第一篇：英语小说阅读入门
《金银岛》简介
Treasure Island is an adventure novel by Robert Louis Stevenson, narrating a tale of “pirates and buried gold”.First published as a book in 1883, it was originally serialised in the children's magazine Young Folks between 1881-82 under the title The Sea Cook, or Treasure Island.Traditionally considered a coming-of-age story, it is an adventure tale
known for its atmosphere, character and action, and also a wry commentary on the ambiguity of morality—as seen in Long John Silver—unusual for
children's literature then and now.It is one of the most frequently dramatised of all novels.The influence of Treasure Island on popular perception of pirates is vast, including treasure maps with an “X”, schooners, the Black Spot, tropical islands, and one-legged seamen with parrots on their shoulders.《小妇人》简介
Little Women is a novel published in 1868 and written by American author Louisa May Alcott.The story concerns the lives and loves of four sisters growing up during the American Civil War.It was based on Alcott's own experiences as a child in Concord, Massachusetts with her three sisters, Anna, May, and Elizabeth.Little Women is the story of The Marches, a family used to hard toil and suffering.Although Father March is away with the Union armies, the sisters Meg, Jo, Amy and Beth keep in high spirits with their mother, affectionately named Marmee.Their friendly gift of a Christmas holiday breakfast to a neighbouring family is an act of generosity rewarded with wealthy Mr.Laurence's gift of a surprise Christmas feast.However, despite their efforts to be good, the girls show faults: the pretty Meg becomes discontented with the children she teaches;boyish Jo loses her temper regularly;while the
golden-haired schoolgirl Amy is inclined towards affectation.However, Beth, who keeps the house is always kind and gentle.After certain happy times winning over the Laurences, dark times arrive as Marmee finds out about her husband's illness.Worse is to come as Beth contracts scarlet fever in her Samaritan efforts for a sick neighbour and becomes more or less an invalid.The novel tells of their progress into young womanhood with the additional strains of romance, Beth's terminal illness, the pressures of marriage and the outside world.This is the story of their growing maturity and wisdom and the search for the contentedness of family life.It was written in 1867 and is a fictionalised biography of Alcott and her sisters.It has become a much loved classic tale and, while some of its issues seem outdated, many of the trials of the sisters are all too relevant today
《大卫科波菲尔》简介
David Copperfield is well known as one representative work by Charles Dickens.The greatest novelist in the Victorian period depicted a broad picture of the society of his times by telling the uncommon life of his boy hero, David Copperfield.In addition, David Copperfield was also Dickens’ own favorite.It is written in the first person and is the most autobiographical of all his books.In writing, Dickens threw into this novel deep feelings and much of his own experience in his younger days.By David’s history and experience, Dickens in some way retrospected and drew a conclusion to his life and expressed his life attitude and moral ideal.Furthermore his novel also disclosed the faulty mask of capitalist society and remarkably reflected the negative damage to the marriage, family and society caused by money.It is safe to say that David Copperfield is one of the most excellent characters among all Dickens created.The thesis undertakes to have a detailed study of the characteristics of David Copperfield through the analysis of the influence of the people around him and make a preliminary explanation to it.The work will be done along the development of David Copperfield, from his childhood
to his adulthood.The analysis of the characteristics of David Copperfield will provide us a chance to see the features of the capitalist society and give us some inspiration about the life.《格列佛游记》简介Gulliver's Travels
Jonathan Swift wrote it in Ireland.The first part of it appeared in October 1726 and by November the book was in everybody's hand.1.The story of the book is known to us all.In the first part Gulliver describes his shipwreck in Lilliput where the tallest peopole were six inches high.The emperor believed himself to be the delight and terror of the universe, but it appeared quite absurd to Gulliver who was twelve times as tall as he.In his account of the two parties in the country, distinguished by the use of high and low heels, Swift satirixes the Tories and the Whigs in England, Religious disputes were laughed at in an account of a problem which divided the Lilliputians:“Should eggs be broken at the big end or the little end?” The follows an ironical comment:“This, however, is thought to be a merer strain upon the text, for the words are thses, that all true believers shall break their eggs at the convenient end.And which is the convenient end seems, in my humble opinion, to be left to every man's conscience, or at least in the power of the Chief Magistrate to dtermine.” This part is full of references to current politics.2.In the second part, the voyage to Brobdingnag is described.Gulliver now found himself a dwarf among men sixty feet in height.The King, who
regarded Eruope as if it were an anthill, said,“I cannot but conclude the bulk of your natives to be the most pernicious race of little odious vermin that Nature ever suffered to crawl upon the surface of the earth.”And Gulliver, after living among such a great race, could not but feel tempted to laugh at the strutting and bowing of English lords and ladies as much as the King did at him.3.The third part is a satire on philosophers and projuctors, who were given to
dwelling in the air, like the inhabitants of the flying Island.In the Island of sorcerors, Gulliver was able to call up famous men of ancient times and question them.Then he found the world to have been misled by prostitute wriers into ascribing the greatest exploits in war to cowards, the wisest counsels to fools, and sincerity to flatterers.He saw, too, by looking at an lod yeoman, how the race had greatly deteriorated through vice and corruption.4.In the last part, Gulliver's satire is of the bitterest.Gulliver was now in a country where horses werer possessed of reason, and were the governing class, while the Yahoos,though in the shape of men, were brute beasts with such vices as stealing and lying.In endeavouring to persuade the horses that he was not a Yahoo, gulliver was made to show how little a man was
removed from the brute.Gulliver's account of the warfare among the English lords, given with no little pride, caused only disgust from the horses.He praised the life and virtues of the horses while he was disgusted with the Yahoos, whose relations reminded him of those existing in english society to such a degree that he shuddered at the prospect of returning to England.So, when he returned home, his family filled him with such disgust that he swooned when his wife kissed him.5.Swift hated all kinds of oppression-political, economical and religious.But he cherished a great love for the people,《呼啸山庄》
One old Mr in a rain of night came to whistling Villa wants to stay a late night he do has a strange of dream, dreamed of branches playing in window tooth broke glass, wanted to broken outside of branches, can finger is touch to a double cold of small hand, a ghost like Weeps sound begging for he placed she came insmell sound came, letLi out, he own head-bashing down in
bed Shang, cry with called up: “, to 's!Oh, come on, one more time!Oh, my dearest!Katherine
The old man, to the housekeeper asked about the matter, housekeeper said in Wuthering Heights things happen.MasterXiao and his wife picked up from the streets to a Gypsy abandoned, his adopted son, this is the Greekto this was the son of Henry Dresser of bullying and abuse will be offered to Dresser's sister kis madly in love with Li.They have gone through a lot the last was not together
《鲁滨逊漂游记》
Of the Robinson Crusoe(Robinson Crusoe)old translation of the Robinson Crusoe drifting in mind, and a well-known memoir-adventure novels of realism, is the 18th century United Kingdom writer Daniel Defoe written inspired by experience of a Scottish sailor in distress at sea.Defoe in the book, have created a new people to face up to natural challenges – Lu Bin Sun·kelusuo.His disdain for conservative, heart development, several well-off families aside, out to make their fortunes.Shipwrecked after living on a desert island, he used his head and hands, the construction of shelter, grow food, domesticated livestock, manufacturing equipment, sewing clothes, into a desert island ”paradise on Earth“.His overseas adventures for many years, many painful, got considerable wealth, returned to the United Kingdom, completed the heroes of an era of careers.To this end, Defoe beat ”the United Kingdom and the father of the English novel in Europe" of the title.This companion volume is the trapped, is with Defoe.The Robinson Crusoe Defoe has brought great success and has helped him pay off part of the debt.Since then, he has also written one after another of the moer·fulandesi the Colonel Jack Robinson and two of her novels, but creditors are always followed him though.In the last years of his life, Defoe, infirmity, unaccompanied, lenders keep the door, the children also told him forget it.On April 26, 1731, Daniel · Defoe died in grief, died at the age of 71.The author in the full quote is: afraid of terrible 10,000 times times than the risk itself.
第二篇：玄幻小说创作入门指南
玄幻小说创作入门指南——— 小分队长
创世中文网 编辑于 2015-06-12 14:08
壹
为什么要写玄幻小说?
自中国网络小说出现起，玄幻与都市小说一直是两大主流类型，这二类小说大行其道，一方面是因为它们的读者受众群体最大，另一方面也是它们的写作门槛最低。
贰
什么是玄幻小说？
对作者来说，玄幻小说的读者群体最大化，即意味着创作它能带给作者最大的收益可能，有更多的诸如：出版，动漫影视改编，游戏改编等机会。
玄幻小说是一种类型小说，简单来说，就是有中国特色的幻想小说，以中国的东方幻想元素为基础、融合西方魔幻、动漫文化等，从而形成的中式玄幻小说。
叁
玄幻小说的核心
丰富的阅读量是先决条件，队长我漫长的编辑生涯中，遇到过太多的作者，没看过几本玄幻小说，却自信爆棚的说，玄幻小说而已，很简单的，我可以！
结果连玄幻小说的基本架构都没摸清楚，自然大都走向失败一途。首先我们来看一看玄幻小说的核心是什么？？ A.玄幻小说的架构主体是什么？
玄幻小说经过十多年的发展，已经从剧情核心转向了升级核心，玄幻小说的主体就是升级绝对化。
所谓升级绝对化，就是一切都围绕着主角要突破下一个等级或者境界来发展，副本剧情也好，出现的人物也好，各种宝物材料的获取，都牢牢的围绕着“升级”二字来展开。
B.玄幻小说为什么要升级绝对化？
最初的玄幻小说主线，大多是冒险、复仇、探寻身世、赢得美人心，为什么发展到今天，就变成了升级绝对化？
这是小说篇幅决定的，连载更新的玄幻小说，动辄数百万字以上，上面的任何一种主线，都难以支撑起如此长的篇幅。
只有一个等级一个等级的成长，与一个境界又一境界的突破，才能支撑数以年记的连载。同时对等级的追求，对变强的执着，也是读者高度认同的主线。另外上面提到的复仇，探寻身世等主线，仍然可以做为阶段性主轴。C.等级体系
等级体系，已经变成了所有升级小说的基础。
首先我们看看等级体系的名称，一是可以参考一些经典的等级设定，像《飘邈之旅》的等级体系，就成为了几乎所有奇幻修真小说的标准。
比如：炼气——筑基——金丹——元婴——化神
另一个则是自己原创的等级设定，这个同样需要学习与研究经典玄幻小说的设定，并了解等级体系设定发展的逻辑。
这里可以提供一个队长原创的案例供大家参考，灵砂境——灵岩境——灵丘境——灵峰境，境界呈发展状态时，会更清晰有层次，大家可以试着举一反三。
D.等级体系2 那等级体系设置最大的重点是什么？ 差异化!差异化，即意味着一定要体现出不同等级之间的差异优劣，高等级必须要各方面都凌驾于低等级之上。
我们来看看具体的设定体现。
二级武者比一级武者强，不能仅仅因为他等级上数字的变化，二比一多。首先是力量的差异化。
比如，一级武者能一个呼吸间打出三拳，二级武者则能一个呼吸间打出三十拳。又比如，一级武者一拳能有一百斤力量，二级武者一拳能有五百斤力量。明确的差异化，会让读者更渴望主角提升等级与变强。除了力量的差异化，应该还有经济环境与社会地位的差异化。我们用夸张一点的例子：
比如，一级武者一个月收入一百金币，二级武者一个月收入一千金币。
社会地位上，一级武者永远只能是平民，二级武者则有可能成为列土封疆的王侯。所以等级设定上，不同的称谓后面，同时必须做好力量、经济、社会地位的差异化设置。如果对于新作者来说，太过困难，那就至少要做好力量的差异化。层次，大家可以试着举一反三。
E.金手指
金手指其实不算玄幻小说的真正核心，不过前文提到了与其一脉相承的升级体系，就在这里简单说一说，金手指为什么一定要有？
金手指可以理解成游戏的外挂，又或者说作弊修改器一样的存在。为什么要有金手指？
因为玄幻小说中的主角，在成长过程中，必然要超级其它角色，这是玄幻小说的基本法则。
这个时候，金手指极为重要，因为它的存在，是可以说服读者，主角成长比别人快，实力比别人强的根本所在。
金手指可以是一本神秘的功法，也可以是某一种突然觉醒的异能，甚至可以是一个身怀强大实力的无名老者，又或者是附体的大魔王。（金手指的设计，详见——
五、玄幻小说的简易模版与分析）
总之主角得到金手指后，必须如有神助，开始飞速蜕变成长！
提到了金手指，我们可以再简单的说一句奇遇，奇遇在小说开始往往是为了获得金手指而设置的前置情节。
肆
玄幻小说必须掌握的3大重点
一、节奏——节奏听起来是一个很抽向的东西，但它却能决定一本小说的成败，所以我们就来具象化一下它，队长简单的把它总结成四个字，张驰抑扬！
A.张驰
张驰是指情节的紧张与舒缓，张驰讲究一张一驰，有张有驰。
举个玄幻小说的例子，一场紧张激烈的战斗之后，不能马上又展开另一场让读者神经紧绷的战斗，中间得有个轻松的情节缓冲，让读者先放松下来，才能更好的迎接下一场紧张的战斗。
这个张驰的逻辑，队长把它称之为惊悚片理论！
惊悚片中，如果一直是紧张恐怖的情节，观众很快就会麻木掉，惊悚的场景之间，一定要有让观众放松下来场景，下一次紧张情节才能更有效展开。
也许有的作者问，我不会写松驰的情节怎么办？
我们的314同学，给出过一个很好的建议，那就注点水，两个紧张的情节中间，就算注水写一点平淡的无趣情节，也好过让读者疲惫麻木的放弃你的作品。
B.抑扬
抑扬是小说乃至整个商业娱乐内容包括影视动漫中的必杀技。
欲扬先抑，先抑后扬，由于篇幅有限，抑与扬，队长在这里简单粗暴的总结成，压低与抬高。
举例：小A是一个很强的剑客，我们要怎么表现出小A很强，这时我们可以通过抑扬给读者带来的震憾与惊喜。首先我们可以先压低，比如一群NPC强盗各种轻视与看不起小A，觉得外表瘦弱的小A实力普通，要欺负小A与抢走他的武器。
这时有两种可能，1读者本来就通过前面的情节已经知道小A很强，2读者对小A一无所知。
这时我们再抬高，小A对着强盗们出手了，一蓬绚烂的剑光暴出，强盗们纷纷被击倒，一个个目瞪口呆的看着小A反把他们的武器抢走。
这个时候，原本不知道小A实力的读者，会有惊喜；而一开始就已经知道小A实力很强的读者，在小A遭遇危机的最初，就会进入等着小A收拾强盗的‘期待与满足’的模式。（小说中读者的“期待与满足模式”，是推动所有小说发展的内核，这个有机会队长再跟大家仔细分析，我们继续看抑扬。
同样的逻辑下，小A可以是警察，是运动员，NPC们可以是国际犯罪份子，也可以是其他国家的运动员，小A通过情节压低与抬高之后，都能大放异彩。
抑扬的掌握与熟练使用，将带给读者极大的惊喜、期待、满足。
同样抑扬，也可以用于事件，比如我们先抑，作者营造出一件惊天大危机，所有人都觉得没有人能解决，不可能有人解决！这时我们再扬，主角登场了，以众人都意想不到的手段与方式，化解了这场大危机，从而满足了读者的期待。
事件的抑扬，本源上也是对人物的抑扬的放大，只不过大事件的营造，能让小说的情节与格局变得更大，读者期待值也会被拉得更高。
二、人物——人物是玄幻小说的灵魂，在幻想小说世界中，人物的刻画与塑造，更是读者对小说认同的基础。
简单的说，人物分为主角与配角两大类:： A.主角
玄幻主角大致也可以分为两种路线，强者型主角与白纸型主角
强者型主角：重生型与强者灵魂穿越型，共同的特点都是拥有大量的修炼经验与记忆，相当于自带金手指，这样的主角在小说起步时会较为强势
白纸型主角：这样的主角与强者型主角完全相反，大都是没有任何经验的少年，他们往往需要奇遇来获得金手指，也许小说起步不如强者型那样有冲击感，但是却比强者型主角有更多可以开拓的空间
两种类型的主角各有优劣，要怎么选择，还得看作者根据自己的需求最终决定 至于什么样的主角受欢迎，或者说什么样的主角更能让读者有代入感
这里队长想用美国漫画超级英雄两大阵营来举一个例子，DC与漫威，DC的主角相对完美，漫威的主角则大多有这样或者那样的缺点 绿巨人，钢铁侠，金刚狼„„这些有缺陷的主角，明显更接地气。
纨绔，贪财，好色，嚣张，甚至冷酷„„大家可以多从经典小说中找到好的模版。同时大家也要记住一点，缺点只是让主角个性鲜明与增加代入感元素，而不是全部。主角的个性与心性，应该符合大多读者的道德底线，才能被最大化的认同。
这也是为什么一些玄幻大神笔下的主角，个性中永远都有努力、刻苦，认真，这个值得大家借鉴。
B.配角
配角又可以分为两类，女主角与配角
a)女主角的第一原则，就是她塑造出来是让读者喜欢的，不管她个性怎么样，刁蛮也好，傲娇也好，妩媚也罢，请一定要记得这一点，让她的个性中有让读者喜欢的部分，否则这个角色就算不成功。
女主角不仅是让主角喜欢或者暧昧的，同时也是让读者喜欢与认同，一个拥有高人气的女主，往往还能让读者对小说的忠诚度上升很多
关于女主角的类型，队长这里决定用金庸老先生，最经典的小说《鹿鼎记》来举例列出模版。
清纯——沐王府小郡主沐剑屏 痴情——少女刺客曾柔 妩媚——神龙夫人苏荃 傲娇——阿珂 温柔——贴身侍女双儿 刁蛮——建宁公主
请大家注意人物个性与她的身份背景，因为女主角的个性不可能是凭空形成，必然要有不同的身份、职业与成长背景来相铺相成。
如果新人作者继续问队长，虽然有这些经典模版参照，仍然无法把女角色描写生动怎么办？
人物的塑造是需要笔力的积累，如果笔力不到，写不出神髓，队长建议可以先把女主角脸谱化。
至于什么叫脸谱化，简单的说，就是把人物的某个最突出的属性，放大再放大。举个极端的例子：
比如某个女角色是冷酷的，那她就百分之八十的时间都冷着脸，冷冷的说话，连出手的风格也是干净利落与冷峻。这样相对极端的脸谱化操作，至少能让读者对这个女主角的性格印象鲜明。b)配角，有一种说法，主角是为了贯穿剧情的存在，而配角则是用让读者欣赏的，这样的说法可能有些夸张。
但是个性鲜明，充满魅力是配角们存在的价值之一，不过他们存在更大的价值则是要推动剧情与架构丰富小说的世界。
配角要怎么塑造，方式是多种多样的，限于篇幅有限，要想把重要配角写活，队长这里只提出一个“配角黄金原则”。
那就是配角要有自己的人生目标。
配角不只是推动剧情的元素与，他们要有自己的人生追求。
比如，某篮球小说的男配角，他的理想是要去NBA打球，并为此一直努力，于是他活了！比如，某海贼职业配角，他的理想是要成为天下第一的剑客，并为此永不放弃，于是他活了！
比如，某某配角，他活着是为了复仇，并为此不择一切手段，于是他也活了！重要的配角，不仅是为了推动情节而存在的木偶，而是要有自己人生目标的！要想塑造出一个成功的配角，就给他灵魂与执着。
三、开局
小说的开局，队长先说大忌。
就是绝对不能慢热，这个已经是常识，就不赘述了
能一下就吸引住读者的开局，小说就等于成功了一半，慢热的小说也不是完全没有未来，这需要作者忍受漫长的无人问津与创作的寂寞，并且拥有坚定而强大的内心。
关于开局的形式与模式，也绝对是花样繁多，队长这里简单说一下，最经典的困境模式。困境模式是一种常规开局模式，小说一开始就让主角陷入一个困境或者危机之中，让读者不得不期待主角去解决这个危机，从而走出困境。
这个困境有可能是主角被人退婚了；有可能是被人追债马上要还钱了；也有可能是修炼不到某个境界，会被逐出家门；还有可能是实力不济却立即要跟高手决斗。
困境模式的开启，是为了一开始就牢牢抓住读者的视线！给起始剧情增加张力。另外成功的小说开局，绝对离不开三个字，那就是“期待感”。“期待感”就是让读者无限的期待，小说的展开与延伸。
一本书能让读者期待主角的成长，期待剧情的发展，期待跟随着主角的视线，去探索未知的世界。
那它的开局基本就已经立于不败之地了。
期待感的营造，是在无数细节与情节的基础上实现的，队长很难三言两语，就把这个高技术含量的课题，跟大家一下探讨出来。但是这里可以教给新作者们一个主角身份的设置，来营造期待感的方式。就是给主角一个不能作为的身份，来让读者期待主角有所作为。比如在一个科举的世界，主角是一个永远不能参加科举的赘婿。
比如在一个武者的世界，主角是天生不能修炼的废材，这同时也算解答了，为什么这么多小说的主角，都是废材的疑问。
在一个医生的世界中，主角因为手发生意外，永远无法再登上手术台。
伍
玄幻小说的简易模版与分析
这一篇主是针对从来没有写过玄幻小说，或者想成为玄幻作者的新人，希望你们能通过这个玄幻小说的简-易模版分析，对玄幻小说的创作有所了解。
但是模版替代不了阅读，要进行玄幻小说的创作，大家还是要大量的阅读玄幻小说。本篇队长特别鸣谢五月和皮蛋同学友情协助。A.白纸型主角：
1.废材崛起类型：如《不死武尊》、《九阳帝尊》
这种类型的文，新人和大神都写的比较多，也是应用最广泛的题材。
主角可以是普通地球人穿越到废材身上，这样会增加代入感；也可以是本身就是废材，得到宝贝逆天而起，这两种差别不大，就统一来看模版流程。
a)初始阶段：我们前面节奏中提到过的抑扬，可以将主角能力与身份都设置的比较低。身份的设置就是一个抑的开始，那接下来重点就是扬。
一开始，建议新人作者尽量是在三章以内，让主角得到一个金手指，让他有了向上发展的能力和可能。并让读者产生强烈的期待感。
这里需要注意三点：
i.压制的度：能让读者感受到主角被压制即可，并且要篇幅很少的去写被压制，主角不能获得触及女主等方面的实质性伤害。例如女主被反派抓，就可以激起读者情绪，没必要让女主被玷污，这个就属于过度了
ii.金手指的设定：隐蔽性，唯一性，可升级性。
iii.金手指的利用：金手指可以解决麻烦，同时因为主角的实力增强，也会带来新的麻烦。新的麻烦依旧可以用金手指来解决，依次循环，推动剧情发展。
b)获得金手指之后，等级与境界都会有一定提升，这时新手地图中，主角的初级对手就会前来挑战了。
初级对手的等级比主角高，但最好不要超过两个级别。主角升级速度相较于他人要更快。我们来看一看敌对势力的处理流程。初级对手出现——主角修炼——打倒初级对手——中级对手（一般会是初级对手的兄长与师长）出现——主角再修炼——打倒中级对手——高级对手（他们往往是世家高层与宗门中的强者）出现——主角再再修炼——打倒高级对手。
如此循环，此时这一张新手地图的攻略也就完成了。
c)说到地图，我们来看看地图这个东西，最初的新手地图一般是小城，小镇，离开新手地图的话，下一张地图的城市或者社会规模就要有相对的提升，最高级别的人也要比之前地图的出场人物高。简单的说，每张不同等级的地图是必须要跟主角的修炼等级体系挂钩的，而地图上的最高等级者，是主角目前未达到的，但并不比主角高出太多的级别。
等级体系与地图更新体系的设定要有一个简单的平衡。
d)换地图之后，主角又会遇上这张地图的初级对手，中级对手，高级对手。如此循环一番，再走向新地图。
e)如果你认为这样看起来，似乎玄幻小说应该很容易写，那就大错特错了。太阳底下没有新鲜事，读者要看的不是模版跟公式，模版跟公式只让你了解玄幻小说的一个基本的逻辑。
小说要想好看，把各种元素组合得让读者充满期待才是王道。我们要懂得组合，也要懂分解。
打个比方，光是主角修炼就可以分解成很多部分，修炼前：反派出现，刻画反派的实力，说明主角的不足之处——点明主角能够战胜的方法——主角依照方法，要去获得修炼所需要的素材与资源——主角依照方法下副本、去狩猎、去冒险、去拍卖场、去做任务，去争夺资源。
修炼中：修炼是可以随时随地进行的，既可以在一边获取资源时一边修炼，也可以闭关后全心投入的修炼；同时修炼的方式也是多种多样的，可以淬炼肉体，也可以凝聚真气，还可以打通穴窍，甚至可以修炼灵魂。
修炼后——最重要的一点就是战胜原本无法战胜的对手、怪物，甚至是女主角，拿到原本无法拿到的宝物，修炼原本不能修炼的高级功法，抓到原本不能得到的宠物。
修炼完毕，展开战斗：主角利用之前积累的优势，情理之中意料之外的取得胜利。战斗后：主角的实力和社会地位获得提升，同时因为战斗获得新的提升，并在此埋下下一个高潮的伏笔线索。
2.土著成长类型：可以参考网络玄幻名家“我吃西红柿”的作品。这种类型的文，很多爽点和废材崛起差不多，金手指设计要求也差不多。
主要不同是，废材崛起类型，在前期有一个抑了再扬的过程，而土著成长类型，很可能注重的是成长的过程，甚至有可能会从主角童年开始写。这个类型更需要作者的功力，在剧情设置上，跟废材崛起类的流程大致相同。
B.强者型主角：
3.高手重生少年类型：可以参考网络玄幻名家“风凌天下”的作品。
这种类型的文，主角一般在前世中有很多遗憾与错失，或者是自己的修炼上因为走错一步而无法达到顶峰；或者是自己的家庭因为自己能力不济而无法保护；或者是自己爱的人，因为自己能力达不到，而不敢追求„„
这种文，带有强烈的感情渲染，有极强的感染力，能让人很快的进入到剧情之中。主角一般重生在前世失败的一个节点上，利用上一世的经验或者小成就，在初始阶段就开始扭转乾坤。
一般都带有前世的金手指，或者是知道很多法宝的地址，或者是知道很多前世没法修炼的秘籍功法，或者是在转世的时候直接带着一个宝贝重生。
这个时候，读者就会期待主角再活一次时，来将前世欺压他的人统统踩下去，来将前世的遗憾统统弥补，来将前世错失的女子都贴心呵护。
此类文，在套路上来说，前期走的是重新修炼，一步步将前世的遗憾来扫清的过程，高潮点一般都是上一世与这一世一个个冲突的碰撞；中期的时候，就是前世走的最远的时候所见到的世界，这个时候，全新境界的主角能解决很多前世可望而不可及的事情；后期则是新世界的闯荡。
4.高手夺舍废材类型：如《万古至尊》
这种类型的文，前世主角一定是某一方面或者领域的强势人物，比如说是炼丹高手，或者是制符高手。
如果把全部境界分为十级，主角相当于已经修炼到接近十级的程度，此时他的灵魂再进入一个废材的身体，重新活一次。
此类文，最大的爽点是，主角原本强者的身份与现在废材身份的极大反差，废材的身份天然的带着抑的成份，而他前世高手的身份又是他随时扬的理由，可以极大的方便他直接来扮猪吃虎。
主角用前世的经验，一路横扫，在新的世界，新的身份中，他仍然需要获得资源，来重新修炼一次。
5.高手异世纵横类型：可以参考玄幻名家“写字板”的作品 这种类型的文，主要是用一个信息的不对称来制造爽点。主角在先前世界的知识，放在新世界中，就是一个从来没有过的东西，也让主角显得独一无二。
或者是游戏中的技能带到了异世界，或者是仙侠中的修仙体系带到了魔幻世界，又或者是数学应用于魔法。
通过两个世界知识体系的碰撞，来渲染放大，主角独一无所的知识体系与能力。通常主角的能力与知识体系，要对新世界的体系，产生克制与改造。比如东方的古武压倒魔法，东方的修仙体系压倒西方的魔幻体系。因为读者认同的关系，主角所携带的东方元素，必将继续扫荡新世界。
陆 结语
玄幻小说的创作是一门学问，而且随着商业娱乐小说的不断发展，技术含量将会越来越高，因为篇幅的关系，其实还有一些诸如大纲怎么写，人设怎么做，情节应该怎么展开，与敌人的矛盾冲突驱动，这已经涉及到网络小说甚至所有的小说，这里队长没有过多的提及。
第三篇：英语诗歌——入门
诗歌是纯文学。英美文学传统中此种文学形式十分繁荣，在这方面甚至可与被称为“诗的国度”的中国相提并论。正如学习汉语不明诗词歌赋为何物，就难入佳境一样，学习英文而不解诗味，也堪称憾事。然而，由于用词典雅、句法精炼、形式别致以及意象丰富等等缘故，英文诗号称难读。本课程精选莎士比亚以来名家名诗数十首，解其句读，析其格律，达其妙趣，并判其风格，使初学者尝其一脔，略知滋味，并望其由此获得进入英诗宝库之门径。
导引
诗歌是一种精美的艺术，趣味高一点的人一般都喜欢诗歌。受过良好教育的中国人都会背诵若干首古诗。现在人们很重视学习英文，学习英文，视野也应宽阔一些，也应当对英文诗歌多少有些领略才好。中国文学中诗歌成就极大，英语文学中，诗歌也极其丰富多彩。语言艺术的最高表现形式在诗歌。如果只是知道实用性的英文，只学习商业英文、法律英文等英文，对英语文学毫无修养，对英文诗歌一无所知，那将是一个不小的遗憾，将会影响到审美能力的发展和提高，学英文而不懂英文诗歌，不仅从审美角度看是一个遗憾，而且从英语学习这一角度看，不学一些英文诗歌，其英语水平也达不到很高的层次。诗歌语言最精炼，语汇最丰富，表达形式最精美，语言的色调最细腻。如果对诗歌有一定修养，其语言表达能力会大大提高。试想一个学汉语的人，如果对唐诗宋词一无所知，其汉语水平不会很高。学英语者也是如此。如果他对莎士比亚、弥尔顿、华兹华斯、拜伦、雪莱、济慈等人的著名诗篇一窍不通，其英文水平也不会很高。
总之，有一定英语基础的人不能不更上一层楼，读一点英文诗。这不仅有助于提高我们的文学素养，丰富我们的审美能力，也有助于提高我们的英语水平。
英诗基础知识
读英文诗歌相当不容易。其中的主要原因是诗歌有其独特的语言特点和表达方式，与散文有明显区别。为更好地欣赏英文诗歌，很有必要了解一些相关的基本知识。这方面的知识极其细致，以下只介绍一些最基本的。
一 节奏
诗歌是具有音乐性的语言。音乐作品的最大特点之一是音符的流动是有节奏的。所谓节奏就是强拍和弱拍按一定的形式配合起来，有规律地反复出现。懂点音乐的人都知道，音乐中基本的节奏有两种，即强——弱（2/4拍）和强——弱——弱（3/4拍）。举两个简单的例子： 《东方红》的节奏就是强——弱： 56│2 —│1 16│2 —│5 5│6i 65│1 16│2 —│
《新年好》（HAPPY NEW YEAR）这首儿歌的节奏是强——弱——弱： 1 5 │33 3 1│13 5 5 │43 2 —│23 4 4 │32 3 1│13 2 5│72 1 —│
中国古诗有节奏。其节奏主要是通过汉字特有的声调表现出来的。传统汉语中的声调有四：平、上、去、入。平声称“平声”，上、去、入三声统称仄声。平声与仄声结合起来反复出现，就是中国诗歌的节奏。如一首五言绝句，其最常见的节奏是： 仄仄平平仄，平平仄仄平。平平平仄仄，仄仄仄平平。王之涣《等鹳雀楼》：白日依山尽，黄河入海流。欲穷千里目，更上一层楼。此诗即是这样的节奏。其中“欲”字是仄声，与格式不合。但根据格律要求，诗行中的第一字可平可仄。英文诗歌也有节奏。英文没有平声、仄声之分，但有重读轻读音节之分，其节奏是通过重读音节与轻读音节表现出来的。一个重读音节与一个或两个轻读音节按一定的模式搭配起来，有规律地反复出现就是英文诗歌的节奏。
我们知道凡是有两个以上音节的英文单词，都有重读音节与轻读音节之分，在一句话中，根据语法、语调、语意的要求，有些词也要重读，有些要轻读。如he went to town to buy a book..I’m glad to hear the news.英文中有重读和轻读之分，重读的音节和轻读的音节，按一定模式配合起来，反复再现，组成诗句，听起来起伏跌宕，抑扬顿挫，就形成了诗歌的节奏。多音节单词有重音和次重音，次重音根据节奏既可视为重读，也可视为轻读。读下面这两句诗：
Alone │she cuts │and binds│ the grain, And sings │a me│lancho│ly strain.这两行诗的重读与轻读的固定搭配模式是：轻——重。在每行中再现四次，这样就形成了这两行诗的节奏。某种固定的轻重搭配叫“音步”（foot），相当与乐谱中的“小节”。一轻一重，就是这两行诗的音步。一行诗中轻重搭配出现的次数叫音步数，这两行诗的音步数都是四，所以就称其为四音步诗。
第四篇：浅谈三年级英语入门
浅谈三年级英语的入门
普兰店市四平中心小学
陈金宏
浅谈三年级英语的入门
摘要：小学英语学科教学工作已经在小学开展多年，虽然它也是与数学、语文一样重要的工具学科，但是学生的认知程度确存在很大的差距，两级分化明显。我自己担任小学英语教学工作多年，是一名普通的英语教师，关于小学英语教育，我觉得最为关键的是有夯实的语言基础，基础打好了才能建起高楼大厦，才能更好为以后的学习服务，由此可见抓好三年级英语学习的入门就尤为重要。
关键词： 英语课堂 三年级学生 师生关系 兴趣 游戏 活动 一、三年级英语是一棵萌芽的种子
2011版的义务教育英语课程标准，规定小学三年级要达到一级总体目标具体如下：对英语有好奇心，喜欢听他人说英语。在学习中乐于模仿，敢于表达，对英语具有一定的感知能力，对学习中接触的外国文化习俗感兴趣等。三年级英语在小学阶段所要求掌握的词汇、句型在小学阶段来说非常简单；学生对英语也很渴望，初学时极为感兴趣，喜欢听说英语。我想，如果教师和学生能够共同小心培养发展这种兴趣，那么对学生的英语终生发展来有着很大意义。
二、和谐的师生关系，是激活英语课堂的前提 做教师要自己独特的人格魅力，这样老师才会想吸铁石一样，对学生产生强大的磁场；除此之外教师和学生应该建立美好的师生关系。有关报道也指出，“知识传授的渠道在拓宽，师生情感交流的渠道却在不断缩小。”苏联教育家霍姆林斯基曾经这样认为：“师生之间是一种互相有好感、互相尊重的和谐关系这将有利于教学任务的完成”。作为一名小学英语教师，我们应走进学生的心灵世界，在教学过程中，我们也应努力营造和谐的教学气氛，保持学生们兴致勃勃的情绪，思索判断的神态，跃跃欲试的举止，使英语课堂气氛浓郁，生动活跃，而从开发学生英语学习的潜能，提高英语语言素质。要尊重信任每一名学生，不戴有色眼镜看学生。
三、入门是关键
兴趣是第一老师，有人说，兴趣是一种动力。一个人，无论做什么事情，如果这件事情是他比较感兴趣的事，那么他一定非常愿意去做。孔子说：“知之者不如好之者。好之者不如乐之者。”，爱因斯坦也说过：“兴趣是最好的老师”。那么如何让小学三年级学生对英语产生浓厚的兴趣呢？首先我们来说一下小学三年级的学生的特点：小学三年级学生天真活泼好动，善于模仿，对英语有着强烈的好奇心；根据学生的性格特点和我每学交的三年级学生上的第一节课的期待的眼神中，可以肯定学生对英语的具有强烈的求知欲望。但是，随着英语课的一点点开展你会发现问题越来越多，学生们大多失去了原有的热情和天真。
（一）迈好第一步，上好第一节英语课
教师具有亲和力，保持耐心，和热情，要爱我们的学生的机智聪明，甚至要更爱那些学困生。三年级学生刚接触英语既简单又难。如外研版的三上第一模块第一单元就是I’m Sam.在本课时主要学习见面打招呼、自我介绍及道别用语Hello./Hi.Goodbye./Bye-Bye.I'm...。为此，我为学生创设见面打招呼、自我介绍以及道别等情景，使学生了解英语常用用语以及使用环境。看似简单的单词对话，但是如果没有提前的预习和英语一点点的了解，学生认读起来就相当的困难。怎么样开展这一课的学习呢？首先，我很欢快的和学生们打招呼用手势介绍自己，：“Hello,I’m Icery.”我在示范时，用手势语言辅助学生理解。对于初学者来讲，体态语言和手势语可帮助他们理解和记忆，因此教师要适时利用手势和动作甚至表情来配合教学并拿出提前画好的Sam Amy Daming Lingling 的头饰让学们对这四个人物有初步的印象。再通过播放光盘让学生看动画，进一步加深印象。在小组学习时，让学生两人一组，要求学生充分利用A:Hello, I’m„ B:Hello,„ A:I’m„B:Hi,„ A:Goodbye„ B:Bye-bye „进行练说，并让学生根据问句不同采用不同的答语。在在巩固联系环节，玩游戏。首先，将全班学生分为两大组。教师播放英文歌曲，两组学生同时开始传花，当老师的鼓声停止时，两组各有一名学生拿到花，这时，拿到花的学生就说Hello, I'm „/Hi, I'm „。学生在快乐的游戏中联系了本课的句型。
（二）良好的学习英语习惯
学习习惯是在学习过程中经过反复练习形成并发展，成为一种个体需要的自动化学习行为方式。养成良好的学习习惯，有利于激发学生学习的积极性和主动性；有利于形成学习策略，提高学习效率；有利于培养自主学习能力；有利于培养学生的创新精神和创造能力，使学生终身受益。教师在课堂上多讲英语，配合用一些肢体语言是学生理解，培养学生认真倾听的能力，给学生足够的时间朗读英语，和听录音，让学生多讲英语，是学生形成良好的英语素养，培养学生逐渐形成强烈的语感。
（三）课堂“活”起来
1.TPR教学法
要想学生对英语兴趣得到长期持续的发展。教师要充分的把握学生爱动的心理，了解其内心的特点，根据教材的题材，精心设计课堂，让每一节课都丰富多彩。三年级的学生活泼好动，好奇心强，通过一段时间的学习，初步掌握了一些基本的单词，能模仿老师或录音的发音，对新语言表现出好奇心和兴趣，但是往往掌握的不牢固。需要通过各种教学方式反复的练习、不断的强化才能巩固所学知识。比如我在上I like football.时就先展示实物篮球、足球、乒乓球，然后教授单词，并微笑着拍着篮球说，I like basketball.运用TPR教学法，教授篮球、足球、乒乓球、体操并且做相应动作，帮助学生自主记忆。
2.模拟创造真实场景，让学生在真实的语境中去学习。比如在学习It’s red 这一课Practice环节时.告诉孩子们我们的生活是五彩缤纷的，我们的教室里到处都有鲜艳的色彩，让孩子指着不同的颜色说It’s red、green等等。
3.结合课堂转型，利用小组合作，采用比赛形式，将被动变为主动，鼓励学生自主学习，合作学习，互相帮助。在每节课的English show 前让学生结合上节课的重点自设相关话题，分小组展示，课后做出评价，给与奖励，是学生乐于学习。
四、积极的语言暗示
美国心理学家罗森塔尔和他的助手做了一个实验，他们来到一所学校，“认真”测定了某些孩子有远大前途。谁知几个月后，被随意指定为有前途的孩子精神焕发。学习成绩明显进步，原因何在？原来是大心理学家运用自己的权威有意暗示了老师，老师流露的兴奋和积极又不知不觉暗示了孩子及父母，孩子的心理接受了来自大心理学家、老师和父母的赞美、肯定和期待，他的上进心、理想和信心象注入了“激素”一样，情绪饱满，愉快活泼，积极勤奋，这就是“罗森塔尔效应”，也就是信任和期待的效应，积极暗示的效应。由此可见，教师如果对学生将一些积极向上的话，三年级可爱天真的孩子一定会倍加的努力。
总之，三年级入门学习很重要，我们要共同努力使三年级学生爱上英语，爱讲英语，形成良好的基础，为以后的英语学习打下良好的基础。
参考文献：
1.英语课程标准 北京师范大学出版集团 2.英语（三上）外语教学研究出版社
第五篇：英语小说读后感
英语小说读后感
篇一：呼啸山庄英语>读后感
The book was written by Emily Bronte, it published in 1847.But at that time, it seemed to hold little promise, selling very poorly and receiving only a few mixed reviews.I found this in our school library, I chose this book because the title attracted me.The book is structured around two parallel love stories, the first half of the novel centering on the love between Catherine and Heathcliff, while the less dramatic second half features the developing love between young Catherine and Hareton.In contrast to the first, the latter tale ends happily, restoring peace and order to Wuthering Heights and Thrushcross Grange.In the story, the two houses, Wuthering Heights and Thrushcross Grange, represent opposing worlds and values.I spent twenty days reading this book.After reading this book, I felt for Heathcliff at first.Heathcliff begins his life as a homeless orphan on the streets of Liverpool, and then he tyrannized by Hindley Earnshaw.But he becomes a villain when he acquires power and returns to Wuthering Heights with money and the trappings of a gentleman.His malevolence proves so great and long—lasting.As he himself points out, his abuse of Isabella—his wife is purely sadistic, as he amuses himself by seeing how much abuse she can take and still come cringing back for more.Catherine represents wild nature, in both her high, lively spirits and her occasional cruelty.She loves Heathcliff so intensely that she claims they are the same person.However, her actions are driven in part by her social ambitions, which initially are awakened during her first stay at the Lintons, and which eventually compel her to marry Edgar.Catherine is free—spirited, beautiful, spoiled, and often arrogant, she is given to fits of temper, and she is torn between her both of the men who love her.The location of her coffin symbolizes the conflict that tears apart her short life.She is buried in a corner of the Kirkyard.In contrast to Catherine, Isabella Linton—Catherine’s sister—in—law represents culture and civilization, both in her refinement and in her weakness.Ultimately, she ruins her life by falling in love with Heathcliff.He never returns her feelings and treats her as a meretool in his quest for revenge on the Linton family.Just as Isabella Linton serves as Catherine’s foil, Edgar Linton serves as Heathcliff’s.Edgar grows into a tender, constant, but cowardly man.He is almost the ideal gentleman.However, this full assortment of gentlemanly characteristics, along with his civilized virtues, proves useless in Edgar’s clashes with his foil.He sees his wife obviously in love with another man but unable to do anything to rectify the situation.Heathcliff, who gains power over his wife, sister , and daughter.The whole story make people’s mood heavy.Fortunately, the end is happy.The author Emily Bronte lived an eccentric, closely guarded life.She was born in 1818, two years after Charlotte—the author of Jane Eyre and a year and a half before her sister Anne, who also became an author.Her father worked as a church rector, and her aunt, who raised the Bronte children after their mother died, was deeply religious.Emily Bronte did not take to her aunt’s Christian fervor, the character of Joseph, a caricature of an evangelical, may have been inspired by her aunt’s religiosity.The Brontes lived in Haworth, a Yorkshire village in the midst of the moors.These wild, desolate expanses—later the setting of Wuthering Heights—made up the Brontes daily environment, and Emily lived among them her entire life.She died in 1848, at the age of thirty.篇二：绿野仙踪英语读后感
After reading this wonderful story, I can feel love, brave, deep friendship and some other good spirits in the people.The Scarecrow wanted some brains, but on the way to the Emerald City, he thought out of a way to cross the river.The Cowardly Lion wanted to be brave, but when they met the river, he carried other friends to jump across it.And the Tin Man wanted a heart, he said he couldn’t love, but he didn’t want to hurt any animal.In fact, they all have the things they want: the Scarecrow is clever, the Cowardly Lion is brave and the Tin Man is kind-hearted.This book tells us a story of how a little girl Dorothy goes back to her hometown when she is in another strange city.Dorothy is a little girl who lived with her aunt and uncle in Kansas.The weather there is very bad, sometimes there was a cyclone.When a cyclone came, people stayed under their houses.But one day a cyclone blows Dorothy’s house, with Dorothy and her dog Toto in it, to a country called Oz.In that city there are four witches and a very famous wizard—the Wizard of Oz.And Dorothy’s house just fell on the bad Witch of the East and killed her, so the people there were very happy.Dorothy took the witch’s red shoes and wore them.She wanted to go home to Kansas but she doesn’t know how to get there.So the Witch of North told her to go to the Emerald City to find the Wizard of Oz to help her.Then Dorothy met the Scarecrow, the Tin Man, and the Cowardly Lion, but they need help too.The Scarecrow wanted some brains, the Tin Man wanted a heard, and the Cowardly Lion wanted to be rave.So they all take the yellow brick road to the Emerald City.On the way to the Emerald City they met some difficulties, but they solved them successfully.After they met the Wizard of Oz, the wizard gave them another challenge—to kill the bad Witch of the West and they accept.During the way to the Witch of the West’s house, they were caught by the witch and Dorothy was requested to work for her.One day, when the witch tried to catch Dorothy’s red shoes, Dorothy threw some water on the witch by accident and the Witch of the West disappeared.Only water can kill her.So Dorothy went back to the Emerald City with her friends but they found the Wizard of Oz is not a real wizard, he is also a man came from Kansas, and he is just a conjurer.He wanted to go back to Kansas too.So he made a big balloon and prepared to go.But when the balloon is going to raise, Dorothy’s dog Toto jumped away to run after a cat, so Dorothy had to get Toto back and they were left in Oz.Then Dorothy and Toto went and find the Witch of the South and the witch told them they can just use the red shoes on Dorothy’s feet, they’re a pair of magic shoes, they could take anybody go back to their home as soon as she said‘East, west—home is the best!’After Dorothy said goodbye to her friends, she went back to her new home with her dog.It’s really a wonderful risk.Yes, no matter where we are, home is always the best place for us to rest or study.There are our parents here;there are also our favorite things here.At home, we feel safe, we feel comfortable, and we can relax ourselves.篇三：小王子英语读后感
This story’s name is “The little prince”。As it known to all, we will encounter a lot of difficulties, even hardships.Different people may have different ways to deal with them.After reading The Little Princess, I am deeply impressed by Sara’s way to deal with difficulties.The Little Princess was written by Frances Hodgson Burnett, a famous novelist and dramatist.Sara, the heroine of the novel, was born in a rich family.In order to get a better education, her father took her from India to London so that she could go to the best school.Because Sara was kind-hearted, generous and most of all—rich, she was loved by everyone.All went well until her father died in an accident.Everything changed completely.She didn’t understand why the teachers and classmates treated her so badly.Even the principal who used to be fond of her, made her work 16 hours a day.Sara’s miserable life began.When I finished reading the book, I was shocked by what the unimaginable pain Sara had suffered after her father’s death.She used to be a happy, worriless, and rich Princess, but now she was a lonely and poor servant.She had to work very hard without any rest but only had little food.Besides she had to endure the unfriendly and even rude ways that her classmates treated her.All teachers and students in the school looked down upon her.The most important fact is that Sara had lost the love and care of her parents.What a mighty pain!If you were Sara, could you stand such pain? Needless to say，an 11 years old girl, even if it were an adult，he might not put up with it.But to my surprise, Sara faced it bravely.Despite of the torture of the principal and all those pressures above, she still was optimistic towards life.By reading this novel, I felt inspired and think much.When we meet such difficulties, what should we do? Some people always complain that the fate is unfair to them.Some people can’t sustain the hardships and choose to give up.Few of them even try to commit suicide because they lack the courage to overcome it.Compared with Sara—an eleven years old girl who can treat the pressure of life with optimistic spirit, these people’s performances are sounded so lamentable.Why can’t they make it?However, what impress me most are her characteristics and the thought of her “being a real princess.” This “real princess” does not mean luxury palaces, beautiful clothes and the apple of the others’ eyes, but being kind, generous and having good manners.It is unnecessary for “a real princess” to be strong in body, but she must be strong in will.Sara is a real princess in my heart all the time, whether she was rich and wore beautiful clothes in the classroom or she was cold and hungry in the attic, just because she had the good characters and kind heart.The story went on.Fortunately, a friend of Sara’s father found her and told her that her father left a great sum of money to her.I pray and believe that every good person in the world deserve a good result, and of course, we are the same.
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