《Unit 5 Lesson 1》教案
关系副词引导的定语从句
定语从句(也称关系从句、形容词性从句),一个句子跟在一个名词或代词(先行词)后进行修饰限定(对词句进行补充、修饰、限定,进而使原句内容更完整),就叫做定语从句。按语法句式,定语从句在整个句子中做定语的成分。定语从句是由关系代词或关系副词引导的从句,其作用是作定语修饰主句的某个名词性成分,相当于形容词,所以又称为形容词性从句,一般紧跟在它所修饰的先行词后面。
被修饰的词叫先行词。定语从句不同于单词作定语的情况,它通常只能放在被修饰的词(即先行词)之后。定语从句由关系词(关系代词、关系副词)引导,关系代词、关系副词位于定语从句句首。
本节主要讲解关系副词引导的定语从句。
一、关系副词可代替的先行词是时间、地点或理由的名词,在从句中作状语。
1)when, where,why
关系副词when, where, why的含义相当于“介词+ which”结构,因此常常和“介词+ which”结构交替使用.There are occasions when(on which)one must yield.任何人都有不得不屈服的时候。
Beijing is the place where(in which)I was born.北京是我的出生地。
Is this the reason why(for which)he refused our offer?
这就是他拒绝我们帮助他的理由吗?
2)that代替关系副词
that可以用于表示时间、地点、方式、理由的名词后取代when, where, why和“介词+ which”引导的定语从 句,在非正式文体中that常被省略(正式文体中不可省略),例如:
His father died the year(that / when / in which)he was born.他父亲在他出生那年逝世了。
He is unlikely to find the place(that / where / in which)he lived forty years ago.他不太可能找到他四十 年前居住过的地方。
二、关系副词在句中作状语
关系副词=介词+关系代词
why=for which
where=in/ at/ on/to which(介词同先行词搭配)
when=during/ on/ in/at which
whose=of whom/which
1.“where”是关系副词,当然也可以用“that”引导。
By the time when you arrived in London, we had stayed there for two weeks.当你到达伦敦的时候,我们在那里已经待了两个星期。
I still remember the place where I met her for the first time.我仍然记得我第一次见到她的地方。
Each time when he goes to business trip, he brings a lot of living necessities, such as towels, soap, toothbrush etc.他每次出差都带着生活必需品,如毛巾,肥皂,牙刷等其他东西。
2.当从句的逻辑主语是some, any, no, somebody, anybody, nobody, something, anything, everything或nothing时,常用 “there is”开头。
There is somebody here who wants to talk to you.这里有人要和你说话。
分作进一步说明,通常是引导词和先行词之间用逗号隔开,将从句拿掉后其他部分仍可成立。
1、why
关系副词why主要用于修饰表原因的名词(主要是the reason),同时它在定语从句中用作原因状语。如:
We don’t know the reason why he didn’t show up.我们不知道他为什么没有来。
She didn’t tell me the reason why she refused the offer.她没跟我讲她拒绝这项工作的原因。
与关系副词when和where不同,why可以换成that或省略。如:
That’s one of the reasons(why, that)I asked you to come.这就是我请你来的原因之一。
另外,与关系副词when和where可以引导非限制性定语从句不一样,why只能引导限制性定语从句,不能引导非限制性定语从句。如:
他失去工作的主要原因是他喝酒。
误:The main reason, why he lost his job, was that he drank.正:The main reason why he lost his job was that he drank.(定语从句)
2、when
关系副词when主要用于修饰表时间的名词,同时它在定语从句中用作时间状语。如:
There comes a time when you have to make a choice.你必须作出抉择的时候到了。
Gone are the days when they could do what they liked.他们为所欲为的日子一去不复返了。
We’ll put off the picnic until next week, when the weather may be better.我们将把野餐推迟到下星期,那时天气可能会好一点。
注意不要一见到先行词为时间名词,就以为一定要用关系副词when来引导定语从句,同时还要看它在定语从句中充当什么成分——如果在定语从句中用作时间状语,就用when;如果在定语从句中不是用作时间状语,而是用作主语或宾语,那就不能用when,而要用that, which等。如:
Don’t forget the time(that, which)I’ve told you.不要忘记我告诉你的时间。
关系代词that / which在定语从句中用作动词told的宾语,正因为是用作宾语,所以也可以省略。
3、where
关系副词where主要用于修饰表地点的名词,同时它在定语从句中用作地点状语。如:
This is the village where he was born.这就是他出生的村子。
That’s the hotel where we were staying last summer.这就是我们去年夏天住的旅馆。
Barbary was working in Aubury, where she went daily in a bus.巴巴拉在奥伯里工作,每天得坐公共汽车去上班。
与前面when的情况一样,注意不要一见到先行词为地点名词,就以为一定要用关系副词where来引导定语从句,同时还要看它在定语从句中充当什么成分——如果在定语从句中用作地点状语,就用where;如果在定语从句中不是用作地点状语,而是用作主语或宾语,那就不能用where,而要用that, which等。如:
He works in a factory that [which] makes TV sets.他在一家电视机厂工作。
三、判断关系代词与关系副词
方法一: 用关系代词,还是关系副词完全取决于从句中的谓语动词。及物动词后面无宾语,就必须要 求用关系代词。
例如:
(错)This is the mountain village where I visited last year.(错)I will never forget the days when I spent in the countryside.(对)This is the mountain village(which)I visited last year.(对)Ill never forget the days(which)I spent in the countryside.习惯上总把表地点或时间的名词与关系副词 where, when联系在一起。此两题错在关系词的误用上。
方法二: 准确判断先行词在定语从句中的成分(主、谓、宾、定、状),也能正确选择出关系代词/关系副词.先行词在从句中作主、定、宾语时,应选择关系代词;先行词在从句中作状语时,应选择关系副词。
例如:
(对)Is this the museum which you visited a few days ago?
(对)Is this the museum where the exhibition was held?