关于英译汉的几点感想

第一篇：关于英译汉的几点感想

关于英译汉的几点感想

翻译是一门艺术，也是一种再创作。严复在《天演论·译例言》里首次提出了“信、达、雅”的翻译标准，奠定了我国翻译的理论基石。信，即忠实（faithfulness）。我非常同意这一点，因为这是一个译者基本素质的体现，亦是对原创作者的一种尊重。但翻译仅仅做到“信”是不够的，“达”，即流畅（expressiveness）是翻译的基本要求，而“雅”，即文字优美典雅（gracefulness）是译者翻译水平高低的集中体现。要做到“达”，就要看译者遣词造句的功力，要做到“雅”，则需要译者对目标语的文化、社会有相当的了解。要做到达、雅，则不可避免的凝聚了译者本人对相关问题的理解和看法，无疑是对原著的一种再创作。所以，好的译者在做到达、雅的同时，尽可能的贴近作者原本的意思。

英译汉是有相当难度的，因为这是两种完全不同类型的文字。汉字是一种象形文字，英文则是一种音节文字。汉语重“意合”，句子结构松散，多短句，富有音韵美；英语重“形和”，因而句子结构严密，层次整齐，逻辑性强。但同时，英译汉却有着相当大的创作空间，因为汉语是如此的美丽，同样的意思，用英文表达可能只有一种表示方法，但用中文却可以有多种不同意境下的表达方式。如死，用英语，即die，中文则可用“驾鹤西去”、“仙逝’”、“翘辫子”等。作为一名翻译的初入门者，我不求达到“雅”，但求做到“信”、“达”。下面我会从“遣词”、“造句”两个方面，以吴象婴、梁赤民对《全球通史》中“中国文明”的翻译为例，提出我的几点想法。

一、遣词

我所看的这几段英文原著，主要介绍了中国的儒学、道学、和法学。吴象婴和梁赤民翻译的最大特点是appropriateness（合适），他们的翻译在保持译文通顺的基础上，极大地贴合中文的语言习惯。如let the ruler be a ruler and the subject a subject;let the father be a father and the son a son，这里被巧妙地被翻译为“君君、臣臣、父父、子子”，而不是“统治者就是统治者，被统治者就是被统治者；爸爸就是爸爸，儿子就是儿子”。

第二大优点是细致，不漏掉任何一个英文单词可能会表达的意思。如while taoism,absorbing all sorts of popular superstitions and demon lore,became the religion of the uneducated masses and was tolerantly despised by the Confucion literati.对于该句，我的翻译是“然而道学，吸收各种社会流传的迷信和鬼怪说法，成为无知大众推崇的宗教，并被儒家学者所蔑视。”我犯了马虎大意的毛病，漏译了tolerantly这个词，还有“无知大众”这种译法有侮辱大众的嫌疑，而吴、梁的译法却没有这些问题，“道教因为吸收了民间流传的各种迷信和有关精灵、恶魔的传说，成为未受过教育的群众的宗教，虽然受到儒家文人学士的鄙视，但也得到了一定的宽容”。此种译法简单明了，让人听着也舒服。

吴、梁翻译的另一大优点是diversification（多样性），多样性其中一个方面就是词性的活用。如they viewed the nobility as an anachronism to be replaced by state military force，吴、梁翻译为“他们认为贵族的存在已不合时宜，要用国家的军事力量予以清除”，这里将 anachronism 译为“不合时宜的”，而实际上这个词是名词，意思是“时代的错误”，此处体现的一个翻译技巧就是词性转换。

两位前辈还让我欣赏的一点则是他们对单词时态的把握。如Legalism was discredited and Confucianism,as noted,was enthroned permanently as the official creed.正译为“法家学说信誉扫地，而儒家学说则如前所述，被长期推崇为官方的教义”。这里值得一提的是译者对noted的翻译，照顾到note的过去分词形式。

二、造句

为了让翻译出来的中文可以有“意合”的效果，所以吴象婴、梁赤民在翻译中特别注重将长句子分译，将几个短句子合译，使得翻译出来的句子通顺，富有中文特有的美感。

翻译长句子时，首先要弄清原文的句法结构，找出整个句子的中心内容及各层次的意思，然后分析各层之间的逻辑关系，再按口语的特点和表达方式，正确地译出原文的意思，不拘泥于原文的形式。如They were practicing stetesmen rather than philosophers and were interested in reorganising society in order to strengthen the princes they served and to enable them to wage war and unite the country by force,该句很长，光and就有三个，共包含着五层意思，译者也是将一个长句分为五个短句来翻译的，即“法家人物都是些注重实践的政治家，而不是哲学家；他们关心的是改革社会，以加强他们所奉事的诸侯的力量，使诸侯们能进行战争，用武力统一国家”，意思清楚，却又不显得冗长。

翻译几个短句子时，可以分析短句之间的内部联系，达到整合翻译句子的目的。分译法和合译法其实是一致的，所以在这里就不再赘述。

诚然，吴、梁的翻译已经很棒了，但我还是想对译文提出我的几点疑问。第一点就出自like Plato,he wanted the kings to be sages,and this they could be if they could be if they possesed the five virtues of a gentlemen—integrity,righteousness,loyalty,altruism,and love,or human-heartedness.该句中，译者将gentlemen翻译为“绅士”，这点本没有错，但我觉得此处最好翻译为“君子”，因为在中国古代是没有“绅士”这种说法的，世人一般以君子的行为规范来要求自己，绅士是欧美的说法。第二点疑问出自while the ideal ruler “keeps the people without knowledge and without desire„and fills their stomachs„By non-action nothing is ungoverned.对于该句，吴、梁的译法是“而理想的统治者则是‘清心寡欲地治理人民„„填饱肚子。„无为而治’”，而我觉得应该译为“理想的统治者要通过愚民、禁欲、利诱的手段来达到无为而治的目的”。两种翻译最关键的区别是前者将without kowledge and without desire 来修饰the ideal ruler ,而后者则是用其来修饰the people。很显然，without kowledge and without desire是紧跟在the people之后的，不应该是修饰the ideal ruler的。所以我认为两位前辈在此处的翻译是错误的。

总之，上海社科版的《全球通史》的翻译还是十分严谨的，其中蕴含的翻译技巧是值得我学习的，在翻译的漫漫长路中我还是要继续努力，以期学到更多，做到更好。

第二篇：公司简介(英译汉)

翻译实践（英译汉）

Brief Introduction to Sony(China)Co.L td

Set up in October, 1996 in Beijing, Sony(China)Co.Ltd.is a wholly foreign owned subsidiary that manages and coordinates Sony’s activities in the Chinese market.The products Sony sells in China to name a few are: plasma/liquid crystal color television, the digital cameras, the notebook computers, the family theater system, DVD players, data projection cameras, Memory Sticks and so on.At present Sony has general asset of 5 billion US dollars in China’s electronic industry, the total investment has surpassed 800,000,000 US dollars, including six factories.Sony employs about 10,000 staff in China.The CEO of Sony Group once pledged to the board of directors that the developing Chinese market would be regarded as the most important one in the future, and hoped that China would become the growth engine in the East Asian service region and surpass the Japanese market to become inferior only to the US market.索尼中国分公司的简要介绍

1996年10月索尼（中国）有限公司在北京成立，这是一家独资子公司，主要是管理和协调索尼在中国市场的活动。索尼在中国销售的产品名称数有：等离子/液晶彩色电视，数码相机，笔记本电脑，家庭影院系统，影碟机，数据投影相机，记忆棒等。到目前为止，索尼公司总资产有5000000000美元，在中国电子行业的总投资已超过800000000美元，包括六个工厂。同时索尼在中国拥有约10000个员工。索尼集团的首席执行官曾承诺董事局，中国市场的开发将被视为最重要的一部分，并希望中国将快速增长，服务于东亚地区和超越日本市场成为仅次于美国市场。

第三篇：英译汉练习

英译汉练习（1）08011班李莹莹080114124

中国国家技术进口公司招标通告

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中国国家技术进口总公司(以下简称“中技”)根据中华人民共和国对外经济关系与贸易部与日本海外经济合作基金会签订的京秦铁路、兖石铁路、大瑶山隧道以及石臼所港口四项建设工程贷款协议，被授权采用国际竞争方式对上述项目建设所需的信号设备、通讯设备、电力以及高空电力牵引线设备、电线电缆、水泵、施工设备、玻璃等进行采购。所有款项通过贷款方式实现。

本公司诚邀信誉良好经验丰富的制造商和（或）在合格货源国组建注册并由该国控股的贸易公司（涉及所有发展中国家，包括中国以及所有经济合作与发展组织OECD成员国）参与上述竞标活动。对此招标有兴趣的制造商和（或）贸易公司请于1983年1月20日前以函告拟供贷项目并向我公司提交预审材料。全部材料请以英文书写，一式三份。材料应涉及以下条例：

①参与竞标制造商和（或）贸易公司名称及所属国名称。

②参与竞标公司的历史简介。

③参与竞标公司的规章制度。

④竞标公司的组织结构、主要负责人及所属财团。

⑤竞标公司的实收资本，最近三年的贸易总额及净利润总额。

⑥竞标公司的绝信银行名称以及该银行所出具的资信证明。

⑦对竞标公司授权代理的相关信息以及制造商的授权书（若该竞标公司为代理）。

⑧制造商的相关信息以及其最近三年类似产品的生产和销售情况，参照清单、质量保证书。

⑨竞标公司对以上所提供物品的供贷能力及交货时间。

凡在前两轮招标中审查合格的竞标公司需提交补充材料。

若在此招标书刊登起一年内我们如需购买上述所列中任一项设备，我们将直接向本次资格预审合格者发信任询价并不再重新刊登招标通告。

英译汉练习（1）08011班李莹莹080114124

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第四篇：英译汉翻译技巧

英译汉翻译技巧

王 瑛

英译汉部分要求翻译单句, 而不是段落或篇章。考生首先要读懂句子,了解句子的语法结构、使用的固定词组、习惯用法及词与词之间的语义关系, 然后, 再正确分析原文的语言现象和逻辑关系,进行透彻的理解, 最后, 力图用简洁明了的汉语表达出原文的意思。因此, 考生有必要掌握一些基本的翻译技巧。

一、翻译技巧一

一般的英译汉考题不会只是简单句。我们在做题时, 首先要从语法入手, 找寻和确定句子大的框架结构, 通过分析把句中的从句和插入部分先排除掉, 明确句子结构有助于我们正确理解整句话的意思。

(一)重点分析句子结构

其实, 就英语的句子结构而言, 是有规律可循的。除去省略句、倒装句、感叹句和

一些特殊句子外, 英语句子的结构可归纳为三类: 1.to be句型: 主语 + be + 表语

Miss Jones is a manager.琼斯小姐是位经理。

2.to do句型: 主语 + do +(宾语)+(状语)He teaches English in this school.他在这所学校教英语。

3.there be句型: There be + 主语 + 状语

There are beautiful wildflowers in the hills.山中有美丽的野花。

(二)确定语法现象和惯用结构

英译汉考题中常见的重点语法有: 时态、语态、主语从句、表语从句、宾语从句、同位语从句、定语从句、状语从句、动词不定式、动名词、分词、虚拟语气、倒装句、强调句等。考生要非常熟悉这些语法现象, 才不至于对句子产生误解。例如:

 Anyone who is interested in it can go with us.对这事感兴趣的人可以跟我们去。(who引导定语从句修饰主语anyone) The problem discussed at yesterday’s meeting is very important.昨天会上讨论过的那个问题非常重要。(过去分词短语作后置定语修饰主语the problem) You could have done better if you had been more careful.要是细心一点的话，你就会做得更好。(if 引导虚拟语气的条件状语从句) Hardly had I said that when she entered the room.我刚说完，她就进来了。(倒装句, 否定词hardly位于句首, 助动词had 放在主语I之前) It was not until last night that I noticed this matter.直到昨晚我才注意到这件事。(强调句: It was not until+强调成分+that句子其余成分) The books were either works on travel or detective novels.这些书要么是关于旅行的, 要么就是侦探小说。(连接词either„ or„连接两个表语)(三)熟悉固定搭配词组和习惯用法

英译汉考题中还常常会设计一个关键的考点 – 固定搭配的词组和习惯表达法, 旨在考查考生对词汇的掌握和运用情况。考生在理解这些习惯用语时会感到很困难, 这是因为单从组成某个习惯用语的词的字面意思上来理解其含义, 往往会出偏差, 必将影响到对整个句子的理解。例如:

 They came up with a cure for the disease at last.他们最终发现了治疗这种疾病的方法(短语动词,意为“提出;发现”)

 The news got around by word of mouth.这一消息通过人们的口传播开来。(介词短语,意为“口头流传”)

 It’ll be cheaper in the long run to use real leather.从长远的观点来看, 用真皮更便宜。(介词短语,意为“从长远的观点来看”)

 I’ll tell them the truth, regardless of what they want to hear.不管他们愿不愿意听, 我要告诉他们真相。(形容词短语,意为 “不管...”)

 Punishment had very little effect on him.惩罚对他没有什么效果。(名词短语,意为“对„起作用”)

(四)熟练掌握过渡连接词

过渡连接词是使上下文的连接自然、紧凑的有效方法，使文章整体具有结构上的粘着性和意义上的连贯性。因此,熟练掌握过渡连接词能充分把握住原文的意图和出题思路。过渡连接词按语义划分为以下最常见的几种类型

表示增补: and , also , besides , what’s more , in addition , furthermore „

表示因果: for this reason, because of, since, as a result, thus, therefore, so, hence „

表示转折: however, still, but, otherwise, despite, nevertheless, though, in fact „

表示列举: firstly, secondly, for one thing„for another, to begin with, then, last „

表示解释: for example, for instance, that is, namely „ 表示总结: in short, to sum up, in conclusion, briefly, on the whole „

例如:

 The railroad connects two cities, namely, New York and Chicago.这铁路联接两个城市, 即纽约和芝加哥。(表示解释) She was very tired, nevertheless, she kept on working.她虽然很疲倦, 然而她却继续工作。(表示转折) He said that he could not find it and, furthermore, that nobody would ever find it.他说他找不到它, 而且也没有人会找到它。(表示增补) He was ill, and therefore could not come.(表示结果)他病了, 所以未能来。

二、翻译技巧二

每一种语言，在词意的运用，语句的铺排、句子的结构方面，都有其独特的方式，而每一词每一字所承载的文化信息亦各不相同。因此, 英译汉的表达方式总体上可以分成两大类:

（一）直译法：

一般来说, 在语言条件许可的情况下, 应该尽可能地用直译, 使译文既能保持原文的内容, 又能保持原文的形式和风格。例如:

o All roads lead to Roma.条条大路通罗马。

o The soldier was as brave as a lion.那个士兵像狮子一样勇敢。

o My brother is like a duck to water in the new job.我哥哥在新的工作岗位上如鱼得水。

o It is he who has consistently offered fuel in snowy weather but never added flowers to embroidery.他这个人一向对人是雪中送炭，从来不是锦上添花。

（二）意译法: 为使译文得到和原文基本相同的文化信息，当翻译中遇到两种文化有差异，用直译无法使译文传达准确的信息时，就要在母语中寻找与其对应的表达方式，利用各种必要的转换手段进行意译。例如:  He is down and out as if/though he lived a dog’s life.他穷困, 潦倒，好像过着牛马一样的生活。（转译法-a dog’s life转换词义）

 He behaved politely while answering the interviewer’s questions.他在回答采访者问题时, 很有礼貌。(省略法–behaved 一词不译出) He is a stranger to the company’s business.他对于该公司的经营业务是陌生的。(转换法–stranger 名词转换成形容词) All preparation must be done before you do experiments.在做试验之前, 一切准备工作都必须做好。(增加法-preparation增加“工作”)

 Each country has its own customs.各国有各国的风俗.(重复法-Each country重复使用“各国”)

第五篇：学位英语(英译汉)

英 译 汉

★In 1870,horses and mules were the prime source of power on U.S.farms.在1870年，马和骡子是美国农场的主要劳动力来源。

★Those signs include the thousand and one ways in which we orient ourselves to the situation of daily life.那些信号包括许许多多我们适应日常生活环境的方式。

★Most Americans,however,see romantic love as essential for a successful marriage,and tend to look askance at anyone who marries for a more practical reason in which love plays no part.然而，大多数美国人把浪漫的爱看作是成功婚姻必不可少的组成部分，而且往往蔑视任何为了更实际的理由，而不是为了爱而结婚的人。

★If they can sense colour differences then perhaps we,too,are affected by colour unconsciously.如果他们能够觉察出颜色的差异，那么我们可能也不知不觉地受到颜色的影响。

★People exposed to bright red show an increase in heartbeat,and blood pressure;red is exciting.当人们处于鲜红颜色面前，心跳会加快，血压也会升高；这表明红色令人激动。

★In order to learn to be one’s true self,it is necessary to obtain a wide and extensive knowledge of what has been said and done in the world.要想了解真实的自我，必须深入、广泛的探索前人所说过的话，所做的事情。

★This element of the unknown has for centuries added greatly to the fear and horror surrounding earthquakes,but in recent times there have been indications that earthquake prediction may be possible.数百年来，地震的不可知性给地震蒙上了极大的恐惧和惊慌，然而近几次的地震发生之前已经显露一些迹象。

★The accuracy of scientific observations and calculations is always at the mercy of the scientist’s timekeeping methods.科学观察和计算的精确度常取决于科学家的计时方法。

★In Frederick,students’parents are buying classroom supplies and offering to pay for groceries and utilities to keep first-year teachers and principals in their jobs.在Frederick地区，学生家长们出资购买教室用品，并主动为学校第一年的教师和校长们支付所需的各类杂货及水电费，以此来留住他们继续工作下去。

★“Rumors about what’s happening to the district are moving at lighting speed.”said a student.“We wanted to know the truth,and spread that around instead.”一位学生说：“关于这个地区的流言正在以闪电般速度传播着，我们想知道真相，并且传播真相。”

★Yet the waves,no matter how big or how violent,affect only the surface of the sea.然而，不管水波多大、多猛烈，只对海面造成影响。

★In the U.S.,the figure is much higher than in Great Britian,and people there spend over 10 percent of their income on the installment plan.在美国，这个数字要比英国高得多，每个人将他们收入的百分之十花费在分期付款上。

★The idea of a fish being able to generate electricity strong enough to light lamp bulbs-or even to run a small electric motor-is almost unbelievable,but several kinds of fish are able to do this.鱼产生的电流能点亮电灯——或者甚至能带动小型电动马达——是多么不可思议，但是有些鱼确实可以。

★Engineering studengs are supposed to be examples

of practicality and rationality,but when it comes to my college education I am an idealist and a fool.工科的学生往往被看成是实际和理性的榜样，但是就我的大学教育而言，我是一个理想主义者和傻瓜。

★The reality that has blocked my path to become the typical successful student is that engineering and the liberal arts simply don’t mix as easily as I assumed in high school.摆在我面前阻碍我成为一名成功学生的现实就在于工科与文科并不像我在高中时所认为的那样，两者并不是简单地融合在一起。

★When the light reaches the other end,it is first changed into electrical signals,which are in turn converted into sound messages.光到达另一端后，首先转化成电流信号，随后再转化为声音信息。★In most cases these individuals are dreaming of wealth and fame,not the long hours alone at a typewriter.多数情况下，这些人正梦想着的是财富和名望，而不是在打字机前长时间的工作。★Because we live in a democratic nation,whose citizens make the policies for the nation,large numbers of us must be educated to understand,to support,and when necessary,to judge the work of experts.因为我们生活在一个民主的国家，由公民制定国家的政策，我们中的许多人必须接受教育，学会理解、支持，必要的时候还要判断专家的工作。

★There are many communities and populations which have lost precious recoards due to tragic events such as the fire in the Irish courts during Civil War in 1921 or American slaves for whom many records were never kept in the first place.在很多地区，相当多的人曾因为一些悲剧事件而失去他们珍贵的资料，如1921年内战期间爱尔兰法庭失火这样的悲剧，又如美国奴隶，对于他们来说就有很多珍贵资料未能够保留下来。

★Theoretically,any individual will someday be able to trace his or her family origins through this database.理论上，有一天任何人都能通过这个资料库查处他或她家族的起源。

★On the contrary,to avoid problems in aerial navigation,the wheelless vehicle probably will travel no more than three inches above road surface.相反，为了避免天线导航，没有轮子的汽车将在离地面不超过3英寸的距离行驶。

★I appeal to you to clarify this issue so that the poor elderly of our city many become aware of the housing benefits for which they qualify.我请求你阐明这个问题，这样我们这个城市里贫穷的老人就可以了解到他们有资格享有住房的津贴。★It was believed that a person was sick because he had been attacked by evil spirits.人们认为生病是遭受恶魔的攻击。

★We are concerned to develop the ability of all our pupils into the full,not just their academic ability.我们关系的是全面充分地发展我们每一位学生的能力，而不仅仅是他们的学习能力。

★We expect our pupils to do their best,not their least,and we give them every encouragement to attain this goal.我们期望学生能够不遗余力尽其所能，为达到此目标我们也将给予他们充分的鼓励。

★The wheel is the simplest yet perhaps the most remarkable of all inventions,because there are no wheels in nature---no living thing was ever created with wheels.轮子是最简单的发明，或许也是最伟大的发明，因为自然界原本没有轮子——没有任何生

物是轮子创造的。

★Girls exceed boys in language abilities,and this early linguistic bias often prevails throughout life.女孩在语言能力上胜过男孩，而且这种早期就暴露的语言方面的偏向常常影响终生。

★Grandma Moses painted a little as a child and made embroidery pictures as a hobby,but only switched to oils in old age because her hands had become too stiff to sew and she wanted to keep busy and pass the time.摩西奶奶小的时候画过些画，之后绘制刺绣图案成了她的爱好。老了以后，她的手指变得僵硬不能缝纫，而她还希望保持忙碌打发时间，就转向油画。★The project provided opportunities for researches from India and abroad to study tigers in the reserves and gather previously unavailable information about their habits.这个方案给印度和国外的研究者提供了机会，使他们可以在保护区内研究老虎，收集以前难以获得的有关老虎习性的资料。

★Land problem is becoming serious and many rural people feel bitter about the fact that some rich forests are reserved for tigers.土地问题变得越来越严重了，令许多农民痛心的是，一些肥沃的森林地区被圈起来，建成了老虎保护区。

★In learning a foreign language,the best beginning is with the non-verbal linguistic elements of the language,its gestures,its body language.学习语言最好从语言的非语言方面、手势和身势语入门。

★Originally the White House was gray and was called the Presidential Palace.最初白宫是灰色的，并且被叫做总统府。

★This new activity involved all the original hunting sequences but the aim of the operation was no longer to avoid starvation.这种新的活动包括原先狩猎的一系列行为，而目的已不再是避免饥饿。

★Some scientists say that 16 of these mirrors,each about half a mile across,could aim their reflected light at one area on the earth that was about 200 miles by 300 miles.一些科学家认为可用16面直径为半英里的镜子将反射光照射到地球表面约为60000平方英里的区域。

★What no one knows yet is what effect this artificial daytime would have on plants,animals,and humans.目前，人们还不知道的是这种人造白天对植物、动物和人会有什么影响。

★Still,the fact remains that women are now free to enter any career that attracts them,the situation has improved,and the tide is not likely to turn back.然而，事实上女性如今可以自由选择所喜爱的职业；情况改善了，这一潮流不可能逆转。

★Ford realized he could use this assembly line method to build cars.福特意识到他可以用这种装配线的方法来生产他的汽车。

★At the early attempts,the cable failed and when it was taken out for repairs it was found to be covered in living growth,a fact which defied contemporary scientific opinion that there was no life in the deeper parts of the sea.在初始阶段海底电缆没能安装成功，当科研人员将电缆运出海面对其进行检修时发现电缆表面长满了瘤状物，这个事实表明海洋深处并不存在生命，这与现代科学见解相佐。

★Studies by the Council of Europe,of which 21 countries are members,have shown that 45 percent of reptile species and 24 percent of butterflies are in danger of dying out.由21个成员国组成的欧洲委员会的一项研究显示，百分之四十五的爬行物种及百分之二十四的蝴蝶濒临灭绝。

★Dr.Baum went on,“we could manage without most industrial products,but we could not manage without nature.Baum博士继续说道，“没有工业产品我们一样能够生活下去，但脱离了自然我们就无法生存。

★Some critics claim that no excuse is acceptable for not informing subjects about the nature of an experiment and giving them a chance to refuse to participate.一些批评家声称没有任何理由让实验对象在不了解实验性质，没有机会选择拒绝的情况下参与实验。

★He took a trip to southern,and there he found just the weather and scenery he needed to finish his movie.他去加州南部旅行，在那里他恰好发现了要完成他的电影所需的天气和风景。

★Primary and secondary education is financed almost entirely by the state out of central and local tax revenues.中小学几乎全额依靠中央和地方税收拨款。

★The current opinion seems to be that this should include a general knowledge of what computers are,plus a little of their history and something of how they operate.目前的看法似乎是这样的，这必须包括一种关于计算机本身定义的基本知识，还需具备一些计算机的发展历史及其操作知识。

★We effectively use all types of electrical equipment without being able to tell their history or to explain how they work..我们能够有效地使用各种电子设备，而不需要知道它们的历史或者它们是如何工作的。

★At times they even sleep in their van instead of a hotel,just to save money.有时他们甚至在自己的篷车里，而不是在旅馆里睡觉，只是为了省钱。★As a result,these areas send out less heat and light and thus appear from Earth to be almost dark irregular surface patches.这些区域释放的热量和光线较弱，因而从地球上看，表面几乎形成不规则的暗区。★Computer technology enabled the reserchers,to obtain precise measurements of the volume of the front and side sections of the brain,which relate to intellect and emotion,and determine the human character.电脑技术让研究者能准确地测量大脑前部和侧面的容量，它们与智力、情感有关，决定着人的性格。

★The interview is an important event in the job-hunting process,because the 20 or 30 minutes you spend with the interviewer may determine whether or not you get the particular job you want.面试是求职过程中一件重要的事情，因为你和面试人一起度过的二三十分钟可能决定你是否能得到你想要的那个工作。

★If possible,you should negotiate for salary after you have been offered a job and when you are ready to complete the paperwork.如果有可能的话，你应在得到一份工作，并且在你做好准备完成日常文书工作后再与雇佣方协商工资问题。

★He is,even today,a symbol of courage and adventure.他即使今天都是勇气和历险的象征。Henning studied how students who are learning English as a second language remember vocabulary.Henning研究了把英语作为外语学习的学生是如何记词汇的。

★In time,the migration became a habit,and now,although the glaciers have disappeared,the habit continues.迁徙成为一种习惯，现在尽管冰川已经消失，这种习惯仍然继续。

★Problems come when any particular section is too thick and not sticking to the section beneath.The snow of the past few weeks had been falling in rather higher temperatures than those of December and early January.当积雪的任何一部分太厚，并且与下面的部分不相粘结的话，问题就出现了。过去几星期下的雪在高于十二月到一月份上旬的温度下开始融化。

★The one comfort to recreational skiers,however,is that avalanche incidents on the marked ski slopes are quite rare.No ski resort wants the image of being a death trap.对于度假的滑雪者来说，令人欣慰的是，雪崩事故很少发生在有足迹的滑雪坡上。

★Losing weight is hard work,but most people want to find a fast and easy way to take off fat.减肥是件苦差事，大多数人都想找到一条又快又简单的减肥方法。

★The respect in which he was held was partly owing to the man himself,with his warm friendliness,his good sense,his urbanity,his gay spirits,his artistic integrity,and his love of both the Old World and the New.他受到尊重部分源自其自身，他友好、判断能力强、文雅、开朗、正直，新、旧世界他都热爱。★Kidneys can be conserved in this simple way for 24 to 48 hours with little deterioration,and during this time they can be moved for long distances.用这种简单的方法，肾脏可以保存24到48小时而不会变质，在此段时间里能被转移到很远的地方。

★A simple and common method used by many consumers is to complain directly to the store manager.很多顾客采用的一个简单又常用的方法是直接向商店经理投诉。

★She or he can threaten to take the seller to court or report the seller to a private or public organization responsible for protecting consumers’ rights.她或他（顾客）会将卖方告上法庭，或者他们会向保护消费者权益的私人或公共机构进行举报。

★In this way,better quality products at good values are continually being brought to the people of all income groups.这样，性价比高的商品可以不断地提供给不同收入层次的人们。

★Bearing in mind the nature of the translator’s work,i.e.,the processing of the written word,it is,strictly speaking,unnecessary that he should be able to speak the languages he is dealing with.牢记翻译者工作的性质，即对书面语进行操作，严格地说，并不要求翻译者一定能够讲他正在翻译的语言。★It is also possible for a student to move between one university and another during his degree course,though this is not in fact done as a regular practice.学生也可能在学习期间在两所大学交叉学习，尽管这样做并不常见。

★Money laundering is the process by which money obtained by illegal means is given the appearance of legitimate income and returned into circulation.洗钱是将非法途径得来的金钱，在合法收入的掩盖下使之进入流通领域。

★The liberlization of markets around the world and deregulation of exchange controls are regarded as the chief causes of the rapid expansion of the money laundering over the past decade.市场的（过度）自由及对汇率控制的撤销成为过去十年来洗钱活动迅速发展的两大主要原因。

★Nobel preferred not to be remembered as the inventor of dynamite,so in 1895,just two weeks before his death,he created a found to be used for awarding prizes to people who had made worthwhile contrybutions to mankind.诺贝尔宁愿自己不是作为甘油炸药的发明者而被人们记住，因此，他在1895年去世前的两个星期，创立了一项基金，奖励对人类做出有价值贡献的人们。

★Memorization is an important learning method in Japanese school,yet many students say that after an exam,they forget much of the information that they have memorized.死记硬背是日本学习采用的一种重要的学习方法，然而很多学生反映，考试过后他们就忘记了背过的大部分内容。

★Teach him it is far more honorable to fail than to cheat.教导他失败比作弊要光荣得多。

★Clothes which have been worn only a few times have to be put aside because of the change of fashion.因为时尚的变化，衣裳仅仅穿了几次就要被丢到一边。

★Do the constantly changing fashions of women’s clothes,one wonders,reflect basic qualities of inconstancy and instability?有人会想，女性服饰时尚不断发生改变的事实是不是反映出其本身存在的一种变化无常、及不稳定的基本特性呢？

★The producers of instant coffee found their product strongly resisted in the market places despite their product’s obvious advantages.尽管产品本身具备显而易见的优势，速溶咖啡的生产者发现他们的产品在市场上严重受阻。

★Many of the centenarians emphasized the importance of being independent and free to do the things they enjoyed and wanted to do,and of maintaining a placid state of mind free from worry or emotional strain.许多百岁老人强调独立自由地做自己想做的事情，远离烦恼和情感压力，保持平静的心态很重要。

★Even if a job is not perfect for you,every interview can make you learn from it.即使某一份工作对你来说并不理想，每个面试都可以让你从中学到些东西。

★People who question or even look down on the study of the past and its works usually assume that the past is entirely different from the present,and that hence we can learn nothing worthwhile from the past.那些质疑甚至轻视对过去及先人作品研究的人们通常主观地认为过去与现在是完全不同的，从而得出人们无法从过去获取任何有价值的东西的结论。★We and the ancients share a common human nature and hence certain common human experiences and problems.我们和古人享有共同的人类的天性，因此也会有共同的经历和问题。

★Perhaps the reason is that asvertising saves the manufacturers from having to think about the customer.也许，原因是登广告能让生产者省心，不要去考虑消费者。

★“No mechanism in China requires the recall of cars as it dose in Japan,but Honda decided to replace the rubber connector in order to provide the same service to Chinese consumers”the spokeswoman said.女发言人说：“与在日本不同，中国的机构没有要求召回汽车，但是本田公司决定更换橡胶连接以向中国客户提供同等服务。”

★A survey conducted last year by Roper Starch Worldwide,Inc.,found that almost 70 percent of the respondents said they would be happier if their families had twice as much household income.去年由Roper Starch Worldwide公司所做的一项调查发现，几乎有百分之七十的接受调查者表示如果他们的家庭收入能够再增加一倍，他们会更幸福。

★The publisher was so doubtful,he wanted her to split the publishing costs with him,and all she hoped was that it would make enough money for her to buy a new silk dress.出版商不太确信书出版后一定能够赚钱，他想与作者（Harriet Beecher Stowe）分摊出版费用，而她只是希望能够赚够足够的钱为自己买一条新的丝绸连衣裙。

★Its vast influence strengthened the anti-slavery movement and angered defenders of the slave system.它巨大的影响激励了反对奴隶制的运动，也激怒了奴隶制的拥护者。