新东方的作文笔记(自己总结)（5篇）

第一篇：新东方的作文笔记(自己总结)

以下资料是我在新东方的作文笔记。将其整理，上传给大家分享。开始之前，送大家两句话-----“Chances always favor the prepared winds.”

幸运女神总是青睐有准备的人

“A penny saved is a penny earned.”

积少成多

首先，来看看作文评卷标准。结构清晰

2词汇变化

3句型变化

4错误较少

其次是战略（strategies）

1结构第一：面子问题----注意书写（分体）、格式（顶格/隔行）标点（中英文标点区别）、字数控制、注意拼写。

2语言第二：表达不要“怪”、变化不要“少”；错误不要“多”。

说明：think

important more and more hard 这些“初级“词汇尽量用考研大纲的单词来替换。

参考替换词汇：

Think: maintain, suppose, insist, propose,present ,consider, argue

as far as I am concerned, in my eyes, to my knowledge, for my part（think 着用这些词汇或短语来替换）

important: vital, crucial, critical, decisive,principal,primary, indispensable.More and moe: a grawing number of

an increasing amount of hard: harsh tough arduous

3内容第三：思想大众化，思想健康化。态度积极，避免敏感政治话题

注意：标题不要写

最后看看具体操作 1 名言的活用

在熟练背诵名言的前提下，可以根据文章主题来自由发挥。如将其改编，改写。EX1：,All roads lead to Romans.改写后：All roads lead to “success”.EX2:Ask not what your country can do for you;ask what you can do for your country.---John F.kennedy 改写后：Ask not what your “parents” can do for you;ask what you can do for your “parents.”

不要问你的父母能为你做什么，而要问你能为父母做什么。

EX3:Where there is will ,there is way.改写后：Where there is “love”,there is “contribution”.(哪里有爱，哪里就有奉献。)

essential，fundamental，significant,dominant, 2 遣词之四度

（1）准度（Accuracy）:作文时注意固定搭配和词语的辨析。EX：country ,state , nation.(他们之间的细微区别)（2）宽度（Variety）

EX1: This class makes me share their experance.(大家最喜欢用的词语就是make)换词汇：This class access me to share their experance.allows(将make换成这两个词比较好)EX2：Love maks him young.Love enables him to be young.（3）难度（Difficulty）

下面我们还是做“换词汇”的工作。也就是词语的升级。

Main= major, chief, essential, primary, fundamental, principal，Always= invariably, inescapable, indispensable, inevitable, inescapable

Clear= distinct , manifest, explicit, evidence

Strange=peculiar ,queer, eccentric

Raise=life, elevate, escalate

Begin=commence

End=terminate, cease

Continue=proceed

Effort=endeavor

Same=identical

Ps: 大家来体会这两句话。My cell was in need of an electricity dinner.2I’m swimming in an ocean of homework, 第一句翻译：我的手机在充电

第二句翻译：我有大量的家庭作业要完成。句型运用

（1）定语从句

在写作中多运用定语从句，让散句看起来更有结构。（2）双重否定

Anyting is possible.Impossible is noting.以上两句用中文表达意思都差不多。但是这里要强调的是第二句比第一句出彩。出彩在哪里？先看其结构“表

系

主”前后都用了否定词。第一词用了否定，句子肯定要倒装。所以第二句又是双否又是倒装句。

下面给大家一些例句，试试做做对比。EX1：I will score high in this exam.I will never fail to score high in this exam.EX2:I didn’t have dinner.I failed to have dinner.EX3:The following factors can not be ignore.The following elements can not be omitted.Impossible is that I will fail to score high in the exam.这句话用了双否，倒装和主语从句。

（3）倒装

A否定副词用法

Never have I seen you.Not only…but also

B noly 用法

EX1：Only with perseverance can we succeed.(only+介词用法)

EX2: Only here can we acquire systematic.(noly+副词用法)

EX3：Only when I graduate can I financially support my parents.(only+从句)

C as 引导从句

EX： Rich as he is, he is friendless.(4)强调句

A强调谓语（do/dose/did）

EX: I do love you.B It is/was … that

C very 的强调

D 否定词+比较级=肯定词+最高级 EX：It can not be hotter.(非常热)EX：I have never met a nicer person than you.(我从未见过比你更好的人)

（5）同位语从句

有时状语从句，宾语从句都可以变化为同位语从句。EX：Although I love him, I will not marry him.变化后：In spite of the fact that I love him, I will not marry him.EX:We discove that…

We make a discover that…

(6)虚拟语气

EX：If there were no opening-up policy, we would have no KFC.EX: If overfishing were to continue, our next generation would have no fish to eat.在写作中要学会运用虚拟语气给文章加分。

最后就是写作模板。因为在网上都可以搜寻，这里就不一一给大家写出来了。以上就当抛砖引玉，给大家一个思路。

第二篇：新东方笔记2009笔记大总结

阅读

一、主旨大意题

1.问法：

a.主题型 b.标题型 c.目的型 2.命题规律：a.首段 b.尾段

c.中间段

3.方法：首末句原则法（首段前两句+每段首句+尾段末两句）4.技巧：①结构 a.2~4→尽可能用完 b.≥5→用过1/2部分

②首段首句问句

③首段尾段独句段：主旨题即为此句

④首段举例/谚语：一定在首段两句

5.选项分析：正确①具有概括性②语气不绝对③符合常识、逻辑

错误①概括过度②以偏盖全③无关④对立 6.词汇：同义词、四六级核心词汇、考研阅读高频词汇

二、例证题

1．问法：example;case;cite;mention;illustrate;prove/show 2.解题方法：跳开本句，左（90%）顾右（10%）盼

3.技巧：①准确定位 ②例子不看 ③90%→一句 10%→一句二句

三、指代题

1.问法：―代‖→it ①普通代词②形式主语③形式宾语

↘which 一定向左，可以指代单词，也可以指代句子 2.方法：代入→语法功能→向左or向右

四、长难句分析

1.定义：30words左右，多个分词，多个从句 2.分析：前→后 寻找独立谓语→是否存在连词

转折让步看一半，并列不用全看完，插入成分可跳过，定状细节尽量删

五、文章来源题 1.方法：中心思想法

2.来源：①book view ②preface/forword ③popular science ④autobiography

⑤news coverage ⑥speech/lecture

六、细节题 ㈠事实细节题

1.问法：4W/H 实义 题干+正确选项=原文一二句 2.方法：寻读①key words（a.实词 b.一次）②research(a.顺序 b.关键词第一次出现的地方)③position（a.过1/2 b.完整句子定位）④choice（同义转换/词性转换/上下文）

3.命题规律：①转折词（but, yet, while, whereas / however, nevertheless, in fact, indeed, practically）附近②专有名词（人名地名年代）③特殊标点符号④段落首末句 4.技巧：①准确定位②遵守顺序原则③长选项竖读④坚持本本主义 ⑤细节不孤立⑥头不要摆，不要指着读

5.选项分析:正确①同义改写②归纳总结③词性转变

错误①张冠李戴②偷梁换柱③与原文内容对立④微调 6.复习：①思路scan ②在找到的位置达到择读 ㈡是非判断题

1.问法： which； true； correct； mention； except 2.命题规则：①中心思想法（3错1对）②并列列举（3对1错）3.方法：① 3错1对 中心思想法 ②3对1错 选项反定位法 4.解题技巧：①判断是3对1错还是3错1对 ②看题目是否有指定段落 ③看是否有关键词

七、论点论据题

1.题型：①类比题②写作手法题③文章结构题

2.文章结构：①花开两朵型（总分）②一枝独秀型③新闻报道型（倒序，结果常在开头）④问题解决型（常以问题开头）⑤层层递进（具体→概括 中心常在最后一段）

八、观点态度题

情感词：褒positive, enthusiasm, optimistic, approving, sympathetic, praisable, complimentary

贬negative, pessimistic, critical, ironic, sarcastic, skeptical, disgusted

中objective, impartial, impersonal, neutral 干扰词： indifferent, biased, contemptuous ①

口诀法：有客观选客观，没客观选乐观，没乐观选谨慎，没谨慎选惊讶 ②

中心思想法：寻找情感 技巧：①看清楚是问作者还是别人态度 ②作者观点态度常与中心思想有关 ③口诀法服从中心思想法④作者观点态度不极端 ⑤reserved+n.;partially+adj.;tempered+n.必正确 ⑥I hold,personally---表作者

九、语义理解题

1.命题规律：①一词多义②特殊词（符号/缩略词/拼缀词）③超纲词汇

2.方法：看选项词性（浏览选项）→代入→搭配→逻辑→跳跃（跳开本句，左顾右盼）3.选项分析：正确答案常为引申含义，错误选项常为表面含义

十、判断推论题（整体推论&局部推论）

1.问法：infer, imply, conclude, suggest, learn, know 2.方法：5→尾段末两句

1→首段首末句

2/3/4→上下夹看是否有独立段落

↘中心思想

↘中心思想 ↘中心思想 Ⅰ 题顺序

无顺序：主旨大意 作者态度 是非判断 顺序： 事实细节 语义理解 判断推论 Ⅱ 试卷做题顺序

a.阅读A（80~100min）→作文（60min）→新阅读（20）→翻译（15）→完型（5）b.作文（60min）→阅读A（80~100min）→新阅读（20）→翻译（15）→完型（5）Ⅲ 点面结合法（全读）①可防止乱序②符合阅读习惯③中心

步骤：1.1min通读5个题干（语义单词、3错1对、作者观点态度单词、加看选项）2.通读全文（7~8min）标记题干，上下段首末句

3.回读标记，选择答案（7~8min）

四原则：a.时间对等 读全文=做题 b.首段原则（关注首段，尤其是转折词之后）c.首末句原则 d.路标原则（离出题处不远的转折词、特殊标点符号）Ⅳ解的结构

⑴中心思想是解 ⑵some是解（sth , sb , certain ,some time ,some where）⑶趋势是解（trend to, tendency）⑷变化是解（convert, shift, alter, change）⑸重要是解（essential, significant, vital, improtant）⑹具体不是解，概括才是解

⑺简单不是解，复杂才是解 ⑻绝对不是解，相对才是解⑼别出心裁是解 ⑽出乎意料是解 ⑾内容积极向上是解 ⑿常识是解 ⒀本质是解（natural,origin）⒁50%求解（选项相反、相近）⒂特征是解（chatacter）

08年 主旨3 观态1 是非1 推论4 语义1 事实细节10 翻译

redguard.**

1.信（忠实原文）达（语言通达）雅（习惯修辞）技巧：不翻被动，换主语 ①硬翻 ②主宾颠倒 ③―是‖―有‖→实义 ④添主语 2.考研翻译―八荣八耻‖

以勇于亮剑为荣，以跳过不做为耻；

以直接翻译为荣，以通读全文为耻； 以忠实原文的直译为荣，以天马行空的意译为耻；以宏观把握为荣，以斤斤计较为耻； 以紧扣真题反复训练为荣，以盲目模拟为耻； 以给出一个译文为荣，以给出多个译文为耻； 以做到信达雅为荣，以通篇翻译为耻；

以写对中文汉字为荣，以写错中文汉字为耻。3.做轻重：重---谓语核心 轻---从、分、小

动性词←动词不定式，分词，介词，动名词 承载一个意群（动态意群拆分法）

4.步骤:①找出动性词 ②圈定动性词所辐射的意群范围（引导词、关系词、标点符号）③逐个翻译意群（切块翻译意群）④按中文表达习惯调整语序（调语序做勾联）词法翻译①语境②汉语习惯③词根词缀

1.词义选择---词无本义，意由境生（根据上下文or汉语表达习惯选择词义）2.中英思维区别：英式思维（直线性、重举例、重数据、自爱）

中式思维(迂回性、重说理、轻量化、博爱)3.词义引申：①抽象化引申 ②具体化引申 ③词性转化 4.定语从句：which, that, who要么做主语，要么是宾语

如果定语从句内容简单，信息负载量不大，可以提到中心词前翻译，引导词不需翻；

如果句子内容复杂，信息负载量大，要翻到先行词之后，独立成句，重复先行词。5.状语从句：when, while, that, for, although

从句引导词及从句本身一般都按字面翻译，整个从句翻译后与原文没多大区别。6.同位语从句：同位语从句中 that不充当句子成分

简单的同位语从句往往译成定语，放在名词前； 而复杂同位语从句往往独立成句，that→―：‖

一、并列结构：两个或两个以上的并列成分，有明显的连词或标点连接，翻译时常常需要重复并列成分.最常见的连词是：and, or, but, whether…or…, neither…or…, not only…but also

二、否定结构：

1.部分否定：指代词或副词，如all, both, every, everybody, every one, many,everything等与否定词not搭配使用，常翻译为―并非所有‖，all… not…―不全是‖；both…not…―并非两个都‖；not always―不一定‖，not ofen―不经常‖；not necessary―未必‖ e.g.The situation is not necessary.情况并非如此。

2.全部否定：never, no, not, none, nobody, nothing, neither, nor, not at all e.g.He is no professor.他根本不是教授。3.否定转移：

1）

否定的主语转为否定谓语

No energy can be created, and none destroyed.能量不能创造，也不能消失。

2）

主语的否定转为从句的否定

She did not come because she wanted to see him.她来了不是因为她想见他。3）

否定主句的谓语转为否定宾语从句的谓语 I don’t think that they must have arrived there by now.I don’t suppose they will object to my suggestion.三、比较结构的翻译 1.AS系列 1）As…as句型：同级比较，表示两者比较程度一样

She is as much interested in music as ever.2）Not so…as句型：跟as…as…相反的结构

3）Not so much…as…句型：与其说，不如说 = not only…but also… He was not so much angry as disappointed.4)Not so much as…句型：甚至没有，甚至不

He didn’t so much as ask me to sit down.他甚至都没有让我坐下。2.Than系列

1）

比较级+than to 不至于做

You have more sense than to dump him.你不会把他甩掉吧。2）

More than

More A than B :与其说，不如说

He is more good than bad.More than:

比…多 He more than smiled and laughed.她不仅笑，而且大笑。

She is more than kind to us.她对我们非常友好。

No more than: 既不…也不… He is no more/less a writer than a painter.他既不是画家，也不是作家。/他既是作家也是画家。

四、强调结构的翻译

1.倒装：还原倒装部分后直接翻译

1）

表语前置引起倒装：smart as you are 2）

否定词前置引起倒装：never will they give up the struggle for freedom.2.加助动词do: 加上―的确，务必，千万等词‖ We do have sufficient food and drink.3.it is … that 在被强调部分加上―就是，正是‖等词 it was professor wu that

五、插入结构的翻译：一般直接翻译，但如果修饰整个句子，提到句子前面翻译 1.adv.插入语： incidentally, fortunately, apparently 2.adj.短语作插入语： more important of all, worse still(更为糟糕的是)，strange enough(令人足够奇怪的是)3.介词短语作插入语： all in all, in fact 4.不定式做插入语： to tell you the truth(老实对你说)，to be exact(确切的说)，sa to say(所以说),to be frank(坦率的说)，to say the least of it(至少可以这样说)5.分词短语作插入语：considering, all things considered(从整体上考虑)，allowing for(考虑到)，judging from(从…来判断)，putting it another way(换句话说)，talking of(提到)，taking all things into consideration(全面看来)6.主谓结构

The man, I think, doesn’t deserve your love.常见表达：I think, I believe, I guess据我推测, I’m afraid, It seems, It is said, It is suggested有人建议。

What we call做插入语

What we call, what we used to call, what is called, what the describe as, what can be called, what they regards.新题型

③

排顺序 ②七选五 ③找匹配 七选五： 做题步骤：①先看文章首段，通过阅读文章首段，把握文章主题 ②先阅读后面7个选项，以目标为导向 ③阅读全文并解题

④检验所恢复的文章是否有连贯性和一致性

三大法宝：①由点入面 如果两个可以衔接在的具有关联性和相适性的信息板块，其内容也同样具有千丝万缕的关联性和相近性，存在着许多彼此信息匹配的信息点，通过信息匹配点，判断整个信息板块间的关系

②以点串面 从庞大的信息板块内部确定能形成匹配的信息点通过分析找到的信息点推测两个板块之间是否具有相近性和关联性

③点面结合 上下通读确认是否有连贯性和一致性

1.上下文逻辑关系定位法 在七选五题目中，不论填空出现在段首或段尾，均可以分析和定位该填空上下文的逻辑关系，一旦定位出某种逻辑关系就意味着起着联系上下文作用的该填空必须填入表达这种逻辑关系的信息，这样才能将上下文联系起来。2.复现结构定位

相同词or 不同词 3.无关词排除法

通过在7个待选选项中定位出一些关键词，如果发现这些关键词和原文的主题信息明显无关，那么包含这些关键词的选项很可能和全文主题无关，这说明这些选项失去填回原文的资格（排除错误选项）

4.举例定位法： of these, of those, of them, among…, namely…

观点→例子

例子设置于原文中→上位概念选项 5.总分结构定值

6.时间地点数字的衔接关系定位法 7.指代关系定位法

动词切入点：1）看主语，注意主谓搭配

2）看宾语，看动宾搭配。看宾语是抽象n还是具体n.只能人做主语：believe, regard, think, be impressed by, intend, require, doubt 只能人做宾语：impress, assure of sth 只能物做宾语：ensure 要接具体n.: fasten(the belt), lable the bottle, feed the soil 要接抽象n.: enhance

3)及物和不及物

不及物v.：dispose off, cope with, approve of, speculate on/in, contribute to

4)根据动词后的介词及介词宾语

5）根据句中其他对动词构成限制性成分

名词切入点：①作主语时，谓语和表语线索

②作宾语时，谓语v是线索 ③根据名词前后的介词进行判断

④根据已有名词判断所选n：褒贬意义一致，正式语体一致 ⑤当n后出现从句或前出现adj该修饰成分为线索

形容词切入点：①adj做表语及系表结构时，要看主语和表语搭配的合适性，不是所有的adj都能修饰人or物 ②adv修饰的n，已经受到其修饰成分（另一个adj或从句）修饰要选择的adj要根据该修饰成分修饰 ③由adv修饰时，adv就是线索 ④adj直接修饰n，要注意他们的合适性。

表因果的词：because, for, since, ever since, as, thus, therefore, consequently, hence, accordingly, as a result, due to, because of, thanks to, in that, in response to

表转折的词：but, however, yet, by contrast, on the contrary, on the other hand, unfortunately, whereas, unlike, rather than, instead of，表让步的词：although, though, even though, even if, nevertheless, despite, in spite of 表并列的词：and, and also, or, neither…nor…, either…or…, in the same way, likewise, that is to say, similarly, equally, as well as 表递进的词：also, then, besides, in addition, additionally, furthermore, moreover, what’s more

完形填空

一、完型填空的误区：

1、很多同学认为完型填空就是语法词汇题

现在考试当中如果还考语法，就考定语从句或同位语从句。语法就准备从句：定语从句、同位语从句、状语从句。语法的变化较慢，词汇的发展较快。完型填空选择的是最佳答案，不是最正确答案。对词汇的把握不能只认识意思，不能只知其一不知其二，不能一叶障目不见森林，不能只知表面意思不知深刻意思。

2、很多同学认为完型填空需要背诵大纲中的5500个单词

背单词的理念：通过真题记单词。背诵真题，把握真题的理念：以真题为圆心，以努力为半径画完美的考研备考的圆。对真题把握的三个标准：1）翻开近十年真题，没有一个单词是生词2）翻开近十年真题，没有一个句子是长难句[好的准备长难句的方法：把真题中所有长难句归类。推荐书籍：《考研英语长难句与词汇突破》李玉技 编著]3）翻开近十年真题，要知道所有选项对错的原因

3、处理好模拟试题与真题的关系，真题是根本，真题是核心

学习过程中应该先做真题，后做模拟试题[建议：做阅读理解方面的模拟试题，做完型填空的模拟题意义不是特别大]

二、完型填空的备考思路

1、背诵近十年真题，要求大家背诵一篇240-280字的文章

2、背诵近十年真题中的所有选项，选项基本上体现了完型填空考查的范围 每个单词一定要知道对错的原因，知道每个单词的准确用法

3、把握解题技巧与方法，没有解题技巧指导的考研完型是比较失败的考研完型

4、背大批量的词组（搜索李玉技高频词组734）

5、适当的做一些模拟试题

三、解题技巧与方法

1、卷子发下来后，利用红花绿叶原则做题。红花词：某个单词在历年真题中每次出现都选 绿叶词：屡出现屡不选，屡不选屡出现 红花词：however yet although because 绿叶词：since ever since now that what if only, in case/lest, or else about, as to, with regard to, in/with reference to What有三大特点：1）what从句只能做主、宾、表从句2）what不能放在名词后3）what后面的从句不完整

涉及虚拟语气的词不选if only +过去式 [only if如果] 注意两个问题：1）红花绿叶原则能做对2-5个题2）红花词偶尔会失手

2、明白ABCD选项的规律

1）ABCD的个数都是4-6个之间，四个答案基本均匀分布2）完型填空中一般而言A较多 3）没有连续三个答案都一样的情况，连续两个答案都一样的情况是0-3个，前后答案彼此都不一样的情况是17-20个

4）在五个一组的答案中，至少要出现三个字母（此规律同样适合阅读理解）

3、完型填空文章的基本特点

1）首段首句一般不出题（2001除外），降低了文章的难度。除了首段首句外，基本上每一句话都要出题2）每篇文章都有明确的主题和作者的态度（态度重要）3）总分结构进行到底，降低了完型的难度4）逻辑关系非常明确

[五大逻辑关系：对立关系、因果关系、并列关系、总分关系、递进关系] 重点放在逻辑关系题

句子对应成分分析法：当你发现并列关系出现，尤其是两个句子互为并列关系的时候，那么在完型填空中，这两个句子就可以通过彼此一一对应的方法来获得答案。

复现关系解题法：就完型填空文章而言，如果某个概念出现两次或两次以上，它提法应当是一样的。

For example 1）表达的总分的逻辑关系2）在句子中是个插入状语，不是句子的必然组成成分。

同义原则：在四个选项中，当两个或三个实词互为同义词时，答案往往在其中。当两个或三个虚词互为同义词时，往往都不选。当四个选项有一个共同的意思时，该意思往往不能够入选。

引导省略式的状语从句的条件：1）从句主语与主句主语相一致2）从句必须是主系表结构3）省去从句中的主语和系动词；4）可引导省略式状语从句的连词：while、when、although、until、unless、if 表语题的解题方法：当表语是名词时，它和主语是对等关系；当表语是形容词或相当于形容词的词时，它和主语是修饰关系。

and题型的做题方法：1）句子对应成分分析法；2）选同义词法；3）可以选同一范围的词 although与but的区别：1）Although从属连词，引导的全部是从句，既可放句首，又可放句中。but并列连词，既可连接两个主句，也可连接两个从句，当连词讲时只能放句中，当其放句首时，是做副词用2）从属连词放句中时，前面一般不加逗号；而并列连词放句中时，前面逗号可加可不加

Indeed与furthermore的区别：

Indeed强调肯定前面的事实，一般不作更深刻的推理furthermore一定要从程度上加深意义 动词题解题的六种方法：1)看主语，注意主谓搭配的一致性（主要看主语是人还是物）主语必须是人的动词：believe、regard、think、be impressed by、inten、require、doubt 主语一般是物的动词：manifest 2）看宾语，注意动宾搭配的一致性

宾语怎样确定：（1）看宾语是人还是物

跟人作宾语的动词：assure、impress 跟物作宾语的动词：ensure（2）看宾语是抽象名词还是具体名词

只能跟抽象名词作宾语的动词：enhance只能跟具体名词作宾语的动词：fasten、label、feed既可能抽象也可跟具体名词作宾语的动词：tighten 3）从动词及物或不及物的角度出发做题

不及物动词：dispose、cope、speculate、approve、contribute有时及物和不及物搭配不一样4）根据主语和宾语的逻辑关系判定动词5）根据动词后的介词以及介词宾语判定答案6）根据能够对动词起到限制性成分来判定动词（一般指形容词）

名词题解题的五种方法：1）名词作主语时，谓语或表语就是信息线索2）名词作宾语时，谓语动词就是线索

3）根据名词前后的介词判定名词4）根据已有名词来判定已选名词5）当名词后面出现定语从句或同位语从句时，从句就是线索

形容词解题的四种方法：1）形容词作表语时主语就是线索2）由副词修饰形容此时副词就是线索3）当多个成分同时修饰一个名词时，答案就在修饰成分中4）当形容词修饰名词时，名词就是线索

副词题解题的三种方法：1）根据主旨做题2）同义原则3）根据时态来判断 做题顺序12步法 先看选项，再看文章

看选项：1）利用红花绿叶原则做题2）使用同义原则3）重点做逻辑关系题4）看文章，做好and题，and前后要么选同义词，要么选同一范围的词，要么用句子对应成分分析法做and题5）所有的not题6）表语题7）复现题8）动词题9）名词题10）形容词题11）副词题12）利用概率原则做题

做题方法：1）关键线索定位法2）句子对应成分分析法3）时间线索定位法4）生活常识解题法5）总分结构解题法 重要语法现象：定语从句 三个词引导定语从句的情况：

AS

1）as 关系代词，引导定语从句，其先行词可以是单词，也可以是句子。[先行词可以是句子先行词只有两个：which和as] 2）as引导的定语从句位置灵活3）在引导限制性定语从句的时候，as只能用在固定结构中，which却没有这样的限制。在引导非限制性定语从句的时候，用as表示主句与从句是顺承或一致关系，用which表示主句与从句是对立或否定关系。

THAN 1）than做关系代词引导定语从句2）than在后面的句子当中作主语 3）主句必须要有比较级

BUT

1）but做关系代词引导定语从句2）主句要用否定式 3）but相当于not—that或not who 写作

一、词 3～4种替换

①后词优先（高中+四级词汇）---短语类+长单词

important: significant, essential, crucial, critical, indispensable learn: attain, obtain, acquire, accumulate very: extremely, extraordinarily, unusually, largely ②短语优先

make: make up build: build up accumulate: pile up like: be fond of, be keen on, care for ③派生词优先

important: importance fond: fondness delight: delightful, delighted, delightfully satisfy: satisfied, satisfactory effect: effective, effectively ④名词优先

think: opinion, idea, notion, consideration, concern, assumption, presumption, argument eg.My(individual)consideration is that environment protection(conservation)is of extraordinary significance.二、句

同义转化+句子扩展

1.同义转化

eg.A对B很重要

A play important part(role)in B.A is to B what foundation is to a skyscraper / water to fish / heart to humans.A means / matters a lot / much to B.The significance of A should never be over looked / ignored / denied / neglected in B.A is / means everything / the whole world to B.2.句子扩展（1）词汇扩展

1）n.前修 派生形容词和复合形容词优先

poor→badly-off→underdeveloped→impoverished

后修 介修 in;on;from;at;of

分修 –ed;-ing

句修 名词+ing = 名词+which/ who do/ does/ is/are doing

the impoverish countries which lie in the third world

名词+ed分词=名词+which/ who am /is/are done

the measures which are taken by the government

2）adj.① adv修饰（情感类）②非常 ③一般

sincerely, truly, frankly, honestly, heartfeltly, heartily

surprisingly, shockingly, generally, roughly, virtually

强调副词：absolutely, definitely, undoubtedly 3）v.能用来修饰adj.的adv.均可用来adv.tips:使用v时，adv若想不起来可尽量generally类型，但adj前务必用adv,修饰（2）句子扩展

1）尽量使用分词

tips：小作文中，中间用Being a 身份 who 修饰-----表自己身份

大作文中，Interested in , Concerned about , Disappointed with

（小中，the reason being that ，大中尾），the consequence being that ,.tips:以上两句一定要用在―，‖之后，that之后跟句子

2）使用从句

①原因性从句 since, as, for on account of the fact that

by virtue of the fact that owing to the fact that

②结果性从句 so that with the consequence that

③条件从句

providing/ provided that, assuming/ assumed that

tips:位于句首引出句子，中间逗号隔开；位于句中引出句子可以不加逗号

④转折

yet, while, whereas

⑤让步 even though despite the fact that

inspite of the fact that

（3）篇章扩展

1)必须在文中使用结构衔接词

tips:小作文中间部分，大作文全部

2)注意使用代词的准确照应

tips:①使用代词时需照应离他最近的前文名词

②注意代词和该名词的性、数一致

三、分析学生最常见的语法错误 1）冠词错误

tips：①单数可数名词不能单独出现，前面必须要有a, an;

②复数名词可单独出现，前面不加冠词，但后面有后置修饰语时例外（+the）

③不可数名词可单独出现，但后面有后置修饰语时例外（+the）

2）并列结构:在一个句子中出现的并列结构的形式必须一致

The eyes of the Sammi are twice bigger than Lily’s(those of Lily).The person with(①who has)broad knowledge and rich experience is supposed to live a better life that the person who does(②without them)not.3）搭配错误

Many wild species have(been)extinct in the worsening natural environment.extinct-adj;extinction-n.die out-v.4）串句:在前后两个独立句子间必须使用连词来衔接句子，而绝不能用adv.小作文写作攻略

1.基本信息：商务信函和私人信函都以商务信函对待，题目中出现人名，必为私人信函 Dear Alice, /Dear Sir or Madam，正文使用缩进时，缩四个字母。三个段落

Yours sincerely, Liming 2.小作文操作口诀：首段直抒胸臆说目的 中间谦虚委婉讲理由 结尾真诚重述送祝福

Tips:3段为7句左右最佳，不能超过十句

3.开头：I’m writing this letter to you in order to do …/ with the purpose of doing …/ in the hope of doing…

Tips:目的词必须是亮点词汇，即符合―四词选择‖

The purpose of mine writing this letter to you is to do…

The reason why I write this letter to you is that I have a strong longing/ craving to do…

eg.(2005)The reason why I write this letter to you is that I have a strong craving to present my unwilling decision of resignation from my present job.TIPS: 1)使用简单句式时，词汇能多亮就多亮。2）使用复杂句式时，词汇可以退而求其次，但一定是越亮越好。中间必须用结构衔接词

1.a.Firstly, your R1 is the point I am mostly interested in/ concerned about/ disappointed with b.First and foremost, being a 身份 who , what I am most eager to express in this letter is R1, which actually impresses/ interests/ disappoints me greatly.c.In the first place, the R1,(I derive from 信息来源)is the most crucial information I am interested in.TIPS:中间部分的第一句话的表述，尽量使用中等长度，但词汇需要偏亮

2.a.Secondly, R2 is as well another aspect I have to pay my special attention to in doing（目的）in this letter.TIPS:使用时，R2必须用亮点词汇，且doing的表述方式必须和首段不同

b.Added to the first point(On top of the first point), the fact that R2(句子)is what I eagerly lay particular emphasis on, which proves to be fairly critical in this issue.eg.the fact that the opening hour of our library overly limited is the… c.In the second place, R2(名词), which is believed as the major point in this matter is also where we interest/ concern/ disappoint lies in.TIPS:该组句式复杂，故词汇可在某种程度上选择简单词，但务必注意词汇和句式要求 3.a.Eventually, R3(名词)is obviously the last element I have to put forward in writing this letter to 目的（动词）.TIPS:务必使用亮点名词和动词形式

b.Last but, by no means, least, what I am deeply concerned about in offering my 目的（名词）is the one ,which a large majority of people focus on, namely R3（名词）

c.In the final place, R3（名词）is the last factor which matters/ determines/ means a lot in presenting my longing for 目的（动名）.TIPS:①中间部分必须首先出现框架词汇（第一，第二，首先.etc.）

②可以对这9个句子进行随机组合，但最好出现1～2个长句，建议第二、三句

③切记简单句式使用亮点词

④练习时，从头到尾使用相同结构

结尾：a.My sincere gratitude proposal/ application/ complaints has/ have to be repeated and I truly hope that everything goes smooth with you.b.An early response/ reply to me will be obviously to my great delight / satisfaction/ surprise and I honestly wish everything to be smooth around you.c.Actually, I feel fairly grateful/ indeed for your kindness and attention and sincerely look forward to your quick/ prompt response.TIPS:①不允许出现任何语法拼写错误②务必使用亮点词汇③根据题目要求，可适当对模型中词汇进行改动。eg.（2007）

Dear Sir or Madam, The purpose of my writing this letter to you is to offer several useful/ essential suggestions for the service of the library of our university.First and foremost, being a student who spend most of my time in reading in our library, what I am mostly concerned about is opening hours, which actually disappoints me for the hours are fairly limited.Furthermore, the impatient attitude of employee is another aspect I put forward in presenting my proposal.Last but not least, what I am care about the development of our library is the one, which a large majority of student focus on namely the disappointing collection of books.An early response/ reply to me will be obviously to my great delight / satisfaction/ surprise and I honestly wish everything to be smooth around you.复习建议：1.把开头、中间、结尾最简单句式进行组合 2.进行亮点词替换

3.对小作文的中间①②③点进行任意一句长句替换

4.对最终形成的小作文版本进行真题套写，若字数不到80，增加复杂句式，若超过130，进行句式减肥。

黄金句型

1.It is … that …(使用1～2个)出现在大作文中间or结尾

eg.It is the establishment of harmonious relationship that will enhance the advancement of the society.2.倒数

A.so+ adj/adv +系/助动词+主语+（实义动词）+that+剩余部分 如此..以至于…

So grave/ serious is the environment contamination that wild species expanding numbers have been extinct/ endangered/ on the verge of extinction.B.adj.+ though/ as 主语+系词，主句

Effective as the government’s measures prove to be, there is still powerful/ potent…

C.Under no circumstances/ By no means/ On no occasions/ In no ways +助动词+主语+实义动词+剩余部分

绝不…

eg.On no occasions should on individual ignore/ deny the significance of setting up a harmonious society.D.Only when something is accomplished/ by this means/ in this way/ under this circumstance/ on this occasion +助动词+主语+动词

表预期结果

eg.Only by this means can the society be developed/ advanced/ propelled in a sustainable way.3.插入语（通常是第二、三段）主语和实义动词之间，用逗号隔开 adv.:：

however, nevertheless, therefore, thereby, thus, generally adj.：

needless to say无需说 most important（of all）sure to say 介词词组：from my point of view, from my perspective, in my view, in my position, in my standpoint, on the contrary, in contrast.句子：

as I perceive it, as I see/ view it, I am sure/ certain, I believe/imagine/conceive 4.被选：虚拟 It is high time that sb.did sth.是…该做… 大作文攻略

一、1.时态为一般现在时

2.使用人称为第一人称I或第三人称（图画中的图像，内容），不许用you.3.必须分三段式：凤头、猪肚、豹尾 4.必须在结尾部分明确出现―我认为‖句式

二、复习方法

1.不限时写作，5篇左右，不修改不检查，但字数需上200.2.40min之内完成，5篇左右，修改语法错误，替换亮点词汇.3.30min之内完成，5篇左右，进行中间、开头、结尾的某1～3句的长难句替换，删除开头，中间，结尾所重复的内容。

4.努力记忆自己在10篇作文中频繁用到的，准确无误的词汇、句式、表达

三、逻辑思路

1.矛盾命题是灵魂，寻找积极意义是方向，开篇综述与分述（综述：图画的整体内容即图中英文or中文说明；分述：对图中细节内容描述，如若细节不描述，会扣3分左右）2.中间析因析果析趋势 3.结尾辨证比较给策略

四、写作方法(一)开头

1.物法a.The picture/ drawing/ cartoon/photograph/ line/ curve/ bar graph/ pie graph describes/depicts/ reveals/ illustrates/ demonstrates an interesting phenomenon of 英文注释/中文翻译/自我解读（n.,动名词）

TIPS:尽量体现准确的稍有难度的图画内容的词汇。使用题目中的英文注释时尽量替换词汇

b.The picture vividly/ clearly reveals the interesting phenomenon/fact that+句子

eg.that there existed/ lay/seemed/ appeared an obvious contrast between the different commercial fishing situation of 1900 and 1955.2.人法 a.It is vividly/ clearly/ symbolically depicted in the picture that+综述

b.As is vividly depicted in the cartoon, 句子（综述）

c.What is vividly depicted in the picture is that 句子（综述）3.单图分述：

sb.In this picture, sb.can been seen doing sth.eg.In the picture, a charming foreign girl can been seen/viewed wearing a piece of Chinese traditional/national costume smiling.sth.In this picture, sth in the drawing can been seen/ viewed advertising its ridiculous promise to the public.TIPS:单图描述时，图中人与物务必带上个人色彩的修饰，该修饰词汇能亮则亮，不能亮则可以使用第一反应词，第一段最少写两行半。

4.双图分述：In the first drawing, 单图例句。On the contrary, we can see / recognized / identify 内 容。

eg.In the first drawing, only a single commercial ship was floating/drifting on the sea while countless/innumerable/uncountable fish was swimming happily under the sea in1900.On the contrary, ninety-five years later, the number of ships over the sea was countless whereas only a lonely and poor fish was viewed was swimming under the sea.TIPS:1.开头部分中，单图分述时，语法务必正确，词汇务必闪亮，信息务必详尽。

2.开头部分中，双图分述时，尽量注意两个图描写时的句型差异。

3.注意加入情感元素（悲伤，孤单，骄傲…）

（二）中间----第一句话揭示寓意

1.a.直抒寓意 The purpose/goal/aim of this picture is to convey the message/implication that 寓意（句子）

eg.The purpose of these two pictures is to convey the message that providing that commercial activities stimulated by alluring profits fail to be controlled, the natural resources will be subjected to an immense loss.b.自问自答 What profound message/implication is mirrored/reflected in the picture above? Evidently/Of course,寓意（句子）

eg.Of course, some children who usually grow in the favorable conditions,(like flowers in the greenhouse,)are mostly likely to be frustrated(or even thoroughly damaged)in great difficulties(in adverse conditions).c.承上启下

In frankness, the phenomenon reflected by the picture above is really a complex and complicated one, which should be analyzed in a practical and rational way, 寓意

。2.原因：a原因（名词）is normally considered as the factor contributing to this issue.TIPS:该原因必须使用亮点词汇且有修饰最好

eg.Too much love and care poured by their parents are normally…

The mutual assistance and affection in an individual’s overall development

b.A large majority of people claim/maintain/show their insight that this issue has to be dealt with carefully, the reason being that 原因（句子）

TIPS:该原因句最好用简单句完成，词汇尽量闪亮，但不许出语法错误。

3.结果：As a consequence, a/an disappointing/delightful/admirable phenomenon will be definitely born out, which is that 结果（句子）

eg.The loss of family responsibility in the young generation is normally considered as the factor contributed to this issue.As a consequence, a disappointing phenomenon will be definitely born out, which is that the aged/senior/elderly people in general will hardly seek out a person even among their own children to rely on and therefore live in a merciful way.4.趋势：Assuming that this tendency tends to grow in the society, some positive/negative influence/significance will be undoubtedly resulted.TIPS:此句话要视中间段落的长度而定，同时注意positive和negative的选择。

（三）结尾

In conclusion, what I discussed/argued/claimed above is considerably significant from my personal perspective is the determine in offering a satisfactory solution.TIPS:策略的表述务必准确地道靓丽。可采用动词不定式、动名词的形式表达策略的内容。It is this strategy that has caused/attracted much attention from both the government and the public.So serious this issue/argument is that nobody shall ever overlook the necessity of dealing with it in a most efficient way.Only by this means can/will the society/human races/human being/nature/mankind/the young/the youth/the youngster/the elderly develop/advance/grow/survive in a sustainable/harmonious/wholesome/spectacular manner.大作文复习TIPS:

1.在所有给出的可选择的句子中，挑选自己较为熟悉和擅于运用的句式框架，进而组合成完整的开头、中间、结尾的三段式模块；

2.使用该简单框架时对08年以前的5年作文进行信息套入，结束后检查句式语法错误； 3.依然对上面所练的5篇文章内容进行亮点词汇替换，并对任何一个部分中所出现的重复句式重复短语进行删减or替换；

4.只使用修改后的句式框架以及亮点词汇对真题or模拟题(3篇左右)进行完整套写； 5.考试前主要阅读自己最终所写的篇章版本，对其中的亮词，亮句进行深化记忆。

词汇链接

重要：significant, crucial, essential

非常：considerably 关于：with reference to, as regard

获得：attain, acquire 也：as well, meanwhile

如果：proving that 结果：consequence

发展：advance, advancement 快乐：delighted, delightful, pleased

不能：fail to 著名：prestigious, celebrated

大：immense, titanic 认为：claim, argue, maintain

能力：competent, competence 可能：perhaps, be likely to do

上进：aggressive, aspiring 尽管：even though, despite, in spite of

许多：quite a few, a large number of, a large amount of, a colony of + 聪明：intelligent, quick-written, talented 不许出现：good, bad, things

关于09年的热点话题

一、奥运的积极意义：

1.提升中国的国际形象 promote the international image of China increase the international position/ranking in the world 2.大幅改善了城市的基础设施建设，进而方便了人们的生活

improve the establishment of the infrastructure in the urban area and thereby make it more accessible for the local people to enjoy the convenience and variety.3.促进了中国与其他不同文化人民间的交流以及大大提高了中国传统文化在国际社会的认可度和知名度

enhance the mutual/reciprocal communication between Chinese people and those from other culture and largely improve the popularity and recognition of Chinese tradition culture in the international world/community.二、个人成长

1.优良品质的培养 cultivation of fine qualities of a person persevering坚韧 persistent坚持 competent能力

cooperative and competitive合作与竞争 tolerant and sympathetic宽容与同情

2.来自于社会、家庭和个人的共同努力 the joint/corporate efforts/endeavors distributed by the society, family and individual.3.身心健康的和谐发展

a harmonious and satisfactory development both bodily and spiritually.三、经济

1.潜在经济困难和经济危机

potential economic pressure and crisis across the globe 2.在严峻的局势下，中国政府和公众展示了极大的决心和信心

in such an adverse financial situation, both the government and the public have manifested strong resolution and confident to conquer the possible recession.3.如此成果主要归功于政府的有效举措和社会各部门的配合

such success shall be attributed to the powerful measures from the central and local government and the satisfactory cooperation between different social organs.

第三篇：新东方笔记总结语法+词汇

第1课

如果想达到85分以上，词汇应该错6个以内。

Jump for the sun, at least you land on the moon.目标定的高一点有好处。

4200单词要求对于4级考试，高三毕业是1800个单词。

我喜欢这里： I like here.Right: I like it here.I can succeed.Right: I can do it.I can make it.注意生活中的英语： Nike胜利女神。Just do it.生活中的英语： Did you have a pleasant journey?(这时要用降调)

I am very much frightened because a girl named Monika stands beside me.Oh, thank god!He’s not the president now.(我很害怕)I was just screwed up.(我一团糟)四级考试中常见的考察词汇的题型：

I 押韵题型（押头韵、押尾韵）；

答案总在相似中，如果有三个一样，基本上就在其中了。

54.The rain was heavy and _A_ the land was flooded.A consequently B continuously C constantly D consistently

continue v.继续，连续； continually adv.时断时续地； continuously adv.连续不断地。

说不停的咳嗽时，continually是间歇的时断时续的咳嗽，continuously是一直不停的咳嗽。

consequently adv.因此，所以；(heavy rain大雨, light rain小雨)constantly adv.始终如一地，连续发生地；constant temperature 恒温

consistently adv.一贯地，一致地； consistent adj.consistent policy 一贯的政策。

36.I hate people who _C_ the end of a film that you haven't seen before.A revise B rewrite C reveal D reverse

rewrite v.重写，改写； revise vt.修改，修正； reveal vt.揭示，揭露；

reverse vt.颠倒，使反转，使反向。(vers是词根，表示转动；re是前缀，表示向相反方向)42.There were no tickets _D_ for Friday’s performance.A preferable B considerable C possible D available

performance n.表演，演出，演奏； perform vt.possible adj.可能的

动词后加able构成形容词通常表示“可…的” read-> readable accept-> acceptable consider vt.考虑； considerable adj.(数量或尺寸)相当大(或多)的。

preferable adj.更好的，更可取的；

available* adj.可获得的，可利用的，可支配的。(重点词)

33.In general, the amount that a student spends for housing should be held to one-fifth of the total _D_ for living expenses.A acceptable B applicable C advisable D available living expenses 生活费； acceptable adj.可接受的；

apply vt.申请，应用； applicable adj.可应用的，适当的，合适的；

advise vt.建议； advice n.建议； advisable adj.明智的，可取的。

54.It is our _A_ policy that we will achieve unity through peaceful means.A consistent B continuous C considerate D continual

achieve unity through peaceful means 通过和平手段取得统一； consistent policy 一贯政策

II 构词法题型(词的转化，合成，派生)；

构成符合形容词的名词和数量词一律用单数。(见下面2个例题)

31.Despite the wonderful acting and well-developed plot the _B_ movie could not hold our 1 attention.A three-hours B three-hour C three-hours’ D three-hour’s 267.Professor White wrote a _C_ report yesterday.A two-thousand-words B two-thousands-word C two-thousand-word D two-thousands-words

以ly结尾的不全是副词； friendly, lonely, lovely, likely, lively adj.考试中常见的否定前缀： un-、dis-、in-、im-

56._B_ his sister, Jack is quiet and does not easily make friends with others.A Dislike B Unlike C Alike D Liking

like vt.喜欢； dislike vt.不喜欢，厌恶； unlike prep.不象…；

alike adj.& adv.同样的(地)，相象的(地)； liking n.爱好，嗜好；

take a liking for喜欢…，对…产生好感。

III近义词含义比较；

44.There were some _A_ flowers on the table.A artificial B unnatural C false D unreal

unreal adj.不真实的(不是真实世界所拥有的，虚幻的)； Ends justify means 不择手段；

false adj.具有欺骗性的，假的，伪造的； false coin/passport/hair，a false tooth/false teeth unnatural adj.不自然的，经常用来修饰人的行为举止，表示做作的，矫揉造作的。

artificial adj.人造人为的 artificial leg 假肢artificial leather 人造皮 genuine leather 真皮

54.When people become unemployed, it is _C_ which is often worse than lack of wages.A laziness B poverty C idleness D inability

laziness n.懒惰； poverty n.贫穷； poor adj.贫穷的；

idleness n.无事可做(中性，有时也有贬义含义)； inability n.没有能力，没有办法。

69.A lot of ants are always invading my kitchen.They are a thorough _A_.A nuisance B trouble C worry D anxiety

invade 进攻，侵略； nuisance n.(具体的)令人讨厌的东西； trouble n.烦恼，麻烦，问题；

worry n.担心，发愁； anxiety n.焦虑。What a nuisance.真是烦。

IV 搭配关系问题；

extent n.程度； to...extent 到达…程度，在…程度之上； extent 只能和to搭配。

object vi.反对； object + to + 动名词（动词的ing形式）。

objection n.反对； objection + to + 动名词（动词的ing形式）。

V 形相近，意相远；

65.In Britain, the best season of the year is probably _A_ spring.A late B last C latter D later

late adj.晚的，晚于通常时间的； late spring 晚春、暮春； last adj.最后的，最终的；

later adj.更晚的（late的比较级）、时间概念后一半的；只适用于表示某个世纪的后半期；

The later twentieth century.二十世纪的后一半。

latter adj.（两者中）后者的； former adj.（两者中）前者的；

59.Some people would like to do shopping on Sundays since they expect to pick up wonderful _B_ in the market.A batteries B bargains C baskets D barrels

battery n.电池； bargain n.特价商品； It’s really a bargain.你真会买东西，不是说真便宜。

basket n.篮子； barrel n.桶； wonderful bargain 物美价廉的商品；bargain v.讨价还价；

53.Remember that customers don’t _D_ about prices in that city.2 A debate B consult C dispute D bargain-------------------------XXXX-XX-------------------------

41.The bridge was named _A_ the hero who gave his life for the cause of the people.A after B with C by D from

cause 事业； be named after 以…的名字命名；

42.There were no tickets _D_ for Friday’s performance.A preferable B considerable C possible D available preferable adj.更好的，更可取的；

358._C_ the Revolutionary War, the United States was an English colony.A Inferior to B Superior to C Prior to D Preferable to

具有比较意味的形容词只要与介词to搭配即可表示其比较级。super-表示在…上方，超过… inferior adj.低于…的，劣于…的； superior adj.高于…的，优于…的； prior adj.在…之前的Revolutionary War 特指美国独立战争；second adj.第二的（含有比较意味，也与to搭配）

He is second to none.首屈一指，无与伦比；

30.Cancer is second only _B_ heart disease as a cause of death.A of B to C with D from

43.It wasn't such a good dinner _C_ she had promised us.A that B which C as D what

such … that … 如此… 以至于… ； sb + be + ___ + sth 空格处应为能加双宾语的动词；

加双宾语的动词的用法：动词 + sb + sth（主动形式）； sb + be + pp + sth（被动形式）；

59.American women were _D_ the right to vote until 1920 after many years of hard struggle.[the right to vote 选举权]

A ignored B neglected C refused D denied deny v.否认，拒绝；deny sb sth 拒绝给予某人某物；

44.They decided to chase the cow away _C_ it did more damage.A unless B until C before D although

45._B_ student with a little common sense should be able to answer the question.A Each B Any C Either D One

common sense 常识； each 这个词在英语中强调的是个体与众不同的特点；

any 这个词强调的是很多东西在一起的共性； either 两者之间任何一个；

31.The medicine is on sale everywhere.You can get it at _C_ chemist’s.A each B some C any D certain

46.All _D_ is a continuous supply of the basic necessities of life.A what is needed B for our needs C the thing needed D that is needed

当all作定语从句的先行词时，从句只能用that来引导； all that = what

47._A_ with the size of the whole earth, the highest mountain does not seem high at all.A When compared B Compare C While comparing D Comparing

本题的关键是弄清compare与mountain的关系； when 可以直接加过去分词；

before(after)+ being + 过去分词；

44.After _A_ for the job, you will be required to take a language test.A being interviewed B interviewed C interviewing D having interviewed They lose their health to make money, and they lose their money to restore health.48._C_ she first heard of the man referred to as a specialist.[专家] A That was from Stephen B It was Stephen whom

C It was from Stephen that D It was Stephen that

本题重点是强调句式； 当被强调部分指人且在句子中作宾语时，其余部分可用whom引导；

49.If these shoes are too big, ask the clerk to bring you a smaller _D_.A suit B set C one D pair

50.Many new _A_ will be opened up in the future for those with a university education.A opportunities B necessities C realities D probabilities 51.He must have had an accident, or he _A_ then.A would have been here B had to be here C should be here D would be here must have + 过去分词 表示对过去行为的肯定推测；

与过去事态相反用：情态动词 + have + 过去分词 来体现虚拟语气；

must 一定，必须； needn't, don't have to 不必；

53.You _A_ all those calculations!We have a computer to do that sort of thing.A needn’t have done B must not have done C shouldn’t have done D can not have done

should have + 过去分词 本应该，本应当； shouldn't have done本不应该，本不应当；

44.It was very kind of you to do the washing-up, but you _D_ it.A mustn’t have done B wouldn’t have done C mightn’t have done D didn’t have to do

52.It was essential that the applications forms _C_ back before the deadline.A must be sent B would be sent C be sent D were sent

It be essential that 后面一定用虚拟语气，且句子谓语动词固定为(should)+ 动词原型；

It was essential that the applications forms send back before the deadline.53.We _D_ our breakfast when an old man came to the door.A just have had B have just had C just had D had just had when 还可以表示①刚..就…（有动作先后关系）、②恰在此时；

44.I had just started back for the house to change my clothes _D_ I heard voices.A as B while C after D when

45.I felt somewhat disappointed and was about to leave, _C_ something occurred which attracted my attention.A unless B until C when D while

46.It was essential that these application forms _D_ back as early as possible.A must be sent B will be sent C are sent D be sent

第2课

非谓语动词与独立主格：短语，句子（或者句子，短语）

1.当短语部分有独立主语，并且该主语不同于句子主语，这时短语结构称为独立主格。（它最明显的特点是短语部分有独立的主语）。

独立主格的结构1：名词（代词）+ 分词 [现在分词、过去分词]

现在分词表示主动的，正在进行的行为；过去分词表示被动的，已经完成的行为。作题时要通过判断动作与名词（代词）之间的关系来确定是使用现在分词还是过去分词。当动作由名词（代词）发出时使用现在分词，而名词（代词）是受动者时则用过去分词。

54.Silver is the best conductor of electricity, copper _B_ it closely.A followed B following C to follow D being followed

49.All things _A_, the planned trip will have to be called off.A considered B be considered C considering D having considered

call off 取消； cancel vt.取消； 四级中的考点就是现在分词和过去分词的区别。

独立主格的结构2：with + 名词（代词）+ 分词 [句子当中作状语]

36.After the Arab states won independence, great emphasis was laid on expanding education, with girls as well as boys _C_ to go to school.A to be encouraged B been encouraged C being encouraged D be encouraged as well as 和（相当于and）； be encouraged不会考。

动词不定式有预示将来行为的含义。to be encouraged 将要被鼓励；

been encouraged 已经被鼓励完了，与主句的谓语动词相对；being encouraged 正在被鼓励

2.短语部分没有独立主语，则短语结构称为非谓语动词。

非谓语动词的结构：分词（分词短语）

句子的主语决定非谓语动词中的分词是用主动还是被动形式。如果是句子的主语发出动作，则使用现在分词；如果动作不是由句子的主语发出，则使用过去分词。

43.No matter how frequently _A_, the works of Beethoven always attract large audiences.A performed B performing C to be performed D being performed perform vt.表演，演出，演奏；

to be performed 将要被演奏； being performed 正在被演奏；

一些特殊的动词：

第一点：forget 忘记； [反义] remember 记得；

这两个词后加动词不定式表示将要进行的行为；这两个词后加动词ing形式表示已经做过的事情。

注意：动名词与现在分词形式一样，但含义不同。这两个词后加动词ing形式都是动名词。

forget to do sth.忘记要去做某事； forget doing sth.忘记做过某事；

remember to do sth.记得要去做某事； remember doing sth.记得做过某事；

62.I remember _B_ to help us if we ever got into trouble.A once offering B him once offering C him to offer D to offer him offer vt.提出，提供； offer sb.sth./ offer to do sth.him once offering 如果改成 his once offering 也正确。

动名词的复合结构：凡是一个动词的后面可以加动名词，就可以加动名词的复合结构。

动作发出者 + 动名词；当动作发出者名字给出时：名词所有格 + 动名词；当动名词的复合结构在文章中出现，且动作发出者在前文中提过时：形容词物主代词（宾格）+ 动名词。

形容词物主代词：his, her, my, your, their, our。代词宾格：him, her, me, you, us, them。

第二点：want 想要； want to do sth.想做某事； want doing 客观需要或缺乏。

48.Your hair wants _B_.You'd better have it done tomorrow.A cut B cutting C to cut D being cut 注意：want doing 中doing表示的是被动含义。

18.This room is so dirty that it wants _A_.A cleaning B to clean C being cleaned D cleaned

第三点：mean 意味； mean to do sth.打算做某事，意欲… ；mean doing 意味着，…的意思是…

25.There's a man at the reception desk who seems very angry and I think he means _B_ trouble.[reception desk 接待台]

A making B to make C to have made D having made

5-------------------------XXXX-XX-------------------------55.The children went there to watch the iron tower _D_.A to erect B be erected C erecting D being erected watch 看电视用，看比赛用； see 看电影用；

感官动词watch, see, hear； 感官动词 + 名词（代词）+ do

be erected 强调的是动作的结果； being erected 强调的是动作的过程。

56.The engine _D_ smoke and steam.A gives up B gives in C gives away D gives off

give up 放弃； give in 屈服，让步； give off 释放，放出（烟和气体）；

give away 泄露，走漏风声；婚礼中新郎的父亲把新娘的手交给新郎的过程；赠送礼品。

57.The manager promised to keep me _C_ of how our business was going on.A to be informed B on informing C informed D informing

keep sb.+ 分词； inform v.通知，告知； inform sb.of sth.通知某人某件事情

keep me informed 使我被告知。

60.The goals _B_ he had fought all his life no longer seemed important to him.A after which B for which C with which D at which

fight with sb.（注意要看整个句子）； fight with + 工具 用该工具来打仗。fight for 为…而战。

I fight with him.我和他打起来了。I fight with him against her.我和他并肩对付她。

61.I should like to rent a house, modern, comfortable and _B_ in a quiet neighborhood.A all in all B above all C after all D over all

all in all 总而言之；above all 首先，尤其是；after all 毕竟，终究；overall 全面的，总体的in a word 总之，in short 简而言之，in conclusion 最后，总之，to sum up总之，总而言之。

62._B_ we have finished the course, we shall start doing more revision work.A For now B Now that C Ever since D By now

now that 既然，由于（相当于since）； ever since 自从…以来。

与that搭配且后面可以加句子的几个表达形式：

now that 既然，由于； in that 因为； except that 除…之外。

except后面加名词或代词；except that后面加句子。

63.What you have done is _D_ the doctor’s orders.A attached to B responsible to C resistant to D contrary to

be attached to 连接，附属； This school is attached to Beida.这所学校附属于北大。

responsible to 对…负有责任； resistant adj.反抗的，抵抗的； water resistant 防水的。

be contrary to 与..相反（相违背）。

64.John regretted _A_ to the meeting last week.A not going B not to go C not having been going D not to be going

regret doing 后悔做过某事； regret to do sth.遗憾的做某事（应用语境非常有限）。

63.We regret to inform you that the materials you ordered are _B_.A out of work B out of stock C out of reach D out of practice

out of work 失业； out of reach 够不着 within reach 够得着； out of practice 缺乏练习。

65.They _C_ in spite of the extremely difficult conditions.A carried out B carried off C carried on D carried forward in spite of 尽管； carry on 坚持，继续。

66.Mrs.Brown is supposed _A_ for Italy last week.A to have left B to be leaving C to leave D to have been left

be supposed to do sth.应该（理应）做某事。

37.He’s watching TV? He’s _D_ to be cleaning his room.A known B considered C regarded D supposed regard as 把…认作

67.My camera can be _B_ to take pictures in cloudy or sunny conditions.A treated B adjusted C adopted D remedied

treat 对待，处理； I’ll treat you.我请客，应用于真正请客之前。It’s on me.应用于结帐时。

adjust vt.调整，调节； adopt vt.收养，领养； remedy vt.弥补，补救，修正；

68.A new technique _C_, the yields as a whole increased by 20 percent.A working out B having worked out

C having been worked out D to have been worded out yields 产量； work out 作出，推出

关于百分数之前介词的用法

increase to 80 percent 增加到80%（增加到用to）

increase by 60 percent增加了60%（表示增加的幅度用by）

55.Between 1974 and 1997, the number of overseas visitors expanded _A_ 27%.A by B for C to D in

69.Children who are over-protected by their parents may become _C_.A hurt B damaged C spoiled D harmed spoil vt.宠坏，溺爱

70.When Mr.Jones gets old, he will _B_ over his business to his son.A take B hand C think D get

take over 接管接收； hand over 移交，交出； think over 仔细考虑； get over 克服，战胜。

-------------------------1991-06-------------------------

41.We had a party last month, and it was a lot of fun, so let’s have _A_ one this month.A another B more C the other D other

不定代词：1 两者中的一个用one；另一个则用the other； 2 很多东西中的一个用one；

剩下的所有叫the others； 3 很多东西中的一个用one；剩下的所有里面再拿一个叫another；

在剩下的里面再拿一个还叫another（单数概念）； 4 很多东西中拿了若干出来用some；

剩下所有叫others； other 后通常要加可数名词的复数形式； more 要用在数词的后面

once more 再来一个（用于很不正式的场合）vravo 再来一个（用于正式场合）

44.No agreement was reached in the discussion as neither side would give way to _A_.A the other B any other C another D other neither 两者中任意一者都不

42.It was difficult to guess what her _B_ to the news would be.A impression B reaction C comment D opinion reaction n.反应； reaction to 对…作出反应。

43.I decided to go to the library as soon as I _D_.A finish what I did B finished what I did

C would finish what I was doing D finished what I was doing

as soon as所引导的时间状语从句与主句的时态搭配有一种情况是主从句都用一般过去时。

45.We are interested in the weather because it _B_ us so directly what we wear, what we do, and even how we feel.A benefits B affects C guides D effects

affect vt.影响； effect n.影响。

46.Will all those _D_ the proposal raise their hands?

A in relation to B in contrast to C in excess of D in favor of in relation to 与…相比； in contrast to 与…形成对照；

in excess of 超过，超出（一定的限定范围）； in favor of 赞同，支持。

47.Children are very curious _D_.A at heart B in person C on purpose D by nature

at heart 在心理，在内心； heart 强调的是内心的感情，mind 强调的是思维，头脑，soul 灵魂

in person 亲自，本人； on purpose 有意的，故意的； by nature 生性（天性）使然。

48.The match was cancelled because most of the members _A_ a match without a standard court.A objected to having B were objected to have C objected to have D were objected to having

58.The man in the corner confessed to _B_ a lie to the manager of the company.A have told B having told C being told D be told confess v.忏悔； confess to 承认，坦白。

49.The teacher doesn’t permit _C_ in class.A smoke B to smoke C smoking D to have a smoke

permit v.允许，准许； permit sb.to do sth.允许某人做某事； permit doing 允许做某事。

-------------------------2000-06-------------------------

21.As we can no longer wait for the delivery of our order, we have to _D_ it.A postpone B refuse C delay D cancel

22.These books, which you can get at any bookshop, will give you _A_ you need.A all the information B all the informations C all of information D all of the informations

23.Not until the game had begun _C_ at the sports ground.A had he arrived B would he have arrived C did he arrive D should he have arrived 24.Young people are not _B_ to stand and look at works of art;they want art they can participate in.[参与，参加]

A conservative B content C confident D generous

conservative adj.保守的； conservative party 保守党； content adj.甘愿的，满足的；

confident adj.自信的，有信心的； generous adj.慷慨的，大方的。

25.Most broadcasters maintain that TV has been unfairly criticized and argue that the power of the medium is _C_.A granted B implied C exaggerated D remedied

maintain 坚持认为； medium n.媒体单数，media n.媒体复数；

grant vt.授予，给予； imply vt.隐含，暗示； exaggerate v.夸大，夸张，高估；

remedy vt.弥补，补救，修正。

26.These surveys indicate that many crimes go _A_ by the police, mainly because not all victims report them.[victims 受害人]

A unrecorded B to be unrecorded C unrecording D to have been unrecorded 27.I have no objection _B_ your story again.[object to + 动名词] A to hear B to hearing C to having heard D to have heard

28.The clothes a person wears may express his _B_ or social position.A curiosity B status C determination D significance status n.身份，地位； significance n.意义，重要性；

29.By law, when one makes a large purchase, he should have _D_ opportunity to change his mind.A accurate B urgent C excessive D adequate

accurate adj.精确的； urgent adj.紧急的，紧迫的； excessive adj.过多的，过度的；

adequate adj.充足的，足够的。

30.You will see this product _B_ wherever you go.A to be advertised B advertised C advertise D advertising

31.The early pioneers had to _C_ many hardships to settle on the new land.A go along with B go back on C go through D go into go through 经历

32.The suggestion that the major _B_ the prizes was accepted by everyone.A would present B present C presents D ought to present

suggestion, suggest 所引导的句子都用虚拟语气。should +（动词原形）

34.Peter, who had been driving all day, suggested _B_ at the next town.A to stop B stopping C stop D having stopped suggest + doing也可以

33.Beer is the most popular drink among male drinkers, _A_ overall consumption is significantly higher than that of women.A whose B which C that D what whose指代的就是他前面的male drinkers.35.I didn't know the word.I had to _C_ a dictionary.A look out B make out C refer to D go over

look up 查阅； look up a word in a dictionary 在字典中查单词；

reference n.参考书目； reference room 资料室；

36.The professor could hardly find sufficient grounds _D_ his arguments in favour of the new theory.[sufficient 充足的，足够的；grounds 论据；arguments 论点] A to be based on B to base on C which to base on D on which to base

base vt.以…作基础，基于… which引导从句时，如果从句是介词结尾则介词应在which之前。

on which(he is)to base

37.There are signs _A_ restaurants are becoming more popular with families.A that B which C in which D whose

sign n.迹象； fact n.事实； evidence n.证据；后面常加同位语从句来说明具体内容。

同位语从句用that（不能省略）引导。

38.I think I was at school, _A_ I was staying with a friend during the vacation when I heard the news.[or else 否则，要不然]

A or else B and then C or so D even so

39.It is said that the math teacher seems _A_ towards bright students.A partial B beneficial C preferable D liable

partial adj.偏袒的，偏爱的（经常与to或towards搭配）

40.In order to show his boss what a careful worker he was, he took _C_ trouble over the figures.[figures 数目，数据；extra 额外的，附加的]

A extensive B spare C extra D supreme

41.“I'm sorry.Mr.Williams _A_ to a conference long before then.” A will have gone B had gone C would have gone D has gone

当要表达将来的行为在将来的某时间之前完成用将来完成时，将来完成时结构：will have + p.p.42.You _D_ him so closely;you should have kept your distance.A shouldn't follow B mustn't follow

C couldn't' have been following D shouldn't have been following should have + p.p.本应该； shouldn’t have + p.p.本不应该

43.The growth of part-time and flexible working patterns, and of training and retraining schemes, _D_ more women to take advantage of employment opportunities.A have allowed B allow C allowing D allows

part-time 兼职； full-time 全职； flexible working patterns 弹性工作制； training 培训；

retraining 再培训； take advantage 利用；

44.Everybody _A_ in the hall where they were welcomed by the secretary.A assembled B accumulated C piled D joined assembled 聚集； secretary 书记。

45.Putting in a new window will _B_ cutting away part of the roof.A include B involve C contain D comprise involve 引起，与…直接有关

46.Living in the western part of the country has its problems, _C_ obtaining fresh water is not the least.[the least 最高级]

A with which B for which C of which D which

42.Living in the central Australian desert has its problems, _C_ obtaining water is not the least.[the least 最高级]

A for which B to which C of which D in which

47.In the _C_ of the project not being a success, the investors stand to lose up to million.[in the event of 万一，如果]

A face B time C event D course

in the face of 面对； in the time of 在…时期； in the course of 在…期间。

48.The manager would rather his daughter _D_ in the same office.A had not worked B not to work C does not work D did not work

would rather + 动词原形； would rather + 句子（用虚拟语气，句子谓语动词用一般过去时）

49._D_, he does get annoyed with her sometimes.A Although much he likes her B Much although he likes her C As he likes her much D Much as he likes her

如果用although引导则应改成：Although he likes her very much, …

50.The British constitution is _B_ a large extent a product of the historical events described above.[无论是在空格前还是后，如果出现了名词extent要找介词就着to] A within B to C by D at to a large extent 在很大程度上。

第3课

倒装：倒装有全部倒装和部分倒装。

谓语部分所有单词都放在主语前是全部倒装。谓语的一部分放在主语的前面是部分倒装。

谓语中的一部分通常是指：

1、系动词；

2、助动词；

3、情态动词。

全部倒装的五条原则：

1.There be句型（表示有）；

2.以There或now开头的句子，且句子谓语动词为come或go；

There you go again.你又去那里了。

3.以Here开头的句子，且句子谓语动词为系动词be； Here you are.拿去。

4.以副词out, in, up, down, away开头的句子；

在2、3、4前提下，如果句子的主语是代词则用陈述句语序。

5.以状语（常见的是地点状语）开头的句子。

部分倒装的六条原则：

1.so放在句首时表示承前肯定，这个句子用部分倒装；

nor, neither放在句首时表示承前否定，句子也用部分倒装；

2.省略了引导词if 的虚拟条件从句，可以把从句中的had, should, could, were中的任何一个提到从句最前面的位置，构成部分倒装；

3.as, though表示“尽管”时引导从句，从句中的表语可以置于引导词之前构成部分倒装；

系动词后面的部分就是表语，形容词、名词、名词性短语可以置于系动词之后。

例如：She is beautiful.They are students.四级考试中出现的是由动词的过去分词转变的形容词作表语的形式。

26._B_ as it was at such a time, his work attracted much attention.A Being published B Published C Publishing D To be published

当题干是as引导一个从句，且as前为一个空格时他表示的就是尽管，空格处要填的就是表语。

being published 正在被出版； to be published 将要被出版。

此句恢复正常语序应为： As it was published at such a time … 4.表示否定含义的单词或短语放在句首，句子用部分倒装；

常见的一些表示否定含义的单词：never, little, few, hardly(… when), scarcely(… when)；

seldom 难得，不常；nowhere 哪里都不。

常见的一些表示否定含义的短语：in no way 决不； on no account 决不；

under no circumstances 在任何情况下都不。

5.only + 状语放在句首，句子用部分倒装；（如果only去掉就是全部倒装）

43.Only under special circumstances _C_ to take make-up tests.A permitted are freshmen B freshmen are permitted C are freshmen permitted D are permitted freshmen

freshmen 新生； make up for 弥补，补偿； make-up tests 补考（缓考）。

6.注意两个表达形式：come what may 无论发生什么情况； say what you will 畅所欲言。

-------------------------1991-06-------------------------强调句式的补充内容：被强调部分是疑问词时的情况。

60.When I try to understand _C_ that prevents so many Americans from being as happy as one might expect, it seems to me that there are two causes.A why it does B what it does C what it is D why it is prevent sb.from doing sth.妨碍（阻止）某人做某事。

强调部分本为： it is what that prevents so many …

又因为句中有疑问词，应写为： what is it that prevents so...11 但强调句式在句中作宾语成分，故正确写法为： what it is that … 50.I like watching TV _C_ to the cinema.A more than to go B than going C more than going D rather than to go

than 除构成固定短语外就要与比较级搭配，不会单独出现； rather than + 动词原形；

平行结构，遇到平行结构时应做的两步： 找出连接词，2 使要填部分与已给出的对应部分形式完全一样。

51.I appreciate _D_ to your home.A to be invited B to have invited C having invited D being invited appreciate + 动名词（不能加动词原形，不能加句子）。

41.I would appreciate _B_ it a secret.A you to keep B your keeping C that you keep D that you will keep your keeping 动名词的复合结构。you keeping 也是正确的。

52.I hope my teacher will take my recent illness into _C_ when judging my examination.A regard B counting C account D observation take sth.into account 考虑。

54.Important people don’t often have much free time as their work _C_ all their time.A take away B take over C take up [占据] D take in

55.When I was very young, I was terribly frightened of school, but I soon ___ it.A got off B got across C got away D got over got over it 克服战胜。

56.Many people complain of the rapid _C_ of modern life.A rate B speed C pace D growth

pace 节奏； rapid pace of modern life现在生活快节奏。

57.San Francisco is usually cool in the summer, but Los Angeles _B_.A is rarely B rarely is C hardly is D is scarcely

rarely, usually 都是频度副词。通常频度副词的位置在系动词之后，表示实在意思的词前面。

58.The speaker, _D_ for her splendid speeches, was warmly received by the audience.A having known B being known C knowing D known

know 没有现在分词；know 用主动形式时只能和两个介词搭配：of, about。

known for 以…而著名。

60.I couldn’t find _A_, and so I took this one.A a large enough coat B an enough large coat C a large coat enough D a coat enough large enough 修饰形容词时要放到形容词后面。

61.I always _B_ what I have said.A get to B hold to C lead to D see to

本题所有选项中的to都是介词，其后加动词动名词的形式。

hold to 坚守，信守； see to 负责做，处理，照料（后面加的都是某件事情，不加人）

62.No sooner had we reached the top of the hill _C_ we all sat down to rest.A when B then C than D until no sooner … than 一…就…

63.Evidence came up _C_ specific speech sounds are recognized by babies as young as 6 months old.A what B which C that D whose

evidence 证据、sign 迹象、fact 事实，后面都要带同位语从句，且从句用that引导。

64.He moved away from his parents, and missed them _A_ enjoy the exciting life in New York.[too … to，太…而不能…]

A too much to B enough to C very much to D much so as to 65.He was _C_ of having asked such a silly question.A sorry B guilty C ashamed D miserable

guilty adj.有罪的； be ashamed of 因…而羞愧（不好意思）的； miserable adj.悲惨的。

66.The last time we had a family reunion was _B_ my brother's wedding ceremony four years ago.A in B at C during D over

ceremony n.典礼，仪式。要表达在某典礼（仪式）上用介词at。

at the graduation ceremony 在毕业典礼上。

67.What _A_ would happen if the director knew you felt that way?

A do you suppose B you suppose C will you suppose D you would suppose do you supposed 常做插入语。

68._D_ the advances of science, the discomforts of old age will no doubt always be with us.[despite prep.尽管； as for 关于，至于] A As for B Besides C Except D Despite

69.How close parents are to their children _B_ a strong influence on the character of the children.A have B has C having D to have

influence on 对…造成影响，很大的影响中形容词用的是strong。

70.He _A_ when the bus came to a sudden stop.A was almost hurt B was hurt himself C was to hurt himself D was hurting himself hurt oneself 自残； be to + 动词原形，将要做某事；

-------------------------1993-06-------------------------

41.Jean did not have time to go to the concert last night because she was busy _C_ for her examination.A to prepare B to be prepared C preparing D being prepared be busy doing sth.忙于做某事

42.Five minutes earlier, _A_ we could have caught the last train.A and B but C or D an order

and 在这里表示一种结果，翻译成“那么（和）”。只有两种情况下and才会这样翻译：

1.省略句 ＋ and + 句子； 2.祈使句 ＋ and + 句子。

47.Turn on the television or open a magazine and you _B_ advertisements showing happy balanced families.A are often seeing B will often see C often see D have often seen

43.I cannot give you _D_ for the type of car you sell because there is no demand for it in the market.A an expense B a charge C a purchase D an order order n.定购，订单； purchase n.购买。

45.By the end of this month, we surely _C_ a satisfactory solution to the problem.A have found B will be finding C will have found D are finding 如果一个句子的时间状语是由by引导的，则时态要选择完成时态。

将来的行为在将来的某个时间之前就已完成用将来完成时。

solution to a problem 一个问题的解决方案。

46.Mr.Wilson said that he did not want to _A_ any further responsibilities.A take on B get on C put up D look up take on 承担； take on responsibility 承担责任。

47.Having no money but _B_ to know, he simply said he would go without dinner.A not to want anyone B not wanting anyone C wanted no one D to want no one dinner n.正餐（多指晚餐）； supper n.夜宵，晚餐； breakfast n.早餐； lunch n.午餐；

brunch n.早午餐。[but前后的句子要平衡]

48.We desire that the tour leader _A_ us immediately of any change in plans.A inform B informs C informed D has informed

desire v.要求，表要求时后面加句子要用虚拟语气，(should)+ 动词原形。

其他同样用法的词还有ask, demand, request, require.49.Not _B_, the process of choosing names varies widely from culture to culture.A obviously B surprisingly C particularly D normally not surprisingly 一点也不奇怪。vary vi.变化。

vary from … to … 从一种形式变化到另一种形式。vary between … and … 在两者之间进行变化。

29.Features such as height, weight, and skin color _B_ from individual to individual and from face to face.A change B vary C alter D convert

individual n.个人，个体； individualism n.个人主义。

44.The hope, goals, fears and desires _D_ widely between men and women, between the rich and the poor.A alter B shift C transfer D vary

50.A man escaped from the prison last night.It was a long time _A_ the guards discovered what had happened.A before B until C since D when

It + 系动词 + 一段时间 + before引导的句子 在…之前花费多少时间。

54.Scientists say it may be five or ten years _D_ it is possible to test this medicine on human patients.A since B when C after D before

51.In the experiment we kept a watchful eye _D_ the developments and recorded every detail.[keep a watchful eye on 密切主意，留神] A in B at C for D on

52.There's little chance that mankind would _D_ a nuclear war.A retain B endure C maintain D survive

retain vt.保持，保留； endure v.忍受； maintain vt.维持，保持，坚持认为；

survive vi.生存； vt.活过 …（宾语为某种灾难）。survive a flood 活过一场洪水。

前缀sur表示过 …，外，超； vive 表示生活，强调活着。

54.They usually have less money at the end of the month than _C_ at the beginning.A which is B which was C they have D it is

less … than句子前后要平衡结构。

55.In the course of a day students do far more than just _A_ classes.14 A attend B attended C to attend D attending

far more than 远远多于，远不止于；也要句子前后平衡结构。

56.The French pianist [n.钢琴师] who had been praised very highly _C_ to be a great disappointment.A turned up B turned in C turned out D turned down

turn up 后面不加宾语表示出现，后面加宾语表示将声音调高，调大；

turn in + 宾语 上缴，交出； turn down 将声音调低，调小；拒绝；

refuse sb.指直接的回绝； turn sb.down 则指委婉的拒绝；

turn out + 动词不定式 最终证明是，结果是。

57.Many difficulties have _B_ as a result of the change over to a new type of fuel.A risen B arisen C raised D arrived

因本句未加宾语，估不应选不及物动词，可排除C项； arrive vi.到达，抵达；

rise vi.升起，升高（侧重指旗帜或太阳升起）；数量的增高（侧重指水位、价位）；

the sun rises in the east and sets in the west 太阳东升西落。

arise vi.升起，升高，出现，发生（经常与抽象名词联用）。

69.A completely new situation will _B_ when the examination system comes into existence.A arise B rise C raise D arouse

33.Last year the advertising rate _D_ by 20 percent.A raised B aroused C arose D rose

58.He made such a _D_ contribution to the university that they are naming one of the new buildings after him.A genuine B minimum C modest D generous

name after 以…的名字来命名。genuine adj.真正的，货真价实的； genuine leather 真皮；

minimum adj.最低的，最小的； modest adj.谦虚谨慎的，适度的；

generous adj.慷慨的，慷慨大方的（修饰贡献等用这个）。

59.Helen was much kinder to her youngest child than she was to the others, _D_, of course, made the others jealous.A who B that C what D which

which在这里是引导非限定性定语从句，which引导非限定性定语从句有2个特点：

1.which前面有逗号与其他句子分开。2.which指的是前面整句话的内容。

as也可以引导非限定性定语从句，指的都是一句话的内容。

which指一句话的内容只能置于该句之后，而as既可以在后也可以在前。

67._C_ is known to the world, Mark Twain is great American writer.A That B Which C As D It

60.In the advanced course students must take performance tests at monthly _B_.A gaps B intervals C length D distance

interval n.间隔（即可指空间间隔，也可指时间间隔），四级考试中专考时间间隔的概念。

interval是固定与介词at搭配的。

23.Students or teachers can participate in excursions to lovely beaches around the island at regular _D_.A gaps B rate C length D intervals

at regular rate 以规则的速度； at regular interval 以规则的时间间隔；

61.Mr.Johnson preferred _A_ heavier work to do.A to be given B to be giving C to have given D having given

64.Our company decided to _D_ the contract because a number of the conditions in it had not been met.A destroy B resist C assume D cancel 65.She is _C_ a musician than her brother.A much of B much as C more of D more as be of 具有某种性质、品质或特点；

66.Having been found guilty, the man was given a severe _B_ by the judge.A service B sentence C crime D crisis

sentence n.判决，判刑； crisis n.危机； economic crisis 经济危机；

68.The residents, _C_ had been damaged by the flood, were given help by the Red Cross.A all their homes B all whose homes C all of whose homes D all of their homes 当给出了句子的主语，且后面有两部分谓语动词，这两部分谓语动词之间又没有连接词，时态也不同时，离主语近的谓语动词应为从句的组合成分。

69.You can't afford to let the situation get worse.You must take _D_ to put it right.A decisions B directions C sides D steps

take steps 采取措施，采取行动； take measures 采取措施；

70.Look at the terrible situation I am in!If only I _B_ your advice.A follow B had followed C would follow D have followed if only 如果，要是...就好了，其后面的句子一定要用虚拟语气。

1.如果if only后面的句子表示与现在或将来的事实相反，这时谓语动词用一般过去时体现虚拟语气。

2.如果if only后面的句子表示与过去的事实相反，这时谓语动词用过去完成时体现虚拟语气。

47.If only the committee _D_ the regulations and put them into effect as soon as possible A approve B will approve C can approve D would approve

如果if only后面的句子表示与现在或将来的事实相反，这时谓语动词用一般过去时，也可以用would + 动词原形。

-------------------------1995-06-------------------------

42.Mark often attempts to escape _C_ whenever he breaks traffic regulations.A having been fined B to have been fined C being fined B to be fined escape + 动名词。

44.It is recommended that the project _A_ until all the preparations have been made.A not be started B will not be started C is not started D is not to be started

recommend vt.推荐，建议，后面加句子要用虚拟语气，谓语动词的形式：(should)+ 动词原形

45.I wish I _D_ longer this morning, but I had to get up and come to class.A have slept B slept C might have slept D could have slept

wish 后面的句子要用虚拟语气，表示与过去事实相反用：情态动词 + have + 动词过去分词。

might经常被翻译成或许。

46.We didn't know his telephone number, otherwise we _D_ him.A had telephoned B must have telephoned C would telephone D would have telephoned

otherwise, or等表示“否则”的词，后面句子都要用虚拟语气。

48.While people may refer to television for up-to-minute news [最新的消息], it is unlikely that television _A_ the newspaper completely.16 A will replace B have replaced C replace D replaced

49.An Olympic Marathon [马拉松] is 26 miles and 385 yards, approximately [大约] _B_ from Marathon to Athens [雅典].A distance B the distance C is the distance D the distance is

50.You will want two trees about ten feet apart, from _D_ to suspend your tent.A there B them C where D which

介词 + which + 动词不定式(to do sth.)整体做定语。

本句可改写为：You will want two tress about ten feet apart, to suspend your tent from.只要见到有介词出现在空格之前，而选项中有which, them, there, where等词则应选which。

51.As I was just getting familiar with this job, I had _C_ to ask my boss.A many B most C much D more

当many没有修饰任何其他词而单独出现时表示很多人。much在这里相当于many things。

52._A_ quite recently, most mothers in Britain did not take paid work outside the home.A Until B Before C From D Since

until recently 直到最近； not surprisingly 一点也不奇怪。

53.The survival of civilization as we know it is _C_ threat.A within B towards C under D upon under threat 受到威胁。

55.In some countries, _D_ is called “equality” [平等] does not really mean equal rights for all people.A which B one C that D what

that可以引导主语从句，但只做引导词而不充当任何成分。

56.I walked too much yesterday and _A_ are still aching now.A my leg muscles B my muscles of leg C my leg's muscles D my muscles of the leg 英语中一个名词修饰另外一个名词时第一个名词要用单数。apple trees, eye drops 57.Radio, television and press _B_ of conveying news and information.A are the most three common means B are the three most common means C are the most common three means D are three the most common means

几个词修饰一个名词时修饰词的顺序应为：1.定冠词the应该放在最前面（离名词最远）的位置；

2.数词应放在第二位；3.最后考虑其他形容词。

58.Liquids are like solids _C_ they have a definite volume.A with that B for that C in that D at that

三个与that的搭配的表达形式：now that, in that [因为], except that。

59.When a fire _C_ at the National Exhibition in London, at least ten priceless paintings were completely destroyed.A broke off B broke down C broke out D broke up break out（火灾、战争）突然发生，爆发；

60.The destruction of these treasures was a loss for mankind that no amount of money could _D_.[make up for 弥补]

A stand up to B put up with C come up with D make up for

61.Then the speaker _B_ the various factors leading to the present economic crisis.A went after B went into C went for D went on

go after 追求，设法得到； go into 谈论，叙述； go for 袭击/支持； go on 继续。

62.The students was just about to _C_ the questions, when suddenly he found the answer A arrive at B submit to C give up D work out

63.When there are small children around, it is necessary to put bottles of pills out of _B_.A hand B reach C hold D place

out of reach 够不着； within reach 够得找。

64.The _D_ of blood always makes him feel sick.A form B look C view D sight

form n.形式，形状； view n.风景，景色/视野，视域； look 指的是主观有意识的看；

sight n.看见，瞥见（不强调主客观）。

66.Free medical treatment in this country covers sickness of mind as well as _B_ sickness A normal B ordinary C average D regular

sickness of mind 精神病； normal adj.正常的； average adj.平均的，中等水平的；

regular adj.有规律的，规则的； ordinary sickness 一般性疾病。

68.Although he had looked through all the reference material on the subject, he still found it hard to understand this point and her explanation only _C_ to his confusion.A extended B amounted C added [add to 增加] D turned 70.It took him several months to ___ the wild horse.A tend B cultivate C tame D breed

tame vt.驯服； breed 强调的是繁殖，侧重指大批量的繁殖。

It take sb.sometime to do sth.做某事花了某人多少时间。

第4课

主谓一致：指的就是给出主语，要求判断谓语动词是用单数还是复数的问题。

一、就近原则：

指句子的主语由两部分单词或短语构成时，由离谓语动词近的那部分主语来决定谓语动词的单复数。

只有当以下单词或短语连接主句的两部分时就近原则才适用：

1.or 或者； 2.either … or … 不是…就是…，…或… ； 3.neither … nor … 既不…也不… ；

4.not only … but also … 不但…而且… ； 5.not … but … 不是…而是… 例如：主语1 or 主语2 谓语动词。此时由主语2决定谓语动词。

10._C_ either he or his accountants going to claim for the loss? A Are B Where C Is D Does

如果题目改变为：Either he or his accountants ___ going … 则应选A

二、句子谓语动词一定用复数的两种情况：

1.集合名词做主语，集合名词没有复数形式，因为他本身就代表一个复数概念。

常见的几个复合名词： people 人民，人们； police 警察； cattle 牛； poultry 家禽。

2.表示数量的复数名词 + 不可数名词，整体做主语时

例如：去年出口了八百万顿煤。Eight million tons of coal were exported last year.三、谓语动词一定用单数的六种情况：

1.句子的主语是由从句充当的、动词不定式短语作主语、动名词短语作主语；

2.表示时间、重量、长度、价值四方面的词做主语；

399.--“How many days?”

0--“Did you say that five days _C_ required to complete that work?”

A are B were C was D is

3.表示单数概念的主语，短语，谓语动词，此时谓语动词也用单数；

因为此结构中短语只是对主语提供附加说明情况，所以谓语动词也用单数。

当以下这些标志性的介词或介词短语出现在此结构中时可以不管中间的附加说明情况：

with, together with, like, except, besides, in addition to, rather than, as well as 注意：表示复数概念的主语，短语，谓语动词，此时谓语动词应用复数。

4.each, every, either, some, any, no，由以上六个词中任何一个所构成的复合代词作主语时；

some经常构成的三个复合代词：something, somebody, someone；

no经常构成的三个复合代词：nothing, nobody, no one； either of + 短语；

5.通常由and连接两部分这种形式做主语谓语动词要用复数，但在以下两种情况下则应用单数；

1> and连接的两部分指的是同一事物；

2> and连接的两部分被no, each, every中任何一个词修饰时；

例如：每位男士和女士都要着装得体。be supposed to do sth.理应，应该做某事。

Every man and every woman is supposed to dress properly.11.Many an airplane _B_ in the exhibition.A are shown B has been shown C has shown D show them

many a(an)很多，相当于many； many a(an)+ 可数名词单数，做主语时谓语动词用单数。

6.many a(an)+ 可数名词单数，作主语时谓语动词用单数。

9.Not only Joan but her sisters _B_ the combination to the safe which contains the list of the family securities.A have known B know C knows D is knowing not only … but also … 的一种变形形式，not only … but … 另一种变形形式not only … but … as well

combination n.密码； combination to the safe 保险箱密码； securities有价证券。

-------------------------2000-01-------------------------

41.She ought to stop work;she has a headache because she _A_ too long.A has been reading B had read C is reading D read had read 过去完成时要与一般过去时搭配。

has been reading 现在完成进行时：指某行为从过去一点到现在一直在进行。

42.Niagara Falls is a great tourist _B_, drawing millions of visitors every year.A attention B attraction C appointment D arrangement

tourist attraction 旅游胜地； attention n.注意力； appointment n.委任的职位，约会；

date n.日期，约会，枣；表示约会时指的是异性之间的私人约会。arrangement n.布置，安排

blind date 两人第一次见面的约会。appointment 指公事性质的，比较正式的约会。

43.I don't mind _B_ the decision as long as it is not too late.A you to delay making B your delaying making C your delaying to make D you delay to make

mind 后要加动名词； delay v.耽搁，延误（后面也要加动名词）

45.Corn originated in the New World and thus was not known in Europe until Columbus found it _A_ in Cuba.A being cultivated B been cultivated C having cultivated D cultivating

46.The sale usually takes place outside the house, with the audience _C_ on benches, chairs or boxes.19 A having seated B seating C seated D having been seated 注意：seat是及物动词，及物动词用主动形式，后面要直接加宾语。

Be seated please.请坐。英语中只有及物动词才有被动语态。

47.This kind of glasses manufactured by experienced craftsmen _B_ comfortably.A is worn B wears C wearing D are worn

当wear表穿戴时，而句子的主语是被穿戴的东西时，wear是不及物动词，没有被动语态。

65.The coming of the railways in the 1830s _A_ our society and economic life.A transformed B transported C transferred D transmitted 字根trans在四级中着重考的含义是“从一个地方到另一个地方”。

transform 改革，变革，改变； transport 运输； transfer 转移，移动；

transmit 传送，播送；疾病的传染，传播； transplant 移植。

48.Some diseases are _D_ by certain water animals.A transplanted B transformed C transported D transmitted 49.Wouldn't you rather your child _B_ to bed early? A go B went C would go D goes

would rather的两种用法：1 would rather + 动词原形； would rather + 句子（句子谓语动词用一般过去时体现虚拟语气）。

50.Although Anne is happy with her success she wonders _B_ will happen to her private life.[wonder后面要加疑问词] A that B what C it D this

51.The words of his old teacher left a _C_ impression on his mind.He is still influenced by them.[lasting adj.持久的，永久的； liberal adj.开明的，心胸开阔的] A long B lively C lasting D liberal 52.Mike's uncle insists _D_ in this hotel.A staying not B not to stay C that he would not stay D that he not stay insist的两种用法：1 insist on … 坚持，坚决要求； insist + that引导的从句（从句谓语动词为[should] + 动词原形）

53.We agree to accept _D_ they thought was the best tourist guide.A whatever B whomever C whichever D whoever they thought是插入语，可以不看； tourist guide 导游。

56.Although many people view conflict as bad, conflict is sometimes useful _C_ it forces people to test relative merits of their attitudes and behaviors.A by which B to which C in that D so that

句子的意思是：如果冲突以后能回家反省一下自己是好事情。

in that 因为； conflict n.冲突； relative merits 相比较而言的优点； so that 以至于。

57.He is _A_ about his chances of winning a gold medal in the Olympics next year.A optimistic B optional C outstanding D obvious

optimistic adj.乐观的； pessimistic adj.悲观的； be optimistic about 对…持乐观态度。

optional adj.随意的，任选的，非强制性的； optional courses 选修课；

outstanding adj.卓越的，杰出的； obvious adj.明显的。

58.Sometimes I wish I _B_ in a different time and a different place.A be living B were living C would live D would have lived wish后加的句子一定要用虚拟语气。

与现在事实相反，wish后的句子经常用一般过去时来体现虚拟语气。

59.The director was critical _C_ the way we were doing the work.A at B in C of D with

be critical of 对...爱挑剔的，批评。

60.In a sudden _B_ of anger, the man tore up everything within reach.A attack B burst C split D blast

within reach 够得着； out of reach 够不着； burst 爆发，迸发；

burst可以与很多词语搭配表示突然发作： 能与人的情绪（喜、怒、哀、乐）搭配； 2 能与掌声、笑声搭配。

61._D_ she realized it was too late to go home.A No sooner it grew dark than B Hardly did it grow dark that C Scarcely had it grown dark than D It was not until dark that

no sooner在句首时句子要用部分倒装；hardly要与when搭配；scarcely也要与when搭配。

62.In Britain people _C_ four million tons of potatoes every year.A swallow B dispose C consume D exhaust

swallow 吞，咽； dispose 去掉，处理，安排； consume 消费，消耗； consumer 消费者；

exhaust 将资源消耗殆尽；如果与人在一个句子中搭配则表示使人精疲力竭。

63.I'd _A_ his reputation with other farmers and business people in the community, and then make a decision about whether or not to approve a loan.A take into account B account for C make up for D make out take into account 考虑； make up for 弥补，补偿。

65.She cooked the meat for a long time so as to make it _D_ enough to eat.A mild B slight C light D tender

mild adj.不辣的； hot adj.辣的； extra hot 极辣的；

light adj.清淡的，容易消化的；蛋糕点心等松软的； muffin n.松饼；

slight adj.轻微的，少量的； tender adj.肉嫩的。

steak n.牛排；rare 三成熟的；medium 七成熟的；well-done 全熟的；medium rare 五成熟。

66.We take our skin for granted until it is burned _A_ repair.A beyond B for C without D under

take sth.for granted 把什么事当成理所当然的而不重视； beyond prep.超出 … 的范围。

67.The computer revolution may well change society as _C_ as did the Industrial Revolution.A certainly B insignificantly C fundamentally D comparatively

certainly 当然的，确定无疑的（主观思想较浓厚）； insignificantly 没有意义的，无足轻重的；

comparatively 相比较而言的； fundamentally 根本性的，从本质上来说。

68._C_ in this way, the situation doesn't seem so disappointing.A To look at B Looking at C Looked at D To be looked at

70.Some women _D_ a good salary in a job instead of staying home, but they decided not to work for the sake of the family.A must make B should have made C would make D could have made for the sake of为了… ；为了…的利益；

与过去事实相反时用：情态动词 + have + 动词过去分词；

should have + 动词过去分词，表示本应该…-------------------------1997-06-------------------------32.You cannot be _B_ careful when you drive a car.A very B too C so D enough

cannot too 在…也不为过，越…越好。

34.Every man in this country has the right to live where he wants to _A_ the color of his skin.[regardless of 不管，不顾]

A regardless of B in the light of C by virtue of D with the exception of

35.Housewives who do not go out to work feel they are not working to their full _B_.A strength B capacity C length D possibility

strength n.力量，体力，实力； capacity n.才能，才智（能力方面）。

38.The old couple decided to _C_ a boy and a girl though they had three of their own.A adapt B bring C adopt D receive

39.The government is trying to do something to _D_ better understanding between the two countries.A raise B increase C heighten D promote promote better understanding 增进理解。

40.The newspaper did not mention the _A_ of the damage caused by the fire.A extent B level C range D quantity

extent作核心名词，表示到…程度了，介词用to。

41.The soldier was _A_ of running away when the enemy attacked.A accused B charged C scolded D punished

be accused of 被指控，被职责； be charged with 被指控。

42.Had he worked harder, he _D_ the exams.A must have got through B could get through C would get through D would have got through

had he worked harder(虚拟语气)= if he had worked harder … 与过去事实相反用：情态动词 + have + 动词的过去分词。

45.It seems oil _B_ from this pipe for some time.We'll have to take the machine apart to put it right.A had leaked B has been leaking C leaked D is leaking

for + 一段时间，做时间状语，谓语动词用完成时态。过去完成时要与一般过去时搭配。

46.When he arrived, he found _C_ the aged and the sick at home.A nothing but B none other C none but D no other than 形容词前加the表示一类人。none but 只有，仅有。

47.The pressure _B_ causes Americans to be energetic, but it also puts them under a constant emotional strain.A competing B to compete C to be competed D having competed the right to vote 选举权。动词不定式作后置定语要用主动形式。

the pressure to compete 竞争的压力。

49.As teachers we should concern ourselves with what is said, not what we think _C_.A have to be said B must say C ought to be said D need to say

50.Once environmental damage _A_, it takes many years for the system to recover.A is done B is to do C does D has done

51.Studies show that the things that contribute most to a sense of happiness cannot be bought, _B_ a good family life, friendship and work satisfaction.A as for B such as C in case of D in view of contribute to 对…做出贡献。

52.He will agree to do what you require _D_ him.A for B from C to D of

require sth.of sb.要求某人做某事。

53.The mere fact _A_ most people believe nuclear war would be madness does not mean that it will not occur.A that B which C what D why fact后面要加同位语从句。

54.John seems nice person._C_, I don't trust him.A Even though B Therefore C Even so D Though even so 即便如此，尽管如此。

55.I don't think it advisable that Tom _A_ to the job since he has no experience.A be assigned B will be assigned C is assigned D has been assigned advisable后面加句子要用虚拟语气，形式为：（should）+ 动词原形。

56._D_, a man who expresses himself effectively is sure to succeed more rapidly than a man whose command of language is poor.A Other things to be equal B Were other things equal C To be equal to other things D Other things being equal B项如果不省略if应为：If other things were equal 如果从句用虚拟语气，主句也必须用虚拟语气形式。

other things being equal 在这里是独立主格做条件状语。

57._C_ that my head had cleared, my brain was also beginning to work much better.A For B Since C Now D Despite 注意以下三个后面加句子的表达形式：

in that 由于，因为； 2 now that 既然，由于； 3 except that 除了…之外。

59.By 1929, Mickey Mouse was as popular _B_ children as Coca-Cola.A for B with C to D in

be popular with + 人的群体 受…欢迎。

60.Because Edgar was convinced of the accuracy of this fact, he _A_ his opinion.A stuck to B strove for C stuck at D stood for

be convinced of 深信，确信； stick to 坚持； strive for 力求，拼命争取。

Don’t strive for perfection.不要凡是都力求达到完美状态。

-------------------------XXXX-XX-------------------------48.It’s no use _B_ me not to worry.A you tell B your telling C for you to have told D having told

It's no use + 动名词。动名词的复合结构，宾格（形容词性物主代词）+ 动名词。

52.If it _A_ too much trouble, I’d love a cup of tea.A isn’t B wasn’t C weren’t D hadn’t been 一般日常用语，用一般时。

56.She was glad that her success would ___ for the women who would follow.A make things easier B make it easier C be easier D be easier to make make for 导致，促成；朝某个方向前进，走向那里。

不要选有代词指代不明的选项。A项中的things指的是境况，境遇。

60.We object _C_ punishing a whole group for one person’s fault.A against B about C to D for

68.The newest satellite can _A_ a thousand telephone conversations and a color TV program at the same time.A carry B extend C bring D take

carry vt.传送，传输； extend vt.延伸，延续（extend to 延伸到，延续到）。

fetch vt.去拿来，去请来，去叫来； fetch water 打水。

-------------------------1995-01-------------------------

41.The grey building is where the workers live, and the white one is where the spare parts _B_.[spare parts零部件]

A are producing B are produced C produced D being produced

48._A_ a teacher in a university, it is necessary to have at least a master's degree.A To become B Become C One become D On becoming

master's degree 硕士学位； 当介词on后面加动词ing形式时表示时间概念“在…之后”。

49.The little man was _C_ more than one metre fifty tall.A nearly B quite C hardly D almost hardly more than 不足，不到。

36.The little man was _B_ one metre fifty high.A almost more than B hardly more than C nearly more than D as much as 53.Medical care reform has become this country's most important public health _C_.A question B stuff C matter D issue

matter 事物，事情； question 有疑而问，并且有待回答的问题；

questions and answers Q & A 问与答； issue n.问题（强调的是政治方面的问题）。

1999年前，台湾问题Taiwan issue；1999年后，台湾问题Taiwan question，态度转变。

60.If you don't like to swim, you _B_ stay at home.A should as well B may as well C can as well D would as well may as well 还是，到不如。

70.They are teachers and don't realize _A_ to start and run a company.A what it takes B what takes it C what they take D what takes them start and run a company 创立并经营一家公司。

-------------------------1996-06-------------------------

23.A healthy life is frequently thought to be _D_ with the open countryside and homegrown food.A tied B bound C involved D associated

be involved with 牵涉，卷入； be associated with 与...相关，联系起来。

homegrown food 自家种的食品； wine 葡萄酒； house wine 自家的酒。

33.The traditional approach _A_ with complex problems is to break them down into smaller, more easily managed problems.A to dealing B in dealing C dealing D to deal approach n.方式，方法； approach to + 动名词。

43.It's already 5 o'clock now.Don't you think it's about time _C_?

A we are going home B we go home C we went home D we can go home it's about time后面加句子，要用一般过去时来体现虚拟语气。

44.Lightning is a _A_ of electrical current from a cloud to the ground or from one cloud to another.[Lightning n.闪电]

A rush B rainbow C rack D ribbon

rush n.冲撞，冲击，撞击； rainbow n.彩虹，幻想； rack n.支架，挂架；

ribbon n.缎带，丝带，绒带。

46.I've already told you that I'm going to buy it, _A_.A however much it costs B however does it costs much C how much does it cost D no matter how it costs

however在这里不表示转折，而是句子的引导词，这种情况下它相当于：no matter how。

意思是，我已经决定要买了，不管多少钱。

47.New York _A_ second in the production of apples, producing 850,000,000 pounds this year.[rank 排名，名列第几，强调名列前茅；Big Apple 纽约] A ranked B occupied C arranged D classified

第5课

虚拟语气

一、虚拟语气的规则用法：

1主、从句都表示与过去事实相反：

从句的谓语动词用：had + 动词过去分词；

主句的谓语动词用：情态动词 + have + 动词过去分词。

注意：能用于虚拟语气的情态动词只有四个：should, could, would, might.使用哪一个情态动词要由句子含义决定，考试中出现最多的是could, would.2 主、从句都表示与现在事实相反：

从句的谓语动词用：动词过去式（如果是be则只能用were）

主句的谓语动词用：情态动词 + 动词原形。主、从句都表示与将来事实相反：

从句的谓语动词用：were to + 动词原形（重点）、should + 动词原形、动词过去式；

主句的谓语动词用：情态动词 + 动词原形。

二、虚拟语气的特殊应用： would rather + 句子，这时句子谓语动词用一般过去时来体现虚拟语气。if only 如果，要是...就好了，if only + 句子，这时句子一定要用虚拟语气。

有两种形式可以体现虚拟语气：

a.如果该句子如果表示与现在或将来事实相反，谓语动词用一般过去时。

b.如果该句子如果表示与过去事实相反，谓语动词用过去完成时。

70.Look at the terrible situation I am in!If only I _B_ your advice.A follow B had followed C would follow D have followed

47.If only the committee _D_ the regulations and put them into effect as soon as possible A approve B will approve C can approve D would approve

注意：当if only后的句子表示与现在或将来事实相反，该用动词过去式来表示虚拟语气，而选项中又没有时，可以采用这种形式：would + 动词原形。当以下动词后加句子时，句子应用虚拟语气，句子谓语动词的形式是：（should）+ 动词原形。

a.表示建议、提议的：suggest, advise, propose, recommend, move.[move只有在表达在会议上提出提议时后面加虚拟语气] b.表示要求的：ask, demand, require, request, desire.c.表示指挥、命令的：order, command, direct.d.表示坚持，坚持认为的：insist.25 4 it is + 第三点中动词的过去分词 + that引导的从句。

这样的结构中从句谓语动词形式为：（should）+ 动词原形。

以下几个形容词置于该结构中时也要用相同的形式来体现虚拟语气：

important, necessary, essential, obligatory（有义务的，强制性的，必须的）。第三点中动词相应的名词形式 + that引导从句，该从句同样要用虚拟语气，谓语动词形式为：（should）+ 动词原形。

经常用于这种结构的词有：suggestion, advice, proposal, recommendation, motion.6 以下一些表达方式所在的句子一定要用虚拟语气。

or(表示否则), otherwise, unless, but for(若不是，若非)

当遇到含有以上四个表达方式的句子时，先要判断该句是表示与现在、过去、还是将来事实相反，然后依照相应的虚拟语气规则用法的形式来确定句子结构。

含有下面三个表达方式的句子体现虚拟语气的形式是固定的：

lest(以免，防备), for fear that(惟恐), on condition that(在..条件下)它们后面句子的谓语动词的形式都是：（should）+ 动词原形。it is time 是...的时候了。

这个结构有以下两种变形形式，所用虚拟语气形式都一样：it is high time / it is about time.这三个结构后面加的句子谓语动词都用一般过去时来体现虚拟语气。注意以下两种情况下should + 动词原形中should不能省略。

这里should表示一种语气，经常被翻译成“竟然”。

a.四个动词：think, believe, expect, suspect.它们的否定或者疑问形式后面加句子，句子谓语动词用：should + 动词原形，should不能省略。

I don't believe that he should be cheated.我不相信他也会被骗。

b.it is a pity, it is a shame 真遗憾，it is strange 真怪

以上三个结构后面加的句子谓语动词用：should + 动词原形，should不能省略。

错综时态的虚拟语气

错综时态的虚拟语气即指主句和从句在表达是与什么时态的事实相反上并不一致（比如主句要表达与现在事实相反而从句要表达与过去事实相反），这种情况要采用“对号入座”的方法来处理，即主从句结构分别采用与其表达时态对应的结构。

60.If I hadn’t stood under the ladder to catch you when you fell, you _A_ now.A wouldn't be smiling B couldn't have smiled C won't smile D didn't smile 2.If you had studied the problem carefully yesterday, _C_.A you won’t find any difficulty now B you would not have found any difficulty now C you would not find any difficulty now D you have not found any difficulty now 3.He would be studying at the university now if he _C_ the entrance examination.A passed B have passed C had passed D should have passed 16.It is a shame that he _B_ that poor little girl!

A deceived B should deceive C deceive D deceiving

18.Mrs.bliss kept the door and the windows shut lest the noise outside _D_ her son's sleep.[lest(以免，防备)后面句子的谓语动词的形式都是：（should）+ 动词原形] A would interfere with B had interfered with C interfered with D should interfere with-------------------------1996-01-------------------------

21.The fifth generation computers, with artificial intelligence, _C_ and perfected now.A)developed B have developed C are being developed D will have been developed

22.This ticket _C_ you to a free meal in our new restaurant.A gives B grants C entitles D credits

A,B两项都要加双宾语，结构为：gives / grants sb.sth.entitle sb.to sth.使某人有权得到某物； credit A to B 相信A是由B造成的。

相信飞机失事是由飞行员错误造成的。Credit the crash to the pilot's mistake.crash 坠落，坠毁（专指飞机失事）； collision 碰撞（强调两个物体碰撞，如火车、汽车等）。

we are sorry, very sorry, terribly sorry, awfully sorry.23.You _D_ her in her office last Friday;she's been out of town for two weeks.A needn't have seen B must have seen C might have seen D can't have seen

24.That was so serious a matter that I had no choice but _D_ the police.A called in B calling in C call in D to call in have no choice but to do sth.别无选择，只能做...25.She was so _B_ in her job that she didn't hear anybody knocking at the door.A attracted B absorbed C drawn D concentrated

be attracted by 被…所吸引； be absorbed in 全神贯注（专注）于做… be drawn in 被诱骗（诱使）做...； concentrate on 专注于。

I was simply drawn in.我是被诱骗上钩的。

27.At first, the speaker was referring to the problem of pollution in the country, but halfway in her speech, she suddenly _B_ to another subject.A committed B switched C favoured D transmitted

switch to another subject 转换话题； switch to another channel 转换频道。

28.It is politely requested by the hotel management that radios _C_ after 11 o'clock at night.[虚拟语气]

A were not played B not to play C not be played D did not play

29.Although I like the appearance of the house, what really made me decide to buy it was the beautiful _D_ through the window.A vision B look C picture D view view n.景色，风景，视野，视域。

30.Cancer is second only _B_ heart disease as a cause of death.A of B to C with D from

具有比较意味的形容词都要与介词to搭配。

32.The manager needs an assistant that he can _A_ to take care of problems in his absence.[in his absence 在某人不在场的情况下]

A count on B count in C count up D count out

presence n.到场，出席； in one’s presence 在某人在场的情况下。

count on=depend on 指望，依靠，依赖； count up 算出总数；

count in 把…算在内； count out 把...排除在外。

33.The organization had broken no rules, but _A_ had it acted responsibly.A neither B so C either D both

34.We gave out a cheer when the red roof of the cottage came _D_ view.A from B in C before D into

come into view 进入视野，进入眼帘。cheer n.欢呼； cheers 干杯；

cheer-team 拉拉队； cheer-leader 拉拉队长。英语中为了…干杯用介词to引起。

to your health 为了你的健康干杯； to friendship为了友谊干杯。bottom up 先干了。

35.They took _D_ measures to prevent poisonous gases from escaping.A fruitful B beneficial C valid D effective

take effective measures 采取有效措施。valid adj.有效的，成立的。

36.Doing your homework is a sure way to improve your test scores, and this is especially true _A_ it comes to classroom tests.A when B since C before D after

sure 做定语时表示“可靠的、稳妥的”。come to 谈到，提及。

37.Careful surveys have indicated that as many as 50 percent of patients do not take drugs _D_ directed.A like B so C which D as

drug n.药品，毒品。gay adj.放荡的，快乐的； n.同性恋者，尤指男性同性恋。

so后面加过去分词表示一种程度。as后面加过去分词时表示“如同…那样，正如…那样”。

53.I hope all the precautions against air pollution, _D_ suggested by the local government, will be seriously considered here.A while B since C after D as

precautions n.防治措施； precautions against 防治…的措施。

after being + 过去分词，注意：after后面不能直接加过去分词。

38.In developing countries people are _C_ into overcrowded cities in great numbers.A breaking B filling C pouring D hurrying pour into 涌入，蜂拥而入。break into 强行闯入。

39.It's reported that by the end of this month the output of cement in the factory _A_ by about 10%.[output 产量]

A will have risen B has risen C will be rising D has been rising 表达将来的行为在将来某时间之前完成用将来完成时。

40.If I had remembered _A_ the window, the thief would not have got in.A to close B closing C to have closed D having closed remember to do sth.记得要做某事但没做。

41.There are other problems which I don't propose to _A_ at the moment.A go into B go around C go for D go up at the moment 目前，现在。go into 谈论，讨论。

42.Don't get your schedule _C_;stay with us in this class.A to change B changing C changed D change

43.It is quite necessary for a qualified teacher to have good manners and _A_ knowledge.A extensive B expansive C intensive D expensive

extensive adj.范围广大的，广博的； extensive knowledge 知识渊博。

expansive adj.扩张的，面积广阔的； expensive adj.昂贵的，高价的。

intensive adj.仔细深入的，细致入微的。

54.The patient's health failed to such an extent that he was put into _C_ care.A tense B rigid C intensive D tight

to such an extent 到如此的程度。intensive care 特级护理。

44.Jean doesn't want to work right away because she thinks that if she _B_ a job she probably wouldn't be able to see her friends very often.A has to get B were to get C had got D could have got

46.A love marriage, however, does not necessarily _B_ much sharing of interests and responsibilities.[a love marriage因相爱而结婚形成的婚姻] A take over B result in C hold on D keep to

not necessarily 未必； interests n.利益。take over 接管，接收；

result in 导致，结果是； hold on 坚持，挺住； keep to 坚持，遵守。

47.The ability to store knowledge makes computers different form every other machine _A_ invented.[ever adj.曾经，以往任何时候] A ever B thus C yet D as

48.I'm not sure whether I can gain any profit from the investment, so I can't make a(n)_C_ promise to help you.A exact B defined C definite D sure

definite: unlikely to be changed 不可能被改变的； definite promise 不可能被改变的诺言。

49.I have kept that portrait _B_ I can see it every day, as it always reminds me of my university days in London.A which B where C whether D when

which在定语从句中除了做主语就是做宾语，when在定语从句中只能做时间状语。

remind sb.of sth.使某人想起某事。

50.The sports meet, originally due to be held last Friday, was finally _D_ because of the bad weather.[sports meet=sports meeting 运动会] A set off B broken off C worn off D called off-------------------------1997-01-------------------------21.Until then, his family _D_ from him for six months.A didn't hear B hasn't been hearing C hasn't heard D hadn't heard until then 直到那时。hear from sb.收到某人的来信，得到某人的消息。

22.The conference _B_ a full week by the time it ends.A must have lasted B will have lasted C would last D has lasted 见到介词by引导的时间状语，谓语动词就应是完成时态。

24.Physics is _B_ to the science which was called natural philosophy in history.A alike B equivalent C likely D uniform

be alike to sb.对于某人来说均是一样的。be equivalent to 相当于。

All tastes are alike to him.所有味道对他来说都一样。

27.The new appointment of our president _A_ from the very beginning of next semester.A takes effect B takes part C takes place D takes turns

semester n.学期； president n.大学校长； take effect 生效，发生效力；

take part in 参与，参加； take place=happen 发生； takes turn to do sth.轮流做某事。

28.The president made a _A_ speech at the opening ceremony of the sports meeting, which encouraged the sportsmen greatly.A vigorous B tedious C flat D harsh

ceremony n.典礼，仪式；表达在某个典礼上介词用at。vigorous adj.强劲有力的，强有力的。

harsh adj.刺耳的，令人不愉快的； flat adj.平淡无奇的； tedious adj.冗长无聊的。

29.It is useful to be able to predict the extent _C_ which a price change will affect supply and demand.[extent to]

A from B with C to D for

30.Finding a job in such a big company has always been _D_ his wildest dreams.29 A under B over C above D beyond beyond one’s wildest dreams 做梦也想不到。

31.It is not easy to learn English well, but if you _C_, you will succeed in the end.A hang up B hang about C hang on D hang onto hang on 坚持，继续下去。

32.It is reported that _C_ adopted children want to know who their natural parents are.A the most B most of C most D the most of

most单独出现的时候有两种词性要考虑：1 adv.非常；2 adj.大多数的。

the most后面加多音节的形容词或副词构成该句的最高级。

most of + 名词，表示这些名词中的大多数。make the most of 充分利用。

34._D_ before we depart the day after tomorrow, we should have a wonderful dinner party.[Were they to arrive=If they were to arrive]

A Had they arrived B Would they arrive C Were they arriving D Were they to arrive 35.The strong storm did a lot of damage to the coastal villages: several fishing boats were _A_ and many houses collapsed.A wrecked B spoiled C torn D injured

collapse vi.倒塌，坍塌； wreck vt.（船只）遭到破坏。

torn原形是tear，n.眼泪，vt.撕裂，撕开。

37.As _B_ announced in today's papers, the Shanghai Export Commodities Fair is also open on Sundays.A being B is C to be D been

注意两个非限定性定语从句的引导词：as, which。

which在做非限定性定语从句引导词时有两个特点： which前要有逗号与前面句子分开； 2 which引导非限定性定语从句指的是前面整句话的内容。

只要引导非限定性定语从句as和which都指一句话内容，区别在于which只能放在它所指那句话的后面，而as可以在前面也可以在后面。

38.You see the lightning _A_ it happens, but you hear the thunder later.A the instant B for an instant C on the instant D in an instant the instant=as soon as 一…就…

39.The manager lost his _B_ just because his secretary was ten minutes late.A mood B temper C mind D passion lose one’s temper 发脾气。

40.Great as Newton was, many of his ideas _C_ today and are being modified by the work of scientists of our time.A are to challenge B may be challenged C have been challenged D are challenging as表示“尽管”时引导从句，从句中的表语可以放在引导词之前构成部分倒装。

41.Please be careful when you are drinking coffee in case you _D_ the new carpet.A crash B pollute C spot D stain

pollute vt.污染； spot n.地点，场所，斑点，污点；v.使…上有斑点、污点。

spotted dog 斑点狗。stain v.弄脏，玷污，染色。

59.The tomato juice left brown _A_ on the front of my jacket.A spot B point C track D trace

42.I'd rather read than watch television;the programs seem _B_ all the time.A to get worse B to be getting worse C to have got worse D getting worse

all the time 始终，一直。

43.Convenience foods which are already prepared for cooking are _D_ in grocery stores.A ready B approachable C probable D available

convenience foods 方便食品； instant coffee/noodle 速容咖啡/速食面。

ready adj.准备好的； approachable adj.可接近的，平易近人的，亲切的。

probable adj.可能的； available adj.可获得的，可利用的，可支配的。

44.When I caught him _A_ I stopped buying things there and started dealing with another shop.A cheating B cheat C to cheat D to be cheating

45.It is important that enough money _A_ to fund the project.A be collected B must be collected C was collected D can be collected 46.Some old people don't like pop songs because they can't _C_ so much noise.A resist B sustain C tolerate D undergo tolerate vt.忍受，容忍； undergo vt.经历，遭受。

48._C_ one time, Manchester was the home of the most productive cotton mills in the world.[at one time 曾经，一度] A On B By C At D Of

49._A_ it or not, his discovery has created a stir in scientific circles.A Believe B To believe C Believing D Believed believe it or not 信不信由你。creat a stir 引起轰动。

50.Mr.Morgan can be very sad _C_, though in public he is extremely cheerful.A by himself B in person C in private D as individual in public 在公众面前； in private 私下单独一个人的时候。

第6课

关于逗号的一些知识

原则：逗号没有能力连接两个单独的句子。

如何区分短语与句子？一个结构如果有完整的谓语部分就是句子。

何为完整的谓语部分？如果能判断出一个结构的时态就可以称这个结构为完整的谓语部分。

在什么样的情况下一个逗号可以将句子分成两部分，而这两部分都有完整的谓语呢？两个句子中间有连接词连接； 这两个句子是主从句关系（主从句之间一定要有句子引导词来引导）。

10.Walter offered us a lift when he was leaving the office, but our work _A_, we declined the offer.[declined v.婉言谢绝]

A not being finished B not having finished C had not been finished D was not finished

42.A survey was carrie3d out on the death rate of new-born babies in that region, _D_ were surprising.[survey 调查]

A as results B which results C the results of it D the results of which

51.All flights _D_ because of the snowstorm, many passengers could no nothing but take the train.[having been canceled这里是独立主格作原因状语] A had been canceled B have been canceled C were canceled D having been canceled

31-------------------------1999-01-------------------------

46._A_ the calculation is right scientists can never be sure that they have included all variables and modeled them accurately.[variable n.变项，变量；model vt.建模] A Even if B As far as C If only D So long as

even if 即使，即便； so long as（后面加句子时）只要。

47.My train arrives in New York at eight o'clock tonight.The plane I would like to take from there _B_ by then.A would leave B will have left C has left D had left 将来完成时：will have + 动词过去分词。

49.Harry was _A_ by a bee when he was collecting the honey.A stung B stuck C bitten D scratched

sting v.（蜜蜂）叮，蛰； bite v.（蚊子等）咬； scratch vt.抓伤，划破（通常指猫抓人）。

once bitten, twice shy.一朝被蛇咬，十年怕井绳。

50.The thief tried to open the locked door but _B_.A in no way B in vain C without effect D at a loss

in vain 徒劳，白费工夫； But很少与介词without联用； at a loss 不知所措。

52._B_ seeing the damage he had done, the child felt ashamed.A By B On C At D For

on后面加动词ing形式表示“在…之后”这个时间概念。

54.Research findings show we spend about two hours dreaming every night, no matter what we _C_ during the day.A should have done B would have done C may have done D must have done

should have + 动词过去分词，表示本应该做； may have + 动词过去分词，表示可能做过；

与过去事实相反的虚拟语气主句谓语动词的表达形式可能用到：would have + 动词过去分词。

must have + 动词过去分词，表示对过去行为进行肯定推测。表示一定做过；

can't have + 动词过去分词，表示对过去行为进行否定推测，表示不可能做过。

56.This crop does not do well in soils[各种土壤] _B_ the one for which it has been specially developed.A outside B other than C beyond D rather than

outside prep.在…外边； rather than 而不是（肯定前者，否定后者）。

beyond prep.超出…的范围； beyond his wildest dreams 超出他最狂野的梦想。

other than 不同于，而非，当它与否定词no或not出现在同一个句子中时表示“除…之外”。

66.In no country _A_ Britain, it has been said, can on experience four seasons in the course of a single day.A other than B more than C better than D rather than 63.My father seemed to be in no _A_ to look at my school report.A mood B emotion C attitude D feeling

be in no mood to do/doing sth.没有情绪（心情）做什么事情。

67.I'm sorry I can't see you immediately;but if you'd like to take a seat, I'll be with you _B_.[in a moment 马上，立即（它作为时间状语时一定与将来时态搭配）= in an instant.] A for a moment B in a moment C for the moment D at the moment

68.The trumpet player was certainly loud.But I wasn't bothered by his loudness _D_ by his lack of talent.[trumpet 小号]

A than B more than C as D so much as

当否定词not与so much as出现在同一句子中时，它们的含义是：与其说…不如说… 70.Our journey was slow because the train stopped _D_ at different villages.A unceasingly B gradually C continuously D continually

unceasingly adv.不停止地，不休止地； gradually adv.逐渐地，逐步地；= step by step.continuously adv.连续不断地； continually adv.时断时续地。

-------------------------1994-01-------------------------

43.Frankfurt, Germany, is in one of the most _A_ populated regions of Western Europe.A densely B vastly C enormously D largely

densely populated 人口分布稠密； sparsely populated 人口分布稀疏。

52._D_ of the two books holds the opinion that the danger of nuclear war is increasing.A None B Either C Both D Neither

none表示的是三者或三者以上都不； either表示的是两者之间任意一者。

55.Beethoven is my favorite musician.I regard him as _A_ other musicians.A superior to B more superior than C more superior to D superior than 注意：具有比较意味的形容词只需要与to搭配，而无须more, than。

58.She is a very _D_ secretary: she never forgets anything or makes a mistake.A anxious B effective C adequate D efficient

anxious adj.忧虑的，焦虑的； anxiety n.焦虑，忧虑； effective adj.有效的；

take effective measures 采取有效的措施； adequate adj.充足的，足够的；= surficient.efficient adj.效率高的，能胜任的。

64.The computer has brought about surprising technological changes _B_ we organize and produce information.A in a way B in the way C in that way D in no way in the way 引导句子时表示“在...方面”。

170.Please move this chair, it is _A_.A in the way B on the way C in a way D by the way in the way在没有引导句子时表示“挡路的，妨碍某人的”。

67.In Australia the Asians make their influence _C_ in businesses large and small.A feeling B feel C felt D to be felt

考试中常见的几个使役动词：make, get, keep, leave.考试中的形式：使役动词 + sb.(sth.)+ ___ 此时空格处应填分词

具体是要填现在还是过去分词由空格前的sb.(sth.)决定，如果它是动作的发出者则填现在分词，如果它是动作的承受者则填过去分词。

-------------------------1999-06-------------------------

41.He came back late, _B_ which time all the guests had already left.A after B by C at D during

介词by引导时间状语时一定与完成时态搭配。

45.His remarks left me _D_ about his real purpose.A wondered B wonder C to wonder D wondering

49.Although they plant trees in this area every year, the tops of some hills are still _D_.A blank B hollow C vacant D bare

blank adj.空白的（因为没写字而空白）； hollow adj.空心的，中空的；

bare adj.光突突的（山上没有树和草）；没带首饰的； bald adj.秃顶的。

50.Being a pop star can be quite a hard life, with a lot of travelling _D_ heavy schedules.33 A with regard to B as to C in relation to D owing to owning to = due to 因为。

52.William Penn, the founder of Pennsylvania, _C_ defended the right of every citizen to freedom of choice in religion.A peculiarly B indifferently C vigorously D inevitably peculiar adj.奇特的； indifferently adv.冷漠地，不积极地；

vigorously adv.强有力的，强劲有力的； inevitably adv.不可避免地，必然地。

60.We have been told that under no circumstances _A_ the telephone in the office for personal affairs.A may we use B we may use C we could use D did we use

61.In previous times, then fresh meat was in short _D_, pigeons were kept by many households as a source of food.[in short supply 供应不足] A store B provision C reserve D supply

in previous times 从前； fresh water 淡水； fresh meat 鲜肉； dove n.鸽子；

bean curd 豆腐； Bible 圣经； bible 具有权威性的书； God 上帝； god 神。

62.As Commander-in-Chief of the armed forces, I have directed that all measures _C_ for our defense.A had been taken B would be taken C be taken D to be taken 以下几个表示“指挥，命令”的动词：order, command, direct.在引导宾语从句时从句要用“(should)+ 动词原形”来体现虚拟语气。

63.A thief who broke into a church was caught because traces of wax, found on his clothes, _A_ from the sort of candles used only in churches.A had come B coming C come D that came

65.I was _B_ the point of telephoning him when his letter arrived.A to B on C at D in

to the point of 到了…程度； on the point of doing sth.正要做某事情；

at the point of 在某点上； when除了表示“当…时候”外，还可以表示“恰在此时”或“刚…就…” 68.The project _C_ by the end of 2000, will expand the city's telephone network to cover 1,000,000 users.A accomplished B being accomplished

C to be accomplished D having been accomplished

69._C_ evidence that language-acquiring ability must be stimulated.A If being B It is C There is D There being

evidence表示“证据”，最大的特点是后面经常带同位语从句说明证据的内容。

language-acquiring ability 语言习得能力。evidence不用在“it is …”这种结构当中。

64.After the guests left, she spent half an hour _C_ the sitting-room[客厅].A ordering B arranging C tidying up D clearing away

order vt.命令；订购；整理，使有条理性； order one's thoughts 整理思路，整理思绪；

arrange v.布置，安排； tidy up 整理，使整洁（后面通常加某个房间）；

clear away 把…清除掉。

67.A lorry[卡车] _A_ Jane's cat and sped away.A ran over B ran into C ran through D ran down

run over 撞倒并碾过； run into 不期然地遇到； run through 贯穿（多用于抽象事物）；

run down 贬低； run down one's opinion.34 70.Those gifts of rare books that were given to us were deeply _A_.A appreciated B approved C appealed D applied

rare books 珍藏本的书籍； appreciate 重视，欣赏，感激； approve 批准，通过，赞成；

approve of 赞成，满意； apply 应用，运用；

appeal 呼吁（表示此意义时它经常于for搭配）；申诉，上诉（表示此意义时它要于to搭配）。

-------------------------XXXX-XX-------------------------15.Will you _C_ coming to dinner with me? A have the pleasure of B give the pleasure in C do me the pleasure of D take pleasure in

pleasure n.荣幸； 第二选项的正确形式应为：give me the pleasure of C选项也可写为：do me the favor(favour)of

18._C_ Goul had said it, he knew what a mistake he had made.A at once B No sooner C The moment D Hardly

以下几个引导词都可以表示“一…就…”：as soon as, the instant, the moment.25.Norin received a bad wound _B_ the leg when he was shot at.A on B in C at D of

表示身体某一部位受伤用介词in。hit sb.in the face 打某人一个耳光。

28.Cork was angry;_D_ he listened to me.A and B but C so D nevertheless

cork n.软木塞。nevertheless conj.尽管如此。

34.That _A_ instrument can record even very slightly changes.A delicate B feeble C sensible D feasible

instrument n.仪器，（弹奏的）乐器； delicate instrument 精密仪器。

delicate adj.精密的，准确的； feeble adj.软弱的，无力的； sensible adj.明智的；

sensitive adj.敏感的； be sensitive to 对…很敏感； feasible adj.可行的，行得通的。

40.Let’s begin the lesson at the place where we _A_ last time.A left off B left out C left to D left up leave off 停止，中断； leave out = omit 遗漏；

43.Education does not _D_ simply _D_ learning a lot of facts.A consist;of B consist;from C consist;for D consist;in consist of 包括； consist in（抽象意义的）在于 = lie in在于。

49.There is no tree _A_ bears some fruit.A but B which C that D unless

but用在否定句中并且后面引导一个句子时相当于“that...not”。

本句可改写为这种形式：There is no tree that does not bears some fruit.50.“Will you be able to finish the job this week?” “_D_.”

A I don’t know so B I can’t say so C I’m not sure so D I don’t expect so I don't expect so 恐怕不行。

394.“I hope that John will play basketball tomorrow.” “Yes, I _D_.” A hope it too B hope too C hope that too D hope so too 395.“I slipped on the stairs.I think my arm is broke.” “Oh, I _D_.” A do not hope so B do not hope C hope not so D hope not 肯定用：I hope so.否定用：I hope not.51.She died when she was ninety, not of old age, but _B_ head injury when she fell down a 35 flight of stairs.A of B from C with D for

die of 表示因年老，疾病或饥饿而死亡； die from 指因为受伤而死亡。

57.You have no busniess _D_ to me the way you did the other day.A to be talked B being talked C to talk D talking have no business doing sth.没有理由（权利）做某事。

132._B_ day Bill was starting his motor-bike when his sister Mary came out and asked for a lift.[the other day 几天前]

A Some B The other C Another D On one 65.I’d just as soon _A_ rudely to her.A you didn’t speak B that you don’t speak C that you won’t speak D you hadn’t speak

wish, would rather后面加句子，句子谓语动词用一般过去时。

would just as soon的用法与would rather完全相同。

69.Which screw do you want? _A_ will do.A Any one B Not one C Everyone D Anyone

any one 任何一个（指事物）； no one 没有人； everyone 每个人； anyone 任何人。

73.I suppose you’re not serious, _C_? A don’t you B do I C are you D aren’t you 主、从句整体变反意疑问句时通常都与主句保持一致。

但suppose, think, believe, imagine这四个动词后面加了宾语从句，然后对整个句子来变反意疑问句时反意疑问句部分与从句保持一致。

82.The chair belongs _B_ the corner.A to B in C on D with

belong to 属于（表示归属关系）； belong in 在…有适当的位置。

94.The terrible noise is _B_ me mad.A turing B driving C setting D putting drive sb.mad(crazy)使某人发疯。

114.We are bound _B_ with difficulties in our English study.A to have met B to meet C meeting D having met be bound to do sth.一定会做某事。

118.Everyone assumed what he said _B_ based on facts.A is B to be C were D being

assume sb.(sth.)to do sth.想当然的认为某人（某事物）要做某事。

assume + that引导的从句。

129.The shape of Italy on a map has often been compared _C_ a long Wellington boot.A as B with C to D against

compare与with搭配，表示将A与B进行比较； compare与to搭配，表示将A比作B。

130.Since everyone would like to find an apartment near the university, there are very few _C_ apartments in the area.A free B empty C vacant D reserved vacant adj.空闲的。

144.I know Jonathan quite well and never doubt _B_ he can do a good job of it.A whether B that C when D what

doubt + whether引导的从句，怀疑是否… ； doubt + that引导的从句。对...真的有疑虑。

156.Let bygones be bygones.Don’t _D_ so much on the past.A lie B lay C dwelt D dwell

let bygones be bygones.让过去的过去吧。dwell vi.居住； dwell on 老是想着… 162.Intellect is to the mind _B_ sight is to the body.A which B what C where D but

what这时连接两个句子，表示“有如”或“就像…一样”。

what只有用在这种“A对于B来说就象C对于D一样”句型当中时。

Air is to man what water is to the fish.空气对于人类来说就象水对于鱼来说一样重要。

165.His honesty is _D_, nobody can doubt it.A in question B beside the question C out of the question D without question in question = under discussion 正在讨论中的； beside the question 离题，与题无关；

out of the question 不可能的； out of question 没有问题的，毫无疑问的；

without question 没有问题的，毫无疑问的 = out of question.172.Nearly all major cities in the US are crime-ridden.New York is _A_.A a case in point B a case to point C the case D in the case of a case in point 有说服力的例子。

185.“Frank is up late working again.”

“This is the third time this week he’s had to study late, _A_?” A isn’t it B hasn’t it C isn’t he D hasn’t he 这里it是代词，指代前面整句话的内容。

表示“第几次做某事”变成反意疑问句经常用it指代整句话的内容。

252.This is the first time that he has felt really relaxed for months, _B_? A hasn’t he B isn’t it C isn’t he D hasn’t it 191.A judge must be _B_ when weighing evidence.A interested B disinterested C uninterested D disconnected

weigh vt.斟酌，考虑； interested adj.有兴趣的； disinterested adj.公正的，无私的；

uninterested adj.不感兴趣的； disconnected adj.分离的，不连贯的。

217.Although he sometimes lost his temper, his pupils liked him _D_ for it.A not so much B not so little C no more D no less lose one’s temper 发脾气。

222.Wise men seek after truth, _A_ fools desire knowledge.A whereas B or C as well as D hence whereas conj.反之，但是。

239.Water and air are _D_ to living.A independent B initial C dependent D indispensable be indispensable to 至关重要的，不可或缺的；

240.This report throws light _B_ the situation.A in B on C with D to

throw light on 把光投到…上去，（引申）清楚的阐述。

246._B_ that we will go abroad.A It’s like B Chances are C The most likely D Chances will be chances are 很有可能… ； chances were 很有可能… 253.Is there any chance _B_?

A whichever B whatsoever C wherever D whenever

whatsoever经常放在一些名词后面作后置定语，表示“任何的”或“丝毫的”。

whatsoever作后置定语通常放在有any的，或者是否定的句子中。

262.She is so clever as to speak several foreign languages, not to _D_ of English.A say B tell C read D speak not speak of 更不用说 = not to mention 270.What he did was _C_ than a practical joke.A anything else B or else C nothing else D more else practical joke 恶作剧； nothing else than 只不过，仅仅。

283.I’ll be away for about six months but you can write to me _A_ my brother.A in care of B by care of C with care of D under care of in care of 由…转交。= C/O

284.Correct the errors, _D_, in the sentence.A if there will be any B if there are some C if they have any D if any if any是一个口语中经常加的插入语成分，表示“如果说有…的话”。

288.There is no point _C_ in a dangerous place if you can’t do anything _C_ the people who have to stay here.A remaining … helping B to remain … to help C in remaining … to help D in remaining … helping

there is no point in doing sth.做某事也是毫无意义； 这里point表示“作用，用途”。

291.Do most of us seeing people grasp casually the outward features of a face and _D_? A let it alone B let alone C let well alone D let it go at that seeing people 视力健全的人； casually 随意地，随便地；

let is go at that表示“不去多操心，不再多说，随它去了”。

316.The policemen went into action _C_ they heard the alarm.A presently B promptly C directly D quickly directly adv.直接的； conj.一…就…，一当…时候。

表示“一…就…”的几个短语：as soon as, the instant, the moment, directly.323.The cat is, _D_, a member of the family.A as to speak B no wonder C as a fact D so to speak so to speak 可以这么说。

335.“What can I do for you?” “If you _C_ see Mr.Keller, give him my regards.” A would B will C should D shall regard n.关心，致意，问候，考虑；

356.The Mayor and Corporation of Hamelin were _A_ for some way of ridding the town of rats.[The Mayor and Corporation 市长和市政当局]

A at their wit’s end B at their wits end C in their wit’s end D for their wits end at one's wit's end 智穷才竭，黔驴技穷。

383.I think your sister is old enough to know _B_ to spend all her money on fancy goods.A other than B better than C rather than D more than know better than 明白事理而不至于做…

417.The police looked _B_ the past record of the suspect.A in B into C for D of

第四篇：新东方听力笔记

新东方TOEFL2001.10月班笔记--（第一部分：听力）

作者：joanphan网友提供

TOEFL复习笔记（第一部分：听力）

TOEFL听力主考思路

TOEFL听力的主题：校园生活

TOEFL听力不考的话题：politics religion campus violence(校园暴力)campus police(校园警察)human rights 等等unhappy的话题，TOEFL听力永远

考美国光明的一面。

如何提高听力水平？ 1． 语音问题 a)美语的发音

英 [α：] → 美 [æ] glass [α：] →[æ]

英 [o] → 美 [Λ] hot [o] → [Λ](美语的这个音界于[o]和[α：]之 间)美语r音的存在，只有在有字母r的时候才有 个别单词的发音：

diverse E [dai’v :s]→ A [d ‘v :s],且有r的音 hostile E['hostail]→ A['hΛs] b）连读，不爆破发音（失爆）连读：元辅音在一起，连读。run out of fit it in 失爆：爆破音：[b] [p] [t] [d] [g] 两个爆破音在一起，前一个爆破音就要失爆。Blackboard → blac(k)board I wen(t)downtown yesterday.c）跟读磁带（跟读一盘TOEFL听力磁带）d）语音语调 2． 词汇问题： a）表达口语化：

1）I’ve got to lose weight.2）Have you got the time?/↑ Got the time?(几点了？)3）Got time?(有空吗？言下之意：我想请你吃饭)4）Care to come?(=Would you like to come?)=Wanna come?(wanna=want to gonna=be going to)5）I got the feeling.(=I think.)6）I’m under the imparession.(=I remember.)7）The book is fat.（这本书很厚）8）a must-(h)ave（必备的）a must-see

（必看的）a must-eat

（必吃的）a must-play（必玩的）

9）I missed the beauty of„„(我曾错过的„„最美好的)b）词意TOEFL化：

student government 学生会

student council / student association 学生会 make up 补课/补考

c）词义多样化 反应顺序 考试频率 fix 修理，做饭(fix dinner)

serve 上菜，服务（网球）发球

order 订购，点菜，顺序（in order / out of order）paper 论文，报纸，身份证件，文件（papers），纸 3． 听力的思维：

a)对话场景化：听信号词/关键词→定位场景→话题 b)场景规律化

hit the spot=out of this world 棒极了（形容„好吃）it was hardly worth the money(形容食物太贵太难吃)I was broke.没钱了

save for the rainy days 存钱以备不时之需 open semame（哩语）„的开门砖，„的诀窍 c)思维学生化

TOEFL听力选项原则（适用于PART A）

1． 迅速看选项，找出其中相同、相似、相关的东西，确定场景，预测内容。2． 排除不符合TOEFL思路的选项，排除不合逻辑、常识的选项，排除读起来拗 口的选项。

3． 注意选项中的主谓及标志词。Δ主语（题）做题法： 4个选项主语不一致的时候，只要找对与对话中的主语一致的，即为正确答案。Δ标志词：如shuold表示“建议”，agree表示“同意”等等。4． 注意意思相反的两个选项，正确选项必居其一。5． 注意相似的两个选项 6． 注意有同义词的选项。7． 注意有反义词的选项。

8． 注意有同形异义词的选项。如：A.go to the park B.park the car park在对话中的含义不一样。

9． 注意数字及数字所修饰的名词n.10．在小对话题中听见什么不选什么。

TOEFL段落题题目特征： 对话2个，passage3个，一般一段4个问题。开头一条，结尾一条，终结两条。

开头：TOPIC句题：开头句型，开头语气和原词，重复率高的词：原词的数/概念 的重复。

场景：who what where why 中段：细节题 结尾题

TOEFL段落题解题思路：

1． 确定段落的主题（找相同相似相关的东西）2． 反推段落的问题

如果两个选项相似，正确答案必居其一

段落第一条是n./名词性短语，则是TOPIC题

段落中间是n/名词性短语，只要文中提到，就是正确答案。即：听到什么选什 么。

TOEFL对话段落题的题型：

1． 所听即所选（93、5、36）

2． 重复原则，重复多的就是答案（93、5、37）3． 强调原则，强调多的就是答案（93、5、38）4． 建议原则，有建议的就是考点。5．对话题结构特点：

开头：打招呼后，信息作为开头。结尾：最后一句。

TOEFL错题原因：

慢热（听时不看）Part A 走神（延长时间）连错（学会放弃）读题（先紧后松）

老题重要题型： 中间带but转折题：

1． 语气转折： 90.1.33/96.12.A14 2． 表单词多种含义 89.8.24/96.10.A2 对一般疑问句的回答: 1． 听清第二句开头的短结构 89、8、32 2． 间接回答一定表示反对 96、10、A12 3． 听不懂没关系（第二句长而绕），选一个否定答案就可以 96、8、30 4． 第一句语调特征：最后为升调 5． 第二句习语。

6． 把第一个的一般疑问句否定，就是答案。

虚拟语气题：(非直接条件句)∆ 答案反着给 eg:93.5.15 a）4种基本构成 1）if only 2）I wish 3）If clause a)与现在相反：从句用过去式，主句用would do b)与过去相反：从句用过去完成式（had p.p）主句用would have done b)注意虚拟语气的时态（虚拟语气的时态要往前推一个时态）

If I had a computer, I would have the paper in time.→ I need a computer.√

I didn’t have a computer.X(时态错)c)注意上下文的场景，注意虚拟愈气与真实条件句的区别： If he is the boss,things will be different.(真实条件句)→He is a boss.√

He isn’t a boss.√ d)正确答案的标志：

1)虚拟语气结构内部进行替换

quse: if only → ans: I wish 2)用否定直接表示实际情况（93、5、15）

3)表达一种无法实现的愿望，所以总是表达愿望不能实现的事情。regret pity bad„ a）标志结构：if only

I might have done sth if„ 90.1.A12/93.5.15 G）答案中陈述客观事实做答 98.8.国内13/98.10.19

建议题型：

第二句的建议为考点 97、1、18/97、5、8 一般参考第二句的建议

1）Why don’t you „? 建议 Why didn’t you„? 责备

2）You’d better trust him.你该相信他 You should no better than to 你本该做„ 3)hy not do„?

4)what if „? 要是这么做会„? 5)How does„sound

6)Shouldn’t „do sth? 7)What would you see to„? 你对„怎么看? 8)Have you check with sb? 有没有问过„? Have you checked sp? 你有没有去查过„地方? 9)What about „ / How about„? 10)Wouldn’t it be better if you do„? 你这样做不是更好吗? 11)It doesn’t hurt it you do„? 但做无妨 12）why+v.Why walk?(You should run!)Why run?(You should walk!)Why+v.表否定，“何必呢„”“干嘛呢„”

13)what do you think of„/ how do you like„征询意见

时间副词题：

1． 第二句出现的时间副词是考点（具体/抽象的时间）90、10、26/98、5、27 2． 时间副词的归纳及替换： 1）by and by do sth on short notice in next to no time in no time at all in two or three minutes in a/any moment minute

= quickly/fast second before long right now/away/off 2）before hand in advance = 提前 ahead of time 3）every now and then every so often every once in a while = 偶尔，有时 occasionally, sometimes at certain time on certain prrastion from time to time on and off at times

4）one step at a time

gradually A by A 结构：step / bot / little / word / piece / inch / line 5）weekly, each, yearly = every monthly 6）barely rarely hardly scarcely little 让某人做某事题：

1． 核心结构：have sb do sth / gey sb to do sth 2． 听清人名最重要 97.5.14/97.8.5 Oh,so题： 89．10．35/97、5、30 赞同题型：

标志结构：isn’t he ever„ 表示赞同 isn’t he although„

98．8．国内.8/89.1.30 偏词汇题型(生词)1.听到什么不选什么,答案中一般不带第二句的原词为对.96.1.NA.18 2.生词的意思,根据第二句问句猜意义 96.10.26 典型语气题: 1.重读,多表示抱怨、责备、不满意的语气

2.考语气词，一般出现在第二句开头 96、8、4/5 3.考语调：升调表示怀疑或不同意见，96、1、国内、23

降调表示肯定或加强语气，96、8、8/16 重复反问题型

第二句用反问语气说第一个人的话，再说出自己的话，考点为第二个人的第二句 话，一般为进一步强调或提出意见。如果听见的重复反问词为adj.，则表示加强

语气，进一步强调。如果不是adj.，则表示提出疑问。90．5．23/26 Would you mind题型 89.8.32 回答有两种： a）直接回答： not at all not at little not in the least not in the slightest b)间接回答（肯定表示反对）

Can you see I’m in the middle of sth / doing sth?(你没见我正在用„)

It’s on loan to sb.(„借给别人了)否定转移题型：

I didn’t take Tom to swim in the pool yesterday.重读Tom, 表示没带Tom 去游泳。

重读 yesterday, 表示带Tom 去游泳，但不是昨天。重读 pool，表示带Tom去游泳，但不是在游泳池。

重读 swim，表示带Tom昨天去了游泳池，但不是去游泳。这类题，否定与重读一致。Mystory题型（90、8、32）

How she managed to do it„后半句变化如下： Is a mystory to me.Is over my head.Is beyond me/my understand, Is sth I’ll never understand/figure out.Make no sense to me.提醒模式

I don’t imagine„

You haven’t done sth, have you? I was wondering if„? I don’t think„

老题十大名段： 91．5．C1：打工段 打工职责，打工感受 规律：1）找工作步骤：

check the paper(job opening)

telephone inquiry(position available time for appointment)intereview(hour salary experience)job offer(accept turn down)2）习语：

earn the bread 挣钱

bring home the bacom 挣钱

bread and butter 指生活所需品

91．1．C1：新生培训段落（oriontation）

学生思维：三大抱怨：学费上涨；食堂、宿舍太差；考试、作业、课程太多太 难

对学校相关机构评价：喜欢/不喜欢 90．5．C1：课外活动段 听的习惯：边听边看选项 与热门话题的结合：环保

93．5．C1/94、10、1 找房场景（housing）规律：住宿舍：太小，地脏，太吵，太严 tiny room空间

住公寓：太贵，东西老坏，室友难处 We can’t afford a lot.东西老坏：fix repair teilet telephone 室友：neat considerate 抱怨

修理：window is stack 窗户打不开 the sink will be clogged 水池堵了 pipe will be clogged 管道不通 wiring 电线出问题

shutter→loose 百叶窗松了 修不如买的说法：

trade it in for sth stock up on sth invest in cash in on sth pay by instalment 分期付款

down payment（分期付款的）头期 advance payment 预付某人 deposit 押金 特殊背景

92．5．C3/93、1、C3 实习段落

女生去实习，结合热门话题：保护濒危动物

题型：实习专业，女生感受，实习职责，男生疑问 职业场景要注意职业套话：开头，结尾 91．1．C2 论文段：

题型：题目难定，资料难找，打字困难 91．8．C2 缺课类 0 题型：缺课原因，所缺内容，愚蠢问题（男生）89．10．C1 评价教授与课程 评价好与坏的常用词汇：习惯用语：

1． By all means boring.(by all means = certainly)By no means interesting.(by no means ? in no way)2． Leave much to be desired(=not good)3． Leave nothing to improved(=terrific)4． It’s anything but interesting.(it’s angything but = not at all)It’s nothing but interesting.(it’s nothing but = very)5． It’s nothing short of brilliance.(nothing short of = full of)6． It’s not in the least brilliance.(not in the least = not at all)表示好的：

fascinating fabulous stimulating catching impressive thought-provoking inspiring 表示不好的：

Keep watching the clock.I keep counting the time/minutes.doze off I couldn’t catch./follow/figure out/make any sense out of it/make heads or tails of it.I can hardly stay awake/alert.I can hardly keep awake/alert.I can hardly concerntrate.89.1.C1 选课段

选课规律：先选入门课；再上高级课；不管怎么选，教授先同意。

特色词汇：入门课：intro course basic course prorequisite course 高级?：upper-lever course advanced course 报名上的„课：sign up for register„ 上„课：take 旁听：audit 退课：drop/refund„

教授同意：approval permission signature 选修课：optional course 必修课：required course 免选修课：waive one’s requirement 有学分课：credit course 无学分课：non-credit course 转学分：transfer 90.1.C1/89.1.C2 复合型段子（谈专业的讲课段）听专业内容，原文做答

开头，结尾，强调，解释，所有套话。92．1．C2 体育类段子

运动的目的：锻炼而不是比赛

for exersice for enjoy for relax 注意事项、细节

90．5．C3/90、8、C3：发明史段子： 顺序对应（问题与文章顺序对应）人名与时间

新技术（产品、趋势、发展、发明、事物）advantages disadvantages usages 发展史十大信号词: history development origih features characteristics invention creation innoration evolution 以上答案中有the +~+of，以上十词中的一个，就是正确答案，一般这种词出现

在该段大TOPIC题中。环境类段子：

1． 环境污染的巨大危害：damage worsen degrade 2． 造成污染的原因：农药、杀虫剂使用的残余（residue）及颗粒（particle）对人类的危害 3． 解决办法

TOEFL中十大抱怨语（某个单词的重读）抱怨选课多

‘enough of it 抱怨考试难

It was ‘supporsed to be easy.抱怨物价高

‘Some bargain.抱怨老下雨（在picnic场景中）It ‘never fails.邮局场景，抱怨邮政服务不满意 It took ‘forever to arrive.抱怨某事值不值得做

It was hardly worth sth.男生没钱场景

I never seem to have enough money.噪音场景

There is not a whole lot you can do.市内噪音场景

The noise drive sb crazy/mad/nuts/out of one’s mind/up to wall.新题十大场景系列 课堂学习篇

1． Note场景（笔记场景）

规律：记笔记，考笔记，借笔记，字难认

搞不懂：understand make sense figure out 考笔记：be losed on 字难认：make out recognize习语：take nokes write down take down put down jot down（非常潦草 的写下）„base on the notes illegible Could you borrow me your notes ? Could I lend your notes? Could I use your notes? Could you let me use your notes?

2． 作业场景：

规律：想迟交，不可能

习语：想迟交：turn in hand in 不让迟交：extension extra time more time I want three-day extension of my paper.作业project概念：paper（论文）：essay（最短的），thesis（硕士论文），dissertation（博士论文）

team paper 学期论文 team project 学期作业 book report 读书报告

lab report 实验报告 presentation 发言 assignment 作业

3． 论文场景：

规律：题目难定（太大）：broad too broad a topic to write 资料难找（太多）：too much material to cover 多找教授（时间）：avilable 打字困难（机房）(结合computer room场景)：机少人多想买电脑

电脑词汇：word processor文字处理器（电脑）save it on disk存在硬盘上

save a backup存备份 break down电脑坏了 wiped out（由于停电文件）被冲 掉 laptop笔记本电脑 desktop台式电脑 ink jet喷墨式打印机 有点眉目很高兴，教授还得先同意。

习语：have trouble doing have problem doing have pert-time doing have difficulty doing

缩小题目：narrow down the topic 教授同意：approval permission signature

4．考试场景：

规律：永远难 worse supposed to be easy , but turned out to be difficult.（原本应该容易，但是很难 不推迟 delay postpone put it out 分数低 perfect grate 满分（5分制的）passing grate 及格 failing 不及格

不好受（心情）down feel down

5．熬夜场景：

规律：常熬夜（男）be uo 不熬夜（女）wise 喝咖啡（男）不想戒（男）思路：不赞成熬夜习语：night and day work against/around the clock stay/be/sit up on night doing sth make a night of it（熬夜学习）

6．评价教授场景：

小对话评价：一般不好。段落题评价：一般较好。

规律：不迟到，不早退，常拖课。要求严，出题难，给分低。

特色表达：见老题十大名段的“评价教授“。

Think much/little of sb look up to sb崇拜某人 look down upon sb看不

起某人

He is somrthing/big potato.他真了不起 He is nothing/small potato.他 可不怎么样。

89.8.16 89.10.C1 96.12.1 关于讲课：考点：主题，观点，强调，解释（89.1.C2.41-45）

7． 课桌场景：

规律：乱，找不着，是否清理 clear off 1）． 与家具有关，学生常会move 2）． 课桌上一定乱，找不到东西要整理

8． 书店场景：

规律：有买/没有买 avilable 有货/没有货 in stock out of stock run out of缺货

印/不印 in print out of print 过时与否 date it current平装/精装 paper back hard back

9． 图书馆场景：

规律：还书是否及时 return 注意时间状语 是否罚款 fine

10．选课场景（注意词汇）

1）先学入门课，后上高级课，不管怎么选，教授得同意。（89、1、C先1）2）三大顾虑：太多too much 太难too hard 有无基础basic course 3）课程太难，辛勤不好

5）少选明智，多选犯傻，时刻准备退课 drop

11．读书场景

规律：A：你觉得这本书„？/能不能读？/这么快读完？

12．选校场景：

规律：学校名气，学校性质

特色表达：reputation(public/private/community)tuition(afford)individual attention(class size)location large city Vs small town might person party animal big fish in a small pond鸡头 small fish in a big pond凤尾 13．电话场景

It’s through.接通了

Put me through to sb帮我接通某人 Listen for my phone.替我听电话

Got back to you on sth.过会儿打给你 Return the call./Call back.Dail telephone bill电话帐单 collcet call受话方付费 he’s on/off the phone他在打电话呢

The line is busy/engaged.占线

别挂电话：Don’t hang up.Hold on.Hold the line.Hang on.课外生活篇 ：

1． Housing场景： 90、8、A1 规律：住房难，不愿搬，抱怨多，怕长钱（rent），简装修，少花钱（offord），家具往哪儿摆，要开windows 词汇：sublet转租 housing-sitting看房 roomate-wanted征室友

apartment-hunting校外租房 throw wild parties疯狂举办晚会 make a fuss vaccum the room polish擦 walk the(cat„)带（猫„）散步，指带宠物

rent(afford)quietness location(on/off campus)on campus housing校内宿舍 off campus housing 校外宿舍

condition：shower/toilet

2． 失物招领场景： 96、5、8/97、8、12 turn in hand in 规律：上哪找，找到否

3． 帮忙场景： 98、10、6/96、12、3 不帮的原因

4． 外伤场景： 96、10、3/96、12、26 规律：易受伤，伤哪儿，能动吗 原因总是搬东西或者锻炼

伤势：tuist strain hurt扭伤 伤部：shoulder wrist ankle

5． 看病场景 96、1、国内、21 病人：学生

症状：永远是小病，不会是大病。（95、10、B2、词汇）A sort throat lose one’s voice ringear runny noise 治疗：take some pills take some injection/shots drink lots of water have a rest take it easy take things easy 禁忌：catch（传染）

药管不管用（句型：96、1、北美、21）

习语：be admitted to hospital 住院 be released from hospital 出院

come down with 病倒了 catch„ 得了。传染病 stay away from 离（病 人）远点 wait out 伺候 fill/refill 抓药 dosage 剂量 shots 打针 在美国大部分家庭有家庭医生，家庭医生有自己的诊所，诊所中有医生本人，和 一个护士，兼做小秘。

身体好的表达：fit as a fiddle feel like a million(dollars)in the pink in good shape 身体不好的表达：under the weather out of sorts out of shape come down with sb down with a bug not look(like)oneself

6． 噪音场景 96.12.12/97.8.北美.6 规律：室内：调小音量(turn down)宿舍隔音(sound proof)意识到噪音没有(didn’t realize)室外：无能为力 96、5、18 噪音来源：交通，室友/邻居（93.10.23）影响：睡觉睡不着，学习受干扰 I can’t heat myself think.解决：rraffic：学生只能忍受，或者向学校反映，或者换地方学习

soundproof 室友/邻居：ake him to turn down the music dorm supervise / apartment manager 宿舍管理员

7． 修理场景 fix repair 思路：什么坏了，找谁修（修理工及故障的表达，96、1、北美、11），修理费 贵，修不如买（96、12、28）

结合housing场景的：厕所，电话，洗澡。window is stack 窗户打不开

the sink will be clogged水池堵了 pipe will be clogged管道堵了 wiring电线出问题

shutters→loose 百叶窗松了

8． 打工场景

四个步骤及关键词 96、5、6 打工职责、感受（段落）96、1、国内、C2/98、5、B2 面视者招聘员工：工作经验，学历

被面视者（学生）：时间、工资、经验三要素 96、5、12 hour salary experience

9． High-way场景

常塞车（怎么办）96、5、20 be tired up traaffic gam be backed up 拐错弯 96、8、24 should have turned 从哪出 get out of it 考违章 98.5.23 ticket 罚单 10．借钱还钱场景 98.10.22 不愿借，不想还，为什么

注意听语气，注意听第二句时间副词（soon later some other time）

吃喝玩乐篇

1． 音乐会场景

规律：永远好听 97、1、8/97、10、10 喜欢古典音乐，不喜欢摇滚音乐 提前买票，学生折扣 作为好坏，是否调换 去不是因为学习或考试（语气特征：不情愿）剧院座位：谈座位是否好坏，要不要换。

表达：box office 售票处 ticket line 排队买票 sold out票买完了

discount打折 orchestra section row aisle seat过道两边的位置

2． 美术馆场景： 喜欢mofern art Δ常见艺术品/艺术流派名称： 1）fresco壁画 landscape山水画 prints版画 sketch素描 water color水

彩画 draft草稿 oils油画 portrait任务肖像画

2）classism古典主义 neoclassism新古典主义 modernism现实主义

posmodernism后现代主义 realism现实主义 surrealism超现实主义 3）对大师级的人名要敏感

3． 买东西场景

规律：买什么，买了没买（虚拟语气）96.1.北美.26/96.12.22，爱便宜货（sale bargern）97.1.11 便宜：dirt/dog cheap烂便宜

good price / good deal / good bargern / good buy 价钱公道：reasonable fair affordable acceptable 价钱贵：cost cost a fortune cost a bundle cost an arm and leg sth is dear太贵了 afford we can’t afford it over priced beyond one’s

budget unbearable outrageous a rip-off a robbery 物价上涨：

1）物价年年涨，学生要抱怨，抱怨没有用。

2）便宜货：一定要买：sale bargain discount（折扣）percent off（打 折）go out og business（商场停业、歇业）

4． 和咖啡场景

规律：爱喝咖啡，喝咖啡为学习考试（不想戒），戒咖啡（因为咖啡因）a）coffee种类：instant coffee（速溶咖啡）

gourmet coffee（由咖啡豆磨制的咖啡）b）味道：aroma（闻上去很香）flavor（尝上去很香）c）做咖啡的器具：

coffee pot , coffee maker coffee spoon 咖啡勺

coffee set/service 做咖啡的全套器具 d）TOEFL的常考习语： 1.a cup of coffee 2.snack bar(快餐店)中一般用

---one coffee / two coffees 我要一杯咖啡/我要两杯咖啡 3.coffee break（美国人）休息时间 tea break（英国人）休息时间

e）基本思路：喜欢喝，怎么喝，不能喝。

ΔWould you like black coffee?(原味咖啡，在美国老美喝原味咖啡的人很 少，所以被认为很COOL)White coffee: 加牛奶的咖啡 Δcaffein 咖啡碱

----Would yuu like a cup of coffee?----„caffein.表示不能喝咖啡

or : „My doctor„ 也表示不能喝咖啡。

5． 减肥场景：

减肥必要性，减肥的效果（要坚持，多锻炼）96.10.19/97.1.5 特色表达：in perfect shave身体棒 in good condiction身体好 look great/terrific the picture of heazlthy fall of beans/engage有活力

as fit as a fiddle 胖的说法：big heavy overweight gained/put on some weight lose one’s weight keep fit keep/stay a shape fat farm减肥中心 gym健身 房

6．吃饭场景

规律：上哪吃（由谁定）it’s up to sb；爱尝鲜try sth new；喜安静prefer quiet place 上错菜98.5.2 谁请客treat 关于请客：it’s on me 记我账上 this is my treat 我请客

let me pick up the bill = let me foot the bill 我买单 pay for it

go fifty-fifty AA制 = go dutch spilt/share the cost 分摊费用

贪吃胃口好：96.1.国内.10 adventurous eater 吃饭付帐：It’s on me../ It is my treat./ Let me treat it./ Let me foot the bill.我请客

Let’s go dutch./ Lst’s splie the bill./ Shape the expense.AA制 Waiter说的话：bring the menu take the order记下点菜

I’ll be right back.我马上来 Make recommendations 推荐„ Serve the order上菜

I’ll take care of it./ I’ll see to it.上错菜时说的话

7．理发场景

规律：价钱贵，上哪理 hair salon 人太多，要预约 appointment 98.5.8 换发型，认不出 hair style 98.10.10 特色表达：teim one’s bangs修额发/流海

I want my side（鬓角）a little longer.A little longer over ears 耳朵上的长点 A little shorter back 背后的短点 Parting in the middle 中分 „ to „ left/right 左/右分

all-back 大背头 stylist发型师 hairedresser/hairsalon理发师/发廊

ripple小波浪式 pig tail粗麻花式 pony tail马尾辫 bun发吉 hair style 发型

8．养花养草场景：

花草长势如何。阳光和水份 sunlight shade water 98.8.国内.25 往哪摆：窗前、角落 97.10.13 move over the window

9．着装场景

特色词汇:98.1.北美.A2 衣服配不配场景：be perfect with go well with match a)场合：occasion场合 style 场合是否合适 formal-suit casual-jeans

b)color:TOEFL听力中有blue情结： 98.10.2 big blue深蓝 light blue浅蓝 solid blue纯蓝 navy blue海军蓝(口语中 navy)tatain the color保持颜色 the color fade/faint=lose the color掉 色

c)size:shrink缩水 too loose/baggy衣服太松 be tight on+身体部分、衣服

太紧 96.5.10 d)material中羊毛情 wool 98.8.19 It’s a good match.这衣服很配你 Down jacket 羽绒服 Wool sweater 羊毛衫

e)laundry洗衣 98.8.国内.16 I do the laindry.Stain污渍 come out with sth用„洗掉 remove洗掉 f)try on put on take off put away get out（把衣服拿出去）

10． 照片场景：96.1.NA.27/98.5.1/ test 28.C2 照片效果、用光、胶卷

专业词汇：was supposed to（本该做）wasn’t supposed to（本不该）come out = develop 冲洗胶卷 a roll of film out of focus调焦不准

film for in door/outdoor shots适用于室内卷

11．渡假场景： a）宠物场景：谁看宠物 have sb do sth 相处如何 get along with b）旅行社场景：订机[票，订房间，换不换

c）海滩场景：爱去，干什么（表达），去得了（高兴），去不了（原因：因为 没钱）95.8.1/95.12.16 California / Florida有最好的海滩 a）喜欢去

b）干什么： swimming, get suntany/catch some rays, play sea-volleyball(沙滩排球), collecting shells(捡贝壳)d）party场景：爱人多，带人来 bring sb along

e）机场场景：天气变化，航班延误

the flight was delat due to the bad weather 结合订票：book the ticket cancel confirm switch f）天气场景：天气变化常考（96.1.国内.21）：

overcast多云 shawer阵雨 pouring暴雨 blizzard highwind the rain）has run up（雨）停了

clear up放晴 warm up暖起来了 heat up升温 keep up继续 cool down凉下 来

super hot blazing hot buring hot unbearable hot freezing cold ice cold biting cold chilly cold(super cole&ice cold也常形容人的性

格)

„on end/„in a row连续„ eg:It’s rained four days on end.picnic及烧烤总在下雨天 96、8、24 天气好心情好：It’s is good to sth for a change.97.10.21 天气与着装，伴随天气里是否要加、减、收、买衣服：get out拿出去 put away收起来 98.5.12 相信天气预报 go by follow 98.8.NA.13 g）visting场景： come in/by/over stop in/by/over

= visit drop in/by/over

12．交通场景：

a）铁路场景：竞争优势：污染少，不磨损，较安全（属于新技术、新产品、新发明）b）交通违章场景：

speeding: eed limit 限速 going through the red light illegal parting c）搭车场景：提出搭车要求，回答者都是搭不上车，不给搭。Could I get a ride/left with you to„? Could you give me a ride/left to „? Could I ride with you to „?

13．邮局场景：

diliver 投递包裹 priority mail优先投递 forward寄信 registered mail 挂号信 express mail特快信

14．恋爱场景：

fall in love at first sight blind date初次约会 have chemistry来电了

go steady进展顺利 like a house on fire一日不见如隔三秋 offer my hand求婚（男）offer a hand to you帮忙 give you my hand（答应）求婚(女)break of分手

15.网球场景: 体育用品：鞋running shoes jogging shoes sneakers gym shoes 美国的普及型体育运动：tennis golf roller-skating basket ball ice hockey football橄榄球

网球：fore hand正手 back hand反手 serve/return go out of bounds ace tennis court hard court clay court grass court tennis course

女尊男卑篇：

1． 男生宿舍脏场景（女生脏，因为爱学习）选项关键词：mess dirty dump chaos 谁打扫 help sb do

2． 男生爱花钱

特色表达：spend money like water spend one’s entire bugdet go through a lot of money have money to burn money for raining days broke can’t make ends meet tight budger My name is not Rockfeller.抱怨语气：97、10、1 结合借钱、还钱场景，不借不还

女生总是让他存，但是从来不借。

3． 男生紧张场景

紧张的原因（考试、发言、宣布奖学金紧张）97、10、20 紧张的症状：twist/toss/turn/taround（辗转反侧）解决办法：practice 特色表达：too excited/nervous/restless +to stand quietly/sit still/sit quietly/stand still/be on edge/get cold feet/not set still

4． 男生害羞场景： keep sth to money 选项词：96、10、22

5． 男生的各种坏习惯：

oversleep late for class miss school fill sb in on sth drop/doze off at class not hand in the paper on time requist extension for paper（要求延期交作业）fail the examine make up the exam stay up all night

6． 女生不记仇场景： 96.1.NA.A15

7． 女生爱学习场景： mystery题型 见前笔记

爱学习的表示：哪都不去就爱学习97.1.15/98.10.1

8． 女生的各种优秀：参照男生各种缺点

9． 好女帮男场景：场景融合，组合规律。

新题十大名段： 理科类：

生物(濒危物种)98.5.C3(细节题)98.8.国内.C2 96.1.NA.C1(主线题)环保 98.10.B2 enviroment protection 自然 97.10.C3 98.8.NA.C3 新技术 96.1.国内.C3（节水）野外实习99.1.C3 结合濒危动物 文科类：

土著美国人 98.5.C1 Indian People 美国历史 97.8.C1 99.1.C1 建筑学 发明史 96.12.C1 钟表发明 发展史 96.10.C1 / 96.10.C2 课外活动 98.8.NA.C1

常见语气词总结：

吃惊系列：Bingo!有种意外的惊喜 Gee!Boy!天啊!Man!Gosh![gΛ ſ] Jususe(Christ)!wow!Dear me!My dear!Oh.my!糟糕系列：Woops!Uh-uh!Oh,no!Oh,dear!Tough luck!脏话系列：Shit!Fuck!Dummy!笨蛋！Jerk!Idiot!Ass hole!God damn!b.s!=bull shit!Bitch!Son of bitch!赞美系列：fab=fabulous!glam=glamorous!fave=faverite!

magnif=manificent!Dandy!Cool!Uttercool!Supercool!Superb!Charming!形容女人有魅力

古怪系列：odd weird bi’zarre

赞同系列：yeah yep u bet Sure thing!I’ll say And you? 否定系列：Oh,nuts!Nope!(96.1.NA.A1)讨厌系列：disgusting whew Oh,bother![Λ]

TOEFL常见缩略词：

ad = advertisement doc = doctor医生 dorm = dormitory intro course初

等课 lit course文学课 memo = memorandum备忘录，便条 info = information demo = demostration演示 flu = influenza流感 co-op学生联

合会 co-ed男女同校 pre-med医科预课 pre-school预课班 pre-school学期

班 I am preparing the TOEFL No problem.= No prob.十大小词：

I expect.我估计、推测„ I’m bet.= I’m sure.I wonder.= I’m not sure.I suspect.= I believe./ I think.I doubt.= I don’t think so.I thought.I was hoping.原以为

I was suppose to（本应该）I wasn’t suppose to（本不应该）I have a hunch.（我有种预感）I’ve got the feeling.= I think.I’m under the impression.= I recall./I remember.I have been meeuing to = I’m thinking about

习惯表达：

1．心情好场景： a）规律：

A：„最近心情好哎 B：„为什么心情好？ b）原因： 作业完成了 考试及格了 买着便宜货了

c）心情好的说法：

in high spirit high sprited in the seventh heaven walk on air on cloud nine 2．心情不好场景： a）规律：

A：„最近心情不好哎

B：„为什么不好/如何摆脱 b）原因： 作业太多 考试太难 课业繁重

c）心情不好的说法：

in a blue mood in low spirits out of spirits low spirited in a bad mood down hearted down in the mouth downbeat down in the dumps downcast downhearted

3． 生某人气的说法：get on one’s nerve eg: Don’t get on my nerve.不要惹我生气。be put out with sb for sth 就„生„的气 rab sb the wrong way 惹恼„

take it out on sb 把气出在„身上

4． 处的好的说话：

get along with sb = bit it off = on good turns = be agreeable with sb

Tom and Jerry like peasand and carrots.Tom和Jerry形影不离。

Tom and Jerry like apples and oranges.5． 小菜一碟的说法： nothing to it there is nothing to it none to speak of no big deal a piece of cake

6． 表达理所当然的说话： Is ice cold?常做为回答 Is sky blue? Does a bird fly? Does a fish swim? by all means = in any event

7． 一些短语

（一）at sixes and sevens 乱七八糟

cost sb an arm and a leg 巨贵无比，买东西大出血，非常贵 feel under weather 天气不好 get up from the wrong side of bed 心情不好

don’t let the cat of bag 不要泄露秘密，不要告诉别人 don’t let me hold the bag 不要让我背黑锅 apple of my eye 我的掌上明珠，珍贵之物 apple-polisher 马屁精

One boy is a boy, two boys half a boy, three boys no boy.一个和尚担水 喝，两个和尚抬水喝，三个和尚没水喝

care for = like = be attached to = get high on sth care to = whould you like to„ care about = conceined 关心，在意

take care of 处理，负责 I’ll take care of it.我会处理的。be enthusiastic about 热衷于 be hooked on sth/sb 迷恋„ be into sth表喜欢

be onto sth 想到„，有主意

rave about 沉醉于，迷恋于（程度很深）do sth to one’s heart’s content尽兴„

be addicted to„对„上瘾（并不完全是不好的，比如非常喜欢juzz）adore喜欢（喜欢小的人、东西）adorable = cute

8． 偶遇某人：

come across run into bump into encounter happen to meet

9． 不友好的表达：

be hostile to sb be critical of sb be cynical to sb confront sb with sth找某人争执„

10．管用/不管用： it works(out)it helps it does the trick

肯定+否定 it does some good it makes difference 以上多以否定形式出现

11．一些短语

（二）as cool as a cucumber as fit as fiddle 身体健康 as healthy as a horse as strong as an ox as stupid as a donkey as stubborn as a mule 形容某人太倔了 as poor as a churche mouse as merry as a cricket 形容某人太快乐了 as proud as a pencock形容某人太骄傲 as changeable as a moon形容多变 as like as two peas 形容长的像 as easy as ABC as simple as one two three

12．健忘： slip one’s mind slip one’s memory have a short memory everything gets in one ear and out the other absent-minded

13．代替某人： take over for sb fill in for sb take the place of take one’s place fill one’s place fill one’s vacancy fill one’s shoes

14．累的说法：

be worn/fired/wipe out be out of shape be beat be run down be exhausted dog tired

15．v.+out: figure out = understand straight out = settle work out = settle，锻 炼 clean out 贪吃，把„吃光 help out 帮忙，帮成了忙 find out make out = tell watch out = look out eat out 外出吃饭= dine out

16．表示忙：

I have got my hands full.I’m up to my neck in work.I’m up to my eyes in work.I’m up to my elbm’s work.I’m up to my ears in work.I’m in the middle of the things.I’ve million things to do.I’ve a tight schedule.light schedule日程松，不忙。My schedule is tight.overwhelming I can’t fitr it into my schedule.= I can’t fit it in.be tight up in sth 被„绊住，缠住 eg: I’m tight up in meeting.Haven’t got around in doing sth

新题重点套题与段落：

套题：95.10 95.12 96.1.NA 96.1.国内 96.10 96.12 97.1 97.8 97.12 98.5 98.8.NA 98.10 99.8 99.10 2001 段落：95.8.C2.C3 95.10.B2.C3 97.12.C1.C2 95.12.C1.C2.C3 96.12.C1.C2 97.5.B2.C2 96.1.NA.B1.C1 97.1.B2.C2 97.8.C1.C3 96.1.国

内.B1.B2.C2.C3 97.10.C2.C3 96.5.B2.C2 98.1.B2.C2 98.5.B2.C1.C3 96.8.C2 96.1.B2.C1.C2 98.8.C2.C3 98.8NA.B1.B2.C1.C3 98.10.B2.C1.C2 99.1.B2.C1.C3 99.5.B1.C2.C3

第五篇：新东方雅思笔记汇总

新东方雅思笔记汇总

本文来自: 中国雅思网(一． 雅思考试介绍听力：

听力教材、英语中级听力阅读：整理难句笔记本——摘抄分析写作：图表作文——柱状图、饼状图、曲线图、表格——上面有百分比、数据、固定 的时间段，善于从现象中发现规律，趋势，提炼，升华，得出结论——科研能力口语：

1.自信：不要太介意语音语调，语法，允许犯错误，关注内容，体态语言，2.小心陷阱。要时刻注意沟通，符合生活逻辑。不要忘记提问卡上的问题逻辑顺序。3.3.争取主动。

4.4.有备而来。在很大程度上可以预测。二：写作总的指导5 堂课： 1.总的知道

2.写作流程，问题极其对策（审题）——重点第二篇 3.审题，指令，展开。

4.书信作文。

5.图表作文。本身内容和语言。最后总的串讲。范文作用：吸取语言的营养，不能机械背 诵。

三：写作总论 1． 用书面语言

2． 题目中有单词不认识：它可能是不重要的，或联系上下文可以知道意思，实在看不明白 就抓住看得懂的部分做文章。

3． 时间概念很重要。重点在第二篇。先写第二篇（写对位置）。4． 字数：第一篇至少140 字（10 到12 句话）。第二篇至少250 字（15 到18 句话）。5． 四大原则：1.图表作文重点在描述，不要随意解释，根据文字可以复原图表。2.要让考官觉得你的思路非常清晰，要有“路标行标”，承上启下的短语 结 构词。

3.中心论点由几个分支论点支持。并提供证据。

4.7 分必须有复杂句子结构（并列句、复合句、非谓语动词形式）；用词面 宽

一点，尽量不要多次重复。第一篇用3 个复杂结构，第二篇用5—7，个复杂结构。

四：作业21 页 task 5 version C(多少个字，多少句话，每一段由几句话组成，找语法错误，评论结构布局)74 页 task 2 严格按照40 分钟写。针对十个问题的思考

1． 情感分段和逻辑分段首先晾出观点，罩住一个自然段，2． 文章中心思想句是读者体会（中文）还是作者交代（英文）——第一段就说

3． 3． 引言段（开头第一段）是开门见山（英文）还是层层剥开（中文）议论文不可以太 长，第一段只能3——5 句话

4． 段落主题句有（英文）没有（中文）不要把每个主题句分散在不同处，在第一句写 5． 线性段落（英文）还是螺旋性段落（中文）说出来——为什么这样说

6． 人证（中文）与法证（英文）强调事实、数据、普通人事件、该领域专家 7． 一般具体（英文）还是曲折前进（中文）

无忧雅思网 雅思、留学、移民第一站

(www.xiexiebang.com)详细出处参考：