英国文学史-名词解释（模版）

第一篇：英国文学史-名词解释（模版）

名词解释

Heroic Couplet:a couplet consisting of two rhymed lines of iambic pentameter, and written in an elevated style.1．Renaissance:a revival or rebirth of the artistic and scientific revival which originated in Italy in the 14th century and gradually spread all over Europe.It has two features: a thirsting curiosity for the classical literature and keen interest in activities of humanity.2．Sonnet:14-line lyric poem, usually written in rhymed iambic pentameter.3．Blank verse:poetry written in unrhymed iambic pentameter.4．Neoclassicism:the Enlightenment brought about a revival of interest in Greek and Roman works.This tendency is known as Neoclassicism.5．Sentimentalism:it was one of the important trends in English literature of the later decades of the 18th century.It concentrated on the free expression of thoughts and emotions, and presented a new view of human nature which prized feeling over thinking, passion over reason.6．Romanticism:imagination, emotion and freedom are certainly the focal points of romanticism.The particular characteristics of the literature of romanticism include: subjectivity and an emphasis on individualism;freedom from rules;solitary life rather then life in society;the beliefs that imagination is superior to reason;and love of and worship of nature.7．Lake Poets:the English poets who lived in and drew inspiration from the Lake District at the beginning of the 19th century.8．Byronic Heroes:a variant of the Romantic heroes as a type of character(enthusiasm, persistence, pursuing freedom), named after the English Romantic Poet Gordon Byron.9．Realism:seeks to portray familiar characters, situations, and settings in a realistic manner.This is done primarily by using an objective narrative point of view and through the buildup of accurate detail.10．Aestheticism:an art movement supporting the emphasis of aesthetic values more than socio-political themes for literature, fine art, music and other arts.11．Stream-of-Consciousness:it is a literary technique that presents the thoughts and feelings of a character as they occur without any clarification by the author.It is a narrative mode.12．Dramatic Monologue:a kind of narrative poem in which one character speaks to one or more listeners whose replies are not given in the poem.13．Iambic Pentameter:a poetic line consisting of five verse feet, with each foot an unstressed syllable followed by a stressed syllable, that is, with each foot an iamb.14．Epic:a long narrative poem telling about the deeds of a great hero and reflecting the values of the society from which it originated.15．Elegy:a poem of mourning, usually over the death of an individual;may also be a lament over the passing of life and beauty or a meditation of the nature of death;a type of lyric poem.16．Canto:a section of a long poem.The cantos can be a great poem

17．Ode:a complex and often lengthy lyric poem, written in a dignified formal style on some lofty or serious subjects.Odes are written for a special occasion, to honor a person or a season or to commemorate an event.Spenserian Stanza: a nine-line stanza made up of 8 lines of iambic pentameter ending with an Alexandrine.Its thyme scheme is ababbcbcc.This stanza was common to travel literature.18．Metrical Pattern: a lyric poem of five 14-lined stanzas containing four tercets and a closing couplet.The rhyme scheme is aba bcb cdc ded ee.文学史

中古时期

1.《贝奥武甫》: the natural epic of the English people;Denmark story, alliteration, metaphor, understatements

2.《高文爵士和绿衣骑士》

3.杰弗里 乔叟）：the Father of English Poetry;The Canterbury Tales《埃特伯雷故事集》（24stories)

文艺复兴时期

1.:-the communication between more and the traveler which just came back from Utopia.2.the first English Essayist;Essays《随笔集》-Of Studies, Of Truth(philosophical and literary works)

3.first to introduce the sonnet into English literature.4.:Poet's poet;The Fairy Queen《仙后》(to Queen Elizabeth I)

5.:

Sonnet 18(Shall I compare thee to a summer's day)

17世纪英国文学

1.:the leading poet of Metaphysical school of poetry;A Valediction: Forbidding Mourning《分离：莫忧伤》

2.Paradise Lost《失乐园》（a revolt against God's authority), Paradise Regained《复乐园》（how Christ overcame Santa)——stories were taken from Bible

3.the son of Renaissance;Pilgrim's Progress《天路历程》(imagination, shadowing, realistic religious allegory)

18世纪英国文学

Novel：

1.the age of reason, classicism, sentimentalism and romanticism(novels, prose, dramas, poetry)

2.:representative of English realistic novel;(the development of a young man from a naive and artless youth to a clever and hardened man)

3.(fictional, satirical-human nature, the European Government, the differences between religions, whole English state system)

4.:the Father of English novel;The History of Tome Jones, a Foundling《汤姆 琼斯》，satiric

Poetry：

5.:Elegy Written in a Country Churchyard《墓园挽歌》

6.:perfected in heroic couplet;An Essay on Criticism《论批评》

7.:pre-romantic;Songs of Innonce《天真之歌》，Songs of Experience《经验之歌》-London, The Tiger

8.:A Red Red Rose《一朵红红的玫瑰》

Drama:

9.:Master of Comedy of manners;The School for Scandal《造谣学校》

浪漫主义时期1798-1832

1.《序曲》；I Wondered Lonely as a Cloud《我似流云天自游》；The Solitary Reaper《孤寂的割麦女》；features: poet of nature and human heart

2.the first critic of the Romantic school;The Rime of the Ancient Mariner《古舟子咏》

3.:vigorous, strong and beautiful;Childe Harold's Pilgrimage《恰尔德 哈罗尔德游记》(spenserian stanza, fights for liberty);Don Juan《唐 璜》(a broad critical picture of European life);When We Two Parted《昔日依依别》；She Walks in Beauty《她走在美的光影中》；The Isles of Greece《哀希腊》

4.Ode to the West Wind《西风颂》-赞颂西风，希望与其紧密相连;Prometheus Unbound《解放了的普罗米修斯》(the victory for man's struggle against tyranny and oppression)

5.sensuous, colorful and rich in imagery;Ode to a Nightingale《夜莺颂》；Ode on a Grecian Urn《希腊古瓮颂》

6.:Father of Historical Novel;combine historical fact and romantic imagination

7.wit, dry humour, subtle irony,realistic;Pride and Prejudice《傲慢与偏见》(Elizabeth and Darcy)；Sense and Sensibility《理智与情感》；Emma《爱玛》

8.《穷亲戚》;Dream-children《童年梦幻》;A Reverie《幻想曲》

维多利亚时期

1.summit： realistic novel

2.critical realist writer;humour, wit, happy endings;A Tale of Two Cities《双城记》(London & Paris, where there is oppression, there is revolution);David Copperfield《大卫 科波菲尔》；Oliver Twist《雾都孤儿》；Hard Time《艰难时世》；Great Expectations《远大前程》； Dombey and Son《董贝父子》；Pickwick Papers《匹克威克外传》

3.: Vanity Fair《名利场》(to satirize the social more, decadence and corruption of his time;to criticize the values measured by wealth)

4.:novelist, her novels are celebrated for their realism and psychological insights;Adam Bede《亚当 比德》(social inequality)；The Mill on the Floss《弗洛斯河上的磨坊》；Silas Marner《织工马南》

5.: succeeded Wordsworth as Poet Laureate in 1850;Break, Break, Break《拍吧，拍吧，拍吧》；Crossing the Bar《过沙洲》

6.: dramatic monologues;My Last Duchess《我已故的公爵夫人》 7.：简·爱是一个心地纯洁、善于思考的女性，她生活在社会底层，受尽磨难。但她有倔强的性格和勇于追求平等幸福的精神。小说以浓郁抒情的笔法和深刻细腻的心理描写，引人入胜地展示了男女主人公曲折起伏的爱情经历，歌颂了摆脱一切旧习俗和偏见。扎根于相互理解、相互尊重的基础之上的深挚爱情，具有强烈的震撼心灵的艺术力量。其最为成功之处在于塑造了一个敢于反抗，敢于争取自由和平等地位的妇女形象。《呼啸山庄》：描写吉卜赛弃儿希斯克利夫被山庄老主人收养后，因受辱和恋爱不遂，外出致富，回来后对与其女友凯瑟琳结婚的地主林顿及其子女进行报复的故事。

: Agnes Gray《安格尼斯 格雷》

20世纪英国文学

1.: feature:past and modern, critical, realism, determinism;Tess of The D'urbervillles《德伯家的苔丝》；Jude the Obscure《无名的裘德》

2.: From the Four Winds《四季的风》；The Man of Property《有产业的人》；The Silver Box《银盒》

3.《华伦夫人的职业》；Pygmalion《皮革马利翁》(transform a cockney-speaking flower girl into a woman as poised and well-spoken as a duchess);The Apple Cart《苹果车》

4.: aestheticism;The Happy Prince and Other Tales《快乐王子》；The Picture of Dorian Gray《道林 格雷的画像》

5.《儿子和情人》； The White Peacock《白孔雀》

6.Virginia Woolf: stream-of-consciousness;feminist;To the Lighthouse《到灯塔去》；Mrs Dalloway《达洛维夫人》

7.《尤利西斯》(stream of consciousness, a modern prose epic);Dubliners《都柏林人》

第二篇：英国文学史-名词解释

名词解释

1．Renaissance:a revival or rebirth of the artistic and scientific revival which originated in Italy in the 14th century and gradually spread all over Europe.It has two features: a thirsting curiosity for the classical literature and keen interest in activities of humanity.2．Neoclassicism:the Enlightenment brought about a revival of interest in Greek and Roman works.This tendency is known as Neoclassicism.3．Romanticism:imagination, emotion and freedom are certainly the focal points of romanticism.The particular characteristics of the literature of romanticism include: subjectivity and an emphasis on individualism;freedom from rules;solitary life rather then life in society;the beliefs that imagination is superior to reason;and love of and worship of nature.4．Byronic Heroes:a variant of the Romantic heroes as a type of character(enthusiasm, persistence, pursuing freedom), named after the English Romantic Poet Gordon Byron.5．Epic:a long narrative poem telling about the deeds of a great hero and reflecting the values of the society from which it originated.6．Geoffrey Chaucer: founder of English poetry;The Canterbury Tales(main contents;124 stories planned, only 24 finished;written in Middle English;significance;form: heroic couplet)

7．The Lake Poetsall lived in the Lake District of England at the turn of the nineteenth century.As a group, they followed no single “school” of thought or literary practice then known, although their works were uniformly disparaged by the Edinburgh Review.They are considered part of the Romantic Movement.8．Metaphysical poetry is commonly used to name the work of the 17th century writers who wrote under the influence of John Donne.9． Humanism is the essence of the Renaissance.It emphasizes the dignity of human beings and the importance of the present life.Humanists voiced their beliefs that man was the center of the universe and man did not only have the right to enjoy the beauty of the present life，but had the ability to perfect himself and to perform wonders.、

第三篇：文学史名词解释

1.风“：学习文学史。原指音乐。《诗经》中有十五国风，即是指各地不同的音乐；”雅“：指雅正之声，指周王朝京畿地域的音乐；”颂“：是一种宗庙祭奠用的舞曲。

2.《诗经》：中国第一部诗歌总集，收录西周初年到春秋中叶约五百余年间的诗歌305篇。包括《国风》、《小雅》《大雅》、《颂》。自考。《小雅》中另有6篇”笙诗“，仅有诗题，不在305之数。3.采诗说：是关于《诗经》编订进程的一种说法；上古有自上而下的诗歌采集制度，采诗官到官方采诗让国君了解民情。4.献诗说：《国语﹒周语上》；是关于《诗经》编订进程的一种说法；爆发于先秦时期。

5.删诗说：是关于《诗经》编订进程的一种说法；学者以为《诗经》中作品的编集成书经过了孔子的删定。删诗说最先由司马迁提出。6.”弃妇诗“：是抒写因婚姻粉碎或丈夫变心而被屏弃的妇女感受的诗歌；其中以《谷风》、《氓》二首为代表。7.三体三用说：唐人孔颖依体用关联，相比看自考。把赋比兴从“六诗”或“六义”中分辨进去，认定为《诗经》艺术显露方式。

8.《春秋》：是鲁国的编年史，经过了孔子的订正；它以一致今音信标题的形式，简括记实了鲁国及周王朝、诸侯国的历史事故。以谨慎的书法和微言大义，表达保护同一等思想。9.《尚书》：是我国现代第一部历史散文集；它是以记言为主的古史。有古今之别。10.《今文尚书》：是秦始皇焚书后，由西汉初年经师伏生清算进去的，共28篇；因它是用汉代通用的隶书写定，故称今文《尚书》

11.《古文尚书》：汉武帝时出现；用战国时期的文字写定；比《今文尚书》多出十六篇。12.《逸周书》：本名《周书》，《汉书?艺文志》著录有七十一篇，今存六十篇，看看自考成绩查询时间。另外十一篇仅存篇目，被视为《尚书》的余篇；文字和春秋战国之文接近，非一时一人之作。

13.铜器铭文：是刻于青铜器上的文字。普通都较冗长，仅几十字，个体较长如《散氏盘铭》、《毛公鼎铭》。铭文文体与《尚书》相像多为散文。14.《左传》：全称《春秋左氏传》，是我国第一部叙事殷?仔细的编年史，作者恐怕是战国初年熟知历史掌故的人，所记起于鲁隐公元年止于鲁哀公二十七年；它记载了春秋列国各方面的重小事故，真实反映了这一事故的社会情景；是先秦时期最具文学颜色的历史散文。

15.《战国策》：你看自考自考中国古代文学史一（新版教材）名词解释合集。经西汉刘向清算编订成书，形式上主要记战国时谋臣策士的事迹、群情；该书有不少“增饰非实”之辞。16.《越绝书》：记载春秋末年吴越争霸的史实；它不拘于历史原形，在故事和人物描写方面有不少浮夸虚拟的场合；作者普通以为是袁康、吴平。17.《国语》：我国第一部国别史；记载周、鲁等诸侯国史实；以记言为主。学会福建自考报名。

18.九歌：是一组祭神的歌曲，包括《湘君》等共十一篇作品；是屈原被流放江南时，在官方祭神歌曲的基础上加工创作的一组诗；其形式，在祭神的同时，也依靠着屈原的身世之感和规讽之意

19.楚辞：是战国前期爆发于楚国的一种新体诗，具有浓密的场合颜色；遐想富奇，安放跨饰，句式长短不拘；代表人物屈原、宋玉。20.重言：重言是援用名人的话以证明已意，基础都是虚拟的。

21.卮言：指心想笔随、变幻写意的发言，也就是表情达意不受真凭实据的局限。学会丰胸的最快方法。

22.《吕氏春秋》：由秦相吕不韦组织，由其门客全体编撰的一部书；历来被视为杂家著作，其中以儒、道、法、阴阳家思想更多一些；以平实发言，短小篇幅，厚实发言说明长远道理。江西省自考。23.《盐铁论》：恒宽编拟的政论；全书采用对话体，行文质直平实。

24.《汉书》：是我国第一部断代史，起自高祖元年止于王莽年间；秉承《史记》编制，但改“书”为“志”，废止“世家”入“传”；全书100篇，包括12本纪、8表、10志、70传。25.辞赋：是一种特殊的文体。它非诗非文，而又具有诗、文的不少特质，是诗、文的分析体；“赋”作为文体的称号，最早见于荀子的《赋篇》，自学考试网上课程。但只到了汉代，辞赋才繁华发财成为一种奇特的文体，造成自身特质。

26.抒情小赋：一种句法类于大赋但篇幅较量短小，铺叙摹绘的成分节减而抒情成分极大的赋作，如张衡《归田赋》、赵壹《刺世疾邪赋》。27.散体大赋：以状物为主，安放夸饰，文辞璀璨，如张衡的《二京赋》；这类作品是普通所说的“大赋”或“汉赋”的典型。28.骚体赋：以抒情为主，体制基础于先秦的楚辞相同，如贾谊《吊屈原赋》

29.纪行赋：议决记叙旅途所见而表达本身的叹息的赋作；题材源于刘欣的《逐初赋》；是后代游记文学的先声。

30.”乐府”：转义指掌管音乐的行政机关，魏晋之后，自考本科考研。人们把乐府演唱的诗歌也称为乐府，于是“乐府”成为诗体称号。31.《北征赋》：班彪仿照《逐初赋》，记叙路程，感古伤时，安穷乐道。32.《两都赋》：班固；题材形式上着重写京都，加倍铺叙京都观念；在谋篇布局上增强讽喻引导的篇幅。

33.苏李诗：指《文选》中收录的七首相传为苏武和李陵的诗；在艺术上近于《古诗十九首》

34.建安七子：孔融、陈琳、王粲、徐斡、阮禹、应踢、刘桢；他们在不同文体方面的优长不尽相同，但在诗、文方面有较高功劳，为建安文学繁荣做出劳绩，世称“建安七子”。35.建安风骨：激昂大方任气，以悲凉为美；抒一己之情怀，有热烈的客观颜色；

36.游仙诗：是歌咏仙人周游之情的诗，福州大学自考办。体裁多为五言；渊源可以上溯到先秦；形式有两种，一种纯写求仙长生之意，另一种则是愤世嫉俗之言。37.左思风力：指左思诗歌的气魄特色。指他的诗援用历史典故以抒时愤，刚健无力，故钟嵘誉之谓“左思风力”。38.玄言诗：以阐释老庄和佛理为主要形式的诗歌；大作于东晋，特质是以玄理入诗，以诗为老庄哲学说教，脱离社会生活。

39.太康诗风：相比看考中。“采缛于野史，力柔于建安”；“缛旨星稠，繁文绮合”

40.元嘉诗歌：晋末宋初的诗歌创作；元嘉是刘宋文帝的年号，古代文学。共三十年，但元嘉诗歌不只限于此，它上起晋宋之交的谢灵运，下迄大明、秦始之交的鲍照；以谢灵运、鲍照功劳最高。

41.永明体：又称新体诗；是从诗歌声律中高度提出的一个概念，想知道北京高教自考。指五言诗从声律较量自在的古体诗走向格律严整的近体诗之间的过渡阶段；其实际增援是永明声律说。42.永明声律：即是讲求平下去入四声的对称与错综之美的腔调搭配大纲。

43.吴歌、西曲：吴歌爆发于其时首都建业一带的江南地域；西曲则采自长江中游及汉水两岸的政治经济军事重镇一带。

44.宫体诗：是指以写闺阁情怀为主要形式的；宫全诗带有显明的文娱主意和消遣性子，同时对写实技巧刻意追求。

45.山水诗：指以天然山水为主要审美对象的诗歌。曹操的《观沧海》是第一首较完美的山水诗；东晋玄言诗人借山水悟道，但并非作为审美对象；到了谢灵运创作了一批以天然山水为审美对象的诗歌，替考网。使山水诗成为诗歌创作中的紧急周围。

46.用典：亦称用事。其历来作用是增强文章的压服力，其后又有以少总多的效果，即以一句古事古辞，惹起读者的厚实联想。47.骈文：想知道名词解释。是一种具有平衡对称之美的文体。骈文的主要特征有四：对偶、用典、声律、辞藻。48.志怪小说：是魏晋南北朝小说的一类别；起于魏晋，其主要形式是寻谈神仙鬼怪。49.《拾忘记》：所记多为神话传说，属于杂史体志怪小说；报告人事和社会生活是此书特质。.50.《西京杂记》：记叙西汉人物轶事、宫廷制度、习俗习惯、怪异传说。51.初唐四杰：初唐文学家王勃、杨炯、卢照邻、骆宾王四人齐名，因此并称“初唐四杰”

52.吴中四士：指初唐诗人张若虚、贺知章、张旭、包融四人并称为“吴中四士”；诗多具浪漫颜色，体现了唐诗从盛唐到中唐的过度。53.沈宋：初唐诗人沈诠期、宋之问的并称；都以律诗名世。自考成绩查询时间。54.上官体：指唐诗人上官仪的诗作。诗多应制、奉和之作、婉眉工整，史称“上官体”。

55.山水田园诗派：盛唐诗派以王维、孟浩然为代表。诗歌以反映田园生活、刻画山水景物为主要形式。诗歌气魄清爽天然，教材。意境淡远清闲。56.文章四友：初唐诗人杜审言、李峤、苏滋味、崔融齐名。五律居多，对律诗繁华发财有劳绩。57.高岑：唐代诗人高适、岑参的并称。二人都擅长写边塞诗，气魄相似，后被人并称“高岑”。

58.王孟：唐代诗人王维、孟浩然同为盛唐山水田园诗人；二人都善用五言诗描写天然景物并对后世爆发影响，世称“王孟”。59.沉郁顿挫：杜甫诗歌的主要气魄。沉郁，指其感情的悲概强盛深厚；顿挫，指其感情的表达波浪升沉、重复低回。

60.大历诗风：是盛唐诗歌向中唐诗歌过渡的一种诗歌气魄；多显露寂寥寂寞的冷落心境，追求清雅高逸的情调解清静恬澹的生活情味；渐露中唐脸庞。

61.大历十佳人：对比一下四川自考网座位查询。唐大历时期十个诗人的并称。有李端、卢纶、吉中孚、韩翊、钱起等；大历初年他们曾在长安插足紧急唱和活动，又创作倾向和诗风相近，被合称“大历十佳人”

62.元和体：元、白在元和年间所写的“次韵相酬”、长篇排律，“小碎篇章”，及两人艳体诗在内，统称为元合体。打破了诗歌的保守类型形式，呈现出诗歌的写实尚俗特征。63.元白：唐代诗人元稹、白居易的并称。是其时新乐府疏通的首倡者。相比看福建师范大学学工处。64.韩孟诗派：中唐诗歌流派，以韩愈、孟郊为代表。尚怪奇，重客观是其创作倾向。

65.苦呤：孟郊作诗办法，他以苦呤著称，注重造语炼字，追求构思的奇特超凡。在中唐寒士困窘得志的背景下，孟郊成为其时苦呤诗人的代表。我不知道自考办。66.长吉体：李贺字长吉，“长吉体”即指李贺诗歌的气魄特色。他的诗造语奇丽，生新拗折，笔触形象而明朗，带有奥秘颜色。67.小李杜：指晚唐的出名诗人李商隐和杜牧。他和李商隐同为晚唐七绝功劳最高的诗人，世称“小李杜。（冠“小”字，是由于盛唐已有并世而立诗人李白和杜甫）

68.武功体：是指姚合的诗。代表作是五律组诗《武功县中作》30首。这组诗主要写山县之荒漠，官况之萧条，以及私人生活的窘困等，是晚唐普通士人真实际遇和特定心态的反映。69.韩柳：唐代散文家韩愈、柳宗元的并称；韩柳是唐代古文疏通的代表作家，事实上江西财经大学自考网。对后代散文的繁华发财影响很大。

70.中唐古文疏通：由韩愈、柳宗元率领，是一场由拼文到散体的文体文风维新；它有很实际的主意，有鲜明见解有遍及参与者，在中国散文史上影响深远。

71.唐传奇：唐人用白话写作的短篇小说，因其有障碍奇特的情节，与普通散文不同，故名。它是在六朝志怪小说的基础上，融合传记、辞赋、诗歌、说唱艺术而造成的新小说文体。72.俗讲：又可称为讲经文。取材全为佛经，福建八闽交警网。思想形式是宣传佛教教义，以经文为纲，将经文敷演为散文与诗句。说唱团结。

73.变文：对于福州自考办。是唐代官方创作的一种新文体。得名与佛家变相相关；变文之变，是更改了佛经的本文而成为俗讲的意义，但当变文成了专称后就不限定佛经的故事了；变文最先出现于佛寺，后逐步繁华发财，变文成了一种通俗的官方文艺了。

74.曲子词：词是唐五代鼓起的合乐而歌的古诗体。它爆发于隋唐之际，中唐习作渐多，晚唐五代繁荣。

75.词为艳科：是指词繁华发财至晚唐，自考在线。词的官方特质消逝了，成为了歌台舞榭、樽前花下的文娱品；《花间集》奠定了“此为艳科”的基础。

76.温、韦：指晚唐词人温庭筠和韦庄；温庭筠是“词为艳科”的始作俑者，是花间词派的鼻祖，新版。韦庄词封闭文人词自抒情怀的保守，成为南唐词的先导；温、韦各有所长，各自启迪一种词风，在词体气魄的定型进程中都起到了关键性作用，世称“温、韦”。

77.花间集：最早的文人词总集，赵崇扎编成，共10卷，选录18位文人词500首；集结代表了词在格律方面的类型化，标志词在文辞、气魄、意境上词性特征确切定；奠定了词为“艳科”的基础。中国古代。

78花间词派：花间词派是晚唐五代奉温庭筠为鼻祖而举办词的创作的一个文人词派；得名于后蜀赵崇祚编辑的《花间词》；婉丽绮靡是花间词派的主导气魄，对后世词的繁华发财起深远影响；花间派并不是严厉意义上的文学流派。

第四篇：美国文学史名词解释

It were flourishing from the beginning of 17th to the middle period of 18th.They stressed predestination, original sin, total depravity, and limited atonement from God‟s grace.They went to America to prove that they were God‟s chosen people who would enjoy God‟s blessings on earth and in Heaven.Finally, they built a way of life that stressed hard work, thrift, piety, and sobriety.Both doctrinaire and an opportunist.Its Influence on literary were as follows:（影响）(1)American Literature is based on a myth------the Biblical myth of the Garden of Eden.(2)The American Puritan‟s metaphorical made of perception----symbolism.The representatives were Edwards(The Freedom of the Will), Franklin(On the Art of Self-improvement), Crevecoeur(Letters from an American Farmer).代表作家及代表作：Captain John SmithTrue Relation of Virginia(1608)

Anne Bradstreet“To My Dear and Loving Husband”

Benjamin Franklin:The Autobiography of Benjamin FranklinRomanticism was a complex artistic, literary and intellectual movement that originated in the second half of the 18th century in Europe, and gained strength in reaction to the Industrial Revolution.Elements of Romanticism

1.Frontier: vast expanse, freedom, no geographic limitations.2.Optimism: greater than in Europe because of the presence of frontier.不要这么多，我就删掉了3、4、5条。。

Romantic Attitude

1.Appeals to imagination;use of the “willing suspension of disbelief.”

2.Stress on emotion rather than reason;optimism, geniality.3.Subjectivity: in form and meaning.Characteristics of Romanticism:

a.Romanticism was a rebellion against the objectivity of rationalism.(subjectivity)

b.For romantics, the feelings, intuitions and emotions were more important than reason and common sense.c.They emphasized individualism, placing the individual against the group, against authority.d.The affirmed the inner life of the self, and wanted to be free to develop and express his own inner thoughts.e.Typical literary forms of romanticism include ballad, lyric, sentimental comedy, problem novel, historical novel ,gothic romance, metrical romance, sonnet.Representatives:

• New England Poets: William Cullen Bryant;Henry Wadsworth Longfellow;

• Writers: James Fenimaore Cooper, Washington Irving“The Sketch Book of Geoffrey Grayon”

• 浪漫主义的影响： The romantic exaltation of the individual suited the nation‟s revolutionary heritage and its

frontier egalitarianism.As a philosophical and literary movement, transcendentalism flourished in New England from 1830s to the Civil War.Its doctrines found their greatest literary advocates in Emerson who published „Nature‟ in 1836 which represented a new way of intellectual thinking in America and presented„The Universe is composed of Nature and the Soul, Spirit is present everywhere.‟ and romantic idealism on Puritan soil as well as Thoreau.Emerson‟s Nature has been called the “Manifesto of American Transcendentalism”.As a philosophy, transcendentalism was neither logical nor systematical.It exalted feeling over reason, individual expression over the restraints of law and custom.Yet transcendentalism was a powerful expression of the intellectual mood of the age.What is Transcendentalism?

In the realm of art and literature it meant the shattering of pseudo-classic rules and forms in favor of a spirit of freedom, the creation of works filled with the new passion for nature and common humanity and incarnating a fresh sense of the wonder, promise, and romance of life.Major Concepts(main ideas)

1, „transcend ere‟: to rise above, to pass beyond the limits

2, Believe people could learn things both from the outside world by means of the 5 senses and from the inner world by intuition.3, It placed spirit first and matter second

4, It took nature as symbolic of spirit or God.5, It emphasized the significance of the individual

6, Religion was an emotional communication between an individual soul and the universal „oversoul‟.Major writers and Literary Works

Ralph Waldo Emerson(1803----1882)Self-Reliance

Henry David Thoreau(1817----1862)Walden

超验主义的影响：it could exercise a healthy and restorative influence on the human mind.The natural implication that things in nature tended to become symbolic, and the physical world was a symbol of the spiritual.This in turn added to the1

tradition of literary symbolism in American literature.the ideas it represented have remained a strong influence on great American writers from the days of Hawthorne and Whitman to the present.——latter half of the nineteenth century

American Realism: In American literature, the Civil War brought the Romantic Period to an end.The Age of Realism came into existence.It came as a reaction against the lie of romanticism and sentimentalism.Realism turned from an emphasis on the strange toward a faithful rendering of the ordinary, a slice of life as it is really lived.It expresses the concern for commonplace and the low, and it offers an objective rather than an idealistic view of human nature and human experience.Major Features:

1）Realism is the theory of writing in which familiar aspects of contemporary life and everyday scenes are represented in a straightforward or mother-of-fact manner.2）Open ending(means real life is complex and cannot be fully understood)

3）Focuses on the lives of the common people

4）Emphasize objectivity

Representatives:

Howells, Henry James

代表作：William Dean HowellsThe Rise of Silas Lapham

Henry James“The American”、“Daisy Miller”、“ in the Portrait of a Lady”

现实主义影响：Realism was a reaction against Romanticism and paved the way to Modernism。

thlocal colorism is a type of writing that was popular in the late 19(1860s—1870s).Local Color Fiction:

Local colorism as a trend became dominant in American literature in the late 1860s and early 1870.The frontier humorists who had been popular with their “tall tales” before the Civil War paved the way for local color fiction.Basic Features

Local color fiction presents a locale which is distinguished form the outside world.Local color fiction describes the exotic and the picturesque.It describes things that are not common in other regions.Local color fiction also attempts to show things as they as they are.Local color fiction glorifies the past.(nostalgic about the past)

Local color fiction stresses the influence of setting on character.Masters：

Mark Twain（笔名）

Samuel Langhorne Clemens

The Adventures of Tom Sawyer

The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn

6.American naturalism

American naturalism was a new and harsher realism, and like realism, it had come from Europe.Naturalism was an outgrowth of realism that responded to theories in science, psychology, human behavior and social thought current in the late nineteenth century.Background:

In the last decade of the nineteenth century, with the development of industry and modern science, intelligent minds began to see that man was no longer a free ethical being in a cold, indifferent and essentially Godless universe.In this chance world he was both helpless and hopeless.Major Features:

Humans are controlled by laws of heredity and environment

The universe is cold, godless, indifferent and hostile to human desires.Representatives:

The pessimism and deterministic ideas of naturalism pervaded the works of such American writers as Stephen Crane,Crane‟s is the first American naturalism work.Norris‟s McTeague is the manifesto of American naturalism.Dreiser‟s is the work in which naturalism attained maturity.These writers‟ detailed description of the lives of the downtrodden and the abnormal, their frank threatment of human passion and sexuality, and their portrayal of men and women overwhelmed by blind forces of nature still exert a powerful influence on modern writers.Influence:

Although naturalist literature described the world with sometimes brutal realism, it sometimes also aimed at bettering the world through social reform.This combination of grim reality and desire for improvements is typical of America as it moved into the twentieth century.A poetic movement of England and the U.S.that flourished from 1909 to 1917.The movement insists on the creation of images in poetry by “the direct treatment of the thing” and the economy of wording.“poetic techniques to record exactly the momentary impressions”

Major features:

---it was one of the most essential technique of writing poetry in modern period.---with a spirit of revolt against conventions, imagism was anti—romantic and anti-victorian

---In a sense, imagism was equivalent to naturalism in fiction

---it produced free verse without imposing a rhythmical pattern.---Imagism tried to record objective observations of an object or a situation without interpretation or comment by the poet.---it produced free verse without imposing a rhythmical pattern.---Imagism tried to record objective observations of an object or a situation without interpretation or comment by the poet.The most outstanding figures:

Ezra Pound Amy Lowell Hilda Doolittle

The form of free verse(Ezra Loomis Pound)

影响：.its influence

1)the imagist theories call for brief language, describing the precise picture in as few words as possible.This new way of poetry composition has a lasting influence in the 20th century poetry.2)the second lasting influence of Imagism is the form of free verse.There are no metrical rules.There are apparent indiscriminate line breaks, which reflects the discontinuity of life itself.That is art of the poem.The poet uses the length of the lines and the strange groupings of words to show how life itself can be broken up into somehow meaningless clustersFree verse was originated by a group of French poets of the late 19th century.Poetry that is based on the irregular rhythmic cadence(韵律)of the recurrence, with variations, of phrases, images, and syntactical(依照句法的)patterns rather than the conventional use of meter（音步）.Rhyme may or may not be present in it, but when it is , it is used with great freedom.Their purpose was to free themselves from the restrictions of formal metrical patterns and to recreate instead the free rhymes of nature period.Walt Whitman„s leaves of grass is perhaps the most notable example.thIt has since been used Ezra Pound, T.S.Eliot and other major American poets of the 20 century.Walt Whiteman‟s Leaves of Grass is, perhaps , the most notable example.9.The Lost Generation is a group of expatriate American writers residing primarily in Paris during the 1920s and 1930s.The group was given its name by the American writer Gertrude Stein, who used “a lost generation” to refer to expatriate Americans bitter about their World War I experiences and disillusioned with American society.Hemingway later used the phrase as an epigraph for his novel The Sun Also Rises.It consisted of many influential American writers, including Ernest Hemingway, F.Scott Fitzgerald, William Carlos Williams and Archibald MacLeish.The lost generation is a term first used by Stein to describe the post-war I generation of American writers: men and women haunted by a sense of betrayal and emptiness brought about by the destructiveness of the war.2>full of youthful idealism, these individuals sought the meaning of life, drank excessively, had love affairs and created some of the finest American literature to date.3>the three best-known representatives of lost generation are F.Scott Fitzgerald, Hemingway and John dos Passos.10.The Hemingway hero is an average man of decidedly masculine tastes, sensitive and intelligent, a man of action, and one of few words.That is an individualist keeping emotions under control, stoic and self-disciplined in a dreadful place.These people are usually spiritual strong, people of certain skills, and most of them encounter death many times.The heroes in his book are all have something in common which Hemingway values: they have seen the cold world and for one cause or another, they boldly and courageously face the reality;whatever the result is, they are ready to live with grace under pressure.The Hemingway code hero has an indestructible spirit for his optimistic view of life, though he is pessimistic that is Hemingway.Ernest Hemingway‟s “iceberg theory” suggests that the writer include in the text only a small portion of what he knows, leaving about ninety percent of the content a mystery that grows beneath the surface of the writing.If a writer of prose knows enough about what he is writing about he may omit things that will have a feeling of those things as strongly as though the writer had stated them.The dignity of movement of an iceberg is due to only one-eighth of it being above water.A good writer does not need to reveal every detail of a character or action

The Jazz Age describes the period of the 1920s and 1930s, the years between World War I and World War II.Particularly in North America.With the rise of the great depression, the values of this age saw much decline.Perhapsthe most representative literary work of the age is American writer Fitzgerald‟s The Great Gatsby.Highlighting what some describe as the decadence and hedonism, as well as the growth of individualism.Fitzgerald is largely credited with coining the term” Jazz Age”.

第五篇：外国文学史 名词解释

名词解释

荷马史诗：荷马史诗包括《伊利亚特》和《奥德赛》两部分，各有24卷，均以特洛伊战争为背景。荷马史诗的主题是歌颂希腊全民族的光荣史迹，赞美勇敢、正义、勤劳、无私等善良品德，讴歌克服一切困难的乐观主义精神，肯定人与生活的价值。荷马史诗充满了浓厚的宿命论思想，塑造了一系列英雄人物，结构巧妙，布局完整，比喻丰富。他不仅是欧洲文学史上最早的优秀作品，也是研究希腊早期社会的重要文献。

普罗旺斯抒情诗：即中世纪骑士抒情诗，主要流行于法国南部普罗旺斯一带，它主要抒写骑士与贵妇人之间在黎明时缠绵悱恻、依依惜别的恋情，讴歌骑士对贵妇人的爱慕和崇拜，以及他们为了爱情而去冒险征战、建功立业的骑士道德。在艺术上，骑士抒情诗注意心理描写，感情细腻，对早期文艺复兴时期的抒情诗产生过影响。城市文学：又名市民文学，是12世纪以后随着城市的兴起而产生的一种反映新兴市民阶级思想情趣的文学。它取材于现实生活，揭露讽刺封建贵族和宗教僧侣的专横、贪婪、愚蠢和伪善，表现市民的聪明才智和进取精神，具有鲜明的反封建、反教会倾向。艺术风格生动活泼，语言通俗易懂，生活气息浓郁。城市文学体裁众多，有韵文故事、市民抒情诗、市民戏剧和长篇叙事诗等。其中以法国长篇叙事诗《列那狐传奇》成就最为突出，长诗《玫瑰传奇》也颇有声誉。

骑士文学（romance）：是西欧封建骑士制度的产物，以描写骑士爱情和冒险故事为基本内容，包括骑士抒情诗和骑士叙事诗两种。抒情诗产生于法国南部的普罗旺斯，有《破晓歌》《牧歌》等。叙事诗又称骑士传奇，重要作品有《特里斯丹和伊瑟》等。流浪汉小说：是16世纪产生于西班牙的一种新型小说，这种小说以流浪汉等下层人物为主人公，多采用自传体的形式写成。作品通过主人公不幸的流浪谋生经历，广泛反映社会现实，在一定程度上表达了人文主义思想，具有反封建、反教会的意义。无名氏的《小癞子》是第一部也是最优秀的一部流浪汉小说。西班牙的流浪汉小说在刻画人物、反映现实和结构艺术上对欧洲小说的发展产生了深远影响。

大学才子派：英国文艺复兴时期的一批戏剧作家。他们出生于中产阶级，受过大学教育，具有深厚的古典文学修养和进步的人文主义思想倾向。他们的戏剧创作不仅继承了前人的成果，而且在内容和艺术形式上颇有创新，促进了 伊莉莎白时代戏剧的发展和繁荣，为莎士比亚的戏剧创作和演出奠定了基础。代表人物马洛。

人文主义：文艺复兴时期新兴资产阶级反封建反教会斗争中形成的思想体系，也是这一时期进步文学的中心思想。主要内容表现在：用人权反对神权，用个性解放反对禁欲主义，用理性反对蒙昧主义，在政治思想上拥护中央集权，反对封建割据。其中以人为本的思想和理性精神来自古希腊-罗马文化，其平等、博爱的思想来自基督教精神，因此人文主义可以说是古代文化与中世纪文化的继承和发展。古典主义：指17世纪流行于西欧特别是法国的一种带有浓厚封建色彩的资产阶级文学思潮。因为它在文艺理论和创作实践上以古希腊-罗马文学为典范，故称古典主义。古典主义在政治上拥护王权，强调克制个人感情，服从国家整体利益；思想上崇尚理性，以唯理主义为哲学基础；创作上强调模仿古人，大量从古代文学中选取题材；艺术形式上对各种体裁有严格界定。古典主义的作家、理论家由于所处时代的不同和个性差异，他们的创作也各有侧重。法国古典主义的成就是多方面的，尤以戏剧最突出，出现了以高乃依和拉辛为代表的悲剧作家，以莫里哀为代表的喜剧作家，以及文艺理论家布拉洛和寓言诗人拉封丹等。

“三一律”：法国古典主义作家为戏剧创作制定的一条规则。所谓“三一律”，是规定戏剧的情节、时间、地点必须保持一致，即剧本的情节只能有一条线索，故事发生在同一地点，剧情在24小时内完成，即时间、地点、情节的整一律。“三一律”的积极作用在于使戏剧结构严谨、情节集中，冲突能迅速展开，达到高潮；但同时它又容易束缚剧作家的手脚，导致人物形象公式化、概念化，削弱了作品的艺术感染力。巴洛克文学：“巴洛克”一词来自葡萄牙语barocco，原指一种形状不规则的珍珠，后来被用来形容一种建筑风格和文学风格，它与严整、均匀、和谐相对立。巴洛克文学是巴洛克艺术在文学上的表现。巴洛克文学起源于16世纪的意大利、西班牙，在17世纪的法国达到高峰，同时流行于西欧，因风格与巴洛克式艺术相像而得此名，是一种贵族形式主义文学，主张文学为少数有文化修养的人创作。巴洛克文学在内容上多写带有神秘宗教色彩的生死、哀怨。艺术上借鉴了中古文学象征、寓意、梦幻手法，并表现出华丽纤巧的风格。代表人物意大利的马里诺、西班牙的贡哥拉、英国的约翰·多恩 等。

“狂飙突进”运动： “狂飙突进”运动是1770年至1785年发生于德国的一场声势浩大的文学运动，它是德国启蒙运动的继续和发展，是一个具有德国特点的资产阶级的文学运动。不同于其他国家，这是一场民族文化运动，是启蒙运动在德国的继续和发展，也是反封建斗争达到高潮的标志。“狂飙突进”运动宣扬天才、力量，歌颂自由。参加这个运动的大多是青年，他们不满于启蒙运动的温和精神，不满于统治阶级，要求进行公开的斗争，作品言辞激烈，热情洋溢，体现出强烈的叛逆精神。此运动并无明确目标，往往带有个人反抗的狂热性质，领袖是理论家赫尔德尔。其名称源于克林格尔的同名剧本《狂飙突进》。代表作是席勒的《强盗》和《阴谋与爱情》，歌德的《少年维特之烦恼》等。

感伤主义文学：感伤主义文学是18世纪60年代至80年代末发生在英国的一股文**流，并影响到欧洲其他国家。感伤主义文学同情不幸者的遭遇，醉心人物感伤心理的描写，置感情于“理性”之上，喜用的体裁是哀歌、旅行记和书信体小说，感伤主义这一潮流在文学形式方面将欧洲带入了一个新阶段。它不仅是欧洲19世纪初欧洲声势浩大的浪漫主义文学运动的先驱，而且可以说是现代派文学的源头。感伤主义开辟了一种以心理为载体掺和外部现实世界的投影的叙事方式。这种新方式的产生对于文学的发展有着深远的意义，对后来的意识流小说有较大的影响。感伤主义是因斯泰恩的小说《感伤旅行》而得名。

哥特式小说：18世纪末在英国出现的一种凶杀小说。这种小说多以中世纪阴森神秘的古堡为背景，写其中的因恋情或因财产引起的凶杀复仇，充满神秘、怪诞、恐怖和刺激。代表作是瓦尔浦的《奥特朗图堡》和拉德克里芙的《渥尔多弗的秘密》。世纪病：亦称时代病，出现在法国浪漫主义文学中的一种典型形象。他们或者在拿破仑时代长大，仰慕父辈的战绩与辉煌，但王权和神权的恢复使他们失去信仰，无所追求，在厌倦和无聊中打发日子；或者生性孤僻，内向，忧郁，与现实环境格格不入，在孤独的漂泊中消磨生命。他们都是些富有才华的人，但悲观绝望，在现实生活中找不到自己的位置，找不到生命的意义，他们代表了一代青年人的精神状态。有名的有夏多布里昂笔下的勒内，缪塞笔下的阿克达夫等。

多余人：多余人是19世纪俄国文学中贵族知识分子的一种典型。这些形象大多具有较高的文化修养，接受启蒙思想的影响，厌倦上流社会的生活，渴望有所作为，他们的出现是社会意识觉醒的一种体现。但是这一类形象往往以自我为中心，没有明确的生活目标，缺乏行动能力和勇气，因此在社会上无所适从，结局是悲剧性的。从奥涅金到奥勃洛摩夫，“多余人”形象经历了一个发展变化的过程。

“湖畔派”：英国浪漫主义文学的早期代表是诗人华兹华斯。他与柯尔律治、骚塞曾在英国西北部的昆布兰湖区居住，并在思想观点和创作理论上有不少相同之处，因此被称为“湖畔派”。这些诗人对法国大革命抱着矛盾的态度，对资本主义的工业文明和城市文明表示厌恶，竭力讴歌的是宗法制的农村生活和大自然，喜欢描写神秘离奇的情景与异国风光。1798年，华兹华斯在他与柯尔律治共同出版的诗集《抒情歌谣集》再版时所写的序言，成为英国浪漫主义文学的宣言。

拜伦式英雄：指拜伦在《东方叙事诗》等作品中塑造的一系列孤立傲世、富有叛逆精神的主人公形象。他们是海盗、异教徒、造反者、无家可归者等，都具有出众的才华、坚强的意志、反叛的热情，敢于蔑视传统秩序和专制暴政，但是他们的反抗总是和孤独、忧郁结合在一起，乃至傲世独立，离群索居，并以悲剧而告终。最典型的形象是《海盗》中的康拉德。

“美丑对照原则”：“美丑对照”是雨果著名的美学主张，也是他不少作品的鲜明特色。雨果认为：“丑就在美的旁边，畸形靠近优美，粗俗藏在崇高的背后，善与恶并存，黑暗与光明相共。”作者在《巴黎圣母院》中就是通过这种原则来表现主题和塑造人物的。“小人物”：特指19世纪俄国批判现实主义文学作品中出现的一种小人物形象，他们处在社会底层，生活困苦，地位卑微，但又逆来顺受，安分守己，性格懦弱，胆小怕事，成为那些大人物统治的牺牲者，是被剥削、被欺凌的典型形象。作家对他们寄予同情与怜悯，并通过这类形象批判沙皇专制制度。

批判现实主义：19世纪中期以后，随着自然科学实证哲学的发展，随着资本主义制度的进一步确立，欧洲逐渐形成一种比较冷静务实的社会心理。文学上，浪漫主义逐渐衰退，客观真实地描绘现实生活，用人道主义批判社会弊病和人性缺陷，追求细节真实性，塑造典型性格，逐渐成为作家们的主要倾向。20年代，斯丹达尔率先提出现实主义的文学纲领，后经巴尔扎克、俄国别林斯基的进一步发展，形成理论支柱。创作上各国出现一系列大作家、大作品，在19世纪成为主要的文**流。

《人间喜剧》：是巴尔扎克的多卷本巨著，小说创作的总称，是他以毕生精力完成的光辉创作群，堪称是人类精神文明的奇迹。他计划写143部，完成了91部。巴尔扎克用分类整理和人物再现法把作品连成整体，全作分为“风俗研究”、“分析研究”、“哲学研究”三大部分。他以清醒的现实主义笔触，再现了1816—1848年，也就是王政复辟到七月王朝期间的广阔社会图景。被恩格斯誉为“一部法国社会，特别是巴黎上流社会的卓越的现实主义历史”。

包法利主义：儒勒·德·戈吉耶发明了“包法利主义”这个名词，把它定义为“人所具有的把自己设想成另一个样子的能力”。他指的是福楼拜在《包法利夫人》中所塑造的女主人公爱玛的性格特点，即爱玛所具有的崇尚金钱，不切实际、想入非非的品性。“包法利主义“是平庸卑污的现实和渴望理想爱情、超越实际可能的幻想相冲突的产物。作为一种精神现象，它是七月王朝和第二帝国时期享乐主义生活盛行的恶浊风气孕育而成的。

威塞克斯小说：是指19世纪末英国批判现实主义小说家和诗人哈代创作的一系列以英国西南部威塞克斯广大农村地区为背景的小说。全部作品分为三大类，”罗曼史和幻想“、“爱情阴谋小说”(机敏和经验小说)、“性格和环境小说”。主要内容是描写19世纪后半期英国宗法制农村社会的衰亡，反映了人与社会、性格与环境的对立，特别是通过对爱情、婚姻等问题的描写，表现下层人民的悲惨命运，个人与社会的悲剧性冲突。代表作是《德伯家的苔丝》《无名的裘德》。