美国文学史名词解释_综合版

第一篇：美国文学史名词解释_综合版

美国文学选读复习资料

the settlement of North American continent by English started in the early 17th century.Under siege from church and crown, it sent an offshoot in the third and fourth decades of the seventeenth century to the northern English colonies in the New World—a migration that laid the foundation for the religious, intellectual, and social order of New England.Puritanism, however was not only a historically specific phenomenon coincidentwith the founding of New Zealand;it was also a way of being in the world—a style of response to lived experience—that has reverberated through American life ever since.As a culture heritage, Puritanism did have a profound influence on the early American mind.American Puritanism also had a enduring influence on American literature.American Romanticism

The Romantic Period stretches from the end of the 18th century through the outbreak of the Civil War.• Romanticism was a rebellion against the objectivity of rationalism.(subjectivity)

• For romantics, the feelings, intuitions and emotions were more important than

reason and common sense.• They emphasized individualism, placing the individual against the group,against authority.• The affirmed the inner life of the self, and wanted to be free to develop and

express his own inner thoughts.New England Poets: William Cullen Bryant;Henry Wadsworth Longfellow;

Writers: James Fenimaore Cooper The Spy(1821)The Leatherstocking Tales(1823—1841)

The Pilot(1824)The Red Rover(1827)

Washington Irving（“The Sketch Book of Geoffrey Grayon” “Bracebridge Hall”“Tales of a Traveller”“The History of the Life and Voyages of ChristopherColumbus ”）

American Transcendentalism

In the realm of art and literature it meant the shattering of pseudo-classic rules and forms in favor of a spirit of freedom, the creation of works filled with the new passion for nature and common humanity and incarnating a fresh sense of the wonder, promise, and romance of life.Transcendentalism

① The Transcendentalists placed emphasis on spirit, or the Oversoul, as the most important thing in the universe.② The Transcendentalists stressed the importance of the individual.To them, the individual is the most important element of Society.③ The Transcendentalists offered a fresh perception of nature as symbolic of the Spirit or God.Nature was not purely matter.It was alive, filled with God’s overwhelming presence.Writers

Emerson’s：Nature；Self-Reliance；The American Scholar；The Over-soul；

H.D.Thoreau：Walden

Henry Wadsworth Longfellow

Walt Whitman：Leaves of Grass Emily Dickinson：I Died for Beauty；Because I could

not stop for Death

William Faulkner(1897-19621949 Nobel price

As I Lay Dying(1930)

Light in the August(1932)

Absalom, Absalom(1936)

Go Down Moses(1942)

Ernest Hemingway

Iceberg Principle(Theory)

“grace under pressure”

Major Works:

The Sun Also Rises 1926(Jake Barnes)

A Farewell to Arms 1928(a tragic story about war and love)(Frederic Henry and

Catherine Barkley)

For Whom the Bell Tolls 1940(Spanish civil war)(Robert Jordan)

The Old Man and the Sea 1952(Santiago)

Herman Melville

代表作：白鲸Moby DickOther Works are: Billy Budd,Typee, Omoo, Mardi.Nathaniel Hawthorne

The Scarlet Letter

Mosses from an Old Manse;Twice-Told Tales;The Marble Faun;The House of the

Seven Gables

Realism

As a literary movement, the Age of Realism came into existence after Romanticism

with the Civil War It was a reaction against “the lie” of Romanticism and

sentimentalism, and paved the way to Modernism.This literary interest in the so-called “reality” of life started a new period in the

American literary writing known as The Age of Realism.local colorism is a type of writing that was popular in the late

19th(1860s—1870s).The feature of local colorism are:(1)presenting a locale

distinguished from the outside world;(2)describing the exotic of the picturesque;

(3)glorifying the past;(4)showing things as they are;(5)influence of setting on

characters.The well known local colorism authors were Mark Twain with his book

Tom Sawyer and The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn, Bret Harte’s with his The

Luck of the Roaring Camp.American naturalists accepted the more negative

interpretation of Darwin’s evolutionary theory and used it to accout for the behavior

of those characters in literary works who were regarded as more or less complex

combinations of inherited attributes, their habits conditioned by social and economic

forces.2)naturalism is evolved from realism when the author’s tone in writing

becomes less serious and less sympathetic but more ironic and more pessimistic.It is

no more than a gloomy philosophical approach to reality, or to human

existence.3>Dreiser with his Sister Carrie is a leading figure of his school.1917.The movement insists on the creation of images in poetry by “the direct

treatment of the thing” and the economy of wording.“poetic techniques to record

exactly the momentary impressions”

Three main principles of the Imagist Movement(1912):

[1] direct treatment of poetic subjects

[2] elimination of merely ornamental or superfluous words, to use no word that does

not contribute to the presentation.[3] rhythmical composition in the sequence of the musical phrase rather than in the

sequence of a metronome.4> pound’s In a Station of the Metro is a well-known

poem.The Modern Period

Part I The 1920s-1930s(the second renaissance of American literature)

l The Roaring Twenties(economically)

l The Jazz Age(socially)

l“lost” and “waste land”(spiritually)

There had been a big flush of new theories and new ideas in both social and natural

sciences.Darwinism(Darwin), Socialism(Karl Marx), Psychoanalysis(Sigmund Freud)

The lost generation is a term first used by Stein to describe the

post-war I generation of American writers: men and women haunted by a sense of

betrayal and emptiness brought about by the destructiveness of the war.2>full of

youthful idealism, these individuals sought the meaning of life, drank excessively, had

love affairs and created some of the finest American literature to date.3>the three

best-known representatives of lost generation are F.Scott Fitzgerald, Hemingway and

John dos Passos.The Beat Generation is a group of American young writers

and artists popular in the 1950s and early 1960s.the member of the beat generation

were new bohemian libertines, who engaged in a spontaneous, sometimes messy,creativity.The beat writers produced a body of written work controversial both for its advocacy of non conformity and for its non conforming style.The major writing are jack Kerouac’s on the road and Allen Ginsberg’s Howl.American Dream

The is the idea held by many in the United States that through hard work, courage and determination one could achieve prosperity.These were values held by many early European settlers, and have been passed on to subsequent generations.The term was first used by James Truslow Adams in his book The Epic of America.IMAGERY: A common term of variable meaning, imagery includes the “mental pictures” that readers experience with a passage of literature.It signifies all the sensory perceptions referred to in a poem, whether by literal description, allusion, simile, or metaphor.Puritanism

American Puritanism was practice and belief of Puritans.Puritans were the people who wanted to purify the Church of England and then were persecuted in England.They came to America for various reasons.But because they were a group of serious and religious people, they carried a code of value and a philosophy of life.To them, religion was the most important thing.They accepted the doctrine of predestination, original sin, total depravity and limited atonement for God’s grace.They also believed in hard working, piety and sobriety.In a word, American Puritanism exerted great influences upon American thought and literature.

第二篇：美国文学史名词解释

It were flourishing from the beginning of 17th to the middle period of 18th.They stressed predestination, original sin, total depravity, and limited atonement from God‟s grace.They went to America to prove that they were God‟s chosen people who would enjoy God‟s blessings on earth and in Heaven.Finally, they built a way of life that stressed hard work, thrift, piety, and sobriety.Both doctrinaire and an opportunist.Its Influence on literary were as follows:（影响）(1)American Literature is based on a myth------the Biblical myth of the Garden of Eden.(2)The American Puritan‟s metaphorical made of perception----symbolism.The representatives were Edwards(The Freedom of the Will), Franklin(On the Art of Self-improvement), Crevecoeur(Letters from an American Farmer).代表作家及代表作：Captain John SmithTrue Relation of Virginia(1608)

Anne Bradstreet“To My Dear and Loving Husband”

Benjamin Franklin:The Autobiography of Benjamin FranklinRomanticism was a complex artistic, literary and intellectual movement that originated in the second half of the 18th century in Europe, and gained strength in reaction to the Industrial Revolution.Elements of Romanticism

1.Frontier: vast expanse, freedom, no geographic limitations.2.Optimism: greater than in Europe because of the presence of frontier.不要这么多，我就删掉了3、4、5条。。

Romantic Attitude

1.Appeals to imagination;use of the “willing suspension of disbelief.”

2.Stress on emotion rather than reason;optimism, geniality.3.Subjectivity: in form and meaning.Characteristics of Romanticism:

a.Romanticism was a rebellion against the objectivity of rationalism.(subjectivity)

b.For romantics, the feelings, intuitions and emotions were more important than reason and common sense.c.They emphasized individualism, placing the individual against the group, against authority.d.The affirmed the inner life of the self, and wanted to be free to develop and express his own inner thoughts.e.Typical literary forms of romanticism include ballad, lyric, sentimental comedy, problem novel, historical novel ,gothic romance, metrical romance, sonnet.Representatives:

• New England Poets: William Cullen Bryant;Henry Wadsworth Longfellow;

• Writers: James Fenimaore Cooper, Washington Irving“The Sketch Book of Geoffrey Grayon”

• 浪漫主义的影响： The romantic exaltation of the individual suited the nation‟s revolutionary heritage and its

frontier egalitarianism.As a philosophical and literary movement, transcendentalism flourished in New England from 1830s to the Civil War.Its doctrines found their greatest literary advocates in Emerson who published „Nature‟ in 1836 which represented a new way of intellectual thinking in America and presented„The Universe is composed of Nature and the Soul, Spirit is present everywhere.‟ and romantic idealism on Puritan soil as well as Thoreau.Emerson‟s Nature has been called the “Manifesto of American Transcendentalism”.As a philosophy, transcendentalism was neither logical nor systematical.It exalted feeling over reason, individual expression over the restraints of law and custom.Yet transcendentalism was a powerful expression of the intellectual mood of the age.What is Transcendentalism?

In the realm of art and literature it meant the shattering of pseudo-classic rules and forms in favor of a spirit of freedom, the creation of works filled with the new passion for nature and common humanity and incarnating a fresh sense of the wonder, promise, and romance of life.Major Concepts(main ideas)

1, „transcend ere‟: to rise above, to pass beyond the limits

2, Believe people could learn things both from the outside world by means of the 5 senses and from the inner world by intuition.3, It placed spirit first and matter second

4, It took nature as symbolic of spirit or God.5, It emphasized the significance of the individual

6, Religion was an emotional communication between an individual soul and the universal „oversoul‟.Major writers and Literary Works

Ralph Waldo Emerson(1803----1882)Self-Reliance

Henry David Thoreau(1817----1862)Walden

超验主义的影响：it could exercise a healthy and restorative influence on the human mind.The natural implication that things in nature tended to become symbolic, and the physical world was a symbol of the spiritual.This in turn added to the1

tradition of literary symbolism in American literature.the ideas it represented have remained a strong influence on great American writers from the days of Hawthorne and Whitman to the present.——latter half of the nineteenth century

American Realism: In American literature, the Civil War brought the Romantic Period to an end.The Age of Realism came into existence.It came as a reaction against the lie of romanticism and sentimentalism.Realism turned from an emphasis on the strange toward a faithful rendering of the ordinary, a slice of life as it is really lived.It expresses the concern for commonplace and the low, and it offers an objective rather than an idealistic view of human nature and human experience.Major Features:

1）Realism is the theory of writing in which familiar aspects of contemporary life and everyday scenes are represented in a straightforward or mother-of-fact manner.2）Open ending(means real life is complex and cannot be fully understood)

3）Focuses on the lives of the common people

4）Emphasize objectivity

Representatives:

Howells, Henry James

代表作：William Dean HowellsThe Rise of Silas Lapham

Henry James“The American”、“Daisy Miller”、“ in the Portrait of a Lady”

现实主义影响：Realism was a reaction against Romanticism and paved the way to Modernism。

thlocal colorism is a type of writing that was popular in the late 19(1860s—1870s).Local Color Fiction:

Local colorism as a trend became dominant in American literature in the late 1860s and early 1870.The frontier humorists who had been popular with their “tall tales” before the Civil War paved the way for local color fiction.Basic Features

Local color fiction presents a locale which is distinguished form the outside world.Local color fiction describes the exotic and the picturesque.It describes things that are not common in other regions.Local color fiction also attempts to show things as they as they are.Local color fiction glorifies the past.(nostalgic about the past)

Local color fiction stresses the influence of setting on character.Masters：

Mark Twain（笔名）

Samuel Langhorne Clemens

The Adventures of Tom Sawyer

The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn

6.American naturalism

American naturalism was a new and harsher realism, and like realism, it had come from Europe.Naturalism was an outgrowth of realism that responded to theories in science, psychology, human behavior and social thought current in the late nineteenth century.Background:

In the last decade of the nineteenth century, with the development of industry and modern science, intelligent minds began to see that man was no longer a free ethical being in a cold, indifferent and essentially Godless universe.In this chance world he was both helpless and hopeless.Major Features:

Humans are controlled by laws of heredity and environment

The universe is cold, godless, indifferent and hostile to human desires.Representatives:

The pessimism and deterministic ideas of naturalism pervaded the works of such American writers as Stephen Crane,Crane‟s is the first American naturalism work.Norris‟s McTeague is the manifesto of American naturalism.Dreiser‟s is the work in which naturalism attained maturity.These writers‟ detailed description of the lives of the downtrodden and the abnormal, their frank threatment of human passion and sexuality, and their portrayal of men and women overwhelmed by blind forces of nature still exert a powerful influence on modern writers.Influence:

Although naturalist literature described the world with sometimes brutal realism, it sometimes also aimed at bettering the world through social reform.This combination of grim reality and desire for improvements is typical of America as it moved into the twentieth century.A poetic movement of England and the U.S.that flourished from 1909 to 1917.The movement insists on the creation of images in poetry by “the direct treatment of the thing” and the economy of wording.“poetic techniques to record exactly the momentary impressions”

Major features:

---it was one of the most essential technique of writing poetry in modern period.---with a spirit of revolt against conventions, imagism was anti—romantic and anti-victorian

---In a sense, imagism was equivalent to naturalism in fiction

---it produced free verse without imposing a rhythmical pattern.---Imagism tried to record objective observations of an object or a situation without interpretation or comment by the poet.---it produced free verse without imposing a rhythmical pattern.---Imagism tried to record objective observations of an object or a situation without interpretation or comment by the poet.The most outstanding figures:

Ezra Pound Amy Lowell Hilda Doolittle

The form of free verse(Ezra Loomis Pound)

影响：.its influence

1)the imagist theories call for brief language, describing the precise picture in as few words as possible.This new way of poetry composition has a lasting influence in the 20th century poetry.2)the second lasting influence of Imagism is the form of free verse.There are no metrical rules.There are apparent indiscriminate line breaks, which reflects the discontinuity of life itself.That is art of the poem.The poet uses the length of the lines and the strange groupings of words to show how life itself can be broken up into somehow meaningless clustersFree verse was originated by a group of French poets of the late 19th century.Poetry that is based on the irregular rhythmic cadence(韵律)of the recurrence, with variations, of phrases, images, and syntactical(依照句法的)patterns rather than the conventional use of meter（音步）.Rhyme may or may not be present in it, but when it is , it is used with great freedom.Their purpose was to free themselves from the restrictions of formal metrical patterns and to recreate instead the free rhymes of nature period.Walt Whitman„s leaves of grass is perhaps the most notable example.thIt has since been used Ezra Pound, T.S.Eliot and other major American poets of the 20 century.Walt Whiteman‟s Leaves of Grass is, perhaps , the most notable example.9.The Lost Generation is a group of expatriate American writers residing primarily in Paris during the 1920s and 1930s.The group was given its name by the American writer Gertrude Stein, who used “a lost generation” to refer to expatriate Americans bitter about their World War I experiences and disillusioned with American society.Hemingway later used the phrase as an epigraph for his novel The Sun Also Rises.It consisted of many influential American writers, including Ernest Hemingway, F.Scott Fitzgerald, William Carlos Williams and Archibald MacLeish.The lost generation is a term first used by Stein to describe the post-war I generation of American writers: men and women haunted by a sense of betrayal and emptiness brought about by the destructiveness of the war.2>full of youthful idealism, these individuals sought the meaning of life, drank excessively, had love affairs and created some of the finest American literature to date.3>the three best-known representatives of lost generation are F.Scott Fitzgerald, Hemingway and John dos Passos.10.The Hemingway hero is an average man of decidedly masculine tastes, sensitive and intelligent, a man of action, and one of few words.That is an individualist keeping emotions under control, stoic and self-disciplined in a dreadful place.These people are usually spiritual strong, people of certain skills, and most of them encounter death many times.The heroes in his book are all have something in common which Hemingway values: they have seen the cold world and for one cause or another, they boldly and courageously face the reality;whatever the result is, they are ready to live with grace under pressure.The Hemingway code hero has an indestructible spirit for his optimistic view of life, though he is pessimistic that is Hemingway.Ernest Hemingway‟s “iceberg theory” suggests that the writer include in the text only a small portion of what he knows, leaving about ninety percent of the content a mystery that grows beneath the surface of the writing.If a writer of prose knows enough about what he is writing about he may omit things that will have a feeling of those things as strongly as though the writer had stated them.The dignity of movement of an iceberg is due to only one-eighth of it being above water.A good writer does not need to reveal every detail of a character or action

The Jazz Age describes the period of the 1920s and 1930s, the years between World War I and World War II.Particularly in North America.With the rise of the great depression, the values of this age saw much decline.Perhapsthe most representative literary work of the age is American writer Fitzgerald‟s The Great Gatsby.Highlighting what some describe as the decadence and hedonism, as well as the growth of individualism.Fitzgerald is largely credited with coining the term” Jazz Age”.

第三篇：美国文学史及选读名词解释

1.American Naturalism: American naturalism was a new and harsher realism.American naturalism had been shaped by the war;by the social upheavals that undermined the comforting faith of an earlier age.America’s literary naturalists dismissed the validity of comforting moral truths.They attempted to achieve extreme objectivity and frankness, presenting characters of low social and economic classes who were determined by their environment and heredity.In presenting the extremes of life, the naturalists sometimes displayed an affinity to the sensationalism of early romanticism, but unlike their romantic predecessors, the naturalists emphasized that the world was amoral, that men and women had no free will, that lives were controlled by heredity and environment, that the destiny of humanity was misery in life and oblivion in death.Although naturalist literature described the world with sometimes brutal realism, it sometimes also aimed at bettering the world through social reform.美国自然主义：美国自然主义是一种新的、更具批判性的现实主义。美国自然主义是在战争和影响人们早期信念的社会**的影响之下形成的。美国的自然主义者往往否定了广为接受的道德真理的正确性，他们想达到极端的客观与直率，他们所展现的人物往往都是下层社会的人，他们的命运受到环境和遗传的制约。在反应生活方面，自然主义作家往往表现出早期浪漫主义中感伤主义特征，但和浪漫主义不同的是，自然主义者认为，世界缺乏道德，人不论男女都没有自由的意愿，他们的生活都受到遗传和环境的控制，人在生前过着悲惨的生活，死后便被人所遗忘。虽然自然主义文学通过更为苛刻的现实主义手法来展现这个世界，但是他有时也是为了通过社会改革来改善这个世界。

2.American Puritanism: Puritanism is the practices and beliefs of the Puritans.The Puritans were originally members of a division of the Protestant Church.The first settlers who became the founding fathers of the American nation were quite a few of them.They were a group of serious, religious people, advocating highly religious and moral principles.As the word itself hints, Puritans wanted to purity their religious beliefs and practices.They accepted the doctrine of predestination, original sin and total depravity, and limited atonement through a special infusion of grace form God.As a culture heritage, Puritanism did have a profound influence on the early American mind.American Puritanism also had a enduring influence on American literature.美国清教主义：清教主义是新教徒的原来的一个分支——清教徒的行为和信仰。在美国的第一批居民中有很多就是清教徒，他们有着严格的宗教信仰和道德准则。就像这个词所暗指的那样，清教徒们想“清化”他们的宗教信仰和行为习惯。他们相信宿命论、原罪说、全体堕落和有限的赎罪。作为一种文化遗产，美国清教主义在早期美国人的思想上有着深刻的影响，他对美国文学的影响也是颇为持久的。

3.American Realism: In American literature, the Civil War brought the Romantic Period to an end.The Age of Realism came into existence.It came as a reaction against the lie of romanticism and sentimentalism.Realism turned from an emphasis on the strange toward a faithful rendering of the ordinary, a slice of life as it is really lived.It expresses the concern for commonplace and the low, and it offers an

objective rather than an idealistic view of human nature and human experience.美国现实主义：在美国文学史上，内战宣告了浪漫主义的终结和现实主义的开始。现实主义反对浪漫主义和感伤主义的谎言，它从一个陌生的世界转向了普通人的真实生活的描写。它所关心的是普通的下层劳动人民而非理想中的人类本性和现实经历。American Romanticism: The Romantic Period covers the first half of the 19th century.A rising America with its ideals of democracy and equality, its industrialization, its westward expansion, and a variety of foreign influences were among the important factors which made literary expansion and expression not only possible but also inevitable in the period immediately following the nation’s political independence.Yet, romantics frequently shared certain general characteristics: moral enthusiasm, faith in value of individualism and intuitive perception, and a presumption that the natural world was a source of goodness and man’s societies a source of corruption.Romantic values were prominent in American politics, art, and philosophy until the Civil War.The romantic exaltation of the individual suited the nation’s revolutionary heritage and its frontier egalitarianism.美国浪漫主义：浪漫主义阶段涵盖了19世纪前半页。美国的不断壮大和发展以及随之而来的明珠和平等的思想、工业化的发展、西北边疆的不断扩展和国外的各种影响使浪漫主义作家文学不但成为一种可能，而且使它成为美国政治独立后的一种必然。然而，浪漫主义文学往往有很多共性：他们热心于道德、相信个人主义价值观和对世界的直观感受，并且他们认为自然世界是真、善、美的源泉而人类社会则是堕落的根源。在内战以前，浪漫主义价值观占据是政治、艺术、和哲学等领域，浪漫主义者对个人的赞扬正好迎合了美国的革命遗风和边疆开拓者的品均主义。

5.American Transcendentalism: the emergence of the Transcendentalists as an identifiable movement took place during the late 1820s and 1830s, but the roots of their religious philosophy extended much farther back into American religious history.Transcendentalism and evangelical Protestantism followed separate evolutionary branches from American Puritanism, taking as their common ancestor the Calvinism of the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries.They spoke for cultural rejuvenation and against the materialism of American spirit, or the Oversoul, as the most important thing in the Universe.They stressed the importance of the individual.To them, the individual was the most important element of society.They offered a fresh perception of nature as symbolic of the Spirit or God.Nature was, to them, alive, filled with God’s overwhelming presence.Transcendentalism is based on the belief that the most fundamental truths about life and death can be reached only by going beyond the world of the senses.Emerson’s Nature has been called the “Manifesto of American Transcendentalism” and his The American Scholar has been rightly regarded as America’s “Declaration of Intellectual Independence”.美国超验主义：美国超验主义出现的19世纪20年代末期到三十年代，但是它的根源在宗教史上要远得多。超验主义和福音派新教分别是美国清教主义的两个分支，他们的祖先是17世纪和18世纪的加尔文神教。超验主义者主张文化的复兴，认为“超灵”是宇宙中最重要的事物。他们强调个人的重要性，反对精神上的物质主义。对他们来说，个人是一个社会最重要的元素。他们认为自然就是“精神”或“上帝”的象征，它是有生命的，而上帝又无处不在。他们认为生与死最基本的真理可以超越感官的世界而获得。艾默生的《自然》被称为是“美国超验主义的宣言”，他的《美国学者》则被认为是美国的“文化独立宣言书”。

6.Local Colorism: The definition of local colorism is made clear by Hamlin Garland in his Crumble Idols, he claims that it has “such quality and texture and background that it could not have been written in any other place or anyone else than a native.” Here “text” refers to the elements which characterizes a local culture, elements such as speech, customs, and mores peculiar to one particular place.And his “background” covers physical setting and those distinctive qualities of landscape which condition human thought and behavior.The ultimate aim of the local colorism is to create the illusion of an indigenous little world with qualities that differs from the world outside.7.Imagism: It’s a poetic movement of England and the U.S.flourished from 1909 to 1917.The movement insists on the creation of images in poetry by “the direct treatment of the thing” and the economy of wording.The leaders of this movement were Ezra Pound and Amy Lowell.意象主义：意象主义是在1909到1917年之间在英国和美国的一次诗歌运动。意象主义主张在诗歌通过“直接描写事物”和简介的用词来产生意象，领导人物为庞德和艾米•罗威尔

8.The Harlem Renaissance was a cultural movement that spanned the 1920s.At the time, it was known as the “New Negro Movement”, of which Harlem was the largest center.Writers and artists emphasized black liberation, retaining black cultural pride, and not giving in to white standards.They began to produce a wide variety of fine and highly original works dealing with African-American life.These works attracted many black readers.New to the wider culture, they also attracted commercial publishers and a large white readership.Writers associated with the Harlem Renaissance include Langston Hughes Who wrote The Weary Blues.HR was more than just a literary movement in AM history.9.Free Verse: Verse that has either no metrical pattern or an irregular pattern.自由诗：按照语言的抑扬顿挫和意象模式，而不是按照固定韵律写出的诗。它的韵律建立在音素、语词、短语、句子和段落等形式的基础上，而不是建立在音步传统格律单位上。因此，自由诗消除了很多不自然的成分和诗体表现的某些审美差距。20世纪初，在英国诗法中自由诗已经流行。

10.Blank verse: Verse written in unrhymed iambic pentameter.素体诗：用五音步抑扬格写的无韵诗。

第四篇：美国文学史及选读的名词解释(全)

1.American Puritanism

it comes from the American puritans, who were the first immigrants moved to American continent in the 17th century.Original sin, predestination（预言）and salvation（拯救）were the basic ideas of American Puritanism.And, hard-working, piousness（虔诚,尽职），thrift and sobriety（清醒）were praised.2.Romanticism: the literature term was first applied to the writers of the 18thcentury in Europe who broke away from the formal rules of classical writing.When it was used in American literature it referred to the writers of the middle of the 19thcentury who stimulated（刺激）the sentimental emotions of their readers.They wrote of the mysterious of life, love, birth and death.The Romantic writers expressed themselves freely and without restraint.They wrote all kinds of materials, poetry, essays, plays, fictions, history, works of travel, and biography.3.2.Transcendentalism(先验说,超越论): is a philosophic and literary movement that flourished in New England, particular at Concord, as a reaction against Rationalism and Calvinism(理性主义and喀尔文主义).Mainly it stressed intuitive understanding of God, without the help of the church, and advocated independence of the mind.The representative writers are Emerson and Thoreau.4.Local colorism: as a trend became dominant in American literature in the 1860s and early 1870s，it is defined by Hamlin Garland as having such quality of texture and background that it could not have been written in any other place or by anyone else than a native stories of local colorism have a quality of circumstantial(详细的)authenticity(确实性), as local colorists tried to immortalize(使不朽)the distinctive natural, social and linguistic features.It is characteristic of vernacular(本国语)language and satirical(讽刺的)humor

5.Stream of consciousness（意识流）： It is one of the modern literary techniques.It is the style of writing that attempts to imitate the natural flow of a character’s thoughts, feelings, reflections, memories, and mental images as the character experiences them.It was first used in 1922 by the Irish novelist James Joyce.Those novels broke through the bounds of time and space, and depicted vividly and skillfully the unconscious activity of the mind fast changing and flowing

incessantly。

6.American Realism: In American literature, the Civil War brought the Romantic Period to an end.The Age of Realism came into existence.It came as a reaction against the lie of romanticism and sentimentalism.Realism turned from an emphasis on the strange toward a faithful rendering of the ordinary, a slice of life as it is really lived.It expresses the concern for commonplace and the low, and it offers an objective rather than an idealistic view of human nature and human experience

7.Naturalism: American naturalism was a new and harsher realism.American naturalism had been shaped by the war;by the social upheavals（剧变）that undermined the comforting faith of an earlier age.America’s literary naturalists dismissed the validity of comforting moral truths.They attempted to achieve extreme objectivity and frankness, presenting characters of low social and economic classes who were determined by their environment and heredity.Although naturalist literature described the world with sometimes brutal realism, it sometimes also aimed at bettering the world through social reform.8.Imagism（意象派）: It’s a poetic movement of England and the U.S.flourished from 1909 to 1917.The movement insists on the creation of images in poetry by “the direct treatment of the thing” and the economy of wording.The leaders of this movement were Ezra Pound and Amy Lowell.9.Modernism： It was a complex and diverse（复杂多样的）international movement in all the creative arts（创造性艺术），originating about the end of the 19th century.It provided（出现）the greatest creative renaissance of the 20th century.It was made up of many facets（方面），such as symbolism，surrealism（超现实主义），cubism（立体主义），expressionism，futurism（未来主义），ect

10.The Lost generation： it refers to a group of young intellectuals（知识分子）who came back from war，were injured（受伤害）both physically（身体上）and mentally（精神上）.They lived by indulging（放任）themselves in the

Bohemian（波西米亚）way of life.Their American dream was disillusioned（破灭了）.The best representative of the lost generation was Ernest Hemingway.11.American Dream: American dream means the belief that everyone can succeed as long as he/she works hard enough.It usually implies a successful and satisfying（知识界精华）and the freedoms guaranteed by the U.S.12.The Harlem Renaissance：refers to the flowering of African American literature, art, and drama during the 1920s and 1930s.Though centered in Harlem, New York, the movement impacted urban centers throughout the United States.Black novelists, poets, painters, and playwrights began creating works rooted in their own culture instead of imitating the styles of Europeans and white Americans.

第五篇：文学史名词解释

1.风“：学习文学史。原指音乐。《诗经》中有十五国风，即是指各地不同的音乐；”雅“：指雅正之声，指周王朝京畿地域的音乐；”颂“：是一种宗庙祭奠用的舞曲。

2.《诗经》：中国第一部诗歌总集，收录西周初年到春秋中叶约五百余年间的诗歌305篇。包括《国风》、《小雅》《大雅》、《颂》。自考。《小雅》中另有6篇”笙诗“，仅有诗题，不在305之数。3.采诗说：是关于《诗经》编订进程的一种说法；上古有自上而下的诗歌采集制度，采诗官到官方采诗让国君了解民情。4.献诗说：《国语﹒周语上》；是关于《诗经》编订进程的一种说法；爆发于先秦时期。

5.删诗说：是关于《诗经》编订进程的一种说法；学者以为《诗经》中作品的编集成书经过了孔子的删定。删诗说最先由司马迁提出。6.”弃妇诗“：是抒写因婚姻粉碎或丈夫变心而被屏弃的妇女感受的诗歌；其中以《谷风》、《氓》二首为代表。7.三体三用说：唐人孔颖依体用关联，相比看自考。把赋比兴从“六诗”或“六义”中分辨进去，认定为《诗经》艺术显露方式。

8.《春秋》：是鲁国的编年史，经过了孔子的订正；它以一致今音信标题的形式，简括记实了鲁国及周王朝、诸侯国的历史事故。以谨慎的书法和微言大义，表达保护同一等思想。9.《尚书》：是我国现代第一部历史散文集；它是以记言为主的古史。有古今之别。10.《今文尚书》：是秦始皇焚书后，由西汉初年经师伏生清算进去的，共28篇；因它是用汉代通用的隶书写定，故称今文《尚书》

11.《古文尚书》：汉武帝时出现；用战国时期的文字写定；比《今文尚书》多出十六篇。12.《逸周书》：本名《周书》，《汉书?艺文志》著录有七十一篇，今存六十篇，看看自考成绩查询时间。另外十一篇仅存篇目，被视为《尚书》的余篇；文字和春秋战国之文接近，非一时一人之作。

13.铜器铭文：是刻于青铜器上的文字。普通都较冗长，仅几十字，个体较长如《散氏盘铭》、《毛公鼎铭》。铭文文体与《尚书》相像多为散文。14.《左传》：全称《春秋左氏传》，是我国第一部叙事殷?仔细的编年史，作者恐怕是战国初年熟知历史掌故的人，所记起于鲁隐公元年止于鲁哀公二十七年；它记载了春秋列国各方面的重小事故，真实反映了这一事故的社会情景；是先秦时期最具文学颜色的历史散文。

15.《战国策》：你看自考自考中国古代文学史一（新版教材）名词解释合集。经西汉刘向清算编订成书，形式上主要记战国时谋臣策士的事迹、群情；该书有不少“增饰非实”之辞。16.《越绝书》：记载春秋末年吴越争霸的史实；它不拘于历史原形，在故事和人物描写方面有不少浮夸虚拟的场合；作者普通以为是袁康、吴平。17.《国语》：我国第一部国别史；记载周、鲁等诸侯国史实；以记言为主。学会福建自考报名。

18.九歌：是一组祭神的歌曲，包括《湘君》等共十一篇作品；是屈原被流放江南时，在官方祭神歌曲的基础上加工创作的一组诗；其形式，在祭神的同时，也依靠着屈原的身世之感和规讽之意

19.楚辞：是战国前期爆发于楚国的一种新体诗，具有浓密的场合颜色；遐想富奇，安放跨饰，句式长短不拘；代表人物屈原、宋玉。20.重言：重言是援用名人的话以证明已意，基础都是虚拟的。

21.卮言：指心想笔随、变幻写意的发言，也就是表情达意不受真凭实据的局限。学会丰胸的最快方法。

22.《吕氏春秋》：由秦相吕不韦组织，由其门客全体编撰的一部书；历来被视为杂家著作，其中以儒、道、法、阴阳家思想更多一些；以平实发言，短小篇幅，厚实发言说明长远道理。江西省自考。23.《盐铁论》：恒宽编拟的政论；全书采用对话体，行文质直平实。

24.《汉书》：是我国第一部断代史，起自高祖元年止于王莽年间；秉承《史记》编制，但改“书”为“志”，废止“世家”入“传”；全书100篇，包括12本纪、8表、10志、70传。25.辞赋：是一种特殊的文体。它非诗非文，而又具有诗、文的不少特质，是诗、文的分析体；“赋”作为文体的称号，最早见于荀子的《赋篇》，自学考试网上课程。但只到了汉代，辞赋才繁华发财成为一种奇特的文体，造成自身特质。

26.抒情小赋：一种句法类于大赋但篇幅较量短小，铺叙摹绘的成分节减而抒情成分极大的赋作，如张衡《归田赋》、赵壹《刺世疾邪赋》。27.散体大赋：以状物为主，安放夸饰，文辞璀璨，如张衡的《二京赋》；这类作品是普通所说的“大赋”或“汉赋”的典型。28.骚体赋：以抒情为主，体制基础于先秦的楚辞相同，如贾谊《吊屈原赋》

29.纪行赋：议决记叙旅途所见而表达本身的叹息的赋作；题材源于刘欣的《逐初赋》；是后代游记文学的先声。

30.”乐府”：转义指掌管音乐的行政机关，魏晋之后，自考本科考研。人们把乐府演唱的诗歌也称为乐府，于是“乐府”成为诗体称号。31.《北征赋》：班彪仿照《逐初赋》，记叙路程，感古伤时，安穷乐道。32.《两都赋》：班固；题材形式上着重写京都，加倍铺叙京都观念；在谋篇布局上增强讽喻引导的篇幅。

33.苏李诗：指《文选》中收录的七首相传为苏武和李陵的诗；在艺术上近于《古诗十九首》

34.建安七子：孔融、陈琳、王粲、徐斡、阮禹、应踢、刘桢；他们在不同文体方面的优长不尽相同，但在诗、文方面有较高功劳，为建安文学繁荣做出劳绩，世称“建安七子”。35.建安风骨：激昂大方任气，以悲凉为美；抒一己之情怀，有热烈的客观颜色；

36.游仙诗：是歌咏仙人周游之情的诗，福州大学自考办。体裁多为五言；渊源可以上溯到先秦；形式有两种，一种纯写求仙长生之意，另一种则是愤世嫉俗之言。37.左思风力：指左思诗歌的气魄特色。指他的诗援用历史典故以抒时愤，刚健无力，故钟嵘誉之谓“左思风力”。38.玄言诗：以阐释老庄和佛理为主要形式的诗歌；大作于东晋，特质是以玄理入诗，以诗为老庄哲学说教，脱离社会生活。

39.太康诗风：相比看考中。“采缛于野史，力柔于建安”；“缛旨星稠，繁文绮合”

40.元嘉诗歌：晋末宋初的诗歌创作；元嘉是刘宋文帝的年号，古代文学。共三十年，但元嘉诗歌不只限于此，它上起晋宋之交的谢灵运，下迄大明、秦始之交的鲍照；以谢灵运、鲍照功劳最高。

41.永明体：又称新体诗；是从诗歌声律中高度提出的一个概念，想知道北京高教自考。指五言诗从声律较量自在的古体诗走向格律严整的近体诗之间的过渡阶段；其实际增援是永明声律说。42.永明声律：即是讲求平下去入四声的对称与错综之美的腔调搭配大纲。

43.吴歌、西曲：吴歌爆发于其时首都建业一带的江南地域；西曲则采自长江中游及汉水两岸的政治经济军事重镇一带。

44.宫体诗：是指以写闺阁情怀为主要形式的；宫全诗带有显明的文娱主意和消遣性子，同时对写实技巧刻意追求。

45.山水诗：指以天然山水为主要审美对象的诗歌。曹操的《观沧海》是第一首较完美的山水诗；东晋玄言诗人借山水悟道，但并非作为审美对象；到了谢灵运创作了一批以天然山水为审美对象的诗歌，替考网。使山水诗成为诗歌创作中的紧急周围。

46.用典：亦称用事。其历来作用是增强文章的压服力，其后又有以少总多的效果，即以一句古事古辞，惹起读者的厚实联想。47.骈文：想知道名词解释。是一种具有平衡对称之美的文体。骈文的主要特征有四：对偶、用典、声律、辞藻。48.志怪小说：是魏晋南北朝小说的一类别；起于魏晋，其主要形式是寻谈神仙鬼怪。49.《拾忘记》：所记多为神话传说，属于杂史体志怪小说；报告人事和社会生活是此书特质。.50.《西京杂记》：记叙西汉人物轶事、宫廷制度、习俗习惯、怪异传说。51.初唐四杰：初唐文学家王勃、杨炯、卢照邻、骆宾王四人齐名，因此并称“初唐四杰”

52.吴中四士：指初唐诗人张若虚、贺知章、张旭、包融四人并称为“吴中四士”；诗多具浪漫颜色，体现了唐诗从盛唐到中唐的过度。53.沈宋：初唐诗人沈诠期、宋之问的并称；都以律诗名世。自考成绩查询时间。54.上官体：指唐诗人上官仪的诗作。诗多应制、奉和之作、婉眉工整，史称“上官体”。

55.山水田园诗派：盛唐诗派以王维、孟浩然为代表。诗歌以反映田园生活、刻画山水景物为主要形式。诗歌气魄清爽天然，教材。意境淡远清闲。56.文章四友：初唐诗人杜审言、李峤、苏滋味、崔融齐名。五律居多，对律诗繁华发财有劳绩。57.高岑：唐代诗人高适、岑参的并称。二人都擅长写边塞诗，气魄相似，后被人并称“高岑”。

58.王孟：唐代诗人王维、孟浩然同为盛唐山水田园诗人；二人都善用五言诗描写天然景物并对后世爆发影响，世称“王孟”。59.沉郁顿挫：杜甫诗歌的主要气魄。沉郁，指其感情的悲概强盛深厚；顿挫，指其感情的表达波浪升沉、重复低回。

60.大历诗风：是盛唐诗歌向中唐诗歌过渡的一种诗歌气魄；多显露寂寥寂寞的冷落心境，追求清雅高逸的情调解清静恬澹的生活情味；渐露中唐脸庞。

61.大历十佳人：对比一下四川自考网座位查询。唐大历时期十个诗人的并称。有李端、卢纶、吉中孚、韩翊、钱起等；大历初年他们曾在长安插足紧急唱和活动，又创作倾向和诗风相近，被合称“大历十佳人”

62.元和体：元、白在元和年间所写的“次韵相酬”、长篇排律，“小碎篇章”，及两人艳体诗在内，统称为元合体。打破了诗歌的保守类型形式，呈现出诗歌的写实尚俗特征。63.元白：唐代诗人元稹、白居易的并称。是其时新乐府疏通的首倡者。相比看福建师范大学学工处。64.韩孟诗派：中唐诗歌流派，以韩愈、孟郊为代表。尚怪奇，重客观是其创作倾向。

65.苦呤：孟郊作诗办法，他以苦呤著称，注重造语炼字，追求构思的奇特超凡。在中唐寒士困窘得志的背景下，孟郊成为其时苦呤诗人的代表。我不知道自考办。66.长吉体：李贺字长吉，“长吉体”即指李贺诗歌的气魄特色。他的诗造语奇丽，生新拗折，笔触形象而明朗，带有奥秘颜色。67.小李杜：指晚唐的出名诗人李商隐和杜牧。他和李商隐同为晚唐七绝功劳最高的诗人，世称“小李杜。（冠“小”字，是由于盛唐已有并世而立诗人李白和杜甫）

68.武功体：是指姚合的诗。代表作是五律组诗《武功县中作》30首。这组诗主要写山县之荒漠，官况之萧条，以及私人生活的窘困等，是晚唐普通士人真实际遇和特定心态的反映。69.韩柳：唐代散文家韩愈、柳宗元的并称；韩柳是唐代古文疏通的代表作家，事实上江西财经大学自考网。对后代散文的繁华发财影响很大。

70.中唐古文疏通：由韩愈、柳宗元率领，是一场由拼文到散体的文体文风维新；它有很实际的主意，有鲜明见解有遍及参与者，在中国散文史上影响深远。

71.唐传奇：唐人用白话写作的短篇小说，因其有障碍奇特的情节，与普通散文不同，故名。它是在六朝志怪小说的基础上，融合传记、辞赋、诗歌、说唱艺术而造成的新小说文体。72.俗讲：又可称为讲经文。取材全为佛经，福建八闽交警网。思想形式是宣传佛教教义，以经文为纲，将经文敷演为散文与诗句。说唱团结。

73.变文：对于福州自考办。是唐代官方创作的一种新文体。得名与佛家变相相关；变文之变，是更改了佛经的本文而成为俗讲的意义，但当变文成了专称后就不限定佛经的故事了；变文最先出现于佛寺，后逐步繁华发财，变文成了一种通俗的官方文艺了。

74.曲子词：词是唐五代鼓起的合乐而歌的古诗体。它爆发于隋唐之际，中唐习作渐多，晚唐五代繁荣。

75.词为艳科：是指词繁华发财至晚唐，自考在线。词的官方特质消逝了，成为了歌台舞榭、樽前花下的文娱品；《花间集》奠定了“此为艳科”的基础。

76.温、韦：指晚唐词人温庭筠和韦庄；温庭筠是“词为艳科”的始作俑者，是花间词派的鼻祖，新版。韦庄词封闭文人词自抒情怀的保守，成为南唐词的先导；温、韦各有所长，各自启迪一种词风，在词体气魄的定型进程中都起到了关键性作用，世称“温、韦”。

77.花间集：最早的文人词总集，赵崇扎编成，共10卷，选录18位文人词500首；集结代表了词在格律方面的类型化，标志词在文辞、气魄、意境上词性特征确切定；奠定了词为“艳科”的基础。中国古代。

78花间词派：花间词派是晚唐五代奉温庭筠为鼻祖而举办词的创作的一个文人词派；得名于后蜀赵崇祚编辑的《花间词》；婉丽绮靡是花间词派的主导气魄，对后世词的繁华发财起深远影响；花间派并不是严厉意义上的文学流派。