第一篇:知识产权 - 吴仪中美知识产权圆桌会议发言(双语)
自温家宝在2009年夏季达沃斯论坛上的讲话
四要共同保护知识产权。保护知识产权是激励创新、推动发展的必然要求。保护知识产权,就是保护创新的原动力。国际社会要共同提升知识产权创造、运用、保护和管理能力,尊重各国国情、兼顾各方特别是发展中国家的利益,在平等互利基础上开展对话和合作,推动建立平衡有效的知识产权保护制度。中国保护知识产权的立场是坚定不移的,我们将继续全面实施国家知识产权战略,大力营造保护知识产权的法制、市场和文化氛围,让一切创新成果得到尊重和回报,促进各种发明创造转化为现实生产力。
Fourth, protect intellectual property rights(IPR).IPR protection is vital to driving innovation and development.To safeguard IPR is to safeguard the source strength of innovation.It is important for the international community to jointly improve capacities for IPR creation, application, protection and management and build a balanced and effective IPR protection system on the basis of respecting the national conditions of all countries and accommodating the interests of all parties, especially those of developing countries, and through dialogue and cooperation under the principle of equality and mutual benefit.China stands firm on IPR protection.We will continue to implement our national IPR strategy, take strong measures to foster a legal, market and cultural environment for IPR protection, see to it that all fruits of innovation be respected and rewarded and translate inventions and discoveries of all kinds into real forces of production.吴仪副总理在中美知识产权圆桌会议上的讲话
Wu Yi’s Speech at the China-US IPR Round Table Conference
WU Yi(Vice Premier of the State Council, People’s Republic of China)
Beijing, January 13th, 200
5女士们、先生们: Ladies and Gentlemen,很高兴再次参加中美知识产权圆桌会议。我首先向参加此次会议的中美政府的代表和美国企业的代表致以诚挚的问候。
I am very pleased to attend the China-US IPR Roundtable again.Let me first extend my sincere greetings to all the representatives of the Chinese and American governments and the American business community present.中美知识产权圆桌会议已经成功地举办了两次,会议的举办对加强中美在知识产权领域的沟通和了解,特别是加强对中国知识产权保护工作的了解发挥了积极作用。在上次的圆桌会议上,我应邀发表了演讲,着重谈了中国政府在保护知识产权方面所做的努力,介绍了中国的知识产权法律体系和具体工作情况。与会的朋友们也就中国知识产权保护情况进行了热烈讨论,对加强保护知识产权的刑事执法和行政执法提出了不少建议。我认为,象这样本着合作的精神,加强交流,增进理解,有助于促进保护知识产权工作的健康发展。
The China-US IPR Roundtable has been successfully held twice, playing a positive role in enhancing the communication and understanding between China and the US in the field of IPR, especially in improving the knowledge of IPR protection work in China on the part of the American businesses.At the last Roundtable, I delivered a speech on invitation, underlining the effort made by the Chinese government in protecting intellectual property and gave a briefing on the legal system and concrete work of IPR protection in China.Participating friends conducted heated discussions of IPR protection in China at the meeting and came up with many suggestions with regard to strengthening criminal and administrative enforcement in IPR protection.I believe that to intensify exchanges and enhance understanding in a cooperative spirit like this is conductive to promoting the sound development of IPR protection work.在座各位多年来对中国知识产权的发展非常关心,你们不仅是前两次圆桌会议的见证人,同时也是中国知识产权保护工作不断发展和进步的见证人。相信你们已经看到,在刚刚过去的一年中,中国的知识产权保护工作又有了新的进步,我们重点在加强内部协调,强化刑事执法和开展专项整治等方面做了大量工作,并取得了
明显进展。一年来,我们做了以下几件工作。
You have all been following closely the development of IPR in China over the years.You are not only the eyewitnesses of the two roundtables, but the eyewitnesses of the constant progress and advancement of IPR protection work in China.I believe that you have already seen the new headway made by China in protecting intellectual property in the past year, during which a huge amount of work was done in intensifying internal coordination, strengthening criminal enforcement and staging specialized campaigns.Marked progress was made.Over the past one year, we have done the following work.一,国务院成立了由最高人民法院、最高人民检察院、商务部、公安部、工商总局、国家版权局、国家知识产权局、海关总署等十二个部门组成的保护知识产权工作组,我是这个工作组的组长。保护知识产权工作组负责领导并统筹协调全国的知识产权保护工作,督办重大案件。在工作组的统一部署下,我们已经建立了跨部门的知识产权执法协作机制,加强了工作的衔接和协调。工作组还就全国范围内知识产权的宣传、培训工作做了具体部署,卓有成效地开展了相关工作。目前,各省、自治区、直辖市也相应成立了保护知识产权工作组,按照“全国统一领导、地方政府负责、部门指导协调、各方联合行动”的工作格局开展日常工作和专项知识产权行政执法。
First, the State Council set up an IPR Protection Working Group where I serve as director and which is composed of 12 departments, the Supreme People’s Court, Supreme People’s Procuratorate, Ministry of Commerce, Ministry of Public Security, State Administration for Industry and Commerce, National Copyright Office, State Intellectual Property Office, General Administration of Customs among others.The Working Group is responsible for leading and coordinating IPR protection work all over the country and overseeing the handling of major cases.Under the uniform deployment of the Working Group, a cross-department IPR Enforcement Collaboration System has been set up to enhance working communication and coordination.The Working Group also made specific arrangement for nationwide publicity and training, moving forward the relevant work in a highly efficient manner.At present, all provinces, autonomous regions and municipalities directly under the central government have correspondingly established their own IPR protection task force, and under the working pattern featuring uniform leadership by the central government, responsibility taken by the local government, guidance and coordination by relevant departments and joint action by all parties involved, they are engaged in routine and specialized IPR enforcement work.二,国务院决定,从2004年9月到2005年8月,由国家保护知识产权工作组牵头在全国范围内组织开展保护知识产权专项行动。这次专项行动,将突出重点领域、重点环节和重点地区,以点带面,全面推动。在这次行动中,以知识产权权利人反映强烈、情节严重、影响恶劣的重大侵权案件作为突破口,坚决打击侵犯知识产权的违法犯罪分子,已经产生了积极效果。
Second, the State Council decided to launch a specialized campaign for IPR Protection throughout the country from September 2004 to August 2005 under the auspices of the National IPR Protection Working Group.The specialized campaign will identify priority areas, linkages and regions to drive comprehensive progress by extending from focused places to wider coverage.Having as breakthroughs the major infringement cases where the complaints from right holders are strong, the circumstances are serious and the implications are severe, the campaign has firmly cracked down on criminals violating IPR.Positive results have already been yielded.为了配合这次专项活动,去年10月中旬到11月上旬,由保护知识产权工作组牵头组织,公安部、监察部、新闻出版总署(国家版权局)、知识产权局、法制办及高法院、高检院派人参加,分6个组,以国务院督查组的名义,分别到河北、山西、浙江、福建、山东、河南、湖南、广东、四川、云南、甘肃和宁夏等12个省、自治区进行了重点督查。
In a bid to support the specialized campaign, from mid October to the first half of November last year, the IPR Protection Working Group organized 6 teams composed of staff from the Ministry of Public Security, Ministry of Supervision, the Press and Publications Administration(National Copyright Office), State Intellectual Property Office, Office of Legal Affairs of the State Council, Supreme People’s Court and Supreme People’s Procuratorate and sent them to 12 Provinces including Hebei, Shanxi, Zhejiang, Fujian, Shandong, Henan, Hunan, Guangdong, Sichuan,Yunnan, Gansu and Ningxia for focused supervision and inspection, in the name of State Council Supervising and Inspecting Team.据不完全统计,在这次专项行动开始后的两个月内,全国公安机关针对侵犯知识产权犯罪立案1000多起,涉案金额达5.5亿元。全国工商部门共查处商标侵权案件9800多件,没收侵权商标标识1000多万件,没收、销毁侵权商品1000多万件。全国各地在这次行动中都积极行动起来了。例如,广东省江门市恩平公安局查获一家生产盗版VCD光碟工厂,现场捣毁两条正在非法生产VCD的生产线,抓获犯罪嫌疑人4人。云南省勐腊海关连续查获两起侵权案件,使昆明关区在知识产权案件查获方面实现了“零突破”。
According to incomplete figures, within 2 months as of the launch of this specialized campaign, public security units all over China prosecuted over 1,000 cases, involving a value of RMB 550 million.Authorities for industry and commerce throughout the country investigated into and handled more than 9,800 trademark infringement cases, confiscated over 10 million infringing trademarks, forfeited and destroyed over 10 million infringing commodities.The whole country has been mobilized in the campaign.For example, Enping Public Security Bureaus of Jiangmen City in Guangdong Province hunt down a factory producing pirated VCDs, destroyed on the spot two production lines that were illegally manufacturing VCDs and captured 4 criminal suspects.MengLa Customs Authority of Yunnan Province detected two infringement cases in succession, realizing zero-breakthrough in the number of detected cases in Kunming Customs District.三,顺利出台了知识产权侵权刑事犯罪司法解释。去年4月,我在访问美国期间曾明确表示,2004年年底前将出台有关降低刑事处罚门槛的司法解释。现在,我们如期履行了这一承诺。在此次司法解释的起草工作中,我们先后多次、多渠道、采取多种方式听取了中国外商投资企业协会、欧盟委员会、中国商业软件联盟、美国电影协会、中国美国商会、美国信息产业机构等行业协会和部门的意见。这是以前起草司法解释从未有过的。
Thirdly, Judicial Interpretation on IPR Infringement Crimes was smoothly promulgated.When I visited the US last April, I made it clear that the Judicial Interpretation on lowering the threshold for criminalization would be unveiled before the end of 2004.We have already honored that commitment as scheduled.In the drafting of the Judicial Interpretation, views were solicited, on different occasions, through multiple channels and in various ways, from China Association of Enterprises with Foreign Investment, European Commission, China Business Software Alliance, Motion Picture Association of America Inc., American Chamber of Commerce in China, US Information Technology Office and other industrial associations and institutions, which was never seen in the previous drafting work of judicial interpretations.新的司法解释明确了定罪量刑标准,大幅度降低了刑事责任门槛,对假冒注册商标罪,销售假冒注册商标的商品罪、非法制造注册商标标识罪和侵犯著作权罪的起刑标准从非法经营数额20万元和10万元降低为5万元,违法所得数额由5万元降低为3万元;新的司法解释对刑法条文中易引起分歧的术语也做了规定,解决了关于“进出口侵权”和“在线盗版”的法律适用问题。此外,新的司法解释还明确了触犯不同罪名时的处罚原则,降低了单位犯罪的标准,增加了共犯的规定。
The new Judicial Interpretation specifies the criteria of conviction and sentencing and considerably lowers the threshold for criminal penalty.It reduces the bottom line for applying criminal penalties for the crime of counterfeiting registered trademarks, crime of selling commodities carrying counterfeit registered trademarks, crime of illegally manufacturing signs of registered trademarks and crime of infringing upon a copyright from RMB 200,000 and RMB 100,000 to RMB 50,000 in terms of the amount of illegal business volume and from RMB 50,000 to RMB 30,000 in terms of the amount of illegal gains.The new Judicial Interpretation clarifies the terminologies that are apt to cause divergences contained in the provisions of the Criminal Law and resolves the issues of legal application of IPR infringement in import and export stages and on-line piracy.Besides, the new Judicial Interpretation makes clear principles of punishing different crimes, lowers the standard for unit crimes and adds the stipulation of complicity.知识产权刑事责任司法解释的出台,是中国司法机关加大知识产权司法保护的又一重大举措,为进一步加大对知识产权的刑事司法保护力度,有效打击侵犯知识产权犯罪,维护市场经济秩序,不断提高中国知识产权的法律保护水平打下了坚实的基础。
As another important measure taken by the Chinese Judicial Organ to intensify IPR protection, the promulgation of the Judicial Interpretation on Criminal Responsibility for IPR Infringement has laid down a solid foundation for further strengthening judicial protection of intellectual property, effectively cracking down on crimes of IPR infringement, maintaining market economic order and constantly improving the legal protection of IPR in China.四,继续加强了与有关国家在知识产权方面的交流与沟通。中国政府重视有关国家政府和企业对中国知识产权发展的意见和建议,并积极通过多种渠道和机制,与有关各方就知识产权问题进行交流和沟通。2004年我率团赴美主持第十五届中美商贸联委会期间,中美双方就知识产权问题达成了广泛共识,成立了知识产权工作组,推进了双方的合作,加强了相互间的交流与沟通,促进了中美经贸关系的稳定发展。2004年,中欧第一次知识产权对话也在北京召开,会后,双方签署了中欧第一次对话会议纪要,就知识产权合作和下一步工作计划达成了初步意向。去年11月,我们还成功举办了“世界海关组织知识产权保护地区论坛”,产生了积极的国际影响。此外,商务部、保护知识产权工作组会同国内有关部门与外商投资企业共同建立了定期沟通协调机制,为外国的知识产权权利人提供了一个充分表达意见的渠道。
Fourthly, we have continued to intensify exchanges and communication with relevant countries in IPR.The Chinese government attaches importance to the opinion and suggestion expressed by governments and enterprises of relevant countries on IPR development in China and has actively conducted exchanges and communication on IPR with relevant parties through various channels and mechanisms.During my visit to the US to chair the 15th JCCT in 2004, the two sides of China and US reached broad consensus on the issue of intellectual property and established an IPR Working Group, thus accelerating bilateral cooperation, strengthening mutual interaction and communication and facilitating the stable progress of Sino-American economic and trade relations.In 2004, the first China-EU IPR Dialogue was convened in Beijing.After that, the two sides of China and EU signed a summary of the meeting, identifying preliminary intent for IPR cooperation and next-step working plan.In November last year, we successfully held WCO Regional Forum for IPR Protection, yielding positive international influence.What is more, the Ministry of Commerce and IPR Protection Working Group joined hands with relevant domestic departments in setting up a regular communication and coordination mechanism with foreign invested enterprises, providing foreign IPR holders with a channel to fully air their views.女士们、先生们: Ladies and gentlemen,上次圆桌会议以后,时间过去了一年。令我高兴的是,短短的一年之后,我们又有了许多新的情况值得向朋友们介绍。作为国务院分管知识产权工作的副总理,我对中国知识产权事业一年来的发展表示满意,更对她的未来充满信心。
One year passed since the last roundtable.To my delight, during the time as brief as one year, we have got much good news worth sharing with our friends.As the Vice Premier responsible for IPR work in the State Council, I am satisfied with the development of IPR undertaking in China over the last year and I am full of confidence in its future.当然,我们非常清楚,中国知识产权的发展毕竟起步较晚,仍然存在不少问题。同时我们也知道,长期以来,美国政府和企业对中国的知识产权保护工作十分关注,部分美国企业对中国的知识产权保护还存有疑虑,对此我们都表示理解。借此机会,我想开诚布公地和朋友们谈谈我的看法。
Of course, we are pretty clear that anyway, IPR development began relatively late in China and there still exists many problems.We also know that American government and companies have been much concerned with IPR protection work in China for a long time, some even hold misgivings over the issue.We understand how you feel.Taking this opportunity, I would like to share my thoughts with the friends present candidly.第一,我再次重申,中国政府高度重视知识产权保护工作。我们充分认识到,在经济全球化进程不断加快的形势下,对知识资源的创造、占有和运用,已经成为各国取得竞争优势和提升综合国力的关键因素。加大知识产权保护力度,既是进一步扩大开放,创造良好投资环境的需要,也是规范市场经济秩序,保证中国经
济社会全面、协调、可持续发展的要求。去年3月5日,温家宝总理在十届全国人大二次会议上作政府工作报告时明确表示,要加大知识产权保护力度,依法惩处盗版侵权行为。这充分表明了中国政府在保护知识产权方面的明确立场和坚定决心。
First, I would reiterate once again that the Chinese government lays special emphasis on IPR protection work.We are fully aware that against the ever accelerated economic globalization, creation, occupation and application of knowledge resources have become key factors for countries to win competitive advantages and uplift their comprehensive national strength.To intensify IPR protection is not only a need of further opening up and creation of a sound investment environment, but also an objective requirement of standardizing market economic order and safeguarding the comprehensive, coordinated and sustainable development of the Chinese economy and society.On March 5th last year, in his Government’s Working Report delivered at the Second Session of the Tenth National People’s Congress, Premier Wen Jiabao explicitly pointed out that we should intensify protection of intellectual property and punish piracy and other infringing behaviors according to law.This fully demonstrated the clear-cut position and decisive resolve of the Chinese government in IPR protection.第二,中国政府一贯在以负责任的态度积极推动知识产权保护工作,这些年所取得的成绩也是有目共睹的。但是也必须承认,保护知识产权制度的建立与完善不是一朝一夕之事,它与一国的经济、科技发展水平是密切相关的。特别是在拥有13亿人口,现阶段经济、科技发展水平还不高的中国,更需要政府、企业和广大消费者一起通过艰苦细致的工作和长期不懈的努力,才能从根本上改变知识产权保护的现状。对此我们有充分的思想准备,也一定会始终不懈地把这项工作开展下去。我希望美国政府和企业对此也能够给予理解,希望你们能看得到中国知识产权事业已经取得的成绩,也请你们相信中国知识产权发展的未来。
Second, the Chinese government has always adopted a responsible attitude, laid special emphasis on and energetically promoted IPR protection and our achievements over the years are obvious to all.But we have to admit that the establishment and perfection of IPR protection system could not be realized overnight, and they are closely linked with a country’s level of economic and scientific development.China in particular, as a country with 1.3 billion people where the economic and scientific development level is not high at the current stage, badly needs the government, the enterprises and the vast number of consumers to do hard and meticulous work and make long-term unremitting efforts so as to fundamentally change the status quo of IPR protection.We are fully prepared for this mentally and we will surely carry on the job unswervingly.We hope to have the understanding of American administration and companies about this and we hope that you could see the accomplishments that China already scored in its IPR undertaking and please be confident of the future of IPR development in China.第三,中国政府将认真履行自己的国际义务,愿意以积极的态度同世界各国和国际组织加强知识产权领域的广泛合作,共同努力,为推动世界范围内尊重知识,崇尚科学,保护知识产权良好制度和氛围的形成做出贡献。同时,我们欢迎世界各国和国际组织对中国知识产权事业的发展给予帮助和支持,我们欢迎一切建设性的意见和建议,也欢迎善意的批评。中国和美国,是当今世界最大的发展中国家和最大的发达国家,我们在经济领域中的合作是富有成效的。特别是近几年来,中美贸易的发展取得了可喜的成绩,这与两国政府、企业和民间团体间的共同努力是分不开的。我希望我们在知识产权领域也能开展卓有成效的合作,共同促进知识产权工作的健康发展。
Thirdly, the Chinese government will earnestly honor its international obligations and is ready to strengthen widespread IPR cooperation with the rest of the world and the international organizations.Through concerted efforts, we hope to contribute to the shaping of a sound system and atmosphere featuring respect for knowledge, pursuit of science and protection of intellectual property.In the meantime, we welcome help and assistance from all countries in the world and international institutions for our IPR development, welcome all constructive opinions and suggestions and welcome well-intentioned criticism.China and the US, as the world’s biggest developing country and developed nation, have conducted effective cooperation in the economic field.In particular over recent years, China and the US have scored gratifying results in our trade progress, which is inseparable from the joint efforts of the governments, enterprises and non-governmental groups of the two nations.I hope that we could forge similarly effective collaboration in the area of IPR and jointly expedite the IPR work in a healthy manner.
第二篇:吴仪中美知识产权圆桌会议上的讲话
吴仪中美知识产权圆桌会议上的讲话(中英)
女士们、先生们:
Ladies and Gentlemen,很高兴再次参加中美知识产权圆桌会议。我首先向参加此次会议的中美政府的代表和美国企业的代表致以诚挚的问候。
I am very pleased to attend the China-US IPR Roundtable again.Let me first extend my sincere greetings to all the representatives of the Chinese and American governments and the American business community present.中美知识产权圆桌会议已经成功地举办了两次,会议的举办对加强中美在知识产权领域的沟通和了解,特别是加强对中国知识产权保护工作的了解发挥了积极作用。在上次的圆桌会议上,我应邀发表了演讲,着重谈了中国政府在保护知识产权方面所做的努力,介绍了中国的知识产权法律体系和具体工作情况。与会的朋友们也就中国知识产权保护情况进行了热烈讨论,对加强保护知识产权的刑事执法和行政执法提出了不少建议。我认为,象这样本着合作的精神,加强交流,增进理解,有助于促进保护知识产权工作的健康发展。
The China-US IPR Roundtable has been successfully held twice, playing a positive role in enhancing the communication and understanding between China and the US in the field of IPR, especially in improving the knowledge of IPR protection work in China on the part of the American businesses.At the last Roundtable, I delivered a speech on invitation, underlining the effort made by the Chinese government in protecting intellectual property and gave a briefing on the legal system and concrete work of IPR protection in China.Participating friends conducted heated discussions of IPR protection in China at the meeting and came up with many suggestions with regard to strengthening criminal and administrative enforcement in IPR protection.I believe that to intensify exchanges and enhance understanding in a cooperative spirit like this is conductive to promoting the sound development of IPR protection work.在座各位多年来对中国知识产权的发展非常关心,你们不仅是前两次圆桌会议的见证人,同时也是中国知识产权保护工作不断发展和进步的见证人。相信你们已经看到,在刚刚过去的一年中,中国的知识产权保护工作又有了新的进步,我们重点在加强内部协调,强化刑事执法和开展专项整治等方面做了大量工作,并取得了明显进展。一年来,我们做了以下几件工作。
You have all been following closely the development of IPR in China over the years.You are not only the eyewitnesses of the two roundtables, but the eyewitnesses of the constant progress and advancement of IPR protection work in China.I believe that you have already seen the new headway made by China in protecting intellectual property in the past year, during which a huge amount of work was done in intensifying internal coordination, strengthening criminal enforcement and staging specialized campaigns.Marked progress was made.Over the past one year, we have done the following work.一,国务院成立了由最高人民法院、最高人民检察院、商务部、公安部、工商总局、国家版权局、国家知识产权局、海关总署等十二个部门组成的保护知识产权工作组,我是这个工作组的组长。保护知识产权工作组负责领导并统筹协调全国的知识产权保护工作,督办重大案件。在工作组的统一部署下,我们已经建立了跨部门的知识产权执法协作机制,加强了工作的衔接和协调。工作组还就全国范围内知识产权的宣传、培训工作做了具体部署,卓有成效地开展了相关工作。目前,各省、自治区、直辖市也相应成立了保护知识产权工作组,按照“全国统一领导、地方政府负责、部门指导协调、各方联合行动”的工作格局开展日常工作和专项知识产权行政执法。
First, the State Council set up an IPR Protection Working Group where I serve as director and which is composed of 12 departments, the Supreme People's Court, Supreme People's Procuratorate, Ministry of Commerce, Ministry of Public Security, State Administration for Industry and Commerce, National Copyright Office, State Intellectual Property Office, General Administration of Customs among others.The Working Group is responsible for leading and coordinating IPR protection work all over the country and overseeing the handling of major cases.Under the uniform deployment of the Working Group, a cross-department IPR Enforcement Collaboration System has been set up to enhance working communication and coordination.The Working Group also made specific arrangement for nationwide publicity and training, moving forward the relevant work in a highly efficient manner.At present, all provinces, autonomous regions and municipalities directly under the central government have correspondingly established their own IPR protection task force, and under the working pattern featuring uniform leadership by the central government, responsibility taken by the local government, guidance and coordination by relevant departments and joint action by all parties involved, they are engaged in routine and specialized IPR enforcement work.二,国务院决定,从2004年9月到2005年8月,由国家保护知识产权工作组牵头在全国范围内组织开展保护知识产权专项行动。这次专项行动,将突出重点领域、重点环节和重点地区,以点带面,全面推动。在这次行动中,以知识产权权利人反映强烈、情节严重、影响恶劣的重大侵权案件作为突破口,坚决打击侵犯知识产权的违法犯罪分子,已经产生了积极效果。
Second, the State Council decided to launch a specialized campaign for IPR Protection throughout the country from September 2004 to August 2005 under the auspices of the National IPR Protection Working Group.The specialized campaign will identify priority areas, linkages and regions to drive comprehensive progress by extending from focused places to wider coverage.Having as breakthroughs the major infringement cases where the complaints from right holders are strong, the circumstances are serious and the implications are severe, the campaign has firmly cracked down on criminals violating IPR.Positive results have already been yielded.为了配合这次专项活动,去年10月中旬到11月上旬,由保护知识产权工作组牵头组织,公安部、监察部、新闻出版总署(国家版权局)、知识产权局、法制办及高法院、高检院派人参加,分6个组,以国务院督查组的名义,分别到河北、山西、浙江、福建、山东、河南、湖南、广东、四川、云南、甘肃和宁夏等12个省、自治区进行了重点督查。
In a bid to support the specialized campaign, from mid October to the first half of November last year, the IPR Protection Working Group organized 6 teams composed of staff from the Ministry of Public Security, Ministry of Supervision, the Press and Publications Administration(National Copyright Office), State Intellectual Property Office, Office of Legal Affairs of the State Council, Supreme People's Court and Supreme People's Procuratorate and sent them to 12 Provinces including Hebei, Shanxi, Zhejiang, Fujian, Shandong, Henan, Hunan, Guangdong, Sichuan, Yunnan, Gansu and Ningxia for focused supervision and inspection, in the name of State Council Supervising and Inspecting Team.据不完全统计,在这次专项行动开始后的两个月内,全国公安机关针对侵犯知识产权犯罪立案1000多起,涉案金额达5.5亿元。全国工商部门共查处商标侵权案件9800多件,没收侵权商标标识1000多万件,没收、销毁侵权商品1000多万件。全国各地在这次行动中都积极行动起来了。例如,广东省江门市恩平公安局查获一家生产盗版VCD光碟工厂,现场捣毁两条正在非法生产VCD的生产线,抓获犯罪嫌疑人4人。云南省勐腊海关连续查获两起侵权案件,使昆明关区在知识产权案件查获方面实现了“零突破”。
According to incomplete figures, within 2 months as of the launch of this specialized campaign, public security units all over China prosecuted over 1,000 cases, involving a value of RMB 550 million.Authorities for industry and commerce throughout the country investigated into and handled more than 9,800 trademark infringement cases, confiscated over 10 million infringing trademarks, forfeited and destroyed over 10 million infringing commodities.The whole country has been mobilized in the campaign.For example, Enping Public Security Bureaus of Jiangmen City in Guangdong Province hunt down a factory producing pirated VCDs, destroyed on the spot two production lines that were illegally manufacturing VCDs and captured 4 criminal suspects.MengLa Customs Authority of Yunnan Province detected two infringement cases in succession, realizing zero-breakthrough in the number of detected cases in Kunming Customs District.三,顺利出台了知识产权侵权刑事犯罪司法解释。去年4月,我在访问美国期间曾明确表示,2004年年底前将出台有关降低刑事处罚门槛的司法解释。现在,我们如期履行了这一承诺。在此次司法解释的起草工作中,我们先后多次、多渠道、采取多种方式听取了中国外商投资企业协会、欧盟委员会、中国商业软件联盟、美国电影协会、中国美国商会、美国信息产业机构等行业协会和部门的意见。这是以前起草司法解释从未有过的。
Thirdly, Judicial Interpretation on IPR Infringement Crimes was smoothly promulgated.When I visited the US last April, I made it clear that the Judicial Interpretation on lowering the threshold for criminalization would be unveiled before the end of 2004.We have already honored that commitment as scheduled.In the drafting of the Judicial Interpretation, views were solicited, on different occasions, through multiple channels and in various ways, from China Association of Enterprises with Foreign Investment, European Commission, China Business Software Alliance, Motion Picture Association of America Inc., American Chamber of Commerce in China, US Information Technology Office and other industrial associations and institutions, which was never seen in the previous drafting work of judicial interpretations.新的司法解释明确了定罪量刑标准,大幅度降低了刑事责任门槛,对假冒注册商标罪,销售假冒注册商标的商品罪、非法制造注册商标标识罪和侵犯著作权罪的起刑标准从非法经营数额20万元和10万元降低为5万元,违法所得数额由5万元降低为3万元;新的司法解释对刑法条文中易引起分歧的术语也做了规定,解决了关于“进出口侵权”和“在线盗版”的法律适用问题。此外,新的司法解释还明确了触犯不同罪名时的处罚原则,降低了单位犯罪的标准,增加了共犯的规定。
The new Judicial Interpretation specifies the criteria of conviction and sentencing and considerably lowers the threshold for criminal penalty.It reduces the bottom line for applying criminal penalties for the crime of counterfeiting registered trademarks, crime of selling commodities carrying counterfeit registered trademarks, crime of illegally manufacturing signs of registered trademarks and crime of infringing upon a copyright from RMB 200,000 and RMB 100,000 to RMB 50,000 in terms of the amount of illegal business volume and from RMB 50,000 to RMB 30,000 in terms of the amount of illegal gains.The new Judicial Interpretation clarifies the terminologies that are apt to cause divergences contained in the provisions of the Criminal Law and resolves the issues of legal application of IPR infringement in import and export stages and on-line piracy.Besides, the new Judicial Interpretation makes clear principles of punishing different crimes, lowers the standard for unit crimes and adds the stipulation of complicity.知识产权刑事责任司法解释的出台,是中国司法机关加大知识产权司法保护的又一重大举措,为进一步加大对知识产权的刑事司法保护力度,有效打击侵犯知识产权犯罪,维护市场经济秩序,不断提高中国知识产权的法律保护水平打下了坚实的基础。
As another important measure taken by the Chinese Judicial Organ to intensify IPR protection, the promulgation of the Judicial Interpretation on Criminal Responsibility for IPR Infringement has laid down a solid foundation for further strengthening judicial protection of intellectual property, effectively cracking down on crimes of IPR infringement, maintaining market economic order and constantly improving the legal protection of IPR in China.四,继续加强了与有关国家在知识产权方面的交流与沟通。中国政府重视有关国家政府和企业对中国知识产权发展的意见和建议,并积极通过多种渠道和机制,与有关各方就知识产权问题进行交流和沟通。2004年我率团赴美主持第十五届中美商贸联委会期间,中美双方就知识产权问题达成了广泛共识,成立了知识产权工作组,推进了双方的合作,加强了相互间的交流与沟通,促进了中美经贸关系的稳定发展。2004年,中欧第一次知识产权对话也在北京召开,会后,双方签署了中欧第一次对话会议纪要,就知识产权合作和下一步工作计划达成了初步意向。去年11月,我们还成功举办了“世界海关组织知识产权保护地区论坛”,产生了积极的国际影响。此外,商务部、保护知识产权工作组会同国内有关部门与外商投资企业共同建立了定期沟通协调机制,为外国的知识产权权利人提供了一个充分表达意见的渠道。
Fourthly, we have continued to intensify exchanges and communication with relevant countries in IPR.The Chinese government attaches importance to the opinion and suggestion expressed by governments and enterprises of relevant countries on IPR development in China and has actively conducted exchanges and communication on IPR with relevant parties through various channels and mechanisms.During my visit to the US to chair the 15th JCCT in 2004, the two sides of China and US reached broad consensus on the issue of intellectual property and established an IPR Working Group, thus accelerating bilateral cooperation, strengthening mutual interaction and communication and facilitating the stable progress of Sino-American economic and trade relations.In 2004, the first China-EU IPR Dialogue was convened in Beijing.After that, the two sides of China and EU signed a summary of the meeting, identifying preliminary intent for IPR cooperation and next-step working plan.In November last year, we successfully held WCO Regional Forum for IPR Protection, yielding positive international influence.What is more, the Ministry of Commerce and IPR Protection Working Group joined hands with relevant domestic departments in setting up a regular communication and coordination mechanism with foreign invested enterprises, providing foreign IPR holders with a channel to fully air their views.女士们、先生们:
Ladies and gentlemen,上次圆桌会议以后,时间过去了一年。令我高兴的是,短短的一年之后,我们又有了许多新的情况值得向朋友们介绍。作为国务院分管知识产权工作的副总理,我对中国知识产权事业一年来的发展表示满意,更对她的未来充满信心。
One year passed since the last roundtable.To my delight, during the time as brief as one year, we have got much good news worth sharing with our friends.As the Vice Premier responsible for IPR work in the State Council, I am satisfied with the development of IPR undertaking in China over the last year and I am full of confidence in its future.当然,我们非常清楚,中国知识产权的发展毕竟起步较晚,仍然存在不少问题。同时我们也知道,长期以来,美国政府和企业对中国的知识产权保护工作十分关注,部分美国企业对中国的知识产权保护还存有疑虑,对此我们都表示理解。借此机会,我想开诚布公地和朋友们谈谈我的看法。
Of course, we are pretty clear that anyway, IPR development began relatively late in China and there still exists many problems.We also know that American government and companies have been much concerned with IPR protection work in China for a long time, some even hold misgivings over the issue.We understand how you feel.Taking this opportunity, I would like to share my thoughts with the friends present candidly.第一,我再次重申,中国政府高度重视知识产权保护工作。我们充分认识到,在经济全球化进程不断加快的形势下,对知识资源的创造、占有和运用,已经成为各国取得竞争优势和提升综合国力的关键因素。加大知识产权保护力度,既是进一步扩大开放,创造良好投资环境的需要,也是规范市场经济秩序,保证中国经济社会全面、协调、可持续发展的要求。去年3月5日,温家宝总理在十届全国人大二次会议上作政府工作报告时明确表示,要加大知识产权保护力度,依法惩处盗版侵权行为。这充分表明了中国政府在保护知识产权方面的明确立场和坚定决心。
First, I would reiterate once again that the Chinese government lays special emphasis on IPR protection work.We are fully aware that against the ever accelerated economic globalization, creation, occupation and application of knowledge resources have become key factors for countries to win competitive advantages and uplift their comprehensive national strength.To intensify IPR protection is not only a need of further opening up and creation of a sound investment environment, but also an objective requirement of standardizing market economic order and safeguarding the comprehensive, coordinated and sustainable development of the Chinese economy and society.On March 5th last year, in his Government's Working Report delivered at the Second Session of the Tenth National People's Congress, Premier Wen Jiabao explicitly pointed out that we should intensify protection of intellectual property and punish piracy and other infringing behaviors according to law.This fully demonstrated the clear-cut position and decisive resolve of the Chinese government in IPR protection.第二,中国政府一贯在以负责任的态度积极推动知识产权保护工作,这些年所取得的成绩也是有目共睹的。但是也必须承认,保护知识产权制度的建立与完善不是一朝一夕之事,它与一国的经济、科技发展水平是密切相关的。特别是在拥有13亿人口,现阶段经济、科技发展水平还不高的中国,更需要政府、企业和广大消费者一起通过艰苦细致的工作和长期不懈的努力,才能从根本上改变知识产权保护的现状。对此我们有充分的思想准备,也一定会始终不懈地把这项工作开展下去。我希望美国政府和企业对此也能够给予理解,希望你们能看得到中国知识产权事业已经取得的成绩,也请你们相信中国知识产权发展的未来。
Second, the Chinese government has always adopted a responsible attitude, laid special emphasis on and energetically promoted IPR protection and our achievements over the years are obvious to all.But we have to admit that the establishment and perfection of IPR protection system could not be realized overnight, and they are closely linked with a country's level of economic and scientific development.China in particular, as a country with 1.3 billion people where the economic and scientific development level is not high at the current stage, badly needs the government, the enterprises and the vast number of consumers to do hard and meticulous work and make long-term unremitting efforts so as to fundamentally change the status quo of IPR protection.We are fully prepared for this mentally and we will surely carry on the job unswervingly.We hope to have the understanding of American administration and companies about this and we hope that you could see the accomplishments that China already scored in its IPR undertaking and please be confident of the future of IPR development in China.第三,中国政府将认真履行自己的国际义务,愿意以积极的态度同世界各国和国际组织加强知识产权领域的广泛合作,共同努力,为推动世界范围内尊重知识,崇尚科学,保护知识产权良好制度和氛围的形成做出贡献。同时,我们欢迎世界各国和国际组织对中国知识产权事业的发展给予帮助和支持,我们欢迎一切建设性的意见和建议,也欢迎善意的批评。中国和美国,是当今世界最大的发展中国家和最大的发达国家,我们在经济领域中的合作是富有成效的。特别是近几年来,中美贸易的发展取得了可喜的成绩,这与两国政府、企业和民间团体间的共同努力是分不开的。我希望我们在知识产权领域也能开展卓有成效的合作,共同促进知识产权工作的健康发展。
Thirdly, the Chinese government will earnestly honor its international obligations and is ready to strengthen widespread IPR cooperation with the rest of the world and the international organizations.Through concerted efforts, we hope to contribute to the shaping of a sound system and atmosphere featuring respect for knowledge, pursuit of science and protection of intellectual property.In the meantime, we welcome help and assistance from all countries in the world and international institutions for our IPR development, welcome all constructive opinions and suggestions and welcome well-intentioned criticism.China and the US, as the world's biggest developing country and developed nation, have conducted effective cooperation in the economic field.In particular over recent years, China and the US have scored gratifying results in our trade progress, which is inseparable from the joint efforts of the governments, enterprises and non-governmental groups of the two nations.I hope that we could forge similarly effective collaboration in the area of IPR and jointly expedite the IPR work in a healthy manner.谢谢大家。
Thank you.
第三篇:中美知识产权争端及其启示
知识产权法论文
武莉娟
201052311068
法律硕士(法学)
中美知识产权争端及其启示
摘要
随着中美经贸关系的飞速发展,两国贸易矛盾也不断积累,并突出地表现在知识产权领域,中美知识产权争端在近几年愈演愈烈。本文主要从中美知识产权争端的由来探索争端的实质原因,提出相应的解决方法,最后谈了一点启示,中美知识产权争端必定是长期的、复杂的,中美知识产权争端是一场持久战。
引言
中国与美国之间的双边知识产权争端由来已久,中美知识产权关系伴随着中美正式建交而产生。美国是世界上对知识产权保护最严格的国家,而中国作为一个发展中的大国,在知识产权保护方面不可能完全达到发达国家的苛刻标准,因此从20世纪90年代以来中美两国之间曾爆发多次知识产权争端。在全球化力量推动下,如今中美经贸交往日益深化,相互依赖不断加深。当前,金融危机席卷全球,世界经济前景扑朔迷离,中美经贸关系作为最重要的双边关系保持稳定和谐发展至关重要。本文将追溯中美知识产权争端产生、发展与解决的过程,从政治、经济和法律方面探索争端产生的原因,并在此基础上给出减少中美知识产权摩擦,促进双边关系和谐发展的政策建议。
一、中美知识产权争端的简介
中美知识产权的纠纷始于20世纪80年代末,在1989—1996年剧烈动荡的中美关系中急速展开,以三次冲突起始,又以三次合作结束。1988及1989年美国贸易代表办公室均将中国列入了“重点观察国家”。1991年4月26日,美国又以中国的知识产权保护不力为由进行 “ 特别 301” 调查,最终签署了《中美关于知识产权保护的谅解备忘录》。备忘录规定,自签订之日起,美国终止对中国的“特殊301调查”,并取消把中国指定为重点国家。这是中美之间关于知识产权的第一次争端,也是中美知识产权谈判的序幕。第二次知识产权争端的焦点是盗版问题。1994年6月,美国认为中国在实施立法方面很不力,并且实质上也没有保护著作权作品的立法,盗版严重,以音像制品盗版和计算机软件盗版问题再次把中国列入“重点国家”名单,重新对中国发起“特殊301调查”。经历了报复与反报复之后,双方又在北京恢复谈判,并在l995年2月26日深夜草签了《中美知识产权保护协议》。协议由双方换函和“有效保护及实施知识产权的行动计划”组成。《中美知识产权保护协议》签署事隔仅一年,中美知识产权纠纷再次成为两国贸易关系的热点。1996年4月30日,中国再次被美方列为“301条款” 重点国家,而且是该唯一的“重点国家”。经过几轮谈判,最终美国许诺把中国从“特殊301重点国家名单”上撤出,且不实施拟进行的报复,并且在1997年到2002年期间,美国贸易代表办公室这几年中没有一年将中国升格为最高级别的“重点国家”或次之的“重点观察国家”名单,开始通过鼓励而不是施压来促使中国进一步加强知识产权保护。然而,这种平静状况并未持续多久。从2004年开始,美国商业界对中国在世贸组织框架下对知识产权的保护情况开始流露出更多不满,美国利用“337条款”对我国出口到美国的相关产品展开的立案、调查呈现出上升趋势。2007年4月9日,美国更决定就中国的知识产权实施和文化产品市准入问题,启动WTO争端解决程序,从而首次把中美知识产权之争推向以WTO规则为平台的多边解决机制。至此,中美知识产权争端达到高潮。
二、中美知识产权争端的原因分析
第一,中美双方法律的不对称性和观念的差异性
由于两国在法律制度和意识观念上的差异,导致双方在知识产权保护问题上矛盾的激化。从目前的发展来看,两国的法律水平是不对称的。美国深受英国法律文化的影响,对国内知识产权的立法和行政执法高度重视,加重惩处因知识产权受到侵害而伤及企业利益的行
为。我国虽在1990就通过了《著作权法》。对《商标法实施细则》、《专利法实施细则》也先后进行修改。还制定了《著作权法实施细则》、《计算机软件保护条例》、《反不正当竞争法》等,初步形成我国知识产权的法律保护体系,但并不完善,如我国商标法刚实行时,未考虑保护服务商标的问题,后来的补充也仍有不足。商业秘密的保护也与知识产权相关,而在我国立法上还是空白。2004 年后在我国知识产权执法过程中主要出现透明度不够、执法不严、刑法保护的力度不够、行政处罚的额度太低,不足以威慑盗版者等问题。
意识观念上的差异主要表现在美国对中国政府保护知识产权意愿的认识有很大偏差。如美国在对《与贸易有关的知识产权协议》司法保护条款和透明度条款的理解和认识上都存在偏差。在处治盗版问题上,我国已制订适合国内当前环境的方案,并已取得了相对保护知识产权的效果。而美国对 TRIPS协议中两个共识的理解是我国必须在短期内对盗版的根治,这是无法实现也是脱离我国现实国情的。
第二,美国国内存在一股对中美知识产权争端有偏见的政治力量
美国人认为,中国的知识产权保护问题关系到美国的经济全球竞争力、工人就业,以及消费者健康和公共安全的问题。中国企业通过盗版和仿冒获取关键技术和设计,大大降低了成本,带来了竞争优势;假冒盗版抢走了工人的工作,偷窃了企业和政府的收入,损害了美国发明创造的竞争优势,损害美国经济安全。更甚者,有些美国人认为中国知识产权执法不严是其产业政策的一部分,怀疑中国的发展、创新以及国际竞争力的提高有赖于商业和产业的盗版等对知识产权的侵权。这种认识大大加剧了中美知识产权争端。
第三,中美知识产权争端的本质原因:贸易逆差引发美国对局面控制的困扰。
在美国出口额的一半以上来自知识产权产业,知识产权产业对美国经济增长的贡献很大,美国由于盗版和假冒而造成的损失惨重,而中国是造成这一损失的主要国家。美国电影协会等也抱怨严格的市场准入政策使得美国合法的版权相关产品无法进入中国市场。近年来我国对美国的贸易顺差额在不断上升中,对于贸易赤字的解释,美国偏好误入歧途:中国经济竞争力的提升与侵犯性使用国外技术有密切关系。知识产权侵权给美国相关产业造成很大损失,被认为是两国贸易逆差加剧的一个重要原因。所以美国通过施压的方式要求我国加强知识产权保护,是想借此来弥补贸易上的劣势。
第四,中美两国的经济发展水平差距日益减小
美国作为经济最为发达的资本主义国家,与中国存在着显著差距。但随着近些年来中美贸易顺差不断加大,美国越来越明显的感觉到中国带来的压力。近年来,中国的GDP增长率始终保持在高位,远远高于美国。因此,美国始终将中国作为其打压的对象之一。
三、中美知识产权争端的应对策略
通过以上分析,我们了解了中美知识产权争端产生的根源,这为我们采取措施寻求争端解决提供了根据。中美知识产权争端随中国对外开放加深、中美经贸关系迅速发展而生,我们应该在保持中美经贸关系继续发展中解决分歧。
第一,建立适合中国国情并与国际接轨的知识产权制度
对我国来说,知识产权是个舶来品,2O世纪8O年代以来,我国不断加强知识产权的立法工作,建立了知识产权法律制度体系。加入WT0之后,我国又陆续颁布或准备通过一系列新法律法规,但这些法律法规有待进一步的完善。我国应该借鉴日本、美国等一些发达国家的法经验,完善相关的法律、法规,同时关注目前国际最新的知识产权发展趋势,逐步与世界贸易组织的TRIPS接轨,从而制定一个科学合理、具有可操作性的知识产权保护的法律和法规体系。另外,我们必须注意到中国是一个发展中国家,应该结合中国的国情,最大限度地实现法律的本土化与国际化之间的协调,现阶段立法不必过于攀高。
第二,建立强有力的监管队伍,加大对知识产权的执法力度
1992年第一次中美知识产权谈判中签订了《中美关于知识产权保护的谅解备忘录》,其
主要是关于中国知识产权制度的改进。接下来的中美知识产权谈判中,中国对知识产权保护的执法问题就成了核心内容。美国所要求的不仅仅是改善我国的知识产权制度,更重要的是实施有关的法律制度,从而有效地保护美国的知识产权,并为美国的知识产权所有人提供市场准入的机会。入世后,中国要承担起世界贸易组织《与贸易有关的知识产权协议》中的义务,严格遵循 TRIPS协议中的有关知识产权保护的基本原则和最低要求。
在我国,执法不严是一个严重的问题。许多地方政府为了追求短期利润,对一些企业大量仿制、侵犯产权行为视而不见,很大程度上起着纵容破坏产权保护的作用。因此,政府一定要加强知识产权保护的司法和执法工作,建立一支强有力监管队伍,加大对侵权行为的惩治力度。只有通过严格的执法,才能从源头遏制知识产权犯罪的违法行为,减少与美国的知识产权纠纷,缓解中美知识产权贸易争端。
第三,加快实施知识产权发展战略
当今世界已经进入全球化和知识经济时代,世界贸易组织把知识产权列入贸易体系三大支柱之一。美国、日本等发达工业国家,为了取得在国际贸易领域的领先地位,都把知识产权看成是关键因素,大力发展本国的知识产权战略。中国作为世界上最大的发展中国家,今后工作重点之一就是建立完全自主的知识产权体系,提高全民族的道德文化素质和创新能力,鼓励发明创造,保护知识产权。一方面,政府要积极鼓励企业参与科学与技术研究开发,建立专项资金专门用于企业的创新,对申请专利、专利技术实施以及申报、发明专利的单位个人给予重点扶持。另一方面,要建立地方知识产权收益分配奖励机制。地方政府要把发明人的收入与其发明创造的效益相挂钩,最大限度地提高科技人员发明创造的积极性。在税收方面,政府可对自主创新、知识产权保护做得好的企业和单位给予享受减免税,同时对违反知识产权保护的企业和个人必须给予一定的惩罚。
第四,提高知识产权保护意识,增强企业自主创新能力
知识产权争端是企业与企业之间的利益争端,也是企业采用的竞争手段之一。我国企业一方面在国内市场面临着跨国企业的激烈竞争,另一方面也开始开拓国际市场,要在经济全球化的背景中获得胜利,就必须充分认识到知识产权作为一项无形资产在商业竞争中的重要作用,对知识产权的创造、占用和运用是一个企业乃至一个国家在竞争中取胜的关键。
我国企业要做到如下三点:第一,企业对自己的产品、技术和专利等要及时申请知识产权保护。这样既可避免自己的产品被别人模仿而失去竞争优势,也可以避免被外企钻空子索要专利费。第二,企业应加大研发投入,提高自己知识产权的创新能力。如果中国企业能够研究开发自己的核心技术、拥有自主知识产权的创新能力,那么就没有必要侵犯美国企业的知识产权,这是解决中美知识产权贸易争端的根本措施。第三,企业要培养大量知识产权人才。知识产权产品实质上是人类智慧的结晶,创新的背后离不开人才的努力。企业应该加大在研发方面的激励投入,鼓励员工创新。
四、结束语
随着中美贸易的不断发展,中美知识产权争端必定是长期的、复杂的,中美知识产权争端是一场持久战,知识产权问题的解决是一个长期的过程,在与美国的较量中我们要从消极应对转为主动出击和积极应战。一方面中国需要不断加强知识产权立法和执法方面的建设,尽
可能修改完善有关法律使其保持与世贸组织TRIPS协定的一致性;另一方面中国企业在提高技术水平、增强产品的国际竞争力的同时,更要关注自身和贸易伙伴的知识产权状况,要学会熟悉运用知识产权相关法律来更好的保护自己,使其在未来的国际竞争中处于更加有利的地位。
参考文献
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第四篇:中美知识产权谈判美方方案
中美知识产权谈判美方方
案
制定人:甲方四组
时间:2013年10月22日
摘要:本谈判方案是在背景为中国在经过了十几年的发展之后,经济发展迅速,与我国的贸易差额越来越大,而我国处于贸易逆差的地位。由于国外对知识产权的保护不利,我方每年约损失240亿美元,这些国家中就包括中国。我方从70年代起制造业方面的贸易就呈现巨额逆差,服务业处于顺差,这样,我国处于由产业经济为主的结构向以信息和高科技经济为主的经济转型。处于经济转型期,我方要采取强有力的措施保护我方的知识产权,以保护我方在信息和高科技领域的统治地位,从而达到在市场上的统治。而中国作为最大的发展中国家,在知识产权维护上不能达到我方的要求。但是中国坚持认为中国已经做出了很大的努力,谈判陷入僵局,中美双方贸易战一触即发的局面下制定的。由此,制定了三个目标:
1.最高目标:让中国以发达国家的身份加入WTO,按照与发达国家相同的对知识产权保护的标准来保护美方的知识产权所有者利益。2.可接受目标:同意中国以发展中国家身份加入WTO,但是迫使中国在市场准入上做出重大让步,对相关法律进行制定以及提高其保护标准。将我方的法律体系和文化价值观念进一步推向中国,为今后获得更大的市场份额奠定基础。
3.最低目标:同意中国以发展中国家加入WTO,但是要对相应的法律法规进行改变,但是可以适当降低整改标准和速度。在此背景条件下,制订了以下三套方案。
方案一:主动出击,先进后退。
谈判策略:1.先给出最高目标,阐述我方的利益以及我方因为中方在知识产权上保护不利收到的损害。
2.以中国迫切要加入WTO为筹码,指出加入WTO均对知识产权保护有要求。这是在乌拉圭谈判中已经将知识产权保护确定在关贸总协定的议程中。所以此要求并不是我方一意孤行,而是国际社会共同的要求。
3.指出双方在贸易上我方对中方有巨额的贸易逆差,我方在贸易方面给了中方许多优惠政策,并没有因为双方的经济差距和贸易差额就限制中方,我方要求中国以发达国家的身份加入WTO是有根据的。4.指出我方对中方的知识产权保护提出高标准,这在一定程度上也促进了中方本身知识产权保护的进程,这对中方也是有很大好处的。
谈判原则:重利益原则。要着眼于我方的利益,因为在现在已经发生的谈判中我方处于优势地位,中方迫切的想加入WTO并为之做出了许多努力,这时中国放弃谈判的可能性不大,求人者势必弱,所以我方可以用我方掌握的优势来最大程度的保护我方利益。
方案二:以退为进,谋求共赢
谈判策略:1.阐述一旦发生贸易战,这对双方都是共输的结果,这样此前中方所做出的努力和让步就会变得没有意义,这样对中方来说,不能达到谈判的基本目标,也就是加入WTO,这对中方来说谈判就是彻底失败的。而在国际社会上来说,对中国的影响要远远超过美国,虽然说是共输,但是中国是失败结果的主要承担者。
2.指出中国在知识产权保护上的不足之处,中国在制定知识产权保护的相关法律上从一开始就与发达工业国家一致,这样提高其标准是比较容易达到的,所以中方有义务在加入WTO后进一步保护知识产权,尽快缩短与发达国家的差距。
3.承诺同意让中国以发展中国家的身份加入WTO,说明我方已经做出了巨大让步,但是这样必须是以中国在市场准入原则上做出重大让步,修改相关法律为前提。
4.进一步推行我方的法律体系和文化价值观念。
谈判原则:坚持共赢,寻找共同利益在保证己方的利益下,让渡一部分自己的利益,以达到共同胜利。提出双方都可以接受的方案。
方案三:保证底线,不可退让
谈判策略:1.坚守我方的最低底线,即要求中方对相关法律进行修改,更大强度的保护我方知识产权所有者的权益。由于我方的巨额贸易差额需要通过服务业,其中包括高科技产业和信息产业来弥补,所以在这部分的利益不能进行商讨,否则就伤害了我方的基本利益,也对今后进一步打开中国市场造成了威胁。就不能答应中方加入WTO。
2.阐述我方已经做出的重大让步,让对方明确这已经是我方的最低要求,没有商量的余地。
3.必要的时候可以停止谈判,向中方施加压力,以静制动。此时贸易战可以作为一个筹码,阐述如果中方不能满足我方的最低要求,那么贸易战也就无可避免。虽然这是我方不愿意看到的,但是作为我方的最低利益不能得到满足时,我方将被迫进行贸易战。
谈判原则:在核心问题上没有商量余地,一定保证我方利益,不能为了达成谈判的胜利而损害我方利益。
第五篇:中美知识产权谈判中方谈判方案
摘要
上个世纪九十年代,中美两国关于知识产权的谈判进入关键时期。美国认为由于外国知识产权保护的不良状态,不仅致使美国的发明者和制造者遭受了巨大的经济损失,而且还使美国的经济成本增加。同时在贸易方面的逆差导致美国的制造业和就业受到影响。其他国家“坐享其成”损人利己的行为致使美国必须采取强有力的措施来保护知识产权来作为提高世界市场份额方面的竞争力和改善贸易逆差的手段。美国在1988年的301特别条款中,提出了一个重点考察国家名单和定期考察国家名单,其中知识产权保护程度较低中国就是301特别条款的制裁对象。想要顺利进入中国市场并维持它在信息和高科技领域的统治地位,就必须谨防中国的侵犯知识产权行为。而想让中国不再“盗版”,必经途径之一就是让中国签署知识产权保护协定。本谈判方案是在中美市场准入谈判和复关谈判的背景下,针对中国准备在年底前完成加入关税与贸易总协定的目的的而制定的。本谈判方案分为三个阶段,每一个阶段都有一个谈判方案,在我方既定的谈判目标和谈判原则、对策的基础上中制定了三个方案。
方案一的目标是与中国在知识产权方面达成协议,中国政府必须承诺同意对侵犯出版权、专利权和商标权的行为进行打击,保护我方在知识产权方面的利益。策略是主动出击,态度强硬,在知识产权保护的重要方面不给中方讨价还价的余地,运用谈判实力理论,从一开始就让中方适应我方的大目标,建立并加强自己的谈判实力。
方案二的目标是互利共赢。要求中方进一步开放市场,并减少对美国进入中国市场的限制,在知识产权得到保护的基础上改善美国的贸易不平衡问题。策略是以退为进,因势利导。
方案三的目标是避免贸易战,同时拒绝承认中国发展中国家的身份,拒绝按照给中国在较长时间内逐步消减关税和解除贸易保护性限制的优惠条款。策略是在准许中国加入关贸总协定的情况下,提出附加条款。
目录
1,中美知识产权谈判强弱态势分析。..................................................3 2,谈判方案的具体方案内容..................................................................4 3,对谈判方案的基本控制和分析说明..................................................5
1,中美知识产权谈判强弱态势分析。
中美关于知识产权的谈判已经持续了近20个月,在前七轮谈判中由于我方强硬的实力与态势导致谈判僵化,最终破裂。1994年底时,我方首席谈判代表明确表示,如果中方拒绝我方的要求,我方将阻止中国加入关贸总协定,同时还将采取措施对中国实行经济制裁。在这个阶段我方处于谈判强势,中方处于谈判弱势。原因①在此次谈判前我方了解到中国正全力以赴争取在年底前加入关贸总协定,在此之前中国一直想加入关贸总协定并做出了不懈的努力,包括中国政府已在全国过了大量的工作,并采取了许多断然措施改革了经济和法律体系。此时的中国需要关贸总协定,需要美国的同意。谈判的双方是以权利为基础的,我方拥有决定是否让中国通过的权利,因此我方就拥有谈判的筹码,而相对应的中方则是有求于我方。原因②我方采取了惩罚的措施,通过自己的行为使对方遭受损失。我方代表提出的经济制裁将会减少对中国的进口,使中国遭受经济损失。因此在此轮谈判中我方处于有利的谈判地位,中方处于不利的谈判地位。
1995年1月18日,美国和中国重新开始谈判,2月4号美国谈判代表公布了对中国出口美国产品的最终裁制清单。在这一阶段我方由谈判强势转为弱势,中方由谈判弱势转为强势。我方公布了对中方的最终出口制裁清单,但与第一份清单相比,这份清单在制裁的项目和价值上都有所减少。然而中方对我方的制裁清单没有任何改变,并且报复性清单也将于同一天生效。美国与中国本来就存在贸易逆差,中方对我方的报复性清单不利于美国的出口,将会使贸易逆差扩大,并且贸易战对双方都有损失,而我方更是不愿放弃中国的巨大市场。我方希望中国做好知识产权保护的目的是为了美国更好的进入中国市场,更好的在中国攫取更大的利益。而即将到来的贸易战不利于我国在中国市场上分羹。
1995年2月26日晚,中国与美国重新谈判。美国与中国就知识产权保护问题达成一致协议。在这一阶段我方由谈判弱势转为强势,中方由谈判强势转为弱势。在这一阶段中国同意了我方的要求,毫无个性的听从了美国的意见。
2,谈判方案的具体方案内容
方案一
目标:与中国在知识产权方面达成协议,中国政府必须承诺同意对侵犯出版权、专利权和商标权的行为进行打击,保护我方在知识产权方面的利益。
策略:主动出击,态度强硬,在知识产权保护的重要方面不给中方讨价还价的余地,运用谈判实力理论,从一开始就让中方适应我方的大目标,建立并加强自己的谈判实力。
方案二
目标:互利共赢。要求中方进一步开放市场,并减少对美国进入中国市场的限制,在知识产权得到保护的基础上改善美国的贸易不平衡问题。
策略:以退为进,因势利导。
方案三
目标:解决知识产权问题,避免贸易战。同意中国加入关贸总协定,同时提出附加条款。
策略:在准许中国加入关贸总协定的情况下,拒绝承认中国发展中国家的身份,拒绝按照给中国在较长时间内逐步消减关税和解除贸易保护性限制的优惠条款。
3,对谈判方案的基本控制和分析说明 对方案一基本控制与分析
谈判程序:
1,强调由于中国在知识产权方面的保护不到位而给美国造成的损失,仅仅在音乐制造方面,由于中国的盗版行为使得我国在中国音乐市场中损失了30多亿。
2,维持我方态势的基础上,要求中方同意我方的要求。谈判原则: 1,把握我方立场,在知识产权问题上不做退让
2,在维持现状的原则下,就中美知识产权问题达成协议 谈判策略:
1,运用谈判实力理论,主动出击,态度强硬,在知识产权保护的重要方面不给中方讨价还价的余地,从一开始就让中方适应我方的大目标,建立并加强自己的谈判实力。我方在谈判开始就应说明我方的立场,强调中方必须解决好知识产权问题才能与我方再进一步谈判。
2,运用谈判需求理论,我方再谈判之前就认识到中方的需求:中国早已将加入世界贸易组织作为其确立世界经济强国地位的一个目标。这属于国与国之间的谈判,因此,我方可以选择不同的方法去改变中方的动机,使中方服从自身的需要。我方开始并不想并不想中国顺利加入世贸组织,可以用知识产权问题为要挟,要求中方必须以我方为主,给中方心里压力,体现了获取实力为主的思维方式。
谈判时间:1994年12月14日
对方案二基本控制与分析
谈判程序:
1,听取中方在知识产权方面所做的努力,以及对我方的反驳。同时我方应该做好准备随时回应中方,不让中方钻空子。
2,把握好谈判态势,要求中方进一步扩大市场,并减少对美国进入中国市场的限制。谈判原则: 1,求同存异,可在在双方互相进入对方市场方面多做探讨 2,在中美知识产权问题达成协议的基础上互惠互利,谋求双赢。谈判策略:
1,以退为进。基于中方在贸易方面给我方施加的压力,我方的可以先改变态度,以退为进。给予中方心理上更多的满足感来增强谈判的吸引力。
2,采取因势利导的思维方式。做出友善的姿态倾听中方陈述,找出双方共同点并以此为谈判基础。
3,谈判各方必须做出适当的让步,在谈判过程中把握灵活性和原则。在原则问题上决不让步,在非原则问题上可以灵活处理,并采取“色拉米香肠”的理论,小步实施让步,并大肆渲染。
谈判时间:1995年1月18日
对方案三基本控制与分析
谈判程序:
1,对贸易战要谨慎小心,在这个问题上要与中方说明厉害关系。
2,在中方承若就知识产权问题做出处理之后再与中方协商其他事宜。在中方做出承若之后,我方也可做出让步,支持中方加入关贸总协定。谈判原则: 1,在知识产权问题上不做退让,在保证我方利益的基础上,可考虑中方的利益。
2,尽量避免贸易战的发生。谈判策略:
1,运用谈判实力理论的逻辑循环谈判法则。当中方申诉他们在知识产权方面所做的努力后,我方可继续提出在贸易方面的不平衡问题,在中方申诉贸易方面的问题时,我方可转移到其他问题。总之,在中方未能在知识产权问题与我方达成协议之前,不能让中方占优势。
2,运用谈判技巧理论。可以让对方提出条件,见机行事,寻求谈判各方都能接受的、折中的谈判方针。同时稳定双方情绪,缓和气氛。谈判时间:1995年2月26日