel、listen to、look at(感官动词)+do eg:I like watching monkeys jump 2（比较级 and 比较级）表示越来越怎么样 3 a piece of cake =easy 小菜一碟（容易）4 agree with sb 赞成某人 all kinds of 各种各样 a kind of 一样 all over the world = the whole world 整个 世界 7 along with同……一道，伴随…… eg : I will go along with you我将和你一起去 the students planted trees along with their teachers 学生同老师们一起种树 8 As soon as 一怎么样就怎么样 9 as you can see 你是知道的 10 ask for ……求助 向…要…（直接接想要的东西）eg : ask you for my book 11 ask sb for sth 向某人什么 ask sb to do sth 询问某人某事 ask sb not to do 叫某人不要做某事 13 at the age of 在……岁时 eg：I am sixteen I am at the age of sixteen 14 at the beginning of …… ……的起初；……的开始 15 at the end of +地点/+时间 最后；尽头；末尾 eg : At the end of the day at this time of year 在每年的这个时候 be /feel confident of sth /that clause +从句 感觉/对什么有信心，自信 eg : I am / feel confident of my spoken English I feel that I can pass the test 18 be + doing 表：1 现在进行时 2 将来时 19 be able to(+ v 原)= can(+ v 原）能够…… eg : She is able to sing She can sing 20 be able to do sth 能够干什么 eg :she is able to sing 21 be afraid to do(of sth 恐惧，害怕…… eg : I'm afraid to go out at night I'm afraid of dog 22 be allowed to do 被允许做什么 eg: I'm allowed to watch TV 我被允许看电视 I should be allowed to watch TV 我应该被允许看电视23 be angry with sb 生某人的气 eg : Don't be angry with me be angry with(at)sb for doing sth 为什么而生某人的气 25 be as…原级…as 和什么一样 eg : She is as tall as me 她和我一样高 26 be ashamed to 27 be away from 远离 28 be away from 从……离开 29 be bad for 对什么有害 eg : Reading books in the sun is bad for your eyes 在太阳下看书对你的眼睛不好 30 be born 出生于 be busy doing sth 忙于做什么事 be busy with sth 忙于…… 32 be careful 当心；小心 本内容归冯闯所有 be different from…… 和什么不一样 34 be famous for 以……著名 35 be friendly to sb 对某人友好 36 be from = come from 来自 eg ：He is from Beijing He comes from Beijing Is he from Beijing ? Does he come from Beijing ? 37 be full of 装满……的 be filled with 充满 eg: the glass is full of water the glass is filled with water 38 be glad+to+do/从句 be going to + v(原）将来时 be good at(+doing)= do well in 在某方面善长, 善于…… 41 be good for 对什么有好处 eg : Reading aloud is good for your English 42 be happy to do 很高兴做某事 43 be helpful to sb 对某人有好处 eg : Reading aloud is helpful to you 大声朗读对你有好处 Exercising is helpful to your body 锻炼对你的身体有好处 44 be in good health 身体健康 45 be in trouble 处于困难中 eg : She is in trouble They are in trouble 46 be interested in 对某方面感兴趣 47 be late for = come late to 迟到 eg: Be late for class 上课迟到 48 be like 像…… eg : I'm like my mother 49 be mad at 生某人的气 be made from 由……制成(制成以后看不见原材料)51 be made of 由……制成(制成以后还看得见原材料)52 be not sure 表不确定 53 be on a visit to 参观 54 be popular with sb 受某人欢迎 55 be quiet 安静 be short for 表**的缩写 eg: 陶 is short for 陶俊杰 57 be sick in bed 生病在床 be sorry to do sth be sorry for sb eg : I am sorry for you 59 be sorry to hear that 60 be sorry to trouble sb eg : I am sorry to trouble you 61 be strict in doing sth 严于做某事 eg : He's strict in obeying noels 62 be strict with sb 对某人要求严格 eg: Some students are not strict with them selves 这些学生对自己不严格 be strict with sb in sth 某方面对某人严格 64 be supposed to do 被要求干什么 65 be sure 表确定 本内容归冯闯所有 be sure of doing sth 对做某事有信心 eg: He is sure of winning I am sure of learning English well 67 be sure of sth 对做某事有信心 eg: I'm sure of my head(my teacher 我相信我的大脑（老师）68 be sure that sth 对做某事有信心 eg: I'm sure that he can pass the test 我相信他能通过考试 be sure to do sth一定会做某事 eg: We are sure to pass the test 我们一定会通过这次考试 We are sure to learn English well 我们一定能学好英语 70 be terrified of + 名/动doing 害怕…… 71 be terrified to do sth 害怕做某事 72 be the same as … 和什么一样 73 be used to doing sth习惯做某事 eg: My father is used to getting up early 我爸爸习惯早 He is used to sleeping in class 他习惯上课睡觉 74 be worth doing 值得做什么 be(feel)afraid to do sth 害怕做某事be afraid of sth 害怕某物 be afraid that 丛句 76 because+句子 because of +短语 eg : He was late because he had a headache He was late because of his headache 77 begin to do = start to do 开始做某事 start…with…=begin…with… 以什么开始什么 eg : Let's begin the game with the song I begin to go home 78 between…and… 两者之间 borrow sth from sb 向……借…… lend sth to sb(lend sb sth 借给……什么东西 eg : I borrowed a pen from him he lent a pen to me(he lent me a pen 80 both = the same(as)= not different(from)表相同 81 bother 打扰 bother sb to do sth eg : I'm sorry to bother you ,but can you tell me to way to the station 我十分道歉打扰你，但是你能告诉我怎么去车站 the problem has been bothering me for weeks 这个问题困扰了我几个周了 He's bothering me to lend him money 82 by the end of 到……为止 83 call sb sth eg : We call him old Wang 84 care 关心 eg : Don't you care about this country's future ?你为什么不关心国家的未来 85 catch up with sb 赶上某人 chat with sb 和某人闲谈 take sb to + 地点 带某人去某地 87 come in 进88 come over to 过来 89 come up with 提出 eg: Can you come up with a good idea 你能想出一个好办法吗？ 90 communicate with sb 和某人交流 91 consider + doing 考虑做什么 eg : Why not consider going to lu zhou 为什么不考虑去泸州？ dance to 随着……跳舞 eg : She likes dancing to the music 她喜欢随着音乐跳舞 decide to do sth 决定做某事 94 do a survey of 做某方面的调查 本内容归冯闯所有 do better in 在……方面做得更好 96 do wrong 做错 Don't forget to do sth 不要忘了做某事 98 Don't mind +doing /从句 /名词 不要介意…… 99 each +名（单）每一个… eg : Each student has many books 每一个学生都有一些书 100 end up +doing 101 enjoy +doing喜欢 102 escape from 从……逃跑 eg: The prisoners have escaped from the prison犯人从监狱里逃跑出来 103 expect to do sth 期待做某事 fall down 摔下来 fall off 从哪摔下来 105 fall in love with sb /sth 爱上什么 106 far from 离某地远 eg: The school is far from my home 107 find +it +adj +to do 发现做某事怎么样 108 find sb/sth +adj 发现什么怎么样 eg : I find the book interesting 109 finish 完成+doing（名词）110 fit to sb = be fit for sb 适合某人 forget to do 没有做而忘了 forget doing 做了而又忘了 eg: Don't forget to go home I forget closing door 112 from…to… 从某某到某某 eg: From me for her 113 get /have sth down 做完，被（别人）做… eg: I have my hair cut 我理了发(头发被剪了） Tom got his bad tooth pulled out 汤母把他的坏牙拔掉了（被牙医拔掉了） get a part-time job= find a part-time job 115 get along well with sb = get on well with sb 与某人相处得好 116 get along with sb = get on with sb 与某人相处 117 get ready for = be ready for为什么而准备 eg : I get ready for math I am ready for math 118 get sb in to trouble 给某人麻119 get sb to do sth 120 get…from… 从某处得到某物 121 give a talk 做报告 eg: He is give a tall 122 give sth to sb give sb sth 给某人某物 123 go fish 钓鱼 go swimming 游泳 go on to do 去做下一件事 go on doing 继续做这件事 125 go out away from go out of 126 go to school 上学（用于专业的）go to the school 去学校（不一定是上学）127 good way to 好方法 hate to do 讨厌没做过的事 hate doing 讨厌做过的事 have a party for sb 举办谁的晚会 130 have a talk 听报告 谈一谈 131 have been doing 现在完成进行时 eg : You have been talking You have been sleeping since 132 have been to …(地方）……去过某过地方 have gone to …（地方）去了某地还没回来 本内容归冯闯所有 have fun +doing 玩得高兴 134 have sth to do 有什么事要做 eg: I have a lot of homework to do 我有很多家庭作业要做 I have nothing to do 我没什么事情做 have to do sth 必须做某事 have trouble(problem)(in)doing sth 做什么事情有麻烦 137 have…time +doing have…(时间)…off 放……假 eg: I have month off 我请一个月得假 139 hear sb +do/doing 听见某人做某事/正在做某事 140 help a lot 很大用处 help sb with sth one's sth 帮助某人某事（某方面）help sb(to)do sth 帮助某人做某事 142 hope to do sth 希望做某事 How about(+doing)= What about(+doing)144 how do you like = what do you think of 你对什么的看法 145 if : 是否＝wether eg: I don't know if(wether)I should go to the party 我不知道我是否应该去参加晚会 He don't know if(wether)we will arrive on time tomorrow morning 他不知道我们明天早上是否能准时到达 if :如果，假如（全部接一般时态）＋条件语态从句 eg: I'll go to LuZhou if it does't rain 假如明天不下雨，我就去泸州 If they change the plan they will let me know 假如他们要改变计划，他们会让我知道的 I'll go to England ,if I have enough money next year 如果我明年由足够的钱，我就要去英国 in one's opinion = sb think 某人认为 148 in some ways 在某些方面 149 in the end = finally(adv)最后 in the north of… 什么在什么的北方（north 北 sowth 南 west 西 east 东）151 in the sun 在太阳下 152 increase 增加 eg : They've increased the prece of petrol by 3% 他们把石油价增加了3% the population has increased from 12 million ten years ago to 18 million now 153 instead of +（名）代替 eg: I'd like an apple instead of a pear 我想要苹果，而不要梨子 I like English instead of math 我喜欢英语而不喜欢数学 154 introduce sb to sb 介绍某人给某人 introduce oneself 自我介绍 155 invite sb to do sth 邀请某人做某事 156 It takes sb sometime to do sth 做某人花掉某人多少时间 eg : It took me 5 minutes to do my homework It takes me half an hour to cook 157 It's +adj +for sb to do sth 对某人来说做某事怎么样 158 It's +adj +to do 做某事怎么样 159 It's +adj for sb 对于某人来说怎么样 It's +adj of sb 对某人来说太怎么样 160 It's +adj(for sb)to do（对某人来说）做某事怎么样 It's +adj of sb to do sth 对某人来说做某事太怎么样 eg : It's nice of you to help me with my English 161 It's a good idea for sb to do sth 对…… 来说是个好主意 162 It's important to sb 对某人来说很重要 eg: It's important to me 163 It's time to do sth It's time for sth 到了该去做某事的时间 eg : It's time to have class It's time for class 该去上课了 164 join = take part in 参加 本内容归冯闯所有 165 just now 刚才 166 keep +sb /sth +adj /介词短语 让什么保持什么样？ 167 keep out 不让 …… 进入 168 keep sb adj 让……保持…… eg: I want to keep my mother happy keep healthy 保持健康 169 key to +名词 表示：某物的钥匙或某题的答案 170 key to… anser to … key 可以是答题或钥匙 171 laugh at… 取笑…… eg : Don't langh at others We langhed at the joke 172 learn by oneslfe 自学 173 learn from sb 向某人学习 eg: We should learn from Lei Feng 174 learn to do sth 学做某事 175 let sb do sth 让某人做某事 176 Let sb down 让某人失望 eg ： We shouldn't let our farents down 我们不应该让我们的父母失望 177 live from :离某地远 178 live in +大地方 /at +小地方 居住在某地 eg: I live in LuZhou She lives at XuanTan 179 look after = take care of 照顾 照看 180 lose one's way 谁 迷 路 eg : Lose your way 你迷路 181 make a decision to do sth 决定做某事 182 make friends with sb 和谁成为朋友 eg : I want to make friends with you 183 make it early 把时间定的早一点 184 make on exhibition of oneself 让某人出洋相 185 make sb /n +n 使什么成为什么 eg : I made her my step moller I made you my wife 186 make sb /sth +adj 使某人（某物）怎么样 eg : You must made your bed clean 187 make sb /sth adj 使某人/某物怎么样 188 make sb do sth 让某人做某事 eg : I made him write 我以前让他写 189 make up be made up of(被动语态）由……组成 190 make…difference to… 191 mind sb to do mind one's doing 介意……做什么 192 most +名 most of +代 193 much too +形容词 194 must be 一定 195 need +名词 196 need sb do sth 需要某人做某事 197 need to do(实义动词）need do(情态动词）198 no /neithr of hate to do no /neithr of hate doing 199 no +名词 200 not anymore = no more 再也不…… eg: He didn't cry any more He cried no more 他再也不哭 本内容归冯闯所有 201 not…(形、副）at all eg: He's not tall at all she doesn't junp far at all 202 not…at all 一点都不 203 not…either 表否定，也不 eg : I don't japanse either I don't have sister, either 我也没有姐姐 204 not…until 直到……才…… eg: I didn't sleep until my mother came back The child didn't stop crying until I give her sugar 205 offer / provide sb with sth 给某人提供 206 offer sb sth(offer sth to sb 提供什么东西给某人 eg : I offer you water(I offer water to you 我给你提供水 207 on one's way to… 在谁去那的路上 208 on the one hand 一方面 on the other hand 另一方面 209 on the phone = over the phone 用电话交谈 210 on time 准时 in time 及时 211 one day ＝some day ＝someday 一天，有一天 212 one of +可数名词的复数形式 213 one to another 一个到另一个 214 over and over agin 一遍又一遍的 eg : He cleaned the floor over and over agin 215 part-time job 兼职工作 fall-time job 全职工作 216 pay for… 付……钱 pay the bill 开钱，付钱 217 please +do 218 please help yourself 219 pleased with sb 220 pool into = pore into 221 practice +doing 练习做某事 222 prefer sth to sth 相对……更喜欢…… eg : I prefer physics to chemisty 在物理和化学中，我更喜欢物理 prefer doing to sth 更喜欢去做…不愿意去做… eg: He prefers riding a bike to diving 他更喜欢骑自行车，不开小车 prefer to do sth rather than do sth 宁愿做…也不愿 eg: My unde prefers to buy a now car rather than repaiv the used one 我叔叔更喜欢买新的车，也不去修旧车 prefer sb not to do sth 更愿意… eg: I prefer her not to come 我不喜欢她不来 223 pretend to do sth 装着去做什么 pretend that 从句 eg : The two cheats pretended to be working very hard 这两个骗子装着努力工作 He pretended that he did not know the answer 他装着不知道答案 224 rather…than 宁可……也不…… eg : I would rather be a doctor than a teacher 我愿肯当医生，也不当老师 He likes dogs rather than cats 他喜欢狗，不喜欢猫 225 regard…as 把……当作…… eg: Please give my best regards to your family 请带我向你的家人我最好的问候 I regard you as my friend 我把你当作我的朋友 He shows little regard for others 他不爱关心别人 本内容归冯闯所有 226 remind sb about sth 提醒某人什么事 remind sb to do sth 提醒某人做某事 eg : he reminds me about cooking(he reminds me to cook 他提醒我做饭 227 remind sb of sth 使某人想起什么 eg : the pictures remind me of my school days 这照片使我想起了我的学校 the words that(which)the teacher talked to remind me of my mother 228 return sth to sb 还什么东西给某人 229 say to oneself 对自己说 230 say to sb 对某人说 231 sb spend some money on sth 花了多少钱在某事上 232 sb spend sometime with sb 花了多少时间陪谁 233 sb spend sometime(in)doing sth 花了多少时间做某事 234 sb with sb +is sb and sb +are 235 see sb do 看见某人做过某事 see sb doing 看见某人正在做某事 236 seem to do/be +adj 显得怎么样 eg: You seem to be tired You seem to be happy 237 send +sb sth 送给某人某物 238 send…to…把什么寄到哪里去？ 239 shock 使……震惊 eg: Oh, It's only you!You give me a shock 啊，是你呀！吓我一跳 240 show sb sth 向某人展示某物 eg: I show her the book.241 show sb sth = show sth to sb 拿什么东西给某人看 eg: Show me your pen Show your pen to me 242 show sth to sb 向某人展示某物 eg: I show the book to her.243 some…others… 一些……另一些…… 244 start…with… 从……开始 begin…with… 从……开始 245 stay away from 远离…… eg : We're told to stay away from the animals whe visiting the zoo 当我们参观zoo 时，我们要远离动物 If you want to lose weight you'd better stay auay from the sweet food 徒工你想减肥，你最好远离甜食 246 stop doing 停下正在做的事 247 stop sb from doing sth 阻止某人做某事 248 stop sb(from)doing 阻止某人做某事 249 stop to do 停下正在做的事去做下一件事 250 such +名 这样，这种 251 suit sb 适合某人 252 surprise sb 使某人惊奇 to one's surprise 令某人惊奇 253 take classes 上课 254 take sb to 把某人带去 eg : I take you to the hospital 255 take walks = take a walk ＝ go for a walk 散步 256 ①talk to 对谁说 eg : I talk to you ② talk with 和谁说eg : I talk with him ③ talk of 谈到 eg : we talked of you ④ talk about 谈论关于…… 本内容归冯闯所有 257 talk with sb 和某人说话 258 teach sb sth 教某人做某事 259 tell sb do sth 告诉某人做某事 260 tell sb sth tell sb that 丛句 tell sb not to do sth tell a story 261 tell sb sth 告诉某人某事 262 tell sb to do sth 告诉某人做什么 tell sb not to do sth 告诉某人不要做什么 263 tell…from… 264 thank you for +doing 265 the same +名词(doing)+as…… 266 the same…(名)…as as…(adj adv)…as 相同 267 the way to do sth ＝ the way of doing st做某方面 的方法the way to +地方 去哪的路 eg :Do you know the way to learn English Do you know the way of learning English 268 the way to…（地点）到哪的 269 too…to… 太怎样而不能……adj +enough to 足够…能… so…that +丛句 eg: He is too young to go to school = He is so young that he can't go to school He is old enough to go to school ＝ He is so old that he can go to school 270 transalte ……into…… 把什么翻译成什么 eg : Trasalte English into chinese 271 travel with sb和某人去旅游 272 try one's best to do sth尽某人最大的努力去做某事 eg: I will try my best to learn English well 273 try to do sth 想干什么，但没成功 try doing sth 想干什么，已经做过了 eg ：He tried to climb 他想爬上去，但没成功 He tried climbing 他想爬上去，已经做过了274 try…试衣服 have a try 试一下 275 turn down 开小 ←→ turn up 开大 276 turn off 关上 ←→ turn on 打开 open 拆开 277 upside down 倒着 278 visit to… 参观某个地方 279 wait for sb 等某人 本内容归冯闯所有 Summary of Grammar 1.宾语从句：1.主句若是一般现在时，从句根据实际情况用适当时态。He says(that)he will have a walk soon.The teacherasks who is the cleverest in the school.I． want to know who came here late this morning.2.主句若是一般过去时，从句也要用过去时。 He wondered if I would come.She told me that her son had got well.She said that she liked watching TV.We thought Jim was wrong.3.无论主句是何时态，从句若表客观真理，要用一般现在时。 Mr.Li said the moon is smaller than the earth.4宾语从句无论有何引导词，都要用陈述句语序。 Could you tell me when you will get back to Wuhan?（不是will you） Do you know which sweater she is wearing?(不是is she)2.状语从句：1主句若是一般将来时、祈使句或含不表过去的情态动词等，则if(如果), unless(除非)，when(当„的时候), as soon as(一„就„)，before, after, until, till, as(当„的时候)所引导的状语从句用一般现在时。 You may take a rest when you finish doing your work.I will call you up if I leave for Shanghai next week.Wait for your brother at the bus station until he arrives.2而主句若是一般过去时，从句也要用过去时，如： I would give the money to the charity if I had a million dollars.When he got to the park, his classmates had left.My son ran towards me as soon as he saw me on the street.3.定语从句：关系代词who只指人，which只指物。that既可指人又可指物。whose 后必须跟有名词，既指人，也可指物。关系词作主语时，不可省略，作宾语时可省略。whom只指人，只作宾语。关系副词where指“在那里”，when指“在那时”。 She is a girl who/that is beauti l and kind-hearted.She is a girl(who/whom/that)I know very well.That boy whosehair is very long is my brother.(所属) The girl whois tall is my sister./ I own a bike whoseprice is high.I bought a watch(which/that)I paid 100 yuan for.（指物） I prefer a place which/thatis clean and quiet.I prefer a place whereI can live a quiet life.（在这儿） I shall never forget the day whena boy helped me find my dog.4.wish和hope:1wish可接to do sth./sb to do sth./that从句.I wish to spend my summer holiday in Qingdao.I wish youto join my flowers smell beauti l.The sweets taste sweet.The silk feels soft.I felt tired.这些动词不用于被动语态。The sweets are tasted sweet.是错误的。 注意：如果加介词like, 则后不可接形容词，而接名词或代词： He looks like his mother.That sounds like a good idea.It smells like a flower.It tastes like salt.8.find和think部分用法: + 宾语 + 宾语补足语。(代替宾从) 宾补有以下情况：1.名词短语，John found his son a clever boy.2.形容词短语，Mrs.Smith thinks her husband kind of lazy.3.有时宾补后可接带to不定式，I found it hard to fool the girl.9.would like/want/feel like: 1 would like，和want类似：◇都可接名词短语：I would like/ want another three desks.◇都可接带to 不定式：I would like/ want to go out for a walk.◇都可接sb,然后再跟带to 不定式: I would like you to give me a hand.2 feel like: ◇后也可接名词短语：Do you feel like some tea? ◇后若接动词，须用动词ing形式：Do you feel like having a walk? I don’t feel like drinking tea.【feel like常用于疑问句或否定句中。】 10.词序易错的短语：1 形容词修饰不定代词或不定副词，形容词在后面。Is there anything delicious in the fridge? Nothing serious.There is something wrong with the computer.I want to go somewhere warm.else修饰疑问词和不定代词、不定副词，也放在后面。 What else can you see in the picture? Who else is in the room? Do you have anything else to say? Where else can you see it? enough修饰形容词和副词，enough 放在后面。 This sweater is cheap enough.Nemo is old enough to work.He ran fast enough to catch up with the dog.11.对“评价”、“天气”的提问之区别：1What do you think of „?= How do you like „? “你对„怎么看？”(How„?句中有like，是动词。)2What’s the weather like in„? = How is the weather in„?“„的天气什么样?”(What„?句中有like，是介词“像”。) 12.take, cost, pay, spend区别： It + take + sb + some time + to do sth.It took us half an hour to cut down the tree.物+cost+sb+钱: The bag cost me thirty yuan.(cost, cost, cost) 若cost后无sb, 则译作“价钱是”：The bag costs 30 Yuan.人+ pay +sb + 钱+ for sth: I paid the seller 200 Yuan for the bike.(pay, paid, paid).(pay后所加内容可视具体情况取舍。)人 + spend + 时间/ 钱 + on sth /(in)doing sth.The girl spent two hours(in)searching the Internet.The girl always spends much money on her clothes.spend 有时可指“度过”：spend holiday/ weekends/ winter 13.双宾结构：pass/ give/ teach/ offer/ lend/ send/ sell/ call/ show/buy/ ask/ tell/ build等可加双宾结构。即后接sb + sth.其中pass, give, offer, lend, send, sell, show等可接sth + to sb.buy, build等可接sth + for sb.另外，若sth是代词时，不用双宾结构。Please pass it to me.14.部分词作连词与介词：（连词接句子，介词接名词或代词） Keep care l when you are listening to the teacher.（连词） Keep care l when listening to the teacher.（介词） 类似的，while, than, before, after, as, since, until等。 如：I’ll wait until I hear from her.（连词） I’ll wait until next Friday.（介词） 那个叫做彼得的男孩是我的朋友。划线部分起修饰作用，下同。 He’s eating fried chicken.他在吃炸鸡。There is no time left.I have read a novel writtenby Lu Xun.我读了一部鲁迅写的小说。 He lives in a house builttwenty years ago.2.动词ing作形容词：表示正进行或功能，常作定语。 the ing boy, a running bus, the rising sun, a bus running on the road, the boy ing in the corner(正进行) a sitting room, the sleeping car, the bathing suit(功能)16.动词ed与动词ing作形容词用法之二：和心理感受有关，但ed修饰人，ing常修饰物。I felt surprised at his words.How exciting the film is!/ I want to go to a place which is relaxing.17.动词ing和带to不定式作主语： To be a teacher is my dream.Working hard brings you success.Taking care of our environment is very important.To plant trees makes me happy.（谓语用单数） Reading books gives you knowledge.(谓语用单数) Listening and writing are both difficult.(谓语用复数)18.later / after / ago /before: 1later“„时间后”结构：时间段+later 常用于一般过去时。They went to Beijing five days later.(later单独在句尾，常用于将来时：I’ll see you later.) 2after“„时间后”结构：after+时间段，常用于一般过去时，和1相同。They went to Beijing after five days.(after也可加句子：I’ll send you an e-mail after I get home.He found out the information after he had searched the Internet for thirty minutes.) 3ago“„时间前”结构：时间段+ago, 用于一般过去时。The Greens moved to Shanghai four weeks ago.(since +时间段+ago，主句用现在完成时) 4before 单独放在句尾，常用现在完成时：“以前” I have been to London before.He has seen the film before.(若是时间段+before, 则常用过去完成时，译为“„时间前”： I had seen the film two weeks before.We had found out the answer to the problem an hour before.)19.四季 20.月份 21.星期 22.“也”：either, 用于否定句的末尾。also, 通常挨着动词，少用于句尾。too, 通常在句尾，前常有逗号。as well, 只用于句尾。注意：后三个词都不用于否定句 23.带to不定式用法之一：带to不定式有逻辑宾语在前时，to后动词用及物动词，不及物时需加介词。The apples are too tall for the boy to reach./The zoo is not a good place for animals to live in.24.(a)little /(a)few: 1few，little“几乎没有；少”否定词。few加可数名词复数, little加不可数名词。2a few“一些”肯定词，加可数名词复数;a little“一些；一点”也是肯定词，加不可数名词。3另外，在too, very, so等词后用few, little;在only, just, still等词后用a few, a little.而quite a few/ a little译为“很多” 25.及物动词+副词：put on/off/away/up/down/out;break off/down; turn on/off/up/down;get back;use up;give away/out/up/back;try out/on;ring/call up;let down;clean up/out;set up;think up;hand in/out;fix up;work out;;dress up;pick up;help out; keep off/out/down cut down;write down;wake up(叫醒); take off/away;sell out;look up/over;eat up;throw away/off 宾语是名词时，可放在中间或后边，是代词时只放在中间。26.as„„as用法：1和„一样„ His room is as big as mine.He runs as fast as I /me.2as„as possible/sb can “尽可能„” We went there as soon as possible.我们尽可能快地去了那儿。Listen to the teacher as carefully you can.3有些短语有几个意思：as soon as 和„一样快；一„就„；as much as和„一样多；多达；as long as和„一样长；长达；只要；as well as和„一样好；和„一样；as far as远达；就„来说； 27.prefer用法：prefer sth/doing sth to sth/doing sth比起„更喜欢„ prefer to do sth rather than do sth宁愿„也不愿„ prefer to do sth / prefer doing sth 更喜欢做某事 28.some-, any-, every-用法：1some-“某～，一些～”，用于肯定的陈述句中。I have something to tell you.Maybe somebody has taken it.若用于疑问句中表示期待对方肯定的回答或表示请求或建议.Why not ask somebody to help you? Shall we give him something to eat? What about some milk? Could you please lend me some chairs? 2any-, 在疑问句中仍译为“某～，一些～”Do you have anything to say？Is anybody in the house？在肯定句和否定句中译为“任何～”You may put the box anywhere in the room.He is taller than any other student in the class.We don’t have anything to eat this morning.3every-“每～”，强调所有，既包括此也包括彼。Is everybody here？-No，Tom and Lucy have asked for leave.The glass was broken, and the water went everywhere.29.动词时态和形式：八个时态：一般现在时、现在进行时(am/is/are + v.ing)、一般将来时(will/shall/be going to+动词原形)、一般过去时、过去进行时(was/were +v.ing)、现在完成时(have/has + v.过去分词)、过去完成时(had + v.过去分词)、过去将来时(would + v.原形)六个形式：原形；过去式；过去分词；第三人称单数(加s/es)；现在分词(v.ing)；带to不定式。 30.if/whether区别：if 如果(引导条件状从)/ 是否(引导宾从) whether无论(引导让步状从)/ 是否(引导宾从) 都译为“是否”时，whether可接or not, 也可接带to不定式。 if 则不可。另外，if可接any-单词，常不接some-单词。 If you have any water, please give me some.31.因为：because, 常是对why的回答，语气最强。 since, 位置：Since„，„.Since it’s already late, I must go now.for, 位置：„，for„.语气最弱。I drove carefully, for it’s snowing.as有时也指“因为”，用法基本无限制。32.表推测：must, may, might, can, could, can’t must“一定”，可能性最大，常用于肯定句。 There is the door bell, it must be Tom.may / might“也许”一般用于肯定句，may比might可能性大。 She is coming to us.She might be our new teacher.can / could“可能”could比can语气更委婉。但can多用于否定。 You could be right, but I don’t think you are.The light in the office is off.The teacher can’t be there now.33.so与such区别：so是副词，后跟形容词/副词，so tall/slowly„ such是形容词，后跟名词短语。such bad weather / good news„; such a beautiful girl / an important lesson / a heavy stone„; such kind boys / new desks / friendly people / amazing movies„; 若名词前形容词是many, much, few, little时，不用such, 而用so.so many flowers / much rain / few friends / little water„ 也常有“so / such „that„”句型，译为“如此„以致于„”。34.so的另两个用法：1so + be/情态动词/助动词+主语，“„也” 上下文所指不是同一个人或物。The twins are working, so am I.I will stay up tonight, and so will Peter.以及对话形式：A: I woke up late this morning.B: So did I.so + 主语 + be/情态动词/助动词，“的确„是”上下文所指是同一个人或物。A: We have lunch at school.B: So you do.又如：A: Bruce can work out the problem.B: So he can.35.neither/nor用法之一：neither/nor+ be/情态动词/助动词+主语 “„也不”上文是否定句。She didn’t get well, nor did her brother.或对话形式：A: Jim hasn’t had breakfast.B: Neither have I.36.keep, make, get,have用法： 1keep + sb/sth doing sth “让„一直做„” I’m sorry for keeping you waiting so long.keep + doing sth “坚持做某事” 2make + sb/sth do sth让„做某事I’ll try to make you understand what I mean.I feel sorry that I have made him wait for long.3get + sb/sth to do sth.让„做某事。He got Peter to buy him a pen.4have + 宾语+ 动词原形 /ing /过去分词 Have him do it, please.让他做它吧。We had the machine working.我让那台机器一直工作着。We had the machine repaired.我们让人修理了那台机器（让那台机器被修理了）。 5也都可接形容词：keep safe/busy, keep the door closed/open, make us happy, get the door closed, have everything ready.37.used短语：used to + 动原，“过去常常”He used to smoke.be used to 译为“被用来„”，后接动原。It is used to cut things.be used to 译为“习惯于„”，后接动词ing或名词/代词.如：He’s used to working late./ We are all used to following others.be used for + 目的（名词或动词ing）如： English is used for business./Knives are used for cutting things.38.through/past/across: 都可作介词，“穿过”前常有位移动词。 He climbed through the window and saw what he could take away.He went past me without saying any words.He swam across the river.【through,内部;past,旁边;across,表面。】 位移动词+ past 相当于动词pass;位移动词+across相当于cross.39.the number of / a number of: 前者“„的数量”；后者“许多的” 都跟可数名词复数。前者作主语，谓语用单数；后者作主语，谓语用复数。The number of the trees is two thousand.用单数is.A number of trees have been cut down.用复数have.40.延续性动词：How long，since，for，(以上见84）until/till等所在肯定句中的主句谓语要用延续性动词。 How long may I keep this novel? I’ve lived here since 2002.Let’s wait until he comes back..但否定句中可用短暂性动词： I haven’t seen you for a long time.41.all/each/both/none/either/neither: 1All boys/All of the boys are from China.all 接可数复数，谓语也用复数。All of the water is polluted.若接不可数，谓语用单数。 2Each boy/Each of the boys has a different bag.each接名词单数或接of + 限定词+复数，后谓语都用单数。 3Both of the twins are clever.后面谓语用复数。 4None of the students has/have been there before.none +of +限定词+复数, 谓语用单、复数都可。另见88 5-When shall we meet, Saturday or Sunday? -Either day is OK./ Either of the days is OK.谓语用单数。 6-When shall we meet, Saturday or Sunday? -Sorry, I have to look after my mother these two days.That is, neither time is OK./ neither of the days is OK.谓语用单数。 all/each/none分别指三者或更多中的“都”/ “每一个”/“没有一个”。both/either/neither两者中“都”/“任何一个”/“没有一个” 42.计量表达法：数量+单位+形容词。 The building is twenty meters tall./ The street is forty meters wide.The fish is five kilos heavy./ This baby is only six months old.若计量表达的后面跟有名词，则要用连字符，单位不用复数。 They dug an eight-meter-deep hole./.I bought a 10-kilo-heavy fish.It’s a piece of 2-meter-thick ice./ They built a 50-meter-wide street.It’s a two-month holiday.(此处计量中的形容词long可省略。)43.Must I / May I / Need I „? 用法：1Must I „?我必须„吗？ A: Must I finish the work? B: Yes, you must./ No, you needn’t.2May I „?我可以„吗？A: May I go out for a walk now? B: Yes, you can./ No, you mustn’t/can’t.3Need I„?我有必要„吗？ A: Need I clean the house? B: Yes, you must./ No, you needn’t.44.hundred/thousand/million/billion: 前有具体数字，不加s及of.否则加s, 加of.如：thousands of trees;many millions of people.nine hundred people, ten thousand students等。但前若有several,后常不加s和of：several million pounds 45.反意疑问句(QT)部分用法:1something, nothing, anything, everything作主语，QT主语用it.Something is wrong, isn’t it? / Nothing is difficult, is it? 2I think Lucy can do well in the exam, can’t she? I don’t think he will come here on time, will he? QT要结合think后的从句而定。 3祈使句的QT一般用will you? 而Let’s „用shall we? Get up now, will you? Don’t be noisy, will you? Be quiet, will you? Please don’t talk, will you? Let us do it now, will you? Let’s do it now, shall we? 4There be句型，QT主语用there.There is a man working in the field, isn’tthere? There used to be a meeting on Friday, didn’tthere? There won’t be a movie in the theatre, willthere? 46.put on, wear, dress, in: 1put on,“穿上”后接物。表行为，是短暂动词。You should put on your coat when you leave.2wear,“穿，穿着”后接物，表状态，是延续性动词。He always wears the yellow sweater in winter./I like wearing beautiful clothes.3dress, “给„穿衣”后接人。You can dress yourself, baby.Lucy is dressing her little brother now.be dressed in后常接具有某种特征的衣物。 The lady is dressed in a white skirt / white.可直接加表颜色的词。 4in, “穿着”后接具有某种特征的衣物，表状态，是介词，不可作谓语，可作状语。The woman in a white skirt is my teacher.Do you know the girl in a red coat? I’ve seen the boy in yellow.47.虚拟语气部分用法：在非真实条件句中要用虚拟语气，即if 从句中用一般过去时，而主句动词用would/should+动词原形，表示与现在相反的主观设想，也可以表示在说话人看来实现的可能性很小的情况。（注意：虚拟语气中的be动词都要用were.） If there were no air, people would die.(与现在事实相反) If I got rich, I would travel around the world.(可能性很小)48.other/others/the other/the others/another: 1如果不特定指出哪一个，是泛指，“另一个”要用another, 后加可数名词单数。If you are still thirsty, you may have another cup of tea.（没特定指出哪一杯茶，是泛指。cup是单数。） another也可+数字+可数复数：The meeting will last another two hours./ We need another six desks.2如果只有两个或只有两部分，就给出了范围，其中另一个或另一部分是特指(other前有the.)，有如下用法： 第一种，所说内容只有两个： Mrs.Green has two sons, one is interested in math, the other(one / son)is good at science.【只有两个，用the other, 不加s, 后面名词可省略。】 又如：This pair of shoes is strange.One is blue, yet the other is green.这双鞋子很怪，一只蓝色，而另一只绿色。 第二种，只有两部分：此种情况下the other后接可数名词复数，或不接名词而只在the other后加s.Two fifths of the students in our class are boys, the other students are girls / the others are girls.Two children went, but the others stayed.（其他孩子都留下了。） 3如果没有显示出只有两部分，未给出范围，则是泛指，不加the.Lei Feng liked helping other people / others.Have you any other questions? Alice didn’t like that dress, so she asked to see some others.4other的另一用法：用比较级的形式，体现最高级的含义。 He is taller than any other boy in his class.(划线中boy用单数)= He is taller than all the other boys in his class.(划线中boy用复数) 他比班里任何男孩都高（他是班里男孩中最高的）。 49.how long/how often/how soon/how far: 1how long 是对长度或时间段提问。How long is the river?-It’s 5,000 kilometers long.How long have you lived there?-For five months./ Since 2002.2how often是对频率提问，如：never, sometimes, often, usually, always, once a week, twice a day, three times a year, every day等。 How often do you watch TV?-Every two days./ Twice a week.【若只有次数，则用how many times 提问： How many times do you watch TV a week?-Twice./ only once.】 3how soon 是对“in + 时间段”提问： How soon will you return to Beijing?-In a week./ In two days.4how far是对时间段’s + walk/ride/drive或计量表达提问。 -How far is it from your home to the school? -Five minutes’ walk./An hour’s ride./Thirteen minutes’ drive.或者说：It’s about 20 kilometers(far)away.（问和回答不同。）50.分数表达：二分之一: half a/an 或a half.如： half an hour= a half hour半小时 It’s half past seven.(省略冠词) 以下情况中，分子(基数词)若超过一，分母(序数词)需加s： 三分之一: a /one third 三分之二: two thirds 四分之一: a/one fourth 或a/one quarter 四分之三: three fourths或three quarters.五分之一: a/one fifth 五分之二: two fifths 其它类推。 若分数所在of短语作主语，谓语依of后的名词而定： Two fifths of the students are on time.(指名词复数时，谓用复)Two fifths of the land is polluted.（指不可数时，谓用单） 51.到达：1get to + 地点 get to Shanghai/London/ China 接地点副词时，不带to.get there/home/here.2arrive in+大地点(Beijing/Zhengzhou)，arrive at+小地点(school/hospital)，arrive只作不及物动词。所以也可单独用：Please ring me up when you arrive.reach只作及物动词，后直接加地点：reach Beijing/England 但常不说reach home/there/here.52.感叹句：What + 名词短语+主语+谓语！ What lazy boys(they are)!What hard work!What good news! What a good idea!What bad weather(it is)!What a pity! How +形容词 / 副词+ 主语+ 谓语！ How hard the work is!How fast he runs!How rude you are! How carefully they are listening!How bad the weather is! 53.because/ instead / out等与加of的区别： 1because 后接句子，because of 接名词或代词。 He didn’t come because he was ill./ because of his illness.2instead是副词，单独在句尾。instead of 还要接名词或代词。 We didn’t have rice, we had noodles instead./ instead of it.3out 副词，可单独用，但若接地点，先加of.（也可作介词，“向„外”，可不加of.一般不要求掌握。) He went out early.或He went out of the house early.54.too much, too many与much too: much too“过于”，加形容词或副词原级。much too big/slowly等。 too much“太多的”，加不可数名词。too much work/rain等。 too many“太多的”，加可数复数。too many books/people等。55.alone / lonely: 1alone,“独自一人；单独”不含感情色彩。 可当形容词，但只在系动词后作表语：Jack is alone.杰克是单身。 The old woman is alone in the house.那位老妇一个人在屋里。 可当副词，修饰动词：She lives alone.她独居。 Can you move the stone alone? 你能独自搬动那块儿石头吗？ Dick is walking on the beach alone.狄克独自在海滩漫步。 （注意：不可说very alone.但可说very much alone.是特例） 2lonely, “孤独的；寂寞的”带有伤感色彩。只当形容词。 可在系动词后作表语：The old man is lonely.这位老人是孤独的。 He has many relatives, but he feels lonely.他有很多亲戚，但感到孤独。（lonely 和心理感受有关，而alone和心理感受无关。） 也可在名词前作定语：a lonely person一位孤独的人 a lonely village一个偏僻的村庄（alone不可作定语）56.belong to与be: This suit belongs to me /Lucy /my brother.(人) This suit is mine /Lucy’s /my brother’s /hers.（某物是某人的） 57.by常见用法：1“通过”I study English by memorizing grammar.You can know it by looking it up in a dictionary.He travels by bike.2“截止到”Will you finish the task by tomorrow? The train had left by the time he got there.3“被”This novel was written by Lu Xun.4“经过”He passed by me without noticing me.5“在„„旁边”Sit by me.They are playing by the river.58.部分用in的短语：in English, in a good way, in a hurry，in pen / ink(见105), in the day(见92), in different sizes，in different shapes, in a difficult situation，in good health，in a red coat / in red(见46), in style, in the open air(露天场所)59.比较级与最高级部分要点：1不规则形式或易错形式： much/many→more→most bad/badly/ill→worse→worst far→farther/further→farthest/furthest little→less→least few→fewer→fewest old→older/elder→oldest/eldest 以ly结尾的形容词常把-ly换成-lier/-liest.2常见比较级/最高级句型：He runs faster than me.(有than) He did better than any other student in the school.(参照48) Tom is the cleverest boy in his class.(某个范围内) He is the taller of the two(boys).(两者，此句型中加the) He is the tallest of the three(boys).(三者) Which is better, tea or milk?(两者选择) Which is the best, tea, milk or water?(三者选择) It’s the second longest river in China.（序数词后用最高级。） 3“越来越„”比较级+and +比较级 He cried harder and harder.She is getting taller and taller.类似：bigger and bigger / happier and happier / fatter and fatter / stronger and stronger / richer and richer / worse and worse„ 另一种情况：more and more beautiful / slowly / carefully /„ 4“越„, 越„”“the+比较级”分别置于两句的开头，倒装。 The more difficult English is, the harder you should study.The younger we are, the more energy we have.The more you eat, the fatter you will get.5“越来越多的„”more and more +名词 More and more people are getting richer and richer.We need more and more desks / paper / trees / water „.6“„得多”much + 形容词/副词比较级 This room is much bigger than that one.类似：much taller/fatter/younger/heavier/faster/earlier/better„ 以及：much more careful/difficult/tiring/similar/mysterious„ 7“另外的„(个)„”结构：数量+ more + 名词 one more towel, three more suits, many more tiles，much more ttruth, some more meat, a lot more wood，a little more experience, once more = one more time = again.这种结构有时也可用another + 数字 + 名词替代： five more trees = another five trees(记住词的位置)60.talk, tell, say, speak: 1talk只作不及物动词。 Don’t talk in class.Shall we talk about our English study? He is talking with his teacher.May I talk to you? (talk with/to sb talk about sth) 2tell只作及物动词,“告诉；讲”。常接双宾结构。 Mr.Li told us an interesting story.Who told you the news? 3say必须接有内容。Please say it in English.He said nothing.“I disagree with you.” said Tom.What will you say? say 若接sb, 则需先加to: I must say sorry to you.“I overslept this morning.” he said to me.4speak“说话”不及物动词。He spoke too fast for me to follow.接人时先加介词to.May I speak to Mr.Smith? 可表说话的能力。The baby can speak now.There is something wrong with his throat, he can’t speak.“演讲，发言”Who will speak in the meeting? “说”可作及物 动词。 61。sometimes/some times/sometime/some time: sometimes: “有时”=at times.He is imes late for school.some times: “几次”I have been to Nanjing some times.sometime: “某一时刻”I bought it sometime last spring.We’ll meet again sometime next week.some time: “一段时间”We have to stay here for some time.62.need 的用法：1need可当情态动词（和can等用法类似，但need只用于疑问句或否定句中）：Need I go now?(need 在一般疑问句的开头)I needn’t tell you the answer.(否定句中直接在need后加not)【当情态动词时，need无时态变化。】 2need 可当行为动词（和want 等用法类似）： He needs a bike.(后可直接加名词) I need to go over my lessons.(后接带to不定式) Do you need to have a rest?（一般疑问句中do, does, did在句首） We don’t need to wait for her coming.(否定句中do,does,did提前) 【注：need 后接表被动的内容时，可表达为： The TV needs to be repaired.= The TV needs repairing.】 63.do with 与deal with: 都译为“处理，对付，安排，应付” What have you done with the milk? 用what提问。 How shall we deal with this problem? 用how提问。 下面两句由此而来：Could you tell me what to do with the milk? Could you tell me how to deal with this problem? 64.就近原则：常见的有：Either you or Lucyis wrong.There is a dog and two cats in the yard.(there be句型) Not only you but(also)Iam strict in the work.Neither you nor Lucy has seen the film before.65.主谓一致：One/Neither of you is right.（单数谓语） Tom, with his friends, has gone.(主语是Tom, 单数谓语) This pair of shoes looks beautiful.（主语是pair, 单数谓语） The shoes look beautiful.（主语无pair, 复数谓语） Every boy and every girl has a chance to do it.（单数谓语） The old need to be looked after carefully.The young are energetic.(the 加形容词表一类人，谓语用复数) Mr.and Mrs Green are from America.指格林夫妇(复数谓语) The teacher and writer is an able man.指教师兼作家, 一个人，单数谓语。 Both you and I are excited about the news.（复数谓语） the number of与a number of参见39.（分数表达见50） 66.quite/such/really用法之一：如果出现不定冠词时，常放在后面。 It’s quite an easy question.He is quite a clever boy.It’s such an important lesson.(另见33)Lily is really a lazy girl.67.部分用what 提问的句型： What size do you want? What will you do with the problem? What’s the population of China? What day is it today? What’s the date today? What’s the price of this one? 68.there be部分用法：1There is only a student taking notes now.There is no need to open the box.There are 20 trees to be planted.2常有以下结构: there may/will/must/is going to/used to/„be.„ 3there be中不可再出现have/has/had(有)的词。另一用法见45。 69.常见表否定的词或短语:no, not, hardly, few, little, neither, nor, nothing, nobody, none, nowhere等.有些有时在某些句型中也相当于否定，如without, too„to„ without anything, too tired to go any further 但前缀如dis--, un--, in--或后缀如--less,并不表否定。 70.常见后接动词原形的词或短语: why not / had better / please /would you please / let / make / 情态动词，等等。 【注意否定形式：had better/ would you please/ let直接加not + 动原；而please加don’t+动原】 71.常见后接动词ing的词或短语：finish /enjoy /practice /give up / end up /put off /consider /keep /feel like /prefer„to„/can’t help / be busy /be worth /take turns /miss(错过)/spend /have fun /介词等。 72.常见后接带to不定式的词或短语：want /hope /wish /allow /encourage /ask /tell /pretend /decide /plan/invite /urge/ advise/warn/ seem /in order(为了)/疑问词，等等。另外，it作形式主语，后也常有带to不定式。【否定：以上大多词 + not + to do sth】 73.被动语态(be +v.过去分词)用法：I did it.→It was done.双宾:He told us a story.→We were told a story.→A story was told to us.She passed me a pen.→I was passed a pen.→A pen was passed to me.情态动词:We can make a plan.→A plan can be made.进行时态:Tom is writing a letter.→A letter is being written by Tom.完成时态：I have finished the work.→The work has been finished.74.名词或所属格作定语：1强调性别时a man doctor / two men doctors ； a woman teacher / six women teachers 被修饰词是单数时，性别也用单数；被修饰词是复数时，性别也用复数。 2a girl actor / four girl actors a boy player / two boy players a bus station / some bus stations 复数只变被修饰的词。 3a boys’ team / a gentlemen’s holiday / the Teachers’ Day / the Children’s Day “复数 + ’s ”作定语，译为“„的„” 4Father’s Day / Mother’s Day 此处“单数 + ’s ”作定语。 （附：and连接的名词所属格：Lucy’s and Ann’s fathers are workers.分别是两个人的爸爸，所以应分别加“’s” Lucy and Ann’s father is very interesting.两个人共有的爸爸，所以在两人后只加一个“’s”。） 75.win与beat区别：win后加物：I’m sure Jim will win the match.We won the first place in the sports meeting.而beat后加的是人：I’m afraid they will beat us.I hope we can beat the boys’ team.(男子队，相当于人。)76.it/that/one的部分用法：1it 指上文的某个事物，和上文是同一个。This book is very useful.I will take good care of it.it也可指上文所说的事：My son has lost himself in the computer games.I’m worried about it.2that与上文所说是同一类，但不是同一个，常指不可数名词。 The food in China is quite different from that in America.The weather of Hainan is better than that of Gansu.that也可指上文所说的事：A: I had an accident and broke my legs.B: I’m sorry to hear that.3one 指代上文所说的某类可数名词单数，但不是同一个物。This sweater is too expensive, do you have another one?(也指毛衣，但不是上文那个)77.at/by the end of, in the end 的区别： 1at the end of +时间点或地点，“在„的尽头，在„的末尾” They will have a sports meeting at the end of March.(加时间) He put some books at the end of the bed.(加地点) 2by the end of +时间点，“截止到„末” 若接过去的时间点，常用过去完成时：They had planted six thousand trees by the end of last month.若接将来的时间，常用一般将来时：We shall finish the work by the end of next month.3in the end “最后”，后不加of 短语：They wanted to find a place to rest in, in the end, they saw a village.78.have gone to/have been to/have been in: 1have gone to+地点“已去了„（还未回来）”-I can’t find those children, where are they? -They have gone to the farm.(去了农场，不在这儿) 2have been to+地点“去过„（原来去过，现在已回）”句尾常接次数或多个地点或before，或句中常有ever, never等。 She has been to Qingdao three times.I have been to two big cities.Have you been to Dalian before? I have never/ever been to Dalian.I have never been there before.(此短语省略了to) 3have been in+地点，“已在„（多久了）”句尾常接for+时间段，或since +时间点/一般过去时的句子。 Peter has been in China for a long time.I’ve been here for 2 hours/since 2 hours ago.(此短语省略了in)79.all/whole用法：all(of)the land / all(of)the class / all(of)the students„【all 在定冠词the 前】 the whole school / the whole country / the whole area„【whole 在定冠词the 后】 80.a bit / a little区别：都可作副词，后直接加形容词和副词。 I’m a bit / a little hungry.She feels a bit / a little tired.也可作代词或形容词，后接名词时有所不同： I have only a little drink.She ate a little bread and went out.(a little 直接加名词)而下文：I have only a bit of drink.She ate a bit of bread and went out.(a bit 先加of再加名词)81.“擅长”与“不擅长”;“对„有利”与“对„有害”： “擅长”：be good at / do well in “不擅长”：be bad in / be poor in / be weak in / do badly in “对„有利”：be good for “对„有害”：be bad for 82.表数量的词和短语的部分用法：1none / all / some / most / plenty of / a lot of(lots of)后既可接可数名词复数，也可接不可数名词。2many /(a)few / a number of / several只接可数名词复数。3much /(a)little / a bit of只接不可数名词。 83.易用错的副词：1really可修饰动词、副词和形容词，常在它们前面。I really love reading.I really miss you.(修饰动词) Tom speaks really quickly.汤姆说得非常快。（修饰副词） It’s really kind of you.你真好。(修饰形容词) 2very much常修饰动词want, miss, hate, love, like, dislike, enjoy, take after(长得像„), move(使„感动), excite(使„激动)等等。常在句尾。Jack wants to go there very much.杰克很想去那儿。 I hate reciting the words very much.我很讨厌背单词。 He enjoyed the film very much.他很喜欢这部电影。 He takes after his mother very much.他长得很像他妈妈。 (very much 不可修饰形容词和副词：I’m happy very much.He is lucky very much.都是错误的。) 3very修饰形容词和副词，放在它们前面： She is very kind.I am very happy.Peter speaks very slowly.(very不可修饰动词：I very like English.He very misses you.等类似结构都是错误的。)84.常用于现在完成时的词或短语：for（后加时间段，句中谓语用延续性动词）；since（后加时间点或一般过去时的句子，主句谓语用延续性动词）；How long（对时间段或for与since引导的内容提问，句中谓语也用延续性动词）in/all one’s life（在某人一生）；in/during the past/last+时间段(在最近的„时间内)；so far（到目前为止）；yet（用于句尾，用在疑问句或否定句中）；already(用于句中或句尾，用在肯定的陈述句中)；ever；never；just；before(单独用在句子末尾，常用此时态。但若时间段加before, 常用过去完成时)以及recently等.85.形容词与副词区别：1形容词修饰名词，作定语（划线部分）： She is a kind girl.What bad weather!I bought a new bike.形容词可在系动词后，作表语(划线部分)： The girl is kind.His face turned red.It tastes sweet.2副词(划线部分)修饰动词、形容词、副词，也可修饰整个句子。 He ran quickly.Please speak loudly.Tim lives alone.修饰动词 She is very angry.He felt too tired.I’m so lucky.修饰形容词 He got up quite early.She did it very well.修饰副词 Unluckily, I failed the English exam.修饰整个句子 86.everyday与every day: everyday是形容词，后接名词，“日常的”。He is practicing everyday English.every day是副词，作时间状语，“每天”。We speak English every day.87.everyone与every one: 1everyone“每个人；大家；所有人”，只指人。后不接of短语。Everyone is here except Tom.2every one“每一个”既可指人，也可指物。后要接of短语。Every one of us has a dictionary.Every one of the trees is tall.88.none与no one: 1no one“没有一人”只指人,后不接of短语。 No one has been to Beihai Park.No one told us about it.(以上因后面无of短语，故不用none) 2none“没有人；没有任何东西”既可指人，也可指物；既可指可数名词，也可指不可数名词。后常接of短语。 None of the children has/have been to Beihai Park.（此处指人。因后有of短语，故不用no one） A: How many elephants did you see there? B: None.（对话中none单独用，指物，不用no one.） 89.乘交通工具之表达:1by bike/ car/ sea(ship)/ air(plane)(无冠词) 2on a horseback /his bike /the plane /a ship(有冠词或限定词) 3in his/a car(car前用in)4on foot 5动词短语: ride a bike /a horse;drive a car;walk;take a plane/ taxi/ bus;fly 90.kind of 与kinds of: 1kind of 单独用，表示“有点”，后接形容词或副词： He is kind of thin.”他有点瘦” I feel kind of hungry.”我有点饿” Uncle Wang speaks kind of quickly.王叔叔说得有点快。 2若kind of前有a, this, that等，译为“一种，这种，那种” 后加名词。 That kind of question is difficult to answer.那类问题难回答。 3熟记一些短语：all kinds of...“各种各样的...”many kinds of“很多种类的”different kinds of“不同种类的” 后加名词。动词，后接语言。Do you speak English? 91.rain / snow / wind的常见修饰词：a strong wind“一阵强风” a heavy rain“一场大雨”heavy snow“大雪”（以上是名词短语） blow hard“猛烈地吹”snow heavily“下大雪”rain hard/heavily“下大雨”（以上是动词短语） 92.day的部分用法：1on Teachers’ Day表节日或周几前用“on”.2in the day / daytime“在白天”前加“in”。3in eight days“八天后”用“in”。4(in)those / these days“在过去 / 现在” 5today, next/last/this/that/every/all day等前面常不加介词。 同样，on Sunday/Monday/.../Saturday介词用的是on（有时可省略）, 若有next/last/this/that/every等时不再加on.93.个别名词的部分用法：1family“家庭；家庭成员”指整体时，表示单数，谓语动词用单数形式；指成员时，表示复数，谓语用复数形式：His family is going to move.My family is large.（以上指整体，谓语用单数） My familyare very well.我全家人很健康。（指成员，谓语用复数）一般不再区分谓语的单复数形式。类似的还有：staff(职员)，class, team, public(公众)，government等.2有些名词只表复数，谓语只用复数。如people, police, cattle等：The police are searching for a man with a big nose.The cattle are eating grass in the field.3deer, fish，sheep等词的单数和复数形式相同： a deer(一只鹿)/ two deer(两只鹿)a fish(一条鱼)/ two fish(两条鱼) a sheep(一只羊)/ some sheep(一些羊) 另外fish若表示种类时，复数要在后加es: two fishes(两种鱼) 4有些名词单数变复数有特殊形式： man→men;woman→women;foot→feet;tooth→teeth; mouse→mice;child→children;ox→oxen(公牛) 5有些名词通常只有复数形式： scissors(剪刀)clothes(衣服)trousers(裤子)glasses(眼镜) 6有些名词只是不可数名词： It’s such great fun.What fun! What good news!I won’t do anything in such bad weather.Can you tell me some information? I like music which is popular.类似：a piece of chalk much knowledge learn a little English等 94.leave的用法：1leave可指“离开”leave Zhengzhou离开郑州 leave Zhengzhou for Wuhan离开郑州到武汉 leave for Wuhan动身到武汉(for后接目的地，而不是出发地) 2leave留下；忘记 I left my backpack at home.leave后接地点，而forget后无地点。Sorry, I forgot the money.95.ill与sick的区别：1都可译为“生病的”。ill只在系动词后作表语： Her mother was ill in bed.但sick既可作表语（在美语中），也可作定语：Her mother was sick in bed.Jane is taking care of her sick mother.(此处是定语，不可用ill, 见下文ill用法) 2若ill作定语，译为“坏的，恶劣的”an ill person一个坏人 sick作表语时也常译为“恶心的，想吐的“ The boy always feels sick when he travels by car.96.return用法：1“返回”，相当于“go back / get back / come back..如：Ann will visit you when he returns to London.（当“返回”时是不及物动词，先加to才可再加地点。另外，return已含有back的意思，后不可再跟back.） 2“归还”，相当于“give back”如：I have returned the dictionary.（当“归还”时是及物动词，后直接加物，若再接人时方可加to.同样不可再跟back.如：You should return the piano to Dick on time.） 97.favourite 与own的类似结构: 形容词性物主代词 + favorite +名词（某人最喜欢的...）或者 + own + 名词(某人自己的...) 如：My favorite animal is dog.He found hisown bike.98.stop / start(begin)/ forget(remember)/ like/go on等动词： 1stop doing sth.停止正在做的某事。stop to do sth.停下来做某事（stop后是将要做的事）He was tired, so he stopped working.He was tired, so he stopped to have a rest.要注意有时两种形式会同时出现：He was tired, so he stopped working to have a rest.2start/begin doing/to do 含义基本相同，但以下情况下start/begin后只接to do: ★若start / begin 已用进行时态时：He is just beginning / starting to write the letter.★主语是物而不是人时：The ice began / started to melt.★其后的动词与想法、感情有关时：He began / started to understand it.3forget/remember to do sth.忘记/想起将要做的事。 forget / remember doing sth.忘记/想起已经做过的事。 4like doing sth.(因爱好而喜欢，表示一种习惯) Jack likes sleeping in the class.(在班睡觉虽不是好事，杰克却有这个爱好。有睡觉的习惯。) like to do sth(认为明智或正确而喜欢) She likes to help others.（助人是一件正确的事，所以喜欢。） I don’t like to play in the street.(在大街上玩不明智，故不喜欢) 有时区别不明显，接两形式都可。He likes watching / to watch TV.5go on doing sth.继续做某事（上文所做的事）go on to do sth接下来做另一件事（不是上文所做之事） 99.普通代词形式： 主格 宾格形容词性物主代词名词性物主代词反身代词 (作主语)(作宾语)(后要再接名词)(后不再接名词)(主宾一致) I me my pen/house...mine myself you(你)you your bag/car...yours yourself he him his desk/coat...his himself she her her hair/books...hers herself it it its tail/face...its itself we us our teacher/room...ours ourselves you(你们)you your class/hometown...yours yourselves they them their school/fathers...theirs themselves 100.基数词和序数词：基数词表示人或物的数量。序数词表示人或物的次序。注意以下几种形式：one→first two→second three→third five→fifth eight→eighth nine→ninth twelve→twelfth twenty→twentieth thirty等类推 另外，“四十”forty;无字母u.“第九”ninth无字母e.101.room /space /place: 1room“房间”（可数）a room/ two rooms “空间”（不可数）：指可以容纳东西或为其它目的而使用的空间。 Could you make room for me? 你能为我让一下空间吗？ Is there room for me in the car? 车里有我的位子吗？ 2space“空间”普通用语，表示万物存在之处，与“时间”（time）为相对概念。in the dark space在黑暗的宇宙空间（太空） time and space时间和空间 Is there any space for me in the car?(此处和room的含义相当) 3place“地方”（可数），指某一具体地点。 I want to live in a place which is warm in winter.Mount Chaya is a wonderful place.嵖岈山是一个奇妙之地。102.常见国籍、人与语言的对应： 1China“中国”Chinese（无复数形式）“中国人（的）/中文（的）/中国的” a Chinese/ two Chinese“一个/两个中国人” Japan, Japanese 和此类似。 2England“英国（原义：英格兰）”(= Britain) English（无复数形式）“英国人（的）/英语（的）/英国的” He is English.(前无冠词)= He is an Englishman.(前有冠词)“他是英国人” 注意复数：They are English.= They are Englishmen.(变为men) 3France“法国” French(无复数形式)“法国人(的)/ 法语(的)/ 法国的” The lady is French.(前无冠词)= The lady is a Frenchwoman.(前有冠词) 注意复数：The ladies are French.= The ladies are Frenchwomen.4Germany“德国”German“德国人(的)/ 德语(的)/ 德国的” The boy is a German.(前有冠词)The boys are Germans.(复数加s.） 5America“美国” American“美国人（的）/ 美国的” He is American.(前常无冠词）They are Americans.(复数加s)103.易写错词形:◆noise(名词)“噪音”;noisy(形容词);noisily(副词)◆health(名词)“健康”;healthy(形容词);healthily(副词) ◆luck(名词)“运气”;lucky(形容词)“幸运的”;luckily(副词) ◆succeed(动词)“成功”;success(名词);successful(形容词)successfully(副词)◆save(动词)“救，节省，存”;safe(形容词)“安全的”;safety(名词)“安全，安全场所”safely（副词）◆true（形容词）“真的，对的”;truly(副词“)真正地”;truth(名词“)真理,事实”◆terrible(形容词)“难受的，可怕的”;terribly(副词)104.job与work:1job, 可数：I have a job as a teacher.Jobs are not easy to get.He wants a job.2work, 不可数 I cannot find work in this town.Have you finished your work? 105.with和in表示“用”：1with用工具：write with a pen /a pencil/ a piece of chalk 2in用写字材料：write in ink / pen(前无冠词)106.时刻之表达：1分钟未过半点，如7:20→seven twenty→twenty past seven: 2:02→two oh two→two past two 2分钟已过半点，如5:45→five forty-five→a quarter to six→fifteen to six 1:58→one fifty-eight→two to two 3刚好半点，如9:30→nine thirty→half past nine 4刚好整点，如11:00→eleven o’clock 107.be + 形 + of sb 与 for sb的区别：1It’s kind of you to help me.解释：kind, nice, good, clever, foolish，lazy等词表示的是人的特点或性格。此句相当于在说You are kind to help me.此情况下介词用的是of.2It’s easy for you to do the work.解释：easy，difficult, necessary, important, dangerous, interesting等词如果在句中不反映人的特点或性格，如此句中并不是在说You are easy.而是“做 这项工作”这件事是容易的。此情况下介词用的是for.又如：It’s dangerous for us to climb the mountain.“爬山”是危险的，不是说“我们”是“危险”的。for sb 是“就某人来说”之意。 108.take, bring, fetch与carry: 都译为“拿”。◆take“拿走”，从说话人处带到另一处 ◆bring“带来”，从另一处带到说话人处。◆fetch“去拿来”，先到另一地拿东西，然后再返回到说话人处。◆carry“拿、搬、扛”，没有特定方向性。 109.条件与祈使: 有时条件句可以与祈使句有相同的意思。注意以下句子结构有何不同。 If you work hard, you will achieve your dream.相当于: Work hard, and you will achieve„ If you don’t listen to me carefully, you won’t understand it.相当于：Listen to me carefully, or you won’t understand it.110.in / on / at + 时间：1in three days(“„时间后”，常用于一般将来时)in September in 1998;in the 1860s(在十九世纪六十年代) in the morning/ afternoon/ evening/ night 2on Christmas Eve;on October 1st; on Sunday evenings;on a cold morning; on Fridays;on New Year’s Day; on the morning / afternoon / evening / night of September 10th.(morning / afternoon / evening / night若是early / late 修饰时，仍用介词in) 3at 6:00;at Christmas;at noon;at night 112.one day与someday/some day的区别： 1one day“某一天，有一天”既可用于一般过去时，也可用于一般将来时。One day, a stranger came to my house.I will achieve my dream one day.2someday/some day“某一天”常用于一般将来时。可以和one day互换。I’m sure I can go to the Great Wall someday.113.missing与lost: 都可译为“丢失的，失踪的” 但用的分别是动词的现在分词和过去分词形式。My pen is lost / missing.(表语) I’ve found the missing / lost book.（定语）114.常见部分名词及其修饰词：1price(价格)常用high 与low修饰。sell sth at a high / low price 以高 / 低价出售 The price of the shoes is high / low.2number(数量)常用big / large和small修饰 3quality(质量，品质)常用low / poor和high / good修饰。4population(人口)常 big / large和small修饰(以上词都不用many, much修饰。) 初中英语语法总结 (动词的时态) 11.1 一般现在时的用法 1）经常性或习惯性的动作，常与表示频度的时间状语连用。时间状语： every…, sometimes, at…, on Sunday。例如： I leave home for school at 7 every morning.每天早上我七点离开家。 2）客观真理，客观存在，科学事实。例如： The earth moves around the sun.地球绕太阳转动。 Shanghai lies in the east of China.上海位于中国东部。 3）表示格言或警句。例如： Pride goes before a fall.骄者必败。 注意：此用法如果出现在宾语从句中，即使主句是过去时，从句谓语也要用一般现在时。 例：Columbus proved that the earth is round.哥伦布证实了地球是圆的。 4）现在时刻的状态、能力、性格、个性。例如： I don't want so much.我不要那么多。 Ann writes good English but does not speak well.安英语写得不错，讲的可不行。 比较：Now I put the sugar in the cup.把糖放入杯子。 I am doing my homework now.我正在做功课。 第一句用一般现在时，用于操作演示或指导说明的示范性动作，表示言行的瞬间动作。第二句中的now是进行时的标志，表示正在进行的动作的客观状况，所以后句用一般现在时。 11.2 一般过去时的用法 1）在确定的过去时间里所发生的动作或存在的状态。例如：时间状语有：yesterday, last week, an hour ago, the other day, in 1982等。例如： Where did you go just now? 刚才你上哪儿去了？ 2）表示在过去一段时间内，经常性或习惯性的动作。例如： When I was a child, I often played football in the street.我是个孩子的时候，常在马路上踢足球。 Whenever the Browns went during their visit, they were given a warm welcome.那时，布朗一家无论什么时候去，都受到热烈欢迎。 3）句型：It is time for sb.to do sth “到……时间了” “该……了”。例如：It is time for you to go to bed.你该睡觉了。 It is time that sb.did sth.“时间已迟了” “早该……了”，例如It is time you went to bed.你早该睡觉了。 would（had）rather sb.did sth.表示'宁愿某人做某事'。例如：I'd rather you came tomorrow.还是明天来吧。 4）wish, wonder, think, hope 等用过去时，作试探性的询问、请求、建议等，而一般过去时表示的动作或状态都已成为过去，现已不复存在 。例如：I thought you might have some.我以为你想要一些。 比较：Christine was an invalid all her life.（含义：她已不在人间。） Christine has been an invalid all her life.（含义：她现在还活着） Mrs.Darby lived in Kentucky for seven years.（含义：达比太太已不再住在肯塔基州。） Mrs.Darby has lived in Kentucky for seven years.（含义：现在还住在肯塔基州，有可能指刚离去） 注意： 用过去时表示现在，表示委婉语气。 1）动词want, hope, wonder, think, intend 等。例如： Did you want anything else? 您还要些什么吗？ I wondered if you could help me.能不能帮我一下。 2）情态动词 could, would。例如： Could you lend me your bike? 你的自行车，能借用一些吗？ 11.3 used to / be used to used to + do：“过去常常”表示过去习惯性的动作或状态，但如今已不存在。例如： Mother used not to be so forgetful.老妈过去没那么健忘。 Scarf used to take a walk.斯卡夫过去常常散步。 be used to + doing：对……已感到习惯，或“习惯于”，to是介词，后需加名词或动名词。例如： He is used to a vegetarian diet.Scarf is used to taking a walk.斯卡夫现在已习惯于散步了。 典型例题 ----Your phone number again? I ___ quite catch it.----It's 69568442.A.didn't B.couldn't C.don't D.can't 答案A.本句虽没有明确的时间状语，但从语意上看出，在听的时候没有听懂这个动作发生在过去，因此应用过去时。 11.4 一般将来时 1）shall用于第一人称，常被will 所代替。will 在陈述句中用于各人称，在征求意见时常用于第二人称。例如： Which paragraph shall I read first？ 我先读哪一段呢？ Will you be at home at seven this evening? 今晚七点回家好吗？ 2）be going to +不定式，表示将来。 a.主语的意图，即将做某事。例如：What are you going to do tomorrow? 明天打算作什么呢？ b.计划，安排要发生的事。例如：The play is going to be produced next month。这出戏下月开播。 c.有迹象要发生的事。例如：Look at the dark clouds, there is going to be a storm.看那乌云，快要下雨了。 3）be +不定式表将来，按计划或正式安排将发生的事。例如： We are to discuss the report next Saturday.我们下星期六讨论这份报告。 4）be about to +不定式，意为马上做某事。例如： He is about to leave for Beijing.他马上要去北京。 注意：be about to do 不能与tomorrow, next week 等表示明确将来时的时间状语连用。 11.5 be going to / will 用于条件句时，be going to表将来,will表意愿。例如： If you are going to make a journey, you'd better get ready for it as soon as possible.Now if you will take off your clothes, we will fit the new clothes on you in front of the mirror.11.6 be to和be going to be to 表示客观安排或受人指示而做某事，be going to 表示主观的打算或计划。例如： I am to play football tomorrow afternoon.明天下午我去踢球。（客观安排） I'm going to play football tomorrow afternoon.明天下午我想去踢球。（主观安排） 11.7 一般现在时表将来 1）下列动词come, go, arrive, leave, start, begin, return的一般现在时可以表示将来，主要用来表示在时间上已确定或安排好的事情。例如： The train leaves at six tomorrow morning.火车明天上午六点开。 When does the bus star? It stars in ten minutes.汽车什么时候开？十分钟后。 2）以here, there等开始的倒装句，表示动作正在进行。例如： Here comes the bus.= The bus is coming.车来了。 There goes the bell.= The bell is ringing.铃响了。 3）在时间或条件句中。例如： When Bill comes（不是will come）, ask him to wait for me.比尔来后，让他等我。 I'll write to you as soon as I arrive there.我到了那里，就写信给你。 4）在动词hope, take care that, make sure that等的宾语从句中。例如： I hope they have a nice time next week.我希望他们下星期玩得开心。 Make sure that the windows are closed before you leave the room.离开房间前，务必把窗户关了。 11.8 用现在进行时表示将来 下列动词come, go, arrive, leave, start, begin, return等现在进行时可以表示将来。例如： I'm leaving tomorrow.明天我要走了。 Are you staying here till next week? 你会在这儿呆到下周吗？ 11.9 现在完成时 现在完成时用来表示之前已发生或完成的动作或状态，其结果的影响现在还存在；也可表示持续到现在的动作或状态。其构成：have（has）+过去分词。 11.10 比较一般过去时与现在完成时 1）一般过去时表示过去某时发生的动作或单纯叙述过去的事情，强调动作；现在完成时为过去发生的，强调过去的事情对现在的影响，强调的是影响。 2）一般过去时常与具体的时间状语连用，而现在完成时通常与模糊的时间状语连用，或无时间状语。 一般过去时的时间状语：yesterday, last week，…ago, in1980, in October, just now等，皆为具体的时间状语。 现在完成时的时间状语：for, since, so far, ever, never, just, yet, till/until, up to now, in past years, always等，皆不确定的时间状语。 共同的时间状语：this morning, tonight, this April, now, already, recently, lately 等。 3）现在完成时可表示持续到现在的动作或状态，动词一般是延续性的，如live, teach, learn, work, study, know.。 一般过去时常用的非持续性动词有come, go, leave, start, die, finish, become, get married等。例如： I saw this film yesterday.（强调看的动作发生过了） I have seen this film.（强调对现在的影响，电影的内容已经知道了） Why did you get up so early?（强调起床的动作已发生过了） Who hasn't handed in his paper?（强调有卷子未交，疑为不公平竞争） He has been in the League for three years.（在团内的状态可延续） He has been a League member for three years.（是团员的状态可持续） 句子中如有过去时的时间副词（如yesterday, last, week, in 1960）时，不能使用现在完成时，要用过去时。 （错）Tom has written a letter to his parents last night.（对）Tom wrote a letter to his parents last night.11.11 用于现在完成时的句型 1）It is the first / second time....that…结构中的从句部分，用现在完成时。例如： It is the first time that I have visited the city.这是我第一次访问这城市。 This is the first time（that）I've heard him sing.这是我第一次听他唱歌。 注意：It was the third time that the boy had been late.2）This is +形容词最高级+that…结构，that 从句要用现在完成时。例如： This is the best film that I've（ever）seen.这是我看过的最好的电影。 典型例题 （1）---Do you know our town at all?---No, this is the first time I ___ here.A.was B.have been C.came D.am coming 答案B.This is the first time 后面所加从句应为现在完成时，故选B。 （2）---Have you ____ been to our town before?---No, it's the first time I ___ here.A.even, come B.even, have come C.ever, come D.ever, have come 答案D.ever意为曾经或无论何时，反意词为never，此两词常用于完成时。 注意：非延续性动词的否定形式可以与表示延续时间的状语连用。即动作不发生的状态是可以持续的。 （错）I have received his letter for a month.（对）I haven't received his letter for almost a month.11.12 比较since和for Since 用来说明动作起始时间，for用来说明动作延续时间长度。例如： I have lived here for more than twenty years.我住在这儿二十多年了。 I have lived here since I was born.我从出生起就住在这儿了。 注意：并非有for 作为时间状语的句子都用现在完成时。 I worked here for more than twenty years.（我现在已不在这里工作。） I have worked here for many years.（现在我仍在这里工作。） 注意：用句型转换的方法，很容易排除非延续动词在有for/since结构的完成时中的误用。 1）（对）Tom has studied Russian for three years.= Tom began to study Russian three years ago, and is still studying it now.2）（错）Harry has got married for six years.= Harry began to get married six years ago, and is still getting married now.显然，第二句不对，它应改为 Harry got married six years ago.或 Harry has been married for six years.11.13 since的四种用法 1）since +过去一个时间点（如具体的年、月、日期、钟点、1980, last month, half past six）。例如： I have been here since 1989.1989起，我一直在这儿。 2）since +一段时间+ ago。例如： I have been here since five months ago.我在这儿，已经有五个月了。 3）since +从句。例如： Great changes have taken place since you left.你走后，变化可大了。 Great changes have taken place since we were here.我们走后，变化可大了。 4）It is +一段时间+ since从句。例如： It is two years since I became a postgraduate student.我考上研究生有两年了。 11.14 延续动词与瞬间动词 1）用于完成时的区别 延续动词表示经验、经历； 瞬间动词表示行为的结果，不能与表示段的时间状语连用。例如： He has completed the work.他已完成了那项工作。（表结果） I've known him since then.我从那时起就认识他了。（表经历） 2）用于till / until从句的差异 延续动词用于肯定句，表示“做……直到……” 瞬间动词用于否定句，表示“到……，才……”。例如： He didn't come back until ten o'clock.他到10 点才回来。 He slept until ten o'clock.他一直睡到10点。 典型例题 1.You don't need to describe her.I ___ her several times.A.had met B.have met C.met D.meet 答案B.首先本题后句强调对现在的影响，我知道她的模样，你不用描述。再次，several times告知为反复发生的动作，因此用现在完成时。 2.---I'm sorry to keep you waiting.---Oh, not at all.I ___here only a few minutes.A.have been B.had been C.was D.will be 答案A.等待的动作由过去开始，持续到现在，应用现在完成时。 11.15 过去完成时 1）概念：表示过去的过去 ----|----------|--------|----> 其构成是had +过去分词构成。那时以前 那时 现在2）用法 a.在told, said, knew, heard, thought等动词后的宾语从句。例如： She said（that）she had never been to Paris.她告诉我她曾去过巴黎。 b.状语从句 在过去不同时间发生的两个动作中，发生在先，用过去完成时；发生在后，用一般过去时。例如： When the police arrived, the thieves had run away.警察到达时，小偷们早就跑了。 c.表示意向的动词，如hope, wish, expect, think, intend, mean, suppose等，用过去完成时表示“原本…，未能…”。例如： We had hoped that you would come, but you didn't.那时我们希望你能来，但是你没有来。 3）过去完成时的时间状语before, by, until , when, after, once, as soon as。例如： He said that he had learned some English before.他说过他以前学过一些英语。 By the time he was twelve, Edison had began to make a living by himself.到了十二岁那年，爱迪生开始自己谋生。 Tom was disappointed that most of the guests had left when he arrived at the party.汤姆失望了，因为他到达晚会时，大部分客人已经走了。 典型例题 The students ___ busily when Miss Brown went to get a book she ___ in the office.A.had written, left B，were writing, has left C.had written, had left D.were writing, had left 答案D.“把书忘在办公室”发生在“去取书”这一过去的动作之前，因此“忘了书”这一动作发生在过去的过去，用过去完成时。句中when表示的是时间的一点，表示在“同学们正忙于……”这一背景下，when所引导的动作发生。因此前一句应用过去进行时。 注意： had hardly… when 还没等…… 就……。例如： I had hardly opened the door when I he hit me.我刚打开门，他就打了我。 had no sooner…than 刚…… 就……。例如： He had no sooner bought the car than he sold it.他刚买了这辆车，转眼又卖了。 11.16 用一般过去时代替过去完成时 1）两个动作如按顺序发生，又不强调先后，或用then，and，but 等连词时，多用一般过去时。例如： When she saw the mouse，she screamed.她看到老鼠，就叫了起来。 My aunt gave me a hat and I lost it.姑妈给了我一顶帽子，我把它丢了。）两个动作相继发生，可用一般过去时；如第一个动作需要若干时间完成，用过去完成时。例如： When I heard the news, I was very excited.3）叙述历史事实，可不用过去完成时，而只用一般过去时。例如： Our teacher told us that Columbus discovered America in 1492.11.17 将来完成时 1）构成will have done 2）概念 a.状态完成：表示某事继续到将来某一时为止一直有的状态。例如： They will have been married for 20 years by then.到那时他们结婚将有二十年了。 b.动作完成：表示将来某一时或另一个将来的动作之前，已经完成的动作或获得的经验。例如： You will have reached Shanghai by this time tomorrow.明天此时，你已经到达上海了。 11.18 现在进行时 现在进行时的基本用法： a.表示现在（指说话人说话时）正在发生的事情。例如： We are waiting for you.我们正在等你。 b.习惯进行：表示长期的或重复性的动作，说话时动作未必正在进行。例如： Mr.Green is writing another novel.他在写另一部小说。（说话时并未在写，只处于写作的状态。） c.表示渐变，这样的动词有：get, grow, become, turn, run, go, begin等。例如： The leaves are turning red.叶子在变红。 It's getting warmer and warmer.天越来越热了。 d.与always, constantly, forever 等词连用，表示反复发生的动作或持续存在的状态，往往带有说话人的主观色彩。例如： You are always changing your mind.你老是改变主意。 典型例题 My dictionary ___, I have looked for it everywhere but still___ it.A.has lost, don't find B.is missing, don't find C.has lost, haven't found D.is missing, haven't found.答案D.前句是一个仍在持续的状态，应用进行时，由于没有找到，其影响仍然存在，应用完成时，瞬间动词用于否定式时可用于完成时。 11.19 不用进行时的动词 1）表示事实状态的动词，如have, belong, possess, cost, owe, exist, include，contain, matter, weigh, measure, continue等。例如：I have two brothers.我有两兄弟。 This house belongs to my sister.这房子是我姐的。 2）表示心理状态的动词，如know, realize, think see, believe, suppose, imagine, agree, recognize, remember, want, need, forget, prefer, mean, understand, love, hate等。例如：I need your help.我需要你的帮助。 He loves her very much.他爱她很深。 3）瞬间动词，如accept, receive, complete, finish, give, allow, decide, refuse等。例如： I accept your advice.我接受你的劝告。 4）系动词，如seem, remain, lie, see, hear, smell, feel, taste, get, become, turn等。例如： You seem a little tired.你看上去有点累。 11.20 过去进行时 1）概念：表示过去某时正在进行的状态或动作。 2）过去进行时的主要用法是描述一件事发生的背景；一个长动作延续的时候，另一个短动作发生。 3）常用的时间状语有this morning, the whole morning, all day yesterday, from nine to ten last evening, when, while等。例如： My brother fell while he was riding his bicycle and hurt himself.我兄弟骑车时摔了下来，受了伤。 It was raining when they left the station.他们离开车站时，正下着雨。 When I got to the top of the mountain, the sun was shining.我到达山顶时，阳光灿烂。 典型例题 1）Mary ___ a dress when she cut her finger.A.made B.is making C.was making D.makes 答案C.割伤手指是已发生的事情，应用过去时。同时，when表时间的同时性，“玛丽在做衣服时”提供事情发生的背景，因此用过去进行时。 2）As she ___ the newspaper, Granny ___ asleep.A.read；was falling B.was reading； fell C.was reading； was falling D.read；fell 答案B.句中的as = when, while，意为“当……之时”。描述一件事发生的背景时，用过去进行；一个长动作发生的时候，另一个短动作发生。句意为 “在她看报纸时，奶奶睡着了。”句中的 fell（fall的过去时），是系动词，后跟形容词，如：fall sick。第三篇：初中英语语法总结
第四篇：初中英语语法总结
第五篇：初中英语语法总结
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